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Mcclellan and the War in the East, 1861-‐1862

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Mcclellan and the War in the East, 1861-‐1862 McClellan And The War In The East, 1861-1862 By Sara Aslami The River War Ø Before February 1862, there had been li;le figh>ng along the rivers south of Cairo, Illinois. Ø The southernmost city in the free states grew into a large military and naval base. Ø The commanders at Cairo caused the successful air strikes. Ø Andrew H. Foote and General Ulysses S. Grant worked well together in the North. Andrew H. Foote Ø Andrew Hull Foote (September 12, 1806 – June 26, 1863). Ø An American naval officer who noted for his service in the American Civil War. Ø Contributed in several naval reforms. Ø Driving force behind the total eliminaon of the spirit raon by the navy in 1862. Ø From August 1861 to May 1862 he commanded the Unions upper Mississippi naval operaons, he fought in the bales of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Ø He was among the first naval officers to be promoted to rank of rear admiral General Ulysses S. Grant Ø Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) Ø Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. Ø One of the key figures in the bale of Fort Henry. Ø Led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. Ø He resigned in 1854 to avoid being drummed out of the service. General Ulysses S. Grant Andrew H. Foote The River War Ø The war department built the first gunboats for western river operaons. Ø Naval officers commanded the vessels but army officers controlled their operaons. Ø Crews for these gunboats were made up of volunteer riverboatmen, soldiers detailed from the army, civilian steamboat pilots and engineers, and a few Jack Tars. Ø For defense against river-borne invasions, the confederacy relied mainly on forts. Ø Nashville was a major producer of gunpowder and the main supply depot for confederate forces in the west. Ø Confederate forces were commanded by Albert Sidney Johnston. Albert Sidney Johnston Ø Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862). Ø The highest ranking field officer in the confederacy. Ø A nave of Kentucky who had fought for both Texas and The United States against Mexico. Ø Commander of the pacific Department in California when the Civil War began. Ø Tall, well-built, possessing a sense of humor and a manner of quiet authority, he looked like the great soldier he was reputed to be. Ø Johnston was killed during the bale of Shiloh. Ø President Jefferson Davis exclaimed that the turning point in the confederaon was Johnston’s death. Albert Sidney Johnston The River War Ø The outbreak of war had found Halleck and Buell, like Johnston, in California. Ø Lincoln repeatedly urged Halleck and Buell to cooperate in a joint offensive against Johnston all along the line from the Mississippi to the Appalachians. Ø The president believed the north would win this war only by using its superior numbers to aack different points, at the same >me. Ø Joint ac>on was inhabited by the divided command between Halleck and Buell. Ø Lincoln suspected that Halleck was not a figh>ng soldier. Henry W. Halleck Ø Henry Wager Halleck (January 16, 1815 – January 9, 1872). Ø Graduated near the top of his West Point class. Ø He wrote Elements of Military Art and Science, and translated Jomini’s Life of Napoleon. Ø He was nicknamed “Old Brains” (though not to his face). Ø Resigned from the army in 1854 to become a business man and lawyer in California. Ø Although balding and paunchy, with a double chin, goggle eyes, and an irritable temper, he inspired confidence as a military administrator. Don Carlos Buell Ø Don Carlos Buell (March 23, 1818 – November 19, 1898). Ø Buell was a firm disciplinarian who knew how to turn raw recruits into soldiers. Ø He lacked Charisma and was never popular with his men. Ø United States Army Officer who fought in The Seminole War, The Mexican-American war, and The American Civil War. Don Carlos Buell Henry W. Halleck The Battle of Fort Henry Ø Grant and Foote proposed to aack Fort Henry because they considered in a weak point in Johnston’s line. Ø Took place in Stewart county and Henry county, Tennessee, and Calloway County, Kentucky, on February 6, 1862. Ø The bale of Fort Henry occurred because the Union wanted control of the major shipping routs of the South, one of them was the Tennessee River. Ø The union conquered Fort Henry and planned to take Fort Donelson but the march of the invasion got delayed due to bad weather. The Bale of Fort Henry Map George B. McClellan Ø George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885). Ø A major general for the union during the American Civil War. Ø McClellan made the decision to enter military service at age 15 and was accepted to West Point and was ranked second in his class upon graduaon in 1846. Ø In 1864, the Democrac Party nominated McClellan to run against Lincoln for the presidency. Ø He was removed from General-in-chief in the spring of 1862. Ø Died in 1885 at the age of 58. George B. McClellan McClellan’ Impact on the war in 1861-1862 Ø He chronically overes>mated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large por>ons of his army unengaged at decisive points. Ø He failed to maintain the trust of President Lincoln. Ø General Grant on McClellan said; "McClellan is to me one of the mysteries of the war.”. Ø He was remembered as a hesitant general and thought that the odds were always against him. Fort Monroe Ø Fort Monroe is a military installaon located in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Ø McClellan had a plan for redeeming himself. Ø He proposed landing at Fortress Monroe with a secure seaborne supply line. Ø Lincoln allowed his plan as long as he lej troops to defend Washington. Ø The failure of the Peninsula Campaign to achieve any defini>ve outcome convinced a distressed U.S. president Abraham Lincoln to review McClellan's operaons from Fort Monroe. Ø Lincoln reduced McClellan’s power and lost confidence with him. Fort Monroe Map The Seven Days Battles Ø The Seven Days Bales were a series of six major bales over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. Ø Began with a union aack in the minor Bale of Oak Grove. Ø Lee began a series of aacks at Beaver Dam Creek on June 26, Gaines Mill on June 27, Garne;’s and Golding’s Farm on June 27 and 28, and Savage’s Staon on June 29. Ø And finally the Bale of Glendale on June 30 but due to poorly executed orders allowed his enemy to escape to Malvern Hill. Ø McClellan's Army of Potomac was defeated by Stonewall Jackson. Ø At the bale of Malvern Hill on July 1st, Lee launched frontal assaults and lost the bale. The Seven Days Bales Map The Seven Days’ Battle Signiicance Ø Despite heavy losses, the Confederate army under Lee not only prevented McClellan's Union army from capturing Richmond, but also drove them into retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. Ø McClellan was able to withdraw his forces to safety. Ø Lee was coming into his own as supreme commander. Ø The shock in Virginia compelled the expansion and modernizaon of southern general hospitals. Ø More volunteer female nurses in Richmond, Corinth and Mississippi. The Battle of Ball’s Bluff Ø In Loudoun County, Virginia on October 21, 1861. Ø Based on a misunderstood order from General McClellan. Ø Major General George B. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac (Union) suffered a humiliang defeat. Ø Chase Philbrick, mistook a line of trees for a line of tents, and reported that he had stumbled across an unguarded Confederate camp. Ø Stone took advantage of the night and sent 300 troops under Colonel Charles Daven. Ø Mississippians' under Colonel Nathan Shanks discovered Daven’s units and a fight broke out. Ø Stone sent Col. Edward Baker, a U.S. Senator to take command of the field and assess the situaon Ø support finally arrived four hours later. Ø The delay gave Confederate commanders >me to organize their forces. Ø Evans’ triumphant drove the Yankees over the bluff and into the Potomac river, firing into the backs of those who aempted to swim for safety. Ø Union soldiers chose to surrender. Ø They captured 553 prisoners and the Confederates had suffered fewer than 200 total casual>es. Ø The minor Union defeat had many poli>cal ramificaons in Washington. Ø Baker was the only U.S. Senator to ever be killed in a bale. So that and the casual>es was a big surprise for them. Ø A concerned Congress established the Congressional Joint Commi;ee on the Conduct of the War, which would lead Union commanders to second-guess their decisions for the rest of the war. The Bale of Ball’s Bluff Map The major threat that the Federals mounted in Virginia in April-May 1862 Ø McClellan submi;ed a plan to Lincoln against Joseph E. Johnson, who’s army was marching to Virginia. Ø McClellan’s act on transfering his troops by water down to Chesapeake Bay, placed the Federals between Johnston and Richmond. Ø This forced the confederated to race southwards(towards their capital). Ø He wanted to capture Richmond before Johnston.
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