China Is Coming

Home , Muslim groups in China, Venezuela Open

Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion on Russia, China and Iran

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China is coming

A super-power challenger for the U.S. with expansionist ambitions in the Asia Pacific

PLUS: Report from Ukraine: The uprising that turned into war Kurds, Tamils and more: The world’s stateless people

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The World in Canada

Volume 27, Number 4 PUBLISHER Donna Jacobs PUBLISHER IN MEMORIAM Neil Reynolds Table of EDITOR Jennifer Campbell ART DIRECTOR Paul Cavanaugh CONTENTS BOOKS EDITOR George Fetherling DIPLOMATICA| CULTURE COLUMNIST Cartoons from around the world ...... 14 Margo Roston Fen Hampson on globalization and its enemies ...... 18 FOOD COLUMNIST Questions Asked: An interview with Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion . . . . 22 Margaret Dickenson STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER Notes from the Field: Amnesty International's fight for human rights . . . . 28 Ülle Baum Good deeds: A fête hosted by the French ambassador ...... 29 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Trade Winds: Argentina, Turkey and Venezuela ...... 30 Yana Amis Ülle Baum Diplomatic Agenda: Norwegian ambassador on oil wealth and policy . . . 34 Ala Beleavschi Charles Burton Wolfgang Depner DISPATCHES| Marcelo Gabriel Suarez Salvia Fen Hampson China on the rise Robert D’A . Henderson A new "golden age" for China and Canada? ...... 37 David Kilgour China's foreign policy: The world must pay attention ...... 40 André Laliberté "Big Daddy Xi": China's powerful leader ...... 42 Peter K . MacKinnon Fred McMahon Domestic policy: Pollution, an aging population and urban crush . . . . . 44 Wilmer Omar Barrientos China's science and technology surge ...... 50 Anne Kari Hansen Ovind China's expansionism condemned by UN ...... 52 Jeremy Paltiel Robert I . Rotberg The New Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative ...... 56 Scott Simon Is China harvesting organs from prisoners? ...... 60 Selçuk Ünal Pieter Van den Weghe CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS Tunisia's steps toward democracy ...... 62 Ülle Baum Byfield-Pitman Turkey in crisis ...... 66 Larry Dickenson Ashley Fraser Will Africa continue to rise? ...... 68 Sam Garcia Gordon King The history and allure of the diamond ...... 70 Sgt . Johanie Maheu Lois Siegel Business Management Ukraine: From protest to revolt to war ...... 75 Jessie Reynolds O’Neil Top-10: The world's stateless peoples ...... 87 WEBMASTER Gilles Laberge, www redrocket. ca. Distribution Pierre Pagé and Peixian Han DELIGHTS| OFFICE LIAISON Books: Churchill and former foreign minister Bill Graham’s memoir . . . . 96 Sharleen Tattersfield Entertaining: Iceland’s historic challenge of feeding itself ...... 100 ADVERTISING INQUIRIES Contact Donna Jacobs, donnajacobs@gmail com. Wine: The wonderful wines of Prince Edward County ...... 104 SUBSCRIPTIONS Residences: Portugal's homey residence ...... 106 Diplomat & International Canada is published four New arrivals in the diplomatic corps ...... 112 times a year . Subscription rates: one year $39 80. . Envoy's album ...... 114 For Canadian orders, add 13% HST . U S. . orders, add $15 for postage . All others, add $25 . SUBMISSIONS: Diplomat & International Canada DIPLOMATIC LISTINGS ...... 122 welcomes submissions . Contact Jennifer Campbell at editor@diplomatonline com. or (613) 231-8476 . PRINTER: The Lowe Martin Group . destinations| DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL CANADA A wine tour of Moldova ...... 126 P O. Box 1173, Station B cover photo: © Seaskylab | Dreamstime.com Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2 Phone: (613) 422-5262 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material . E-mail: info@diplomatonline com. No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the pub- www.diplomatonline.com lisher . © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343 Publication Mail # 40957514 . Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Published by Sparrow House Diplomat Magazine, P O. . Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 Enterprises Inc . The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors.

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they’re worth and why they fascinate us . In addition, our publisher, Donna Jacobs, CONTRIBUTORS travelled to Ukraine earlier this year and reports from Kyiv what she calls an “on- Charles Burton going Russia-assisted civil war ”. Former MP and human rights activist David Kilgour has written a story on Jennifer Turkey, a country that is fast losing the Campbell respect of the west as its leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, moves to more autocratic China is coming on strong behaviour . The jailing of journalists is well known in Turkey and we also learned in rime Minister Justin Trudeau made August of the jailing of Tuncay Babali, the his first official visit to China in former Turkish ambassador to Ottawa . The Currently associate professor of Pearly September and sealed many Middle East Forum reports that he was fired political science at Brock University a deal . But he didn’t go for the big prize, 11 days after the failed coup in Turkey and in St . Catharines, Charles Burton namely the launch of negotiations for a he was jailed in late August as a result of served as counsellor at Canada's free-trade agreement between Canada allegations that he was involved with it . embassy to China from 1991 to 1993 and China . That came in late September His supporters are calling on the Turkish and 1998 to 2000 . Prior to going to with a visit by Premier Li Keqiang, during government to prove he is guilty or let him Brock, he worked for Communica- which the leaders vowed to begin discuss- go . We will keep an eye on this situation . tions Security Establishment Can- ing free trade, along with other announce- Finally, in Dispatches, Wolfgang ada . He received his PhD from the ments, including settling canola and beef Depner pens a piece on the world’s state- University of Toronto after studies trade disputes, finalizing plans to build a less people . The ones we hear about — the at Cambridge University and Fudan nuclear reactor in China and establishing Tamils of Sri Lanka and the Kurds of Iraq University in Shanghai . Burton pub- a new Montreal-Shanghai air route . — are among them, of course, but Depner lishes on Chinese and North Korean Our multi-part package begins with lists eight others as well . affairs and Canada-China relations a look at Canada-China relations, which Up front, columnist Fen Hampson and has been commissioned to some observers claim have taken a big writes about how globalization is under write reports on matters relating to step forward with these visits . We also siege by nationalism, xenophobia and Canada's relations with China for have stories on China’s troubling foreign protectionism, all of which we’ve seen in agencies of the federal government . policy, its daunting domestic policy, its recent months in Europe, North America, He is a frequent commentator on aggressive moves in the South China Sea Asia, Latin America and Africa . We also Chinese affairs in newspapers, and and a feature on “Big Daddy Xi” — Xi have an interview I did with Foreign on radio and TV . Jinping — the man at the helm of it all . Minister Stéphane Dion and trade winds To round it all out, Diplomat staff photog- articles by the ambassadors of Turkey, Ar- rapher Ülle Baum travelled to western gentina and Venezuela . China last year and wrote a story on the Our Delights section features George Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative, an am- Fetherling’s column on books on bitious project that aims to link China and Winston Churchill, who, it turns out, was Central Asia to Europe and the Baltics . a shopaholic, and former foreign minister Further in our Dispatches section, we Bill Graham’s memoirs . Food writer Mar- travel to Africa, specifically Tunisia, which garet Dickenson investigates the cuisine Fred McMahon visited in May . He reports of Iceland; wine columnist Pieter Van den on its fragile progress toward democracy . Weghe takes us to Prince Edward County André Laliberté Meanwhile, Africa columnist Robert Rot- and residences writer Margo Roston visits André Laliberté is a professor of berg asks whether Africa can maintain Portuguese Ambassador Jose Fernando comparative politics at the School its current rate of growth given what’s Moreira da Cunha . To round things out of Political Studies at the University happening economically elsewhere in the in the back, Moldovan Ambassador Ala of Ottawa . He is the author of 50 world . Beleavschi offers her best tips for enjoying articles and book chapters, half of This packed issue — our biggest yet a wine-soaked tour of her country . Enjoy! which are about China, Taiwan and at 136 pages — also includes a feature on Cross-Strait relations . He travels to diamonds — how they’re mined, what Jennifer Campbell is editor of Diplomat. both sides of the Taiwan Strait for his research, which currently looks at labour issues and social policies in East UP FRONT Asia’s aging societies, and focuses China has been rising for more than a decade and it's on how governments use culture to a country the west can no longer ignore . Our cover frame their welfare policies . His most package includes articles on Canada-China relations, recent book is The Moral Economies China's foreign policy, its domestic policy, its ambi- of Ethnic and Nationalist Claims (UBC tions in the South China Sea and its leader, Xi Jinping, Press, 2016), co-edited with Bruce the most powerful man in China in more than 25 Berman and Stephen Larin . years . It begins on page 37 .

12 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC diplomat and international canada 13 DIPLOMATICA|CARTOONS Political commentary from around the world

Merkel and Erdogan by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia

British Humour by Joep Bertrams, The Netherlands Berlin by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia

14 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CARTOONS|DIPLOMATICA

Random Terrorism by Dario Castillejos, Diario La Turkey Goes After its Enemies in Syria by Patrick Chappatte, The International New York Crisis, Mexico Times, U.S.

Stuck with the EU by Hajo de Reijger, The Netherlands Hillary Today by Arcadio Esquivel, Costa Rica

Welcome in Syria by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia NATO and Russian Threat by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE

diplomat and international canada 15 DIPLOMATICA|CARTOONS Courtesy of Caglecartoons.com

Corruption in Justice by Angel Boligan, El Universal, Xi Jinping’s Power by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE Mexico City

Erdogan and Putin Meet by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE NATO Strategy by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia

Trump Lies by Milt Priggee, www.miltpriggee.com, U.S. Trade Protection by Luojie, China Daily, China

16 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CARTOONS|DIPLOMATICA

Access to Information by Angel Boligan, El Universal, Erdogan and Wolf by Tom Janssen, The Netherlands Mexico City

Angela on Refugee Policy by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE 15th Anniversary of 9/11 by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia

Putin Meets Erdogan by Rainer Hachfeld, Neues Deutschland, Germany CETA by Marian Kemensky, Slovakia

diplomat and international canada 17 DIPLOMATICA|International affairs Globalization as a bad word

Much of the support behind Brexit was driven by the desire to stem the flow of refugees from Calais, shown here in what's called the “Calais jungle.”

Francesco Petrarca observed in post- France’s right wing leader, Marine Le Pen, Roman, early medieval Europe . is a champion of a Frexit . Deep-rooted The early warning signs are already structural fiscal imbalances continue to here . The U K. '. s vote to leave Europe is plague the stability of the Eurozone . Italy’s a clear demonstration that the European banks are teetering and Grexit is still a real Union (EU), which has provided unprec- risk if Greece doesn’t get its fiscal house edented prosperity and political stability in order . to Europe after the great wars of the last Another manifestation of discontent By Fen Hampson century, is in danger of disintegrating . with globalization is the rampant anti-free Brexit was a rejection of nanny state trade, anti-immigration rhetoric of the lobalization — defined as the free regulations by a Brussels bureaucracy that American presidential election campaign, movement of goods, services, cap- has become bloated and lost its essential which is igniting a political firestorm Gital, people, ideas and informa- purpose, plus fears about lax control of whose flames may be difficult to quash tion, which is supported by the values of migrants and Middle East refugees to the after the election is over . The recently- neoliberal institutions — is under threat EU . Worries about the lack of sovereignty concluded Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) by the forces of virulent nationalism, xe- and/or democracy also resonated with free-trade agreement with Asia will almost nophobia and protectionism . These forces British voters . certainly be a casualty regardless of who are prevalent everywhere — in Europe, Although the exact terms of Britain’s gets elected . Both presidential candidates, North America, Asia, Latin America and departure have yet to be negotiated — and Republican Donald Trump and Demo- Africa . As countries erect new political some Europeans, such as German Chan- crat Hillary Clinton, oppose it . Even the

and economic barriers to globalization, cellor Angela Merkel, have already hinted longstanding North American Free Trade e

we may well witness the onset of a new that some kind of “associate status” for Agreement (NAFTA) could fall victim to wn “Dark Age” marked by a deeper kind Britain may be in the cards — Europe’s populist protectionist impulses . Both pres- of cultural, economic and political dete- future now hangs in the balance . Brus- idential candidates have expressed deep rioration — a 21st Century equivalent to sels is also deeply unpopular with voters misgivings about NAFTA and Trump

the saeculum obscurum that Italian scholar in France and other European countries . has said he would tear the agreement up malachy bro

18 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC international affairs|DIPLOMATICA

(though any attempt to do so would also of information, countries not only compro- and development . Although globalization require congressional approval) . mise free speech and human rights, they has contributed to the spread of disease The surge of refugees into Europe from also compromise a powerful instrument and pandemics because of the ease with Syria and Iraq was prompted by the feck- for communication and the dissemination which people can travel across borders, less U S. . “light footprint” response to ISIS . of knowledge, ideas and information . globalized governance systems have also Only the Russians and the Iranians have It is important to separate the real de- permitted a much more rapid response to a clear strategy and the will to pursue it . ficiencies of globalization from populist pinpoint the origins of diseases and quell The West has neither . NATO’s backflip on rhetoric and the dangerous half-truths their spread, as in the case of Ebola and Afghanistan to keep troop levels stable propagated by demagogues and dictators SARS . is just another example of “too little, too alike . But it is also undeniable that globaliza- late” and is unlikely to succeed . The reality is that globalization has pro- tion has created social instability and a Europeans and Americans now want to duced many benefits . Extreme poverty in new class of winners and losers . On the erect barriers to curb the flow of migrants the world has been reduced . Without glo- losing side of globalization are blue-collar and refugees across their borders . The and middle-class workers who have lost most fanciful is Trump’s proposal to build their jobs to low-wage countries — what a wall across the entire southern U S. . bor- some refer to as the “Ricardian disadvan- der with Mexico . Europe, which has been tage ”. (David Ricardo was the economist deluged with millions of refugees from the who invented the theory of comparative conflicts in Syria, Iraq and North Africa, is advantage to explain why countries trade now forcing many of them back . Passport with each other ). Increasingly though, and border patrols are also being reintro- labour market dislocation is also being duced in many of the Schengen countries driven by new technologies, such as on a temporary basis . Much of the support Uber’s application, which have had more behind Brexit was driven by the desire of a displacement effect than reduced not just to stem the flow of refugees from trade barriers . Calais, but also the hundreds of thousands A succession of major economic cri- of Poles who have moved to the U K. . in ses has accentuated these divisions . The search of rosier employment prospects financial crisis of 2008-09 and subsequent and now fill jobs that many Britons can’t bailout of Wall Street was widely seen as or won’t do . having rewarded bankers and investors The anti-globalization narrative is also for their profligate ways at a time when central to the extremist appeals of groups many people were losing their homes and such as the Islamic State and the nation- jobs . Political and business elites in North alist messages of propaganda and hate America and Europe are widely seen as of autocratic leaders in countries such as being out of touch and self-serving . Russia and Iran . They have successfully That same sentiment extends to politi- used the Internet and other media to prop- cal institutions, which lack transparency agate their message beyond their borders and accountability . As former British to incite violence and conflict . Although globalization has contributed to the prime minister Margaret Thatcher ex- In the emerging-market BRIC coun- spread of disease and pandemics, governance claimed many years ago, “I want my tries, which were the direct beneficiaries systems have quelled their spread more quickly. money back!” because she was not con- of globalization when commodity prices vinced that the EU was spending the hard- were buoyant and there was strong global balization, 400 million Chinese would still earned monies of British taxpayers wisely . demand for their exports, globalization be living in abject poverty . Life expectan- The other reason anti-globalization is wrongly blamed for a wide litany of cies worldwide have increased with rising populism is on the rise is because there is economic and other ills that are rooted living standards and access to modern a political leadership vacuum, especially in deficiencies in local governance and medicine . Infant mortality rates have also in western democracies . Globalization endemic corruption . Brazil, for example, dropped . More and more people are able has few champions in either the business used the resource boom to line the pockets to travel as a result of rising incomes and or political communities . When Donald of politicians, subsidize consumers and standards of living . Almost half the world Trump rails against the evils of the TPP support inefficient state-owned enterprise . in now online and another billion will or NAFTA, the business community has There are clear parallels between Brazil soon follow .The Internet is now not just generally chosen to remain silent . Clinton, and Russia, where oligarchical elites rule an instrument for social communication, who should know better from her many the economy . but also a critical vehicle for commerce, years in office, is also kowtowing to the Some countries, such as China, are innovation and the exchange of knowl- voices of protectionism . It is not clear also pursuing policies that could lead to edge, accounting for $6 3. trillion U S. ,. or what she actually believes or what she time.com s a fragmentation of the Internet . China’s eight per cent of global GDP, in both direct would do to promote trade, investment President Xi Jinping has championed that value and productivity gains as of 2014 . and economic growth if she wins the “cyber sovereignty” and an Internet gov- In the 1990s, globalization helped White House . We can only hope that Ger- | Dream n ernance model suggests countries have emerging countries become more com- man Chancellor Merkel, who is Europe’s che s the right to choose how they develop and petitive . Financial deregulation benefited only real leader, perhaps aided by British ch regulate their internet . By censoring or many, allowing major new infusions of Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May, Lu

diplomat and international canada 19 DIPLOMATICA|nternational affairs fill the vacuum . Alas, the United States is to look through the rearview mirror . Real headed into a big ditch of class warfare forward-looking leadership is not about and presidential-congressional deadlock papering over the cracks and throwing RICHCRAFT regardless of who wins, with racial issues a bit of money here and there . It is about becoming more incendiary by the day . developing a set of policies that are con- RENTALS A coherent, collective strategic vision sistent with neoliberal values and that do about the future and how to address the not try to stop change, but rather adjust to yawning governance and accountability it .Because nobody has the answers, it will gap between elites is desperately needed . also take frank dialogue to figure out what The former director general of the World kinds of social and economic policies are Trade Organization, Pascal Lamy, said required to adjust to new realities . it well when he urged delegates at the Lamy is, of course, correct . For the past 2016 annual meeting of the Cercle des decade and even longer, western coun- économistes in Aix-en-Provence to start tries, in particular, have been far too fo- thinking about a more benevolent model cused on the short term and the narcissism of globalization . Practically speaking, of small differences among themselves as though, such a model must compensate they jockey for advantage . We need ambi- losers, cushion the impact of rapid tech- tious strategies that look ahead, defend NEW nological change, allow those who have the interests of the west vis-à-vis the real been adversely affected to adjust and enemies of globalization, such as ISIS or integrate into new economic realities and demagogues such as Vladimir Putin, and put citizens at the heart of innovations in which promote a common, inclusive vi- governance where there is a focus on both sion that rallies the public and restores Pascal Lamy, of the World Trade Organization, individual and collective responsibility at confidence in an open global economy encourages a more benevolent model of LIFESTYLE every level . Such a model must also ex- globalization. where commerce and the free flow of tend to the private sector where employ- ideas and knowledge flourish . ers, employees and shareholders share responsibility and take joint ownership of realize this vision . Ironically, reactionary Fen Hampson is a Distinguished Fellow their future . forces on the left and right are offering a and Director of the Global Security & However, it will take more than empty similar vision to stop change . Alas, they Politics Program at CIGI . He is Chancel- rhetoric and lofty-sounding promises to are winning the hearts of voters who want lor's Professor at Carleton University . RENTALS

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Canada’s Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion ‘It’s important to be an interlocutor for peace’

Stéphane Dion is an academic- Assad] as part of the solution for the long turned-parliamentarian who was haul, so it’s more difficult in Syria than first elected to represent the Iraq . As you know, we’ve been invited to Montreal riding of Saint-Laurent in be at the table [to discuss] Syria and I am 1996. He has served as president of focusing on the necessity to help the civil- the privy council, minister of intergov- ians during these never-ending conflicts, ernmental affairs and minister of the to make sure they’re fed and have medi- environment and became leader of the cation . The focus is more on the short Liberal party for two years, beginning term and to try to encourage Iran to be at in 2006 after then-prime minister Paul the table on negotiations . [We also need a Martin’s electoral defeat and resigna- new] constitution for Syria, a process by tion. He stayed on as leader in which a new government could be cho- opposition. During that time, he sen, a government that would have true challenged then-prime minister legitimacy for the whole country . And Stephen Harper’s leadership in the meantime, we need to get rid of and attempted, unsuccessfully, DAESH or ISIL, in Iraq and Syria and we to bring down his minority are making progress on this point . government. He has been Prime I’m very confident about the situation Minister Justin Trudeau’s foreign in the north of Iraq . Canada has been in- minister since November 2015. strumental in providing strong training He spoke with Diplomat's editor, to be [certain] the Mosul fighters will be Jennifer Campbell. effective and that Mosul will be freed .

Diplomat magazine: You’ve DM: Do you see Canada’s Operation IM- been foreign minister for nine PACT in Iraq as peacekeeping? months now . If you look around SD: It’s not classic peacekeeping since the world today, what are the we are in conflict with a terrorist group top five places of most concern that has been able to have an army of its for the Canadian government? own and to conquer cities and villages . Stéphane Dion: That’s a very We are freeing these towns, one by one . tough question right off the But [we are doing this in] training the bat . The world is not in good local fighters because we [decided we shape . When you look around would not] fight directly in this country . the world, it’s hard to imagine a [The fighting] must be done by the Iraqi better place to be than Canada . people themselves, but we are part of a I would have difficulty pin- coalition . We have decided that Canada pointing just five places . Eu- will provide training, advice, intelligence rope has its problems; the U S. . services and transportation . We are very has a strange election; Brazil, as effective and we should be proud of our we’ve seen, has youth problems; men, women [in uniform] and [our] civil- Africa has many challenges ians who are working there for Canada . and, in Asia, there are a lot of tensions, including in the South DM: The government of Stephen Harper China Sea . It’s hard to imagine a was an unabashed supporter of Israel, place in the world right now that which many said caused Canada to lose a

doesn’t have problems . its United Nations Security Council seat, d a n

because of backlash from the Middle a C DM: How do you see Canada’s in- East . How do you strike a balance on s volvement in Syria developing in Israel? ffair the short and long term? SD: For me, it’s not a matter of balance . A SD: I see more progress in Iraq . We strongly support Israel, but to sup-

In Syria, we don’t see [Bashar al- port Israel is to look for peace for every- Global

22 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

one . The status quo is not sustainable, neither for Palestinians, nor for Israelis . We need to find all the possibilities to convince both parties to come back to negotiations and to find a solution . The difference between us and Mr . Harper is that Mr . Trudeau will never be reluctant to say that the status quo is not sustainable . It is not healthy for Israel or Palestine .

DM: What role can Canada play there? SD: I think it’s important to speak to all the legitimate forces there — to be an interlocutor for peace, a very effective peace-builder . That’s what we’re trying to do . [Canada participated in ministerial meetings on the Middle East peace process in Paris in June ]. In the meantime, Canada must be there for humanitarian support, for education, and we need to look at the issue of water management . Canada has a lot of expertise to offer . Is- Dion said his government will work with whomever American voters elect as president, Hillary rael is very well known for their expertise Clinton or Donald Trump. as well . So there are partnerships that can develop — much more than we have today . There is a potential we need to ex- DM: You’ve talked about opening doors When I became the minister of foreign ploit in a more effective way . to countries such as Russia . You’ve stated affairs, all my counterparts were asking that sanctions are important, but that dia- me to ‘please, come with us and speak DM: Canada and the U S. . are the world’s logue is also important . Can you explain to the Russians . If you don’t speak to the largest trading partners . More than $670 a little bit about your strategy when it Russians, you’ll never be relevant . You billion US in goods and services were comes to expansionist Russia? won’t be able to help Ukraine, you won’t traded in 2015 . Are you concerned about SD: It’s not my strategy, it’s that of NATO be invited to the table, including in Syria ’. the U S. . election? Both candidates have and our allies . Everybody is doing that, It’s not because I agree with [Russian Pres- said they’ll renegotiate NAFTA, and nei- except Canada in the past — but not ident Vladimir] Putin, or the prime minis- ther likes the Trans-Pacific Partnership . anymore . All of the NATO members are ter agrees with him . It’s precisely because SD: We have some trepidation about collectively making sure we have strong we disagree that we need to have strong that, of course . Not only do we have a deterrence against the behaviour of Rus- dialogue . Canada will never recognize stake, but in many places in the world, sia that is unacceptable, but at the same the illegal annexation of Crimea . Canada there’s a sense that protectionism is more time, [seeking] strong dialogue in order has been explicit in its condemnation of entrenched than it has been . We think to avoid the escalation . Russia’s past acts of aggression, but also it’s a mistake . Canada is a trading na- on areas where we think dialogue can lead DM: t. Gabriela Garcia t. tion . We believe in trade . We are ready What is this strong deterrence? to improvements for us, for Ukraine and g to explain that to the Americans . We SD: At the Warsaw Summit, the Alliance for global security . Deterrence and dia- think that it would cost a lot of jobs and took important decisions to boost secu- logue is our approach as one of the four economic activity if we were to weaken rity in and around Europe, including framework nations, and it is our bilateral photo by S s our economic dealings . We need to co- the deployment of an enhanced forward approach as well . It is important that allies

orp operate on security, but also for the econ- presence in Eastern Europe . Canada an- remain united against Russian aggression C e omy . It’s the same for Europe . As you nounced it will take on a leadership role towards Ukraine . When we are at the n know, we’ve appointed my friend, Pierre and lead a robust multinational NATO table, we can hold individuals to account, ari

M Pettigrew [an MP from 1996 to 2006, who battlegroup in Latvia, becoming one of push for action and press for change . En- held several ministerial positions, includ- four framework nations, as part of the Al- gagement takes many forms and we are ing foreign minister] as our special envoy liance’s enhanced forward presence . This going to pursue every avenue in the cause mp by U.S. to convince the Europeans to ratify [the is part of the modernization of NATO’s of peace and stability . u r T Canada-EU trade agreement ]. So we are deterrence and defence posture . The strongly voting for open markets with the ultimate goal of deterrence is to avoid DM: So that’s the long-term plan?

more/ SD:

d U S. ,. with Europe and we will work with conflict . By showing resolve, NATO Al- Yes, and we’ll continue to go for sanc- the next U S. . administration to be sure lies aim to dissuade potential adversaries tions . Canada is very strong on sanctions e Ski g that this will be the case . from using military means instead of di- and we insist, with our European friends, plomacy . In order to protect NATO Allies that we keep them . They’re only effective

by Ga DM: n Even if it’s Donald Trump? and preserve European stability, NATO if they’re collective . If we do it together to SD: We’ll work with the president that will stand united and ready to respond to with our NATO partners, then you have n li

C our American friends choose . threats from all directions . positive results . In March [2016], we

diplomat and international canada 23 DIPLOMATICA| QUESTIONS Asked

organs from prisoners of conscience ]. SD: I am very pleased that we have different views in Canada, including those from my former colleague . We’ll look at that . It’s a point of view, but there are other points of view . Recently, there was a very interesting paper explaining polls in China, how they see their own country, what they see as [areas] for improvement . I’m very pleased that David [Kilgour] is making his point and we are looking at that with a lot of seriousness .

DM: So you’ll address it? SD: We take seriously all of the efforts that are [seeking] a better understanding of China . We have a pluralistic view about China in Canada and it’s important to have different voices . We are taking Jean-Claude Juncker, centre, president of the European Commission, speaks to the media after a all of these views into account . Canada meeting discussing the outcome of the Brexit referendum. continues to urge China to adhere to their human rights obligations . I have expressed, directly to China’s foreign min- added new individuals and companies each other . It would not make sense . But ister, Canada’s interest in strengthening to the sanctions list, in co-ordination with at the same time, we will push for the rule our relationship with China on a range of our allies . of law . We will say to our Chinese friends, issues, including human rights . ‘If you want Canadian investors to feel DM: Canada’s been criticized for not be- comfortable in your country, give them the DM: Going back to the late spring, what ing principled enough on China . How do rule of law, otherwise, they will be con- was your reaction to Brexit? you respond to that? cerned about their investments ’. I will tell SD: We said before the polls that we SD: I think what happened under Mr . them [that if they] want more exchanges thought it would be better to keep the EU Harper is that — as the prime minister with our universities, respect the freedom together and we were very positive about said — it was a lack of consistency . One of [academics], otherwise it’s very difficult the role the U K. . has played in the EU . day they were open to everything with to have scientific exchanges . If you don’t The U K. . was divided, but we’ll watch China and the day after they were closed engage with China, you will lose the op- how the EU and the U .K . negotiate . In the to everything . Hot and cold — this is not portunity to make progress on human meantime, we are saying to the EU, if you effective . [Trudeau travelled to China in rights there . want to show that you’re able to move late summer to restart the Canada-China ahead, well, ratify the trade agreement relationship and discuss the possibility of DM: Will Canada make a statement on the with Canada . If you don’t ratify with a free-trade agreement ]. recently released organ-harvesting report Canada, with whom will you ratify? It’s In order to have a very coherent policy on China by human rights activists David important to show the EU that they are with China, you need to have consistency . Kilgour and David Matas? [Matas is an able to move ahead after Brexit . The U K. . So, of course, we’ll engage with China on immigration and human rights lawyer; supports the agreement and is still part of trade, about education, people-to-people David Kilgour is a former MP and federal the EU and when we know more about [exchanges], tourism, climate change, the minister . Their report alleges that Chinese the agreements between the U K. . and environment, what we do together for hospitals are conducting far more organ the EU, it will be a chance to strengthen peacekeeping in Africa, for example . They transplants than the country admits . our links even more — because they’re AFO pub-Oct-Nov-Dec 2016.pdf 1 06/07/2016 5:17:27 PM are there; we are there . We cannot ignore They suggest the government is getting already strong — with the U K. .

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24 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

One thing that I think is very likely is that Canada will have a trade agreement with the EU before the U K. . leaves the EU .

DM: You have quoted Ban Ki-moon on MOVE-IN READY the rise of xenophobia in Austria; it’s uNIts aVaILaBLe happening elsewhere in Europe, too . What can Canada do about it? SD: Canada has a lot of responsibilities about that because Canadians elected a prime minister who said ‘If you vote for me, you will not have less refugees, you will have more;’ a prime minister who said to Canadians, ‘Our strength isn’t in spite of our diversity, but because of it ’. So we are the opposite of this kind of xenophobic populism that we see everywhere . And if he is the most popular politician on this planet, it’s not only because of his charisma, it’s mostly because of his message and that message says, ‘Don’t be afraid of the diversity of others, the diversity of humanity is an opportunity to go forward, to learn something, to improve yourself ’. This message of respect for our differences is something the prime minister is promoting around the world and for me, as minister of foreign affairs, it is very inspiring to [work] under the leadership of Justin Trudeau .

DM: So Canada is leading by example? SD: It’s leading by example and it’s suggesting that maybe it will work in their own countries . Yesterday, I was with a politician from another country — I won’t name the country . He’s campaign- ing to be the leader of his country and I told him we’d noticed he was campaign- ing in favour of rule of law . I told him we did this and we won . I told him not to Purchase yours today compromise . Why would it not be true WaterStreet living is like none other. Built with the city dweller in in that country that diversity is a strength mind, each suite has the latest modern conveniences, plus a few and not a threat? I see in the eyes of my extra luxuries to make your home life that much easier. Discover [foreign] colleagues that they are inspired why WaterStreet is the perfect place for your next home by and that maybe they can invent their own visiting our sales centre. Canada in some ways .

DM: You talk about Canada’s interna- Rideau River tional role as being in places where Starting from the low there’s a requirement for engagement . $ Can you speak to that statement with a 190,000s couple of actual examples of where that’s SALES Cathcart St CENTRE 316 Bruyère Street, Ottawa happening and how effective it is? Rose St King Edward Ave SD: t 613-680-6560 We have a bid to be on the Security S k ic www.claridgewaterstreet.com Bruyère St r t Council at the United Nations . In the a P

t past, Canada has been very [disengaged] S at the United Nations and there is a re- St Andrew St quest everywhere for us to be back . On peace operations, we have been almost nowhere for a long time . There is [a ClaridgeHomes.com more request] from many countries for us to Style come back and support them and offer

diplomat and international canada 25 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

our expertise . I spoke about the challenge of water . Water is a huge problem around the world, especially because of climate change, but not only because of that . There are countries in Africa that haven’t seen rain in years and they’re asking us to help them manage their water system .

DM: One of the early controversies you dealt with was the arms deal with Saudi Arabia . Has that been politically damag- SHE IS OUR FIRST PRIORITY TOO. ing? SD: If you don’t have any controversy as minister of foreign affairs, you are OPEN HOUSE not doing anything . I’m not concerned We are experts in Saturday, October 22 | 9 a.m. about that . We’ve made the right deci- how girls learn, sion . It was a decision announced before Elmwood School puts families ﬁ rst too. Join us to the election and you need to keep your learn more about everything we can oﬀ er you and grow, and succeed. word . We had given our word to respect your daughter. Like you, our goal is the contract, but at the same time, we’ve · Before- and a er-school programming, said that the export permits will be re- to make sure your including homework supervision viewed with a lot of vigour and more daughter reaches · Transportation transparency and that’s what I’m doing . · Healthy meals prepared on-site her full potential. We have said we will be part of the arms · Individualized support from our Student trade treaty . In June, I announced that Success Centre we’d table a bill to be sure that Canada · Wide range of co-curricular programs, will be part of the Arms Trade Treaty including music, dance, athletics and more. before next May . We have prioritized the Inspiring girls RSVP at Elmwood.ca or call (613) 744-7783 necessary internal legislative reviews to expedite accession to the treaty . We’re also ensuring that the export control system is delivered with more rigour and transparency than has ever been the case in the past .

DM: What’s the best real-world example you can name that would clearly il- lustrate your desire for what you call responsible conviction? SD: When you don’t like something, you don’t pull out, you work harder to make it better .

DM: OK, but where are we doing that? SD: We are doing that everywhere . We are not happy with the United Nations all the time, it’s not a perfect institution to say the least, but we don’t get out because of that — we go there . We don’t like the government of Russia and we don’t like the way they behave with their neighbours, but we decided to have an intense dialogue with them instead of pulling out . We don’t like the government of Iran, but to be out of Iran is not the way to serve Canadian interests and to be helpful to our allies . So we will be back in Iran . Canada’s severing of ties with Iran had no positive consequences for anyone: not for Canadians, not for the people of Iran, not for our allies and not for global security . Our strategy of engagement is a

26 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

out any military threats . As long as the people of Taiwan won’t be part of China, I hope everybody will respect that . Taiwan is not a country that we recognize, as you know . But, we think that the current situation must be respected and if there are ways to improve the relationship between China and Taiwan, it must be done peacefully .

DM: Canada does support Taiwan in a number of ways, unofficially . SD: We trade with Taiwan . We have a lot of Canadians who are of Taiwanese origin, so there are people-to-people relationships and we’ll continue to have those . But there are no diplomatic relations with Taiwan as a state because it’s not a state . It’s up to China and Taiwan to solve this situation peacefully .

DM: Canada’s relationship with Iran? Stephane Dion visited Latvia in July. Meetings focused on Canada’s commitment that it will lead a SD: robust multinational NATO battlegroup in Latvia. We are trying to create a relationship with Iran that will be more effective for Canadian interests . Lots of Canadians harder path than that chosen by the previ- Minsk Agreement [to halt the war in the that are of Iranian origin have found it ous government, but if we want to make Donbass region of Ukraine and signed difficult — students, families, business . real progress in the promotion of human by Ukraine, Russia, Donetsk and Lu- We are trying to improve the relation- rights and the security of our friends and gansk], must make progress . If we don’t ship and we are insisting on seeing if this allies, it’s the only way forward . Engage- have progress on the implementation of government will be more respectful of ment does not mean that we agree with Minsk, a year from now, we’ll have the human rights, stop having relationships Iran’s policies, but it does establish a path- same stalemate with more people killed with terrorist groups and stop being a way towards dialogue, regional security in the meantime . It’s very important to threat for our allies, including Israel . and economic opportunity . The lifting of see Minsk moving ahead . sanctions is one step in the process of re- DM: Tunisia as a fledgling democ- engagement and is in lock-step with the DM: China’s territorial ambitions in the racy — how does Canada support that actions of our allies . South China Sea? and help it spread? Responsible conviction means that SD: It’s time for everyone, including SD: I like that you’re ending with Tunisia, along with your convictions, you have a China, to accept and respect the code because we’ve spoken about a lot of neg- sense of responsibility . If you have convic- of conduct . To negotiate, and, in the ative situations around the world . Tunisia tions without a sense of responsibility, you meantime, when you don’t have solu- has the potential to be a positive story . It’s can’t have a rational and effective foreign tions about the negotiations, you agree not the case right now as the economy policy . The consequences of your [actions] to disagree and agree to have acceptable is shaky, but this country is courageous . and declarations on other human beings behaviour with no aggressive initiatives . They have chosen democracy, they are must be positive — otherwise, don’t do It’s very important for China and all starting to have functional democracy, it . So it’s a big departure from the former parties involved to respect the code of so Canada must be there to support that . government of Canada and it’s well- conduct . We have strong links with the French lan- timed . It’s not true that it means that you guage . It’s very important to be in coun- don’t then have convictions . It means that DM: The behaviour of China’s foreign tries that are collapsing, such as Syria and if you have to choose between different minister, Wang Yi, in Canada? Iraq, but the countries that are fighting to convictions, the [decision] will mean tak- SD: I had a private conversation with him not collapse deserve our support, too . We ing into account the consequences of your after and I will not say more . also have links with Jordan and Lebanon choices . We’ll be principled, we’ll have and we are looking at what we can do for strong convictions and one of them is a DM: Were you hard on him? Tunisia as well . sense of responsibility . SD: I will not say more . I think it’s these During my visit in Tunisia last May, I kind of problems that will be solved out- committed to increasing Canadian sup- a d DM: I realize time is short, so let’s do a side the media, in order to avoid escala- port to the Tunisian people so that their a n

a lightning round of key issues . I’m look- tions that may be damaging for Canadian country can be successful in its democratic C

s ing for short answers . Let’s start with interests . transition and prosper in that direction . Ukraine . As such, we have already announced ad- ffair A SD: Canada is strongly supporting DM: Taiwan’s future? ditional assistance to fight terrorism and Ukraine . Ukraine is the victim of ag- SD: I think it’s something that must be favour greater participation of women in D Global gressive behaviour from Russia . The solved between Taiwan and China, with- the country’s public and political life .

diplomat and international canada 27 DIPLOMATICA|NOTES FROM THE FIELD Amnesty International: Working for human rights

By Alex Neve

n June 2016, Claudia Medina was one of four women recognized by the ISenate of Canada for her work as a human rights defender in Mexico . The following day she spoke at a press conference on Parliament Hill, calling on Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to raise Mexico’s urgent human rights crisis in his talks with Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto, who was in Ottawa on an official visit . Her voice helped ensure the plight of thousands of women, who are severely affected by Mexico’s grave human rights crisis, would be less easily overlooked on the international stage . Four years earlier, though, her words would have been stifled under the weight of injustice without the solidarity of human rights activists around the world who spoke out on her behalf . In August 2012, Medina was abducted from her home by officers of the Mexican navy who detained her on trumped-up charges and subjected her to strangling, electric shocks and Claudia Medina, human rights defender from Mexico, was one of four people the Senate of Canada sexual torture . She endured this illegal recognized for their work. detention for 23 days before she was freed on bail after being tortured into signing world . A global movement was born, and needed commission of inquiry on miss- a “confession” to crimes that she did not at its centre was the unswerving belief ing and murdered Indigenous women commit . that every person’s voice has meaning in were stonewalled for years . Canada has Throughout her ordeal, thousands the global struggle to promote and protect left crucial international human rights of Amnesty International supporters in fundamental human rights . treaties unsigned or unratified . There has Canada and around the world demanded Today, more than 300,000 people in been a lack of action to curtail human justice on her behalf, as they do for many Canada, and more than seven million rights violations by Canadian companies others in Mexico, Canada or anywhere worldwide, support Amnesty Interna- operating abroad . As a result, the weight else . Upon Medina's release, she still faced tional’s vision for a global community of Canada’s voice in credibly demanding two years of legal battles to clear her name built around a framework of respect and progress from others on crucial issues was of the unfounded charges levelled against protection of universal human rights . diminished . her, but she felt comforted and empow- Together, we speak out and stand up; Amnesty International Canada is work- ered by the solidarity she experienced . through the media, online activism, public ing to help accelerate the encouraging Speaking in Canada before some of the demonstrations and — like the organiza- recent progress on what has been a stalled very same activists who stood by her dur- tion’s founder — good old-fashioned let- human rights agenda at home . Doing so is ing her darkest hours, she offered words ter writing . Building on our early focus of importance not only to Canadians, but of encouragement and thanks . “I would on prisoners of conscience, Amnesty In- also to the entire global community that not be here today,” she said, “without ternational has lobbied on the world stage may benefit from Canada’s reinvigorated your support ”. for hard-won progress on human rights engagement toward advancing a human Fifty-five years ago, the founder of related to torture, women and girls’ rights, rights-driven agenda internationally . As Amnesty International, Peter Benenson, indigenous rights, migrants and refugees, the case of Claudia Medina makes so clear, launched a similar human rights cam- ending the death penalty, corporate ac- everyone’s voice is powerful when used paign . In 1961, he penned a newspaper countability, protecting civilians in armed to demand respect for human rights for editorial calling on members of the public conflict and access to justice . the betterment of all . It is the mission of al n to write letters to governments demand- But much work remains to be done Amnesty International Canada to support, atio ing justice for forgotten and wrongfully — not least of all in Canada . Over the empower and stand with them on that n ter

detained prisoners who were left to lan- past decade, Canada’s domestic human journey . n

guish in jail cells around the world . People rights record and global human rights ty i s e

responded in droves and the editorial standing fell into serious and deeply Alex Neve is the secretary-general of n m was reprinted in newspapers around the troubling decline . Calls for an urgently Amnesty International Canada . A

28 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC GOOD DEEDS|DIPLOMATICA

A ’fête accompli‘ at the French Embassy

his year’s Fête Champêtre, an annual spring fundraiser for the Ot- Ttawa Symphony Orchestra, took place at the striking Art Deco building that houses the embassy of France, overlooking the Ottawa River and next to the prime minister's official residence at 24 Sussex Drive . The ambassador agreed to host the fête for several reasons, not least of which was the fact that the embassy hadn’t done so for a while . “It had been several years since this charity event took place at the embassy of France,” said Ambassador Nicolas Chapuis . “Considering the quality of the orchestra and its contributions to the cul- Green Party leader Elizabeth May, left, attended the Fête Champêtre, hosted by French Ambassador tural life of the capital and the country, Nicolas Chapuis. we hosted the 2016 Fête Champêtre at the orchestra’s request ”. The money raised will help support she said . Chapuis said the event, which often the orchestra's concert series at the Na- Lomow added that the symphony has takes place in the diplomatic residence’s tional Arts Centre and some of it will go had a long-standing relationship with the garden and always attracts well-hatted towards educational outreach programs . French embassy, which has now hosted symphony supporters, went well . For example, the orchestra has a program three such occasions in the 13 years she’s “The reception was a great success and for Grade 5 and 6 students to introduce been involved with the event . the guests were delighted,” he said . them to symphonic music twice a year . It “We were delighted that they agreed to Event organizer Snookie Lomow said showcases classical music to 700 students hold this year’s fête and they were very this was the organization’s 28th annual at a time . It also includes a mentorship gracious hosts, given the current level of Fête . program through the University of Ot- security required ”. “Not too many events in Ottawa have tawa . Lomow said the latter is unique in She said guests who attended enjoyed survived that length of time and are still a North America . traditional French canapés, including foie strong attraction,” she said . “We had more “All graduates from the University of gras, as well as Champagne . They also en- than 300 guests who helped us raise more Ottawa music program get to audition to joyed the opportunity to see the embassy’s than $25,000 and for this, we are truly perform for the OSO as their first step in lavish rooms, she said . “They are some of grateful ”. performing with a professional orchestra,” the most beautiful in Ottawa ”. D oppel K a g l O

diplomat and international canada 29 DIPLOMATICA| Trade Winds Argentina: More than beef and wine grapes

By Marcelo Gabriel Suarez Salvia

ince President Mauricio Macri took office in December 2015, his Sgovernment has made important changes to stabilize the business environment for local and foreign companies in Argentina . It has corrected macroeco- nomic imbalances, lifted capital controls, devalued the Argentine peso, reduced import regulations and removed most export taxes . Concurrently, Macri has taken steps to restore the Argentina National Statistics Agency . He has re-established a mature dialogue with the International Monetary Fund and has concluded agreements with Argentina has a vibrant wine industry, whose Malbec grape, grown here, is already well known to most of Argentina’s creditors, allowing Canadians. the country to resolve its sovereign debt default . In terms of Canadian companies es- Argentine fresh and frozen boneless beef . Argentina needs to be connected by tablished in Argentina, there are approxi- Argentina has a worldwide reputation road, rail and airports . To this end, Macri mately 31 businesses, many of them in in this field and Canadians are looking has launched the Belgrano Plan, which is the mining sector . Nevertheless, there are forward to purchasing Argentina’s beef in a power infrastructure plan for the north- also Canadian-controlled subsidiaries their local supermarkets . west of Argentina . For example, in terms in the agro-industrial sector (fertilizers, Argentina also has many premium of extending the railway lines, the govern- processed foods, livestock, dairy and fish wines and is interested in introducing ment has announced an investment proj- products) as well as in energy (mainly oil them to Canada . Malbec is a red wine ect to integrate 3,800 kilometres of tracks and gas), printing and telecommunica- grape that is already much appreciated by between the northwest and northeast tions, to name a few . Canadian consumers . Argentine winer- of the country, at a value of $5 55. billion Canadian imports from Argentina are ies are ready, as well, to introduce other US . The Belgrano Plan as a whole seeks a based primarily on precious metals (85 per types of grape varieties such as Bonarda, global investment of $16 billion US . cent) and wine (eight per cent) . In 2015, Cabernet and Viognier, which have had a In terms of renewable energy, Act 27 Argentina exported $1 87. billion worth of tremendous success in such markets as the 191 aims for the consumption of renew- goods to Canada . U S. . and Europe . able energy to reach eight per cent of total The top-10 products are: gold in un- At the same time, Argentina is working national consumption of electric power wrought form, wines, silver in unwrought closely with the Canadian Food Inspec- by 2018 . That number will jump to 20 per form, crude petroleum oils, oils obtained tion Agency to obtain a sanitary certificate cent by 2025 . from bituminous minerals, casein, silver for poultry in 2016 . This will allow us to cy n Moreover, in the energy sector, Argen- ores and concentrates, lead ores and con- export premium poultry, free of Newcastle e Ag

tina has vast oil and gas resources with centrates, medium density fibreboard and disease, to Canada . m s ri

exploration and exploitation opportuni- pears . u o ties . For example, our country has the Argentina is one of the world’s larg- Marcelo Gabriel Suarez Salvia is ambas- T e fourth-largest unconventional reserves of est exporters of beef . In 2015, my country sador of Argentina to Canada . Reach him n ti n oil in the world and the second largest in fulfilled all sanitary requirements and by email at ecana@mrecic gov. ar. or by e g r natural gas . Canada officially opened its market to phone at (613) 236-2351 . A

30 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC trade winds|DIPLOMATICA Turkey-Canada trade full of promise

Canada’s top export items to Turkey are lentils, durum wheat, bituminous coal, iron ores and wood pulp . Canada’s agricultural exports to Turkey made a record jump in recent years, with lentils alone reaching $290 million US . Bituminous coal is the second-largest export item, totalling $65 million US in 2015 . Canada’s global markets action plan has named Turkey a top emerging market with broad Canadian interests . Export De- By Selçuk Ünal velopment Canada has identified Turkey as a strategic market of opportunity for urkey is a rising economic pow- Canadian firms . A 2009 air transportation erhouse and a strong emerging agreement paved the way for 15 direct Tforce in the global economy . Today, flights from Toronto and Montreal to Turkey is the 18th-largest economy in the Istanbul operated by Turkish Airlines, as world and sixth-largest in Europe, with well as Air Canada . a GDP of about $720 billion US . Turkey Turkey is one of the fastest-growing boasts highly developed technological energy markets in the world, according infrastructure in the transportation, tele- to our ministry of energy and natural communications and energy sectors, a resources . It is estimated that the total strong domestic market and a competitive primary energy demand in Turkey will private sector . Implementation of strict more than double by 2025 . In order to regulatory and supervisory regulations meet such immense growth in demand, on banks and financial institutions pro- the estimated amount of investment will vides a buffer against external shocks . reach $125 billion US . This provides op- The Turkish economy also registered a portunities for Canadian firms to invest in notable recovery following the global eco- Turkey, where we aim to build 20 nuclear nomic crisis and has expanded by more reactors, fully exploit our hydro potential than four per cent on average since 2010 . and construct solar, wind and geothermal Unlike the economic plague described plants . as “jobless recovery,” growth in Turkey Turkey is the commercial hub of the translated into millions of new jobs . T urkey’s biggest export to Canada is hazelnuts. region . Foreign companies have been us- Despite the bombing by DAESH (ISIS) ing Turkey to access the EU market as well at the Istanbul international airport, the as for business opportunities throughout attempted coup and the humanitarian cri- $2 6. billion . Turkish exports to Canada the Balkans, Central Asia, the Caucasus ses in Syria, Turkey should continue to be include a mix of precious metals, trucks and the Middle East . The total amount of among the OECD's fastest-growing econo- and tractors, medicine, marble and tiles, foreign direct investments in Turkey since mies . The last 29 quarters have witnessed as well as hazelnuts . Hazelnuts constitute 2002 has reached $165 billion US — and uninterrupted growth . the biggest export item to Canada, which $16 8. billion US in 2015 alone . A preven- In 2014, the volume of Turkish exports exceeded $100 million US in 2015 . tion-of-double-taxation agreement, signed increased to $158 billion US and the total Hazelnuts are followed by trucks and by Canada and Turkey in 2009, has created trade volume accounted for $400 billion tractors . Turkey is the 17th-largest automo- an environment that is more conducive to US . Turkey aims to be among the top-10 tive manufacturer in the world and ex- bilateral investment . Exploratory talks on economies in the world with a $2 trillion ported $63 million US in exports to Canada a modern and comprehensive free-trade US GDP, $25,000 GDP per capita and $500 in 2015 . Unwrought gold is another impor- agreement were successfully completed in billion in exports by 2023, the 100th an- tant export item from Turkey, which has 2013 . The launch of negotiations awaits a niversary of the founding of the country . 840 tonnes of gold reserves and gold poten- decision by the Canadian government to Economic relations between Canada tial calculated around 6,500 tonnes, making bring economic and commercial relations and Turkey have always been solid and it potentially the second-ranked country in to the desired level . balanced . However, a closer look trade for the world in terms of gold reserves . Cana- the previous years reveals there is much dian mining companies did not miss the Selçuk Ünal is ambassador of Turkey more room for improvement . Turkey- opportunity to invest in Turkey’s robust to Canada . Contact him by email at Canada bilateral trade peaked at $3 bil- mining sector and now more than a dozen embassy ottawa@mfa. gov. tr. or phone at ir0002

F lion Cdn in 2014 and currently stands at successfully operate in Turkey . (613) 244-2470 .

diplomat and international canada 31 DIPLOMATICA| Trade Winds Venezuela: Open for investment

investment, intended for the quantifica- tion, certification and exploitation of minerals found in more than 40 blocks already outlined . Data supporting Venezuela as an attractive and unique space for international investment are the following: • Current gold production in Venezuela is carried out mainly in six areas that contain gold resources with a degree of purity ranging from 18 to 23 52. carats . • The untapped gold potential in Venezu- By Wilmer Omar Barrientos ela could exceed 4,000 tons . • Within the Orinoco Mining Arc, there he Venezuelan Orinoco Oil Belt is are five diamond mining areas: Icabarú, the biggest source of oil reserves in Guri, Bajo Caroni, Guaniamo and Santa Tthe world, with proven reserves of Fe . In the San Antonio de las Alisas of 272 billion barrels of crude spanning an Guaniamo alone, resources are equivalent area of 55,314 square kilometres in the to 33 8. million carats in diamonds . country’s Guárico, Anzoátegui and Mona- • Within the Guayana region of Venezu- gas states . ela, “kimberlite” stones that are unique If you consider all of the oil-producing to Latin America and which often house projects in our country, we have a grand diamonds, can be found . total of 301 million barrels of crude and Venezuela ranks sixth in terms of iron 201,349 cubic feet of proven natural gas re- ore reserves, with 3,000,600 tonnes of serves, which makes us the leading energy proven resources . Through certification power worldwide . of new possible reserves and probable The Orinoco Oil Belt, our great oil and reserves, there is an estimated 8 7. million mineral reservoir, hosts five companies, tonnes and 2 3. million tonnes respectively, including Petrocedeño (Total and Statoil), which could position Venezuela as the Petropiar (Chevron), Petromonagas (BP), country with the second-largest reserves Petrolera Sinovensa (CNPC) and Pet- of this particular mineral . romacareo (Petrovietnam) . Venezuela’s V enezuela’s state-owned oil company is in the The Venezuelan State offers attractive state-owned company (PDVSA) holds 60 Orinoco Oil Belt. terms for investors . We offer renewable per cent ownership while the rest of these exploitation periods of 20 years . Interna- companies have a 40-per-cent share . barrels of crude, and the average exporta- tional companies are welcome to join any The Siembra Petrolera Plan establishes tion rate was 2 4. billion barrels of crude part of the supply chain of the mining bu- oil industry guidelines and policies for for- per day, positioning PDVSA worldwide siness . The business model for the explo- eign investment up to 2030 . Some remark- as the fifth most important company in ration and exploitation of gold and other able outcomes from the above-mentioned the oil and gas sector . Despite the fall of strategic minerals in Venezuela provides plan include agreements reached between crude prices to $44 65. per barrel during for the establishment of joint ventures PDVSA, the Italian oil company (ENI) 2014 and 2015, PDVSA reported profits and mixed companies . The Central Bank and the Spanish oil company (Repsol), of $72 billion, its assets were valued at of Venezuela will be the recipient of all for development of the Cardón IV Bloc, $202 billion, and equity was valued at $91 gold production and will be in charge of located in the Gulf of Venezuela, in the billion, while investing was valued at $17 converting it into currency, to ensure a re- northeastern peninsula of Paraguaná . billion in the publicly owned portion of turn to investors . And finally, the Orinoco Another example is the $500 million US the sector . Mining Arc Project grants participating agreement between PDVSA and the Rus- Two-way trade between Venezuela and companies preferential financing . sian state-owned company (Rosneft) for Canada reached $681 million during 2014 . To conclude, I would kindly invite our the development of natural gas projects The energy sector alone yielded $323 mil- readers to obtain more information about in Campo Mejillones and Patao from the lion in 2013 . Canadians should be aware investment in our national energy sector time.com offshore Mariscal Sucre Project . that Venezuela has opened the doors of through our commercial experts or by vis- s Recent data provided by PDVSA, and the Orinoco Oil Belt and the Mining Arc iting our embassy in Ottawa . certified by accounting firm KPMG, show Project, calling on international investors the extraordinary economic potential that and the renowned Canadian energy sec- Wilmer Omar Barrientos is the ambassa- erez | Dream P

Venezuela holds in terms of energy for tor . dor of Venezuela . Reach him by email at e investors all over the world . During 2015, The Mining Arc Project is a mega-proj- assistant .ambassador@misionvenezuela . g

the daily production reached 2 9. billion ect geared towards national and foreign org or by calling 613-235-5151 . © Jor

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diplomat and international canada 33 DIPLOMATICA|diplomatic agenda Norway invests in its own future

Today, Norway makes petroleum resources important to : FIRST NAME Anne Kari Hansen is considered the the Norwegian economy; moreover, their world’s third revenues give us fiscal leeway that sets us ME: Ovind LAST NA largest exporter apart from most other countries . CITIZENSHIP: Norwegian of gas and a sig- The idea of a petroleum fund was pro- nificant exporter posed as early as 1983 . Over the years, the D CREDENTIALS AS PRESENTE of oil . Norway’s idea matured and in 1990, the parliament Jan. 26, 2016 AMBASSADOR: population is passed an act establishing the Government gs: Brussels more than five Petroleum Fund . However, the first trans- previous Postin million . Our fer of approximately $307 million was not (NATO) maritime area made until six years later . Since then, the is six times fund has grown rapidly and was, in June our land area . 2016, valued at more than $1,150 billion . Nearly half of The value has increased steeply for many known oil and gas years, but it flattened recently due to low reserves on the Norwegian continental oil prices . It currently stands at almost n a period when oil prices were high, shelf have yet to be extracted and large three times the mainland GDP . Norway has been able to transform oil new discoveries have been made over the Iin the ground into financial wealth . past few years . Sustainable spending Today, the Government Pension Fund Petroleum accounts for roughly 15 The aim of the fund is twofold: first, to Global is one of the world’s largest sover- per cent of the Norwegian economy, ensure that petroleum wealth benefits cur- eign wealth funds . By investing abroad, approximately 20 per cent of total state rent and future generations and second, to leaving capital in the fund untouched and revenues and about 40 per cent of Nor- shelter the domestic economy from over- limiting annual spending in the national wegian exports . The high share of GDP heating due to oil-financed demand . budget to four per cent of the fund’s capital, Norway has managed its oil wealth to the benefit of its people today while at the same time providing future generations with a share of the wealth . One day, the oil will run out, but the returns on the fund will continue to benefit the Norwe- gian population for generations to come . The investment strategy and management framework for the fund do not represent a universal ideal, but rather they reflect the political and ideological context in which the fund operates . Strong support from the Norwegian population and broad political support for this budgetary rule are imperative to staying firmly on course . The largest part of Norway’s revenue stems from the mainland economy, not from oil and gas, but it's still important to make sure the large oil revenues do not y result in complacency . The Norwegian g government, therefore, makes the public er En sector more efficient, reduces red tape and nd bureaucracy, cuts the overall tax level and m a stimulates innovation to ensure a smooth u transition to a new and less oil-dependent etrole growth model . P

In the beginning try of try s i n Oil was discovered on the Norwegian i M

side of the continental shelf in 1969 and n ia

production began in 1971 . It took about g e

10 years before the government’s oil rev- w Norway has done a unique job of preserving its oil wealth for future generations. enues became substantial . Nor

34 SUMMER 2016 | JUL-AUG-SEPT diplomatic agenda|DIPLOMATICA

Consequently, all state petroleum The strategy implies that the fund is duced early this year, the fund withdrew revenues are transferred to the fund and a financial investor with relatively small from 52 companies mining coal or pro- invested abroad . This helps shelter the ownership stakes in a large number of ducing coal-based energy . Other relevant domestic economy and the exchange rate companies worldwide . The fund is not companies that may come under the coal from the volatility of petroleum revenues . allowed to own more than 10 per cent of criterion will be analyzed over the course The budget rule guides how much the any single company in the equity portfo- of this year . An additional 29 companies government should use from the fund to lio . The ministry reports to parliament on are excluded under conduct-based criteria, finance government spending . It specifies all important matters related to the fund . 17 of them because they were deemed to that transfers from the fund to the na- Transparency is important to Norwegians . cause severe environmental damage . tional budget shall, over time, follow the expected real return on the fund, which Ethical guidelines Challenges ahead is estimated at four per cent . But it also Norwegians want assurance that the fund Norway has healthy government finances, allows for a flexible response to prevailing capital is invested in accordance with relatively low unemployment and has economic conditions . In periods of high responsible investment practices . The pub- seen years of high economic growth . economic growth, spending is less than lic’s strong feelings on this issue led to the However, our economy also faces chal- the long-term target . In periods of eco- establishment of ethical guidelines for the lenges ahead . nomic downturn, spending exceeds the fund in 2004 . Over the next decades, government long-term target . It shelters fiscal policy The ethics council was established the spending linked to an aging population from oil price volatility and uncertainty . same year, making recommendations on will increase rapidly . Total petroleum pro- how to apply ethical guidelines in specific duction already peaked in 2004 and will Investment strategy cases . The ownership department of the play a less important role in our economy Parliament has given the overall respon- central bank focuses on a number of stra- in the future . sibility for management of the fund to the tegic areas, three of which are related to The rapid rise in public pension ex- ministry of finance . The operational man- good corporate governance and three of penditure and a concurrent decline in oil agement has been delegated to the central which are related to environmental and and gas revenues represent a challenge to bank, which makes investment decisions social issues, including children’s rights, public finances . This underlines the need on a purely financial basis and indepen- climate change and water management . to save a large part of current oil and gas dently from the ministry . The government believes, over the long revenues while prices are high . The fund The overarching objective for the in- run, that sound financial returns depend will help Norway finance the expected vestments is to achieve the maximum on sustainable development in economic, increased spending on an aging popula- possible return, given a moderate level of environmental and social terms . Several tion . In addition, Norway also has an risk . This enables more social programs instruments promote the fund’s role as a ambitious reform agenda for the private to be financed over time by the return on responsible financial investor . Exclusion and public sectors, including reforms to the fund . of companies is one of these instruments . infrastructure, tax reform for growth and The fund is invested globally with the A total of 91 companies are excluded requirements on efficiency improvements following strategic asset allocation: 60 per from the fund under the product-based in the public sector . The Norwegian gov- cent equities, up to five per cent in real criteria — 18 of them have been excluded ernment is working to ensure a smooth estate . The residual is in fixed income . At on the basis of production of weapons transition to a new and less oil-dependent year-end, 2015 investments are spread that violate fundamental humanitarian growth model . across 75 countries and 47 currencies, and principles in their normal use, while 21 are more than 9,000 companies, including 253 excluded for producing tobacco . More re- Anne Kari Hansen Ovind is Norway’s from Canada . cently, according to new guidelines intro- ambassador to Canada .

Information Session

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diplomat and international canada 35 Dt i spa ches|CHINA Is COMING time.com s

In spite of Chinese aggression in the South China Sea and its questionable human rights record, Canada has engaged with the country

under Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. | Dream lv850627 Hu ©

36 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches Liberals’ China dilemma By Robert D’A. Henderson

uring the 2015 federal elections A disastrous press conference detention of Canadian Ken Garratt and in Canada, the Liberal Party plat- In June, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi Chinese activities in the South China Sea . Dform spoke of building up the made an official — though on short notice He stated in the press conference that the Canadian middle class . One of the ways — visit to Ottawa . He stated that Canada reporter was “irresponsible” and said her it said it would do that was by forging and China were headed for a “new golden question was “full of prejudice against greater trade relations with emerging age” in country-to-country relations . He China and arrogance .” After the press con- markets, including China . But, during the also referred to Pierre Trudeau as a friend ference — reportedly at Wang’s insistence Munk Centre foreign policy debate be- of China for establishing those early dip- and in a breach of diplomatic protocol for tween the Liberal, Conservative and NDP lomatic ties, and noted the gains made meeting a head of government — Wang leaders, there were no questions dealing by former Liberal prime ministers Jean had a meeting and photo opportunity with China . Chrétien and Paul Martin . But he made with Trudeau at his parliamentary office . While there were foreign policy ques- no mention of former Conservative prime This public Chinese criticism of a Ca- tions to debate about the United States, minister Stephen Harper, who, during his nadian journalist doing her job of asking Syria, Ukraine and others, the lack of any near decade in power, was seen as having serious questions — though limited to one China questions was reportedly due to cooler relations with China . Harper did pool question and one secondary question the fact that all three parties supported make a state visit to China in 2012 when — resulted in a nationwide rebuke for the increasing trade with China, though each he signed a Foreign Investment and Pro- Chinese foreign minister’s disrespect for also expressed concerns about its human rights record .

The Trudeau legacy Following his election win in October, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau began his first round of diplomatic travel as Ca- nadian prime minister by attending the November 2015 G20 Summit in Antalya (Turkey) . On the margins of the summit, he met with Chinese President Xi Jinping, who praised the vision of Trudeau’s father, Pierre, who, as prime minister, established diplomatic relations between Canada and the People’s Republic of China in 1970 . This leaders’ meeting so early in Trudeau’s mandate was seen as evidence After his visit to China, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the two countries signed 56 that he would give a priority approach to trade deals worth $1.2 billion. From left, Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion, Trudeau and Xi Jinping. “deepening Canada’s economic relations in Asia,” and specifically with China . From then on, there have repeatedly tection Agreement (FIPA) — though his Canadian democratic practices, principles been media reports that the Trudeau government only ratified this FIPA accord of freedom of the press and the Canadian government was doing a major review of in September 2014 . people in general . Canada’s China strategy with regards to Following their private talks in the Questioned later about Wang’s disas- political relations and trade policies . Dur- previously unannounced initial Canada- trous press conference, Trudeau offered a ing former prime minister Jean Chrétien’s China Foreign Affairs Ministers’ Dialogue, weak public response that his government private business visit to Beijing in April, Foreign Minister Wang and Foreign Min- had made Canada’s “dissatisfaction” over Chinese Premier Li Keqiang stated that ister Stéphane Dion held a joint press con- Wang’s outburst known to China . Within a d Canada-China relations could again be en- ference at Global Affairs Canada’s Lester days, Chinese Ambassador Luo Zhaohui a n

a tering a golden era . And this could include B . Pearson Building . issued a press release further talking about C

s talks on a bilateral free-trade agreement Unfortunately, following a Canadian a new “golden era” in China-Canada and even Canada seeking membership media question to Dion, Wang made an relations and stated that Canada should ffair A in the newly formed China-led Asian In- angry outburst criticizing the Canadian not be “blinded” over human rights dif- frastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in a reporter who had asked the agreed pool ferences with China . Even the Chinese

Global second membership round . question on human rights in China, the foreign ministry in Beijing issued a press

diplomat and international canada 37 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING release that stated there was “nothing Trudeau stated in a June 20 Vancouver dent John Bruk has pointed out in an more to add ”. Sun interview: “I don’t think an FTA with online opinion piece (OpenCanada.org, Ministerial mandate letters China is something to rush” during his June 15, 2016), this China policy dilemma Following his majority election win, current term, which goes to 2019 . would suggest the need for a national de- Prime Minister Trudeau issued ministerial bate on the way forward . mandate letters with his expectations for Canadians’ view of China trade each assigned portfolio . He designated In an October 2015 Asia Pacific Founda- Postscript Stéphane Dion as foreign minister in the tion of Canada (APFC) national opinion Prior to attending the G20 Summit in newly renamed Global Affairs Canada poll on the Trans-Pacific Partnership and Hangzhou, China, in September, Trudeau — formerly the Department of Foreign free trade agreements, a majority of Ca- made a five-day state visit to Beijing and Affairs, Trade and Development . As part nadian respondents were against a free- Shanghai, including a family stroll (his of Trudeau's foreign affairs political team, trade agreement with China, with 48 per wife Sophie and their daughter, Ella, were Chrystia Freeland was named minister cent opposed and 42 per cent in support . with him) and photo-op on the Great of international trade . Despite the setting Similarly, a February 2016 NANOS-Globe Wall of China . After the summit meeting, out of specific policy guidelines in these and Mail poll noted that Canadians have he also visited Hong Kong . Reportedly, made-public mandate letters, there was a very negative impression of the Chinese Chinese foreign minister Wang’s June visit little mention of China . The foreign affairs government and were narrowly opposed had been to help prepare for the visits mandate letter called for a restoration of to a free-trade deal . In that poll, 76 per between Chinese and Canadian lead- “constructive Canadian leadership in the cent had a negative or somewhat negative ers before the end of this year . Chinese world and to advance Canada’s interests ”. view of the government of China, com- Premier Li Keqiang is also expected to It only specifically mentioned the United pared with only two per cent positive and make a working visit to Canada in mid- States . In the international trade mandate nine per cent somewhat positive views . September . letter, the main goal was to “increase Can- On the issue of a free-trade agreement, Prior to the G20 summit, Trudeau an- ada’s trade and attract job-creating invest- Canadian public opinion was narrower, nounced the signing of 56 trade deals with ment to Canada, focusing on expanding with 47 per cent opposed or somewhat China worth $1 2. billion ($980 million US) trade with large, fast-growing markets, opposed and 41 per cent in support or and that Canada would be applying for including China and India, and deepening somewhat in support . membership in the China-led Asian Infra- our trade links with traditional partners ”. These poll results suggest the Trudeau structure Investment Bank (AIIB) . government will need to convince the Ca- The AIIB governors’ board is likely to Prospects for a free-trade agreement nadian public that such trade agreements decide on new members in early 2017, In a January interview with the Globe and with China will not lead to cuts in Cana- and the size of Canada’s investment share Mail in Ottawa, Han Jun, China’s vice- dian jobs, as well as undercut national would be decided at that time . In addition, minister of financial and economic affairs, intellectual property rights and environ- Trudeau and Premier Li reached a last- stated: “If there is an FTA arrangement mental standards . minute temporary halt to China’s decision between China and Canada, you can see Yet, in a June 2016 C-Suite Survey quar- to block Canadian canola shipments over a flooding of potash, agricultural products terly of the views of Canadian corporate its demand for only one per cent dockage and energy products from Canada to the leaders, more than half surveyed wanted (foreign matter), down from the current market of China ”. However, Han said, trade with China broadened and felt that 2 5. per cent . China is Canada’s largest China had its own demands, namely the Canada’s current trade relationship was canola buyer . With totals estimated at $2 removal of restrictions put in place by the too restrictive . And 78 per cent would sup- billion in export earnings, 87 per cent of former Conservative government on Chi- port a free-trade agreement with China if China’s total canola oilseed imports come nese state-owned investments in Canada’s it were negotiated in the next five years . from Canadian farmers . oil and gas sector and a commitment to On the prospects for a Canada-China build an energy pipeline from the Alberta The way forward FTA, Premier Li is reported to have stated oil fields to the Pacific Coast . In the months since, Trudeau's Liberal that there was agreement on the need In 2015, Australia and China signed government reportedly began a Can- to launch feasibility studies on such an an FTA that had taken 10 years to ne- ada-China policy review behind closed agreement “at an early date ”. But Guy gotiate, but gave China wider access to ministry doors . Over the same period, aca- Saint-Jacques, Canada's ambassador to Australia’s mineral deposits and other demics, journalists, think-tanks, lobbying China, noted that “there’s no agreement natural resources . With suggestions that a groups and others have publicly offered a to proceed with exploratory talks” on an Canada-China accord could be patterned variety of policy options and recommen- FTA at this time as there were Canadian on the Australian agreement, the Canada- dations . concerns about labour and environmental China Business Council has estimated a But there is a major dilemma for this issues as well as the role of Chinese state- free-trade agreement could double Cana- China policy review, namely that there owned enterprises (SOEs) . dian exports to China by 2030 and create has been a continuing decline in the Ca- an additional 25,000 Canadian jobs . But nadian public’s views on China’s political Robert D’A . Henderson is a retired Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) leadership, particularly since June's public professor of international relations who are a special concern as their policies and outburst by the Chinese foreign minister . currently does international assessments actions — unlike private corporations Despite these continuing negative views, and international elections monitoring . that are seeking profitability — can have Canadian business leaders still are seek- Among his recent writings is “China profit-related and political objectives . ing to broaden trade relations with China, — Great Power Rising,” in the Routledge Not surprisingly, in the aftermath of even calling for the start of FTA talks . Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft (Lon- the Chinese foreign minister’s outburst, Nevertheless, as founding APFC presi- don and New York) .

38 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Header|t Di spa ches

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diplomat and international canada 39 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING China’s troubling foreign policy By Charles Burton

hina’s Marxist-Leninist Commu- nist Party came to power under Cchairman Mao Zedong on the promise of building a radically equal and just society in China . More broadly, the Chinese Communist Party promised to be the instrument of China’s national revital- ization as a great power, drawing on its glorious ancient history as a magnificent civilization . In the end, China’s Marxist-socialist planned economy was a failure . By the 1980s, China’s state socialism was replaced with Chinese state capitalism . But China has maintained its Leninist “police state” political and social institutions . China’s party state is actively hostile to liberal democratic values of citizenship with inherent entitlement to human rights . The national legislature is a rubber stamp that only meets in one full session for 10 days annually . The media and internet are ruthlessly censored . The judiciary serves at the whim of the one-party state without due process of law . Connected to the lack of free press, rule of law and parliamentary oversight, there is pervasive corruption, increasing year by year, at all levels of political authority . This has been accompanied by an ever-growing gap in wealth between the Communist rich and super rich elite and the rest of the population, most of whom still struggle just to get by . Desperate poverty continues to be prevalent in the interior of China west of the major coastal cities . And after China has assertively expanded its area of control by occupying disputed uninhabited islands 35 years of sustained high rates of growth, strategically situated in surrounding seas. Most of these islands are far from China's coastal waters. the Chinese economy is faltering . The Communist revolution has not people as it has successfully positioned sovereignty by a discourse of extreme fulfilled its promise to engender a good itself as the vehicle for China to achieve hostility of the west and one suggest- and just society in China . But the Chinese global prestige, influence and power in the ing Japan is conspiring to derail China’s

Communist Party continues to hold state 21st Century . virtuous rise to power . Both aspects ss la

power . Unfortunately, it is abundantly Furthermore, the party is able to coun- resonate strongly with the very deeply C t clear that China’s state capitalistic Lenin- ter popular discontent with its domestic felt nationalistic sentiment of ordinary s ism without Marxism has been reduced to policy shortcomings using high-volume Chinese citizens . 1 MC , sustaining itself through the politics of na- propaganda that rallies Chinese people s e tional socialism with its appeals to ethnic to mobilize against threats to China’s China fabricates 1,300 hectares of land n pride, race and the Motherland . It wasn’t sovereignty by belligerent foreign forces . . Jo Shortly after he assumed office in 2012, M i supposed to turn out that way . Chairman It is a dual strategy of simultaneously Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to n iffi

Mao must be rolling in his grave . captivating patriotic pride by the glow- the United States that it should acknowl- T But opinion polls indicate that China’s ing promise to restore China’s histori- edge China as an equivalent great power rmy

Communist Party regime continues to en- cal greatness, while, at the same time, and establish what the Chinese authorities A

joy high levels of support among Chinese engendering a sense of crisis of national dubbed “a new kind of major power rela- U.S.

40 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

tionship ”. The implication is that the U S. . in Chinese state capitalist terms are more the prestige of the Chinese Communist should withdraw from East Asia so that about international politics and China’s Party among its people, thus engender- China can reassert its ancient traditional national security and global strategy than ing patriotic pride that compensates for historical role as the sole dominant power they are about beneficial reciprocity based the popular discontent associated with in the region . This would fulfil Chairman on mutual concessions . the domestic shortcomings of the Chinese Mao’s mandate that the People’s Republic Communist regime . of China (PRC) would “no longer be a na- Building new institutions But China’s expansionist ambitions tion subject to insult and humiliation ”. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank have led East Asian nations to strengthen While the United States is not prepared (AIIB) was recently conceived by Beijing their defensive alliance with the United to engage China on this “new kind of as a counter to such U S. ,. European and States . The proposed Trans-Pacific Part- major power relationship” narrative and Japanese-led institutions as the World nership agreement excludes China while divide the planet into U S. -. and Chinese- Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruc- increasing the integration of the surround- controlled zones, under Xi, China has as- tion and Development and the Asian ing economies that have signed on to it . In sertively expanded its area of control by Development Bank . China, as the largest addition, China’s enabling of the danger- occupying disputed uninhabited islands stakeholder in the AIIB, sees this institu- ous North Korean regime has increased strategically situated in surrounding seas . tion as a way to exert influence across the support for the proposed Terminal High Most of these islands are far from China’s region, drawing on the bank’s planned Altitude Area Defense, a U S. . anti-ballistic coastal waters, but close to the borders $100 billion capitalization . Among the AI- missile system proposed to be stationed of Japan and the Southeast Asian nations IB’s first four funded projects are improve- in South Korea to counter Pyongyang’s that have traditionally claimed them . So ments to a highway between Tajikistan Toksa, SCUDs and Nodong missiles . far, China has expanded these mostly and Uzbekistan . This would be part and China is, needless to say, very much op- rocky points and semi-submerged reefs by parcel of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt posed to it . massive land reclamation, creating more proposal whose focus is on infrastructural In 2017, it can be anticipated that under than 1,300 hectares of land in the South Xi, China will continue to aggressively re- China Sea . On these, 200-metre runways assert its great-power national uniqueness have been installed, harbours dredged by flouting international regimes, includ- and communications, logistics and intel- ing explicitly rejecting governance norms ligence-gathering facilities put in place . as defined by the UN’s covenants on hu- This gives China strategic control over the man rights and national sovereignty . It can maritime region to its south in ways fall- be expected that there will be more inci- ing just short of the threshold that would dents involving seizure and persecution of provoke the United States and its allies in foreign nationals of Chinese ethnicity and the Asia-Pacific region to engage in mili- increasing PRC subversive interference tary action to stop it . with democracy activists in Hong Kong China’s understanding of its global and Taiwan . destiny runs counter to a liberal interna- As its economy continues to falter, tionalist vision of co-operating with other it can also be expected that there will nations through transnational institutions be more emphasis placed on pursuing and regimes to achieve a common good . China’s interests through cyber-espionage China sees its relations with the west and and by security agencies seeking to influ- other major powers as a zero-sum game . ence critical foreign decision-makers to The government of China, moreover, has speak for China’s interests in western na- a long-term and globally comprehensive tions and throughout the world . strategy with the goal of ultimately dis- As part of its comprehensive rise to e placing the U S. . to become the world su- power, China will continue to attempt to ns perpower through expansion of a closely A Pacific Command missile test: China’s acquire critical infrastructure through the knit network of interests and obligations expansionist ambitions have led East Asian activities of state-owned enterprises cur- nations to strengthen their defensive alliance t of Defe in every country on every continent . rently active in countries great and small n with the U.S. For example, when interviewed about throughout the world . China’s proposal for a free-trade agree- The People’s Republic of China devotes ment with Canada last year, Chinese connection and co-operation between significant resources and expertise to Ambassador Luo Zhaohui remarked, “we China and the rest of Eurasia . pursuing its interests through its foreign really wish to have a free-trade agreement The scope of the Silk Road Economic policy . Unfortunately, for the most part, cy/U.S. Departme n e with Canada . It’s more than that: China Belt proposal extends from Central Asia western nations have not put sufficient re-

Ag and Russia to Europe as well as to West sources into responding to the challenges

e wants Canada to lift its eyes from the U S. . ns and look instead to the Asia-Pacific area . Asia through the Persian Gulf to the Medi- and opportunities that China presents . Economic policy should also be more terranean . This hugely ambitious scheme, China is coming, but are we ready?

ile Defe positive toward this area ”. That is to say, if implemented entirely as proposed, ss i that from a longer term geopolitical stra- would cost about $8 trillion (see a story on Charles Burton is an associate professor M tegic perspective, China hopes to reduce this on page 56) . Leaving its long-term fea- of political science at Brock University Canada’s dependence on the U S. . and sibility aside, the concept of China leading in St . Catharines and was a counsellor bring it gradually more and more into the a global infrastructure project wherein at the Canadian Embassy in Beijing be- alph Scott/

R orbit of Chinese influence . Trade relations all roads lead to Beijing is a great boon to tween 1991 and 1993 and 1998 and 2000 .

diplomat and international canada 41 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING ‘Big Daddy’ Xi at the helm By Jeremy Paltiel

Though feelings on his leadership style are divided, Xi Jinping remains the most powerful Chinese leader since Deng Xiaoping retired 27 years ago.

i Jinping is the most powerful emerge as a moderately prosperous coun- organ that controls military command) Chinese leader in a generation . try by the centenary of the Communist sentenced to life in prison . XNot since Deng Xiaoping retired Party’s founding in 2021 and would find more than a quarter century ago has any its place among fully developed countries Mixed views on anti-corruption Chinese leader been able to centralize by the centenary of the founding of the Despite the Schadenfreude Chinese feel at such control in his hands and exercise un- People’s Republic at mid-century . He aims the discomfiture of the arrogant and privi- disputed leadership over the Communist to eradicate absolute poverty by the first leged, many complain that the campaign Party, the Chinese government and the centenary and give all a prospect of mid- is neither comprehensive nor systematic People’s Liberation Army . dle-class life . Still, many policies promoted and some even dismiss it as factional ma- Yet, Chinese are deeply divided over by Xi are paradoxical and controversial . noeuvering . Others point to the bureau- his leadership style: many are enthusiastic, Since coming to power in 2012, he has cratic paralysis the campaign induced, symbolized in an online pop single called I overseen an unprecedented campaign leaving officials reluctant to take initiative Want to Marry a Man Just Like Big Daddy Xi against corruption in the party’s ranks . for fear of offence . To be fair, the campaign or massed choirs singing his praises at a Tens of thousands of party officials have has transformed the notorious bureau- $600-a-ticket event at the Great Hall of the been disciplined for offences as varied as cratic ecosystem in a number of sectors People . But many others are uneasy, not lavish banqueting, misuse of official cars and regions, such as the coal-mining prov- only over his cult of personality, but also and keeping mistresses, as well as more ince of Shanxi and the state-controlled oil

about the ideological revival that he has serious crimes, such as accepting bribes, sector, as well as disentangling and ampu- time.com s sponsored . To some, it has too many dis- selling job promotions in public offices tating the tentacles of the party’s infamous tasteful overtones of the cult of Chairman and even covering up murder . He has security supremo, Zhou Yongkang . Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution, vowed to punish both “tigers” and “flies” Xi came to power in the midst of a during which hundreds of millions suf- with dozens of senior party officials, in- wrenching economic transition . To accom- fered, including Xi’s own beloved father, cluding former members of the standing plish this transition, China’s leadership ecalvoal | Dream ecalvoal

Xi Zhongxun, a founding revolutionary . committee of the Politburo (the party’s must take on some of the vested interests u

Xi has pledged to bring about “the highest decision-making body) and the that hamper reform . Xi views reassert- riq En

Chinese Dream,” in which China would central military commission (the party ing control over the Communist Party ©

42 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches as the key to his reform efforts . Having Flight of capital from China reaching reorganization of the People’s exhausted the advantages of catch-up Chinese have reacted to the “new normal” Liberation Army, reducing the prepon- industrialization, China enters a new nor- by drawing down more than $1 trillion US derance of ground forces and retiring mal of more moderate economic growth, of China’s foreign exchange reserves since more than 300,000 officers to build a more slowed by a demographic transition that the end of last year . One quarter of China’s limber command structure capable of sees a smaller cohort entering the labour reserves has gone abroad, ploughed into integrated air-land-sea operations using force and fewer people migrating out of real estate throughout the world, most sophisticated information technology . the underemployed agricultural sector to notably in Vancouver and Toronto . This While insisting on China’s core interests, seek jobs in the cities . At the same time, is a reaction to slower growth at home, as Xi calls for a “new type of great power China battles headwinds in global trade well as protection against the declining relations” with the U S. ,. where mutual caused by the economic slowdown in exchange rate of its currency, the RMB . But accommodation and dialogue will replace vital markets in Europe and the emerging it also reflects the personal insecurity of confrontation and prevent the possibility economies . Added to this are the over- China’s new upper middle class . Skepti- of escalation to war between the status- hang of debt, overcapacity and inventory cal of China’s rule of law, and uncertain quo power and its rising challenger . As bequeathed by China’s overambitious whether the campaign against corrupt much as China asserts its own interests, it stimulus and investment strategy to reflate practices will prevent passing their wealth contributes more peacekeepers to the UN the economy after the 2008 global financial to their children, they take advantage of than all the other permanent five members crisis . the rule of law and robust property rights of the UN Security Council . In just the last To deal with this, China must refocus in western countries to maintain their fam- few months, China has lost three peace- growth on growing consumption, based ily wealth . The evidence was clear well be- keepers in missions in Mali and South on growing incomes . However, higher fore the “Panama Papers” revelations . Not Sudan . wages hobble China’s export competitive- surprisingly, Chinese officials complain Xi’s tenure will either successfully ness, exacerbating the challenges in the that countries such as Canada shelter cor- adjust Communist Party rule to the glo- trade sector . For this, Xi proposes “supply rupt Chinese officials and their wealth . balized conditions of the 21st Century, or side reform,” building a competitive econ- Chinese aver that all wealth in China was his failure will mark the last ditch effort omy based on innovation, dismantling born in original sin and may be traced to marry one-party rule to the needs of a burdensome regulation and creating a de- back to some shady deal, to stripping of modern society . Either way, the Chinese cisive role for market supply and demand state-owned assets or some sweetheart state will not likely collapse . The China in determining how things are produced money-for-power exchange . that Prime Minister Justin Trudeau vis- and how much to produce . As enticing as As Xi arranges his second five-year ited in late August faces challenges and these reforms sound, they run counter to term after the 19th Party Congress in 2017 uncertainty under an unusually power- the political line that Xi has pursued, cen- and prepares to name the heirs who will ful leader . Canadians must realize that tralizing control in the Communist Party secure his legacy, he acts with supremely although we differ in values and political and emphasizing ideological control, de- confident assertiveness . Abroad, he chal- ideology, China is more than its leader or creeing that the media must belong to the lenges Japan on China’s maritime claims its ruling party . The increasingly prosper- Communist Party and must conform to its in the East and challenges Southeast Asian ous, educated and tech-savvy Chinese policies, promoting “Marxism for the 21st neighbours over the nine-dash line defin- outnumber their helmsman and daily Century ”. Given these contradictions, the ing China’s claims in the South China grow more independent of his whims, reform of state-owned enterprises has not Seas . Canadians got a taste of this as- despite arrests of rights-defending lawyers been thorough and capital has not flowed sertiveness when in May, China’s foreign and civil rights activists . freely into the more dynamic private sec- minister, Wang Yi, dressed down a Ca- We can maintain our confidence in tor . Furthermore, foreign enterprises com- nadian reporter in response to a question our own social model as the appropri- plain about discriminatory practices and a that wasn’t even directed at him at a press ate response to a globalized world while hostile environment . conference following a meeting organized partnering positively with China . To be Loading down the economy is debt, to improve our relations with China . (Most successful and maintain global influence much of it contracted by ambitious munici- Chinese academics I spoke with were dis- in the 21st Century, Canada has no alter- palities that have planned housing for more mayed by this blatant departure from the native but to gear our own economy to the than 3 4. billion people in China’s satellite suave diplomacy exemplified by the late stupendous flywheel of China’s economic ghost towns, as well as by underperform- premier Zhou Enlai ). growth . Trudeau can and should carry ing state-owned steel mills and cement Xi does not back down from challeng- forward the legacy of his father, who rec- factories . China boasts 50 per cent of world ing the U S. . in what he sees as China’s ognized that a more open and prosperous steel-making capacity at a time of languish- own backyard and is pursuing an ambi- China was essential to global prosperity ing demand . Overcapacity raises the threat tious plan to build a blue-water navy, able and peace . of massive layoffs, undermining business to project power beyond China’s shores . confidence and social stability . The silver As the world’s largest trader and a major Jeremy Paltiel is professor of political lining in this picture is in the environment . shipping power, China sees this as a logi- science at Carleton University, special- In 2014, China’s coal production seemed to cal move to protect its shipping lanes . izing in Chinese politics and the politics have peaked, raising the possibility that its of East Asia . He is currently researching carbon emissions will also peak and that China's relations with the U.S. Canada’s relations with China and the absolute reductions will begin earlier than To this end, China is overhauling its Asia-Pacific as principal investigator on anticipated in the 2013 bilateral agreement military, not only building aircraft car- a project funded by the Social Sciences with the U S. . and in the Paris climate agree- riers and sophisticated submarines and and Humanities Research Council of ment negotiated last December . surface ships, but also engaging in a far- Canada .

diplomat and international canada 43 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING China’s domestic problems By André Laliberté

China has had a rapid economic rise, but domestic problems such as air quality and economic inequality continue to plague the country.

conomic growth stood out for a the country’s poverty alleviation repre- describe China’s capital and dozens of long time as the big story com- sents an unprecedented achievement in other Chinese cities as “unhealthy,” “very Eing out of China, concealing other human history in its scale and rapidity . unhealthy,” or “hazardous ”. Greenpeace aspects of its governance that were prob- As China enters into a delicate transition China reveals that the waters of the Yel- lematic, including environmental deg- towards a consumer-driven pattern of low, Yangtze and the Pearl rivers are radation, rising inequalities, worrying development and its economic growth de- contaminated by industrial waste and are demographic imbalance, abuses of power, celerates, these issues are likely to move not safe for drinking . A joint report from time.com corruption and a poor record on human to the fore . China’s ministry of environmental protec- s rights . For many years, the Communist China’s approach to growth has come tion and the ministry of land resources,

Party answered critics of its poor envi- at a very high cost for the environment . released in 2013 stated that close to 20 per | Dream ronmental standards, rising income gaps, Air quality is deteriorating, and not only cent of the soil of arable land was contami- x draconian birth control policies and hu- in Beijing . The indicators of the World nated . A major reason for these problems, lipmi Tu

man rights violations by countering that Air Quality Index, generated in Beijing, until 2014, was that targets for economic ©

44 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

performance mattered more than concern improvements in life expectancy, early correction . The clearest evidence of this for a clean environment in the promotion retirement ages — men can retire at 60, problem is the admission by Party leader of cadres . women at 50 — the small number of chil- Xi himself that corruption represents a Economic growth is not spread equally; dren per family, regardless of the recently life-and-death situation for the CCP (Chi- although current president Xi Jinping’s abandoned one-child directive means that nese Communist Party) . There is evidence the whole population of China will cease of reliance on criminal elements to help to grow in the next few years . Simultane- local governments enforce their directives ously, its workforce has already started to and many cases of land transfer or state shrink while cohorts of older workers who asset sale to individuals who benefit from have started to retire are becoming more their position in government . This often populous . As a result, China sees a dra- means forced evictions or firings from jobs matic increase in the dependency ratio for without adequate compensation, reveal- workers and an end to what was known ing that abuse of power is rampant at all as the “demographic dividend” that has levels of government . made its labour force so competitive . Although the media, from time to time, A positive aspect of this social change comment on the most egregious cases of is that Chinese workers have seen their these abuses, the means to redress them bargaining position improved in recent is constrained by a security apparatus years, as they have anticipated that ma- that does not tolerate dissent . Under Xi, jor demographic change . Unfortunately, the campaign against corruption has in this age of a globalized supply chain, gone hand in hand with a tightening of this also means that many transnational the surveillance of human rights lawyers, corporations may relocate outside China, academics and any individual with influ- thereby leading to a rise in unemployment ence in Chinese society who appears to A rapidly aging population will affect the and risks of social unrest . represent a threat . The intellectual climate dynamism of China's economy. has narrowed and the repression against Addressing the challenges non-conformist thinkers has escalated . Compounding the above problems are Moreover, Xi is encouraging a revisionist predecessor Hu Jintao sought to ad- systemic issues of governance . Without attitude towards the dark years of Mao’s dress the wealth imbalance between the any independent oversight except self- rule: not only Xi himself concentrates countryside and the cities, and between discipline, the Communist Party had long power in his hands, but he promotes a the coastal provinces and those of the in- lacked an effective mechanism for self- view of history that departs from Deng terior, social inequalities remain a major headache for Xi . Although a rising middle class, whose numbers are estimated to equal the entire population of Japan, con- sumes on a level comparable to Canadi- ans, many more Chinese, whose numbers are the equivalent of the whole African population, live in much more difficult conditions . Of these, the equivalent of twice the population of Japan lives in the cities as migrant workers, without free access to social services like their urban compatriots . China’s ethnic minorities, who total more than three times the en- time.com s tire population of Canada, have also seen economic growth as an attack on their traditional ways of life, and end up living in cities where they find themselves

chak | Dream marginalized . n ali P A rapidly aging population Besides environmental degradation and social inequities, China also faces demographic changes that are slowly evolving time.com / © s and may prove even more intractable in the long run . The aging of the population will affect the dynamism of the economy, while the skewed gender ratio of China’s hao | Dream Z population will increase social tensions . ng

ia A combination of factors contributes to L Xi Jinping attends a nuclear security summit in Washington, DC.

diplomat and international canada 45 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING

Xiaoping’s narrative that the policy of reform and opening represented a break from the disastrous policies of Mao . The economy is still growing Xi suggests that the policy of reforms Although China is in transition, according to Nicholas R. Lardy who presented these deepens and improves on what Mao has graphics at a spring conference in Ottawa, the Chinese economy is doing reasonably achieved . This approach, which empha- well and should grow by seven per cent in 2016. sizes continuity with the previous regime, extends far in the past, as Xi extols the greatness of Chinese culture and, in so doing, promotes an agenda that is nationalist . Decline in Output of Industrial Products

Percent (year-over-year) A question of regime survival 38 38 Crude Steel These different issues all represent a ma- 33 33 Cement jor political problem of legitimacy for the 28 Raw Coal 28 regime . The deterioration of the environ- 23 23 ment leads many to question the merit of 18 18 13 13 8 8 3 3 -2 -2 -7 -7 2005-01 2005-07 2006-01 2006-07 2007-01 2007-07 2008-01 2008-07 2009-01 2009-07 2010-01 2010-07 2011-01 2011-07 2012-01 2012-07 2013-01 2013-07 2014-01 2014-07 2015-01 2015-07

Source: China National Bureau of Statistics, China Coal Transportation & Distribution 4

Growth of Industry/Construction and Tertiary

Percent (year-over-year) Industry, 1Q 2010 – 4Q 2015 16 16 Industry/Construction 14 Tertiary Industry 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 CCP leaders wrongly believe that Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in the USSR led to the 6 6 demise of the state. 4 4 economic growth at all cost . For those who 2010/03 2010/06 2010/09 2010/12 2011/03 2011/06 2011/09 2011/12 2012/03 2012/06 2012/09 2012/12 2013/03 2013/06 2013/09 2013/12 2014/03 2014/06 2014/09 2014/12 2015/03 2015/06 2015/09 2015/12 are old enough to remember the political Source: China National Bureau of Statistics 6 campaigns waged in the name of socialism, the continued growth of inequalities since the beginning of reforms represents an unbearable affront to the sense of social Net Urban Employment Increase, justice they were told stood as the foundation of the existing political order . 2003 – 2015 Million persons Percent (year-over-year) Deng’s motto that some can get rich 16 16 Employment Increase(left axis) GDP Growth(right axis) first was accepted because it was part of a 14 14 belief in trickle-down economics . But after 12 12 decades of reforms and an increasing gap 10 10 in revenue throughout the country, many 8 8 time.com see socialist equality as a distant mirage . s 6 6 The aging population represents a more difficult challenge . It is a slow-moving 4 4 2 2 | Dream phenomenon and it does not generate sto- n ries in papers the way industrial disasters 0 0 ro or labour strikes do . Yet, it increasingly Ag ce 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 affects the livelihood of people, especially Source: China National Bureau of Statistics 10 n re u

that of women, who are still looked at as a L

the “natural care-givers” in contemporary ©

46 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

society, in a context in which the provi- sion of accommodation for the elderly is Assets of State Non-financial Enterprises, lacking and the traditional values of filial 1997 – 2013 piety are promoted by the Communist Trillion yuan Party itself . 120 120 There is no reason to doubt that the au- 100 100 thorities want to address these issues . It is a matter of regime survival . Environmen- 80 80 tal degradation, social inequalities and 60 60 the realities of corruption and abuse of power that accompany them have gener- 40 40 ated social discontent . The public security 20 20 bureau under president Hu Jintao and premier Wen Jiabao counted more than 0 0 180,000 incidents in 2010, the last year for which these figures were made available . Source: Ministry of Finance 13 These incidents, which range from public speeches to riots, include all public events where people gather to air grievances . The government sees them as disruptive of Assets and Returns on Assets of Industrial SOEs, political stability . None of this discontent, 1998 – 2015 however, amounts to a credible challenge Trillion yuan ROA (Percent) 45 7 to the central government . Assets 40 The obstacles to reform remain daunt- Returns on Assets 6 35 ing . Improving the air quality means con- 5 30 fronting powerful vested interest groups 25 4 in the oil and coal industry, for example . 20 3 These groups, which are connected with 15 relevant ministries in the State Council 2 10 and in CCP provincial committees, have 5 1 the ability to resist change imposed by 0 0 the central government . Addressing social inequalities means undertaking fiscal 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: China National Bureau of Statistics 14 measures that risk alienating the middle classes . The response to recent efforts by the central government to expand accessi- bility to higher education to students from Returns on Assets Comparison, 1998 – 2015 poorer families illustrates the problem: parents from wealthy families refuse to Percent give up what they see as their entitlement . 16 Tackling the problem of aging means re- 14 thinking government expenditures, which 12 10 is likely to meet resistance throughout the 8 bureaucracy, because the expansion of 6 social security for the elderly may either 4 require tax hikes or cuts from the budget 2 allocated to other ministries . 0 Obstacles to reform The impediments to political reform are Industrial Private Enterprises Industrial SOEs Source: China National Bureau of Statistics 15 inside the CCP leadership, which fears losing control over the agenda . Moreover, powerful vested interests can block the fight for change . For example, there exists a growing understanding in China that the increase in the number of cars and the These graphics were presented in April in Ottawa at a Centre for International Governance ongoing reliance on coal use are the pri- Innovation Global policy forum entitled “China’s Transition to a New Model of Economic mary causes of air pollution . Growth” by Nicholas R. Lardy, senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Most people are now aware that the Economics in Washington, D.C. fumes produced by car engines are a *SOE (State-Owned Enterprises) major source of pollutants and that car *Tertiary Industry: Service industries such as financial, health, hospitality and entertainment exhausts need to be modified to mitigate that problem — a change that requires

diplomat and international canada 47 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING

The equivalent of twice Japan's population lives in cities as migrant workers without free access to social services like their urban compatriots. upgrades in fuel quality . The problem, up on the basis of class, ethnicity and region . his colleagues still live under the shadow until 2013, was the refusal of the oil indus- It is difficult to imagine a united front op- of the Soviet Union’s fall . The lesson they try to pay the cost of that change, a major posing the CCP in these conditions . Yet, draw from that historical transformation is roadblock in the transition to cleaner the regime acts as if it fears an imminent that the beginning of reform in the USSR energy . The reliance on coal represents breakdown . under Mikhail Gorbachev has led to the another telling example . There is little doubt that Xi Jinping and demise of the state . Yet this comparison is Although coal is clearly seen as one flawed: the USSR had already experienced of the most important sources of air pol- economic decline and stagnation when lution, the efforts to rein in that industry Gorbachev became leader . The CCP need have been lacking because of the impor- not harbour that kind of anxiety: China tance of the coal industry in the economy still has some wiggle room because, al- of the province of Shanxi . The barons of though the rate of growth may diminish, that industry refuse to countenance clos- it still represents one of the best economic ing coal mines because, they argue, doing performers in the world . The concerns so will lead to massive layoffs and will over the breakup of China are also mis- thereby increase risks of social unrest . placed . The constituent republics of the The greatest impediment to reform former USSR represented a far larger is, of course, the absence of opposition proportion of its total population than the outside the CCP . There are no organized combined number of all national minori- forces that can articulate political de- ties in China .

mands for reform . The satellite parties are CIA toothless institutions and the NGOs and What future direction for the CCP? civil society work with the expectation There are four possible strategies for the

that the security apparatus will do every- leadership to address these challenges, by time.com/ thing to make sure that they do not chal- order of likelihood . s lenge the regime . The growing complexity First, we may see a continued focus on of China since the beginning of reforms China has boundary disputes with India, its stability and a hardening of the regime . it | Dream

neighbour to the south, which are highlighted g is partly responsible for this . The country Xi has repeatedly asserted his views and o in red on this map. L faces social divisions and acute cleavages, it is clear that he intends to take that line . ©

48 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

Improving air quality means confronting powerful interest groups in the coal (shown above) and oil industries. These groups can resist change.

He blamed Gorbachev for having failed to shown any evidence that the hardening of regime is embracing a program of reform, support communism . The realization that his regime is a prelude to such an agenda but in the context of repression against the campaign against corruption generates of limited change . The abandonment of civil society, it is difficult to believe . some resistance may increase the likeli- the controversial re-education through its The fourth possibility is institutional hood of a more repressive regime, as Xi labour system and the one-child policy innovation . A variant of the above, in fears a backlash against his policies . directive may give the impression that the this case the party decides to be more Second, it may decide to promote adventurous with reform and looks at popular nationalism . This approach rein- examples of successful transitions wherein forces the above, but it comes with some the ruling party remains in power follow- important risks, which Xi has seemed ing democratic elections . The Party could willing to accept so far . These risks in- have considered this option as long as the clude exacerbating tensions in the region, KMT (Nationalist Party) demonstrated such as claims in the South China Sea in Taiwan that in the context of free and that pit China against the Philippines and fair election, a ruling party could keep a Vietnam, quarrels with Japan over the majority in the legislature and dominate Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands, boundary the agenda — even after losing control disputes with India and irredentist chal- of the presidency . But this scenario has

time.com lenges — those based on the boundaries become far less attractive now that the s of the Republic of China between 1945 KMT is going through a process of decay and 1949 — to Taiwan’s sovereignty . All following its recent loss to the opposition of these demands are generating expecta- Democratic Progressive Party .

chih | Dream tions from nationalist extremists that the regime may not be able to meet . Chinese André Laliberté is a professor of com- ung

ch nationalism may further risk jeopardizing parative politics at the School of Political growth in the long run when other coun- Studies at the University of Ottawa . Au- Hung tries in the region start to push back . thor of 50 articles and book chapters, half

o/ © A third option is incremental reform . Air quality is a constant concern in Shanghai of which are about China, Taiwan and g ri The focus on stability does not exclude and Beijing. Cross-Strait relations, he travels regularly d o

R this possibility, but regrettably Xi has not to China and Taiwan .

diplomat and international canada 49 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING China’s scientific rise By Peter K. MacKinnon

n May 2016, Chinese President Xi Jin- ping set a target for China to become a R&D expenditure as Gross domestic expenditure on Researchers per thousand Ileading power in science and technol- Country a % of GDP (2014) R&D (GERD) USD Billions (2014) population (2014) ogy (S&T) by the middle of this century . As he stated at the time: “China should establish itself as one of the most inno- China 2.05 344.7 1.97 vative countries by 2020 and a leading Canada 1.6 24.1 8.82 innovator by 2030, and become a leading global power by the 100th anniversary of USA 2.74 432.6 8.74 the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 2049 ”. Source: OECD Data, July 2016 and Asia Pacific Foundation, June 2015 Xi stressed the role of science and technology (S&T)38%/,&$7,212)6&,(17,),&$1' as a foundation that “the Simultaneously, China is in a major Between 2008 and 2014, China’s gross country relies on for its power, enterprises S&T transition from an earlier focus domestic expenditures on research and rely on for victories and people rely on for on quantity, measuring such factors as development61 (GERD), an internationally a better life . Great7(&+1,&$/-2851$/$57,&/(6 scientific and techno- numbers of graduate students and sci- accepted metric on measuring a nation’s logical capacity is a must for China to be entific papers and citations, to a new R&D intensiveness, rose by more than 20 strong and for people’s lives to improve,” thrust on enhancing quality with highly per cent annually, greatly exceeding that he said, calling for new ideas, designs and qualified personnel, and moving from of Canada and the U S. ,. and most other Accordingstrategies to in thescience Institute and technology of Scientific . and breakthroughsTechnical Information in limited of areas China to a (ISTIC), more countries between 2004. China and increased the ratio of Today, China ranks among the world’s broad-based approach aimed at contrib- GERD to GDP from 1 5. per cent in 2008 to Septembermost advanced 2014, 1.37 countries million in international important papersuting to were the worldpublished pool byof Chinesescientific S&Tand personnel.2 per cent Theby 2014 number . China of aims to increase publicationsfields of S&T, ranked including No. 2high-performance in the world and thetechnical rate of knowledge citations (10.37 . For example,million) ranked in this No. to 4.2 625. per Figure cent by 13 2020 shows . thecomputing trend of a . For dramatic instance, growth in late Junein publications 2016, July, since the Chinese the 2000s. Academy The numberof Sciences of an S&T- publicationsBy 2012, the climbed distribution rapidly of R&D activ- Supercomputer 500, a highly respected announced the initial testing of the newest ity across the Chinese economy was 76 per andnual kept global pace high-performancewith the increase computing of GERD. and largest radio telescope in the world, cent performed by business, 15 per cent (HPC) survey, stated that China continued which has a diameter of 500 metres . by research institutes, and 7 6. per cent in to maintain its lead in high-performance China is advancing in quantum theory the higher education sector . In Canada, computer throughput; and that it set a and related experiments with the mid- by contrast, the business sector only con- )LJXUH&KLQD·VVFLHQWLÀFDQGWHFKQLFDOMRXUQDODUWLFOHVnew world record with its latest HPC ma- August launch of a satellite designed to tributed 44 4. per cent to national R&D chine called Sunway TaihuLight . This is the conduct quantum experiments in space expenditures, whereas the higher educa- Source:first Chinese ISTIC HPC machine to be based en- and between Earth and space . Both these tion sector contribution was significantly tirely on Chinese-designed-and-produced instruments are expected to make new more than China's at 41 1. per cent and the semiconductor chips . foundational discoveries . federal government S&T amounts to 19 6.

Source: China Institute, University of Alberta, Occasional Paper Series, Vol. 2, Issue 2, June 2015

50 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC

61 Scientific and technical journal articles refers to the number of 62 ISTIC (2014), Overall performance of Chinese scientific papers (in scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: Chinese: 㺲⥖ⶖ⭒⿥㢶㸟㝛⍙㦆, Pinyin: zhong guo ke ji lun wen zheng ti physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical biao xian).Beijing: Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences China. pp.1,2. (hereinafter ISTIC 2014 report) See: http://www.igg.cas. (definition from World Data Bank) cn/xwzx/kyjz/201409/W020140930590329622968.pdf

30 China Institute Occasional Paper Series | June 2015 CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

per cent of the national total . China’s S&T ics of a past age of heavy industrialization, strategy, programs and incentives are pri- are frequently cited as being risk-averse marily provided by Beijing and the bulk and slow to react in the market . They of activities in S&T are under the auspices play a minor role in conducting R&D . As of the private sector, often in partnership a consequence, SOEs have limited intel- with universities and other research insti- lectual property compared to private firms tutes . in China . China is now the second-largest per- Early in March 2015, Premier Li Keq- former of R&D, accounting for 20 per cent iang released a report linking entrepre- of global R&D as compared to the United neurship and innovation as drivers of the States, which accounts for 27 per cent . Just Chinese economy . In it, he promised to 30 years ago, China’s S&T contribution deliver measures that would protect do- to global research and development was mestic intellectual property rights for all insignificant . patent holders, and to further open indus- The table on page 50 illustrates the rela- Premier Li Keqiang has promised to protect tries to global market competition . Con- domestic intellectual property rights for all tive standing of China, Canada and the currently, the report called for providing Chinese patent holders. United States with respect to a number financial incentives for researchers to in- of standard S&T indicators as of 2014 . crease innovation and develop inventions . Consider that in 2008, the U S. . GERD Growth in Chinese patents This last point makes an important was nearly $300 billion more than that of China recognizes three classes of patent distinction between innovation and inven- China . By 2014, that gap had narrowed to — invention, design and utility . Thus, the tion, as they are fundamentally different . less than $90 billion . Meanwhile, Canada’s graph above illustrates the dramatic rise Yet most government programs the world R&D has remained flat over the same pe- in the total number of patents filed and over fail to make this distinction by plac- riod at $24 billion annually . granted in China by domestic and foreign ing an overemphasis on the notion of in- The granting of university degrees in companies . In 2008, there were 400,000 novation . There may well be some lessons China has grown faster than in major de- patents granted in China to domestic and Canada and others can learn here as this veloped nations, rising more than 300 per foreign companies . By 2012, the number initiative unfolds . cent between 2000 and 2012 . Today, China of patents granted rose to nearly 1 4. mil- is the world’s biggest producer of research lion, a threefold increase in just four years . Looking ahead and development personnel . For example, Most domestic Chinese firms granted Despite its many S&T successes, there between 2000 and 2012, the number of en- patents operate in technology-intensive has been a pattern of ineffective use of gineers and scientists more than doubled industries (e g. ,. information and com- national S&T resources despite years of to nearly two million . However, the gap in munications technologies and life sci- five-year plans . This is primarily due to the number of S&T personnel per 1,000 in- ences) . Firms such as Baidu, China’s overlaps in various program objectives dividuals is still wide between China and search engine giant, and Huawei, a global and incrementalism in program goals and western countries . telecommunications equipment supplier, processes . In addition, China continues The rapid rise and growth rate of Chi- represent examples of the leading edge in to direct both the public and the private nese S&T outputs is impressive . There has China’s high-tech industries . economy, and much of the country’s re- been a dramatic increase in the quantity China has gradually improved its intel- search, by mechanisms such as national of S&T publications over time (as seen on lectual property rights by revising laws plans, regulations, tax policy and sub- the graph on page 50 ). When compared to and regulations and improving enforce- sidies . Venture capital is still a fledgling world S&T publications, China’s output ment; but more of the latter is needed component of the economy . was 11 1. per cent in 2009 and reached 20 1. through courts, tribunals and increased These challenges are recognized at the per cent by 2014, a nine-per-cent rise in domestic awareness about patent rights . highest levels of government . Actions just five years . State-owned enterprises (SOEs), the rel- are forthcoming . The central government is changing its role from designing and managing R&D projects to making national policies and strategies for S&T . As evidenced here, China is rising on foundations based on S&T as a driver for 21st- Century development . China has led 18 of the last 20 centuries as one of the most innovative and richest countries . And, it is rising again .

Peter MacKinnon is managing director of Ottawa-based Synergy Technology Man- a g agement . His professional background includes holding positions as a scientist, -Norie n business manager, entrepreneur, bureau- pi crat, executive, diplomat, management Tu Source: China Institute, University of Alberta, Occasional Paper Series, Vol. 2, Issue 2, June 2015 adviser and academic . He has worked ablo

P and lived in China for a number of years .

diplomat and international canada 51 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING UN raps Chinese expansionism By Scott Simon

U.S. soldiers patrol the South and East China seas: China was told by a UN court in June that it was violating the sovereignty of the Philippines.

n July, the UN-backed Permanent The ruling is final and binding under ecosystems . Court of Arbitration in The Hague the United Nations Convention on the The Scarborough Shoal, known as Ireleased a 500-page judgment on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), of which Panatag Shoal by locals and Huangyan competing claims by the Philippines China is a signatory member . (Yellow Stone) Island by the Chinese, is and China in the South China Sea . The Chinese state interest in South China approximately 220 kilometres from Luzon court found that there is no legal basis maritime resources began in 1909 when, in the Philippines, but 1,200 kilometres for China’s historical claims to sea areas in reaction to private Japanese extraction from Hainan, China’s southernmost based on the “nine-dash line”; that none of of guano from Pratas Island, the governor province . The Chinese first planted flags the contested features is an “island” that of Guangzhou sent an expedition to the on Scarborough Shoal in 1997 . In 2012, can autonomously sustain human habita- Paracel Islands . In 1992, China unilaterally the Philippine navy intercepted Chinese tion and thus generate an exclusive eco- claimed a vast swath of the South China fishing vessels, discovering that they had nomic zone; that China has violated the Sea by promulgating the Law on the Terri- illegally collected corals, giant clams and Philippines’ sovereignty by constructing torial Sea and the Contiguous Zone . Since live sharks . After a three-month standoff, artificial islands and by interfering with 2009, China has advocated recognition of the U S. . tried to broker an agreement . Philippine fishing and other activities; that a U-shaped “nine-dash line” that carves This was rejected by China, which subse- China has severely harmed the coral reef out maritime areas far from China, but quently blocked the Philippines’ access environment, thus violating its obligation claimed by adjacent countries . In recent to the shoal . According to Jane’s Defence to protect fragile ecosystems; and, finally, years, China has constructed military Weekly, Chinese plans for the Scarborough rmy that China’s actions since the beginning bases on coral reefs and rocks across the Shoal include an airfield and port that A

of arbitration have aggravated the dispute . sea, with inevitable damage to marine could make it another reclaimed island U.S.

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Collateral Damage of ruling

he judgment made by the UN- backed tribunal in The Hague Twas aimed at stopping disruptive Chinese activities in Philippines territorial waters. Although China and Taiwan seemed united in voicing opposition to the arbitration, there are important differences in their approaches and in use of the South China Sea. If anything, Taiwan was also a victim of Republic of Philippines v. People’s Republic of China. Whereas China has embarked on militarization of the region, Taiwan’s leaders have long been willing to set aside sovereignty disputes and seek prag- matic solutions. In 2015, Taiwan signed the “Agreement Concerning the Facilitation of Co-operation on Law Enforcement in Fisheries Matters” with the Philippines. Filipino youth activists from the Kalayaan Atin Ito (Freedom is Ours) group, planted Philippines and This was preceded in 2013 by an agree- United Nations flags on the Scarborough Shoal to mark the Filipino National Day. ment between Taiwan and Japan about fishing in contested waters of the East base such as Fiery Cross Reef, Subi Reef, China rejected the judgment entirely . China Sea. Mischief Reef and Woody Island . Taiwan objected to being called “Taiwan Taiwanese authorities demonstrated Local people have taken action to pro- Authority of China,” insisted that Taip- their co-operative spirit by submitting tect their interests . On June 12, Filipino ing Island (under its control) is indeed documents to the UN tribunal, even youth activists from the organization Ka- an island, and also reiterated claims to while China negated the legitimacy of layaan Atin Ito (Freedom is Ours) planted the South China Sea as the Republic of the proceedings. Taiwan’s contributions Philippines and United Nations flags on China . Yet, Taiwan also stated that mari- were supportive of China, since most the Scarborough Shoal to mark the Fili- time disputes should “be settled peace- Chinese claims and the idea of a dashed pino National Day . Kalayaan Atin Ito has fully through multilateral negotiations, in territorial line go back to the period from been vigilant about Chinese incursions the spirit of setting aside differences and 1911 to 1949 when the Republic of China into Filipino territory . Last December, they promoting joint development ”. This dem- (ROC) was the sole government of all of visited Pag-Asa (or Thitu) Island, which onstrates that the ROC is an independent China. Considering Taiwan’s will to assist has been inhabited by Filipino civilians player from Beijing, and could become international arbitration, it is an affront since the 1970s . part of a solution if accepted on the basis to diminish its status by calling it “Taiwan According to Kalayaan Atin Ito, the of equality with other independent states . Authority of China.” This choice of vocabu- Chinese have intentionally poisoned sea It is ultimately in Taiwan’s best interests lary, intended to appease Beijing, ignores life and destroyed coral reefs in efforts to to embrace international law in the face of history and the continuing existence of the eliminate the livelihoods of fishermen, Chinese expansionism . ROC since 1949. with the goal of seizing and militarizing Responses to this ruling will shape the Taiwan’s concern is that the ruling the island . The Permanent Court of Arbi- kind of world we live in . The United Na- diminishes the status of Taiping Island/Itu tration (PCA), relying on an independent tions was founded after the Second World Aba by declaring it a “rock.” Fully under report by three coral-reef ecologists, sub- War in order to promote peace based ROC jurisdiction, the nearly 50-hectare stantiated claims that China has illegally on international law, respect for equal island, with a natural freshwater spring, destroyed fragile maritime habitat . rights and self-determination of peoples . hosts coast guard units, a farm with The involvement of civilian social UNCLOS and the PCA were intended to livestock, a hospital, a Buddhist temple movements exerts pressure on the Philip- subject certain international disputes to and facilities for sea rescue. Since 2007, the pines to enforce long-standing claims to neutral, third-party arbitration . Chinese municipality of Kaohsiung has managed sovereignty, especially now that they are militarization of the region, despite high a turtle reserve there. Taiwan has plans to upheld in the highest international tribu- ecological costs and destruction of local make the island into an important centre t livelihoods, suggests that they have cho- of scientific research on climate change. n nal for maritime disputes . President Ro- drigo Duterte may take a stronger stand sen the rule of force over the rule of law . Taiwan’s peaceful and sustainable use of Taiping Island, especially in contrast to oveme than president Benigno S . Aquino III, who, The reaction of the world to this provoca- M in 2014, equated China’s unilateral claim tion will determine the course of the 21st China’s belligerence and ecological destruc- to I to the South China Sea to Hitler’s annexa- Century . tion of other nearby maritime features, n ti surely provides sufficient reason to wel- A tion of the Sudetenland . In what may be a n sign of his intentions, he has already ap- Scott Simon is a professor at the School of come Taiwan as a full partner in the region. pointed Kalayaan Atin Ito leader Nicanor Sociological and Anthropological Studies — Scott Simon alayaa

K Faeldon as head of the Bureau of Customs . at the University of Ottawa .

diplomat and international canada 53 Dt i spa ches|Header

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diplomat and international canada 55

Mizrahi_1451Wellington_DiplomatMag_Aug_FINAL.indd 1 2016-08-24 4:34 PM Mizrahi_1451Wellington_DiplomatMag_Aug_FINAL.indd 2 2016-08-24 4:34 PM Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING The future lies here China’s New Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative gives a boost to Xinjiang.

Story and photos by Ülle Baum

Kashgar, modern and ancient, attracted more than a million tourists in the first half of 2016 with its unique style, fascinating ethnic cultures and cuisine.

t a hotel last May in Urumqi, The Silk Road carried Chinese silk, spices World Heritage site . The Routes Network the capital of Xinjiang, a woman and other treasures to the Roman world of the Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor is a Afrom South Africa was having in exchange for precious metals, glass- 5,000-kilometre section of the Silk Road breakfast on her sixth visit to China . She ware and woollen clothes . This couple system, built over routes that have been and her husband had just arrived from took the same trip 20 years ago . “You used intermittently for more than 2,000 Kashgar, an ancient city in the Xinjiang have to see the difference the Chinese can years . To revive this ancient trade route, Uyghur Autonomous Region, located in make in 20 years,” the woman said . an initiative known as the New Silk Road m the far west of China . Kashgar was a key In 2014, China, Kazakhstan and Kyr- Economic Belt Initiative — and also called u a stop on the old Silk Road, with a history gyzstan successfully petitioned UNESCO the “One Belt, One Road,” or OBOR B

stretching back more than 2,000 years . to designate a section of the Silk Road a project — was put in place . The project Ülle

56 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

involves existing and new rail lines, highways and pipelines along the old Silk Road route from China through Central Asia to Europe and the Baltics . The system through the south of China, officially known as the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, aims to connect China with South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific via ocean routes . The project, announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in his address at Nazarbajev University during his Sep- tember 2013 visit to Astana, Kazakhstan, is an ambitious effort to link the country through infrastructure, telecommunications and finance to Central Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe . The new Asian Infrastructure Invest- ment Bank (AIIB), which has been in development for several years and was only formalized in January 2016 in Bei- jing with 57 founding members, supports the project . The bank’s mandate is to focus on infrastructure projects, including energy and power, transportation and telecommunications, rural infrastructure and agricultural development, water supply and sanitation, environmental protection, urban development and logistics . Another 30 countries have ap- plied to join the multinational bank and Canada also submitted an official application in September to join . Canada is aiming to be the bank’s first North American member . The New Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative aims to bring together China, Central Asia, Russia and the Baltic region of Europe with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asia and West Asia, while also creating new jobs and bringing more wealth to the most western region of China . Xinjiang, a region with rich history and ancient culture going back thousands of years, became autonomous within China in 1955 . The Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang occupies the northwestern corner of the country and consists of about one sixth of China’s total territory . It is China’s largest physical political unit and is the eighth-largest country subdivi- sion in the world, with many deserts and mountainous areas . However, only 4 3. per cent of Xinjiang land is suitable for human habitation . Due to its location, Xinjiang has a significant geographical advantage and From top left to bottom: Master potter Kurban Turgun brings an old Uyghur tradition alive in position as a major land transport link to a recently opened co-op factory. • A dancer in brightly coloured traditional dress and hand- the countries of Central Asia . It is becom- embroidered Uyghur flower hat performs for tourists visiting Kashgar. • A Kashgar welcoming m u ing a key trade, transportation, cultural, ceremony featured dancers in ethnic dress in front of the gates of the old city. • Urumqui, the a B science, medical and educational centre on capital of Xinjiang, is home to a large high-tech industrial development zone. The city hosted the 5th annual China-Eurasia EXPO in September. Ülle the modern Silk Road Economic Belt, with

diplomat and international canada 57 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING

enormous international importance . Xin- jiang offers a corridor to many countries along the belt and road as it borders eight countries: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Paki- stan and India . It also lies adjacent to the Tibet Autonomous Region and Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China . The population of Xinjiang is only 22 million people, yet it is home to 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Uyghur and the Han . Other groups include Kazakhs, Mongolians, Uzbeks, Manchu, Russians, Tatars, Tahurs, Tajiks, Hui and Khalkha . Uyghurs and the Hui are the largest Muslim groups in China . Muslims have been settling in China for more than 1,400 years, since the founding of the Islamic faith, many of them during the Yuan Dy- nasty in the 13th and 14th Centuries . Xinjiang, with its strong multicultural and religious roots, now has many opportunities to look forward to as well . Visitors will discover many new start- up businesses and a growing number of investors coming here from all over China and many other countries. Volk- swagen, Honeywell and Coca-Cola have established large operations in recent years . Many successful Chinese companies, led by Goldwind, the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturer and based in Urumqi, has constructed large factories . New highways, factories, housing developments, recreational complexes, restaurants and shopping malls are being built at a tremendously rapid pace . A new mar- ketplace has developed in this region and is driving expansion in retail, dining and entertainment . As an example, in June, the Urumqi State High-Tech Zone signed a strategic partnership with Watsons, one of Asia’s most prominent health and beauty products retailers, to open a series of stores in the region . Xinjiang is heavily investing in infrastructure and has designated more than $24 billion for 223 major projects in 2016 alone . Another $13 billion will be devoted to industrial projects such as textile plants and natural gas production . A total of $11 billion will be directed towards social infrastructure such as bilingual kinder- gartens . These projects and cash infusions will play an important role in boosting the economic and social development of the From top left to bottom: A worker is busy at a factory of the Urumqi-based Goldwind Science & Xinjiang region, especially as 70 per cent Technology Co. Ltd., the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturer. It exports to 17 countries. • A of the trade between China and central woman grows watermelons in a Gobi desert greenhouse. • Two members of the Kashgar Acrobatic Asia goes through Xinjiang . m

Group are all smiles after a colourful street performance in the Old City of Kashgar. • Cleaners walk According to the Urumqi Customs Of- u a through the newly opened Urumqi High-Speed Train Station in the Capital of Xinjiang, Uyghur fice, Xinjiang took in approximately $117 B Autonomous Region, in the northwest corner of China. The station opened in July 2016. billion from foreign trade between 2011 Ülle

58 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CHINA IS COMING|t Di spa ches

and 2015, up 41 5. per cent over the previ- sand dunes . export and expand internationally . ous five years . The continuous growth and A typical 600-square-metre desert Back in Kashgar, the advantages of stability of this part of China is essential greenhouse, which can be built in a the Special Economic Zone’s privileged for the Silk Road Economic Belt program month, can provide two crops and about status are clear . Established in 2010, it to succeed . “We should make good use of 7,000 kilograms of eggplant annually . provided funds to redevelop this most Xinjiang’s geographical advantages and Depending on the productivity, up to 10 western ancient city in China with better its role as a window westward, opening standard-size greenhouses can be man- infrastructure, increased public safety and up to deepen communication and co-oper- aged by one person . For example, a young more trade opportunities with Central ation with Central, South and West Asian family of five people manages eight green- Asia . Kashgar is in the midst of the biggest countries, making it a key transportation, houses in Akto County . They earn about economic boom in its history as it is being trade, logistics, culture, science and edu- 20,000 yen a year ($2,800 US) for taking transformed into a regional transport hub . cation centre, and a core area on the Silk care of the greenhouses, harvesting twice The city is opening up to the world and Road Economic Belt,” stated a National a year and selling the produce . For water, has attracted more than a million tourists Development and Reform Commission they dug a 100-metre-deep well and bring in the first half of 2016 with its ethnic cul- report from March 2015 . the soil from elsewhere . tures and cuisine . Many of the residents Key to the Silk Road project’s success is As Xinjiang is becoming a stronger and artisans of the old town warmly invite the development of a continuous road and regional transportation hub, a wider foreign guests into their homes, shops and rail network between China and Europe . This plan involves more than 60 countries representing nearly half of the world’s population and a third of the world’s total economy . China plans to negotiate new free-trade agreements with more than 65 countries along the OBOR . Under construction since November 2014, the newly built Urumqi High-Speed Railway Station is the largest, most advanced and modern facility in Xinjiang . The station opened in July and started operations with high-speed services to Hami . China has the world’s longest high-speed railway network, with more than 19,000 kilometres of track in service as of January 2016 . The future Lanzhou- Urumqi High-Speed Railway is also promising, with trains expected to have an average speed of 350 kilometres per hour . In the future, a trip from Urumqi to Beijing will take only 15 hours and from Urumqi to Shanghai, fewer than 20 . The Gobi Desert is the fifth largest in the world at 1 3. million square kilometres . It now has a new significance as a global solar and energy hub . In an effort The Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative also has a maritime component, known as the 21st Century to reduce the country’s dependence on Maritime Silk Road. Both projects stand to benefit nearly half of the world's population. fossil fuels, the Chinese government is transforming the desert using the natural network of international air routes is daily life. resources of sun and wind . Imagine driv- also being developed with neighbouring Xinjiang’s locals are benefiting from its ing in the Gobi Desert on a modern six- countries . Cross-border trade is being increased importance as a core part of the lane highway, with tall electrical power facilitated by numerous new customs and Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative . One lines hanging over the fields . Nearby, immigration checkpoints at designated sign of confidence in the future is to see greenhouses with a large number of solar ports of entry . young people returning for employment panels shelter a variety of crops . An example of the many successful at home, even if they travelled widely to The project to develop greenhouses and companies operating in Xinjiang is Desert get an education . Smaller traditional busi- turn the desert into a productive, arable Velvet, a company founded in 2007 . It ness owners are also taking advantage land suitable for farming and growing produces high-quality scarves, duvet cov- of the new economic investment in their different vegetables, flowers and fruits ers and coats from camel hair . Six factories backyard to create a vibrant commercial for local consumption and export to the have been established provincewide . environment . For many professionals and rest of China has created many new jobs . Company director Tayir Kurban is an in- creative minds, the future lies here . Farmers are growing peppers, eggplants, novative leader, born of a Ukrainian father m u tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelons and and Uyghur mother, with a foot in two Ülle Baum is an Ottawa-based writer and a B other vegetables in the greenhouses sur- worlds, and whose brand is an example of photographer . Email ullebaum@gmail .

Ülle rounded by open sky and endless stony Xinjiang’s emerging economy looking to com to reach her .

diplomat and international canada 59 Dt i spa ches|CHINA IS COMING CANADA’S MOST Organ harvesting in China Researchers estimate 1.5 million victims have had their organs harvested for China’s transplant industry ICONIC ADDRESS team of doctors, lawyers, journal- by medical teams assessing their organ beginning of 2015, China has moved from ists and parliamentarians from health and taking blood samples for almost completely relying on organs from A Canada, the European Parliament blood-typing to provide a fast source of prisoners to the ‘largest voluntary organ and the U S. . House of Representatives compatible organs . What follows is ex- donation system in Asia ’. has condemned China’s lucrative organ- cerpts from coverage and responses that [It would be hard to supply hundreds transplant industry . followed the report’s release . of thousands of organs through voluntary They added up surgeries at 146 hospi- donation, given that the Chinese widely tals in China to total between 60,000 and New York Times (August 2016) disapprove of the mutilation of a deceased 100,000 per year from 2000 to 2015 — many “Heart surgeon Jacob Lavee of the Sheba person ]. more than the Chinese yearly official total Medical Centre in Israel had a patient in “At a regular press conference, Chi- of 10,000 . The organ “donors” that inves- 2005 who was told a new heart awaited nese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua tigators have documented are primarily him in China in two weeks — something Chunying said China has ‘strict laws and imprisoned Tibetans, underground “House only possible if there was a pool of living, regulations on this issue . As for the testi- Christians” and Uyghurs — the latter of blood-typed donors, the doctor said . mony and the published report, I want to whom are Muslims, some of whom are in “International medical organizations say that such stories about forced organ conflict with Chinese government . like the World Medical Association and harvesting in China are imaginary and But the primary source of body parts, the Transplantation Society say the use baseless — they don’t have any factual such as hearts, livers, kidneys and corneas, of organs from prisoners in any country foundation,’ she said . are members of the Falun Gong, a medita- that has the death penalty violates medi- “China carries out more executions tive-spiritual movement banned in China cal ethical standards because the prisoners annually than the rest of the world put as a cult . Critics say the Chinese Com- cannot give their consent freely ”. together, at least 2,400 in 2014, according munist government sees the Falun Gong to Death Penalty Worldwide . Official Chi- movement as a challenge to its monolithic- ABC News, August 2016 nese figures are not reported . atheistic authority . Said Ethan Gutman, U S. . investigative “In late 2014, China announced that it Chief among the parliamentarians journalist and author of The Slaughter would switch to a completely voluntary do- who have been investigating the human (2014), who was featured in the film, Hard nation-based system . This pronouncement organ trade are former MP David Kilgour to Believe: “We do have a couple of doctors was greeted with great scepticism, how- and Alberta human rights lawyer David who’ve come out on the record . So we ever, given that between 2012 and 2013, Matas . They were nominated in 2010 for have that, we also have the mayor of Tai- only around 1,400 people signed up to do- a Nobel Peace Prize for their persistent pei, Ko Wen-je, who went to China to look nate (compared to the more than 300,000 in research and reports and for pressing for organs, to suss out the organ situation need of organ transplants every year) . international governing bodies to halt the for his clinic . “For decades, Chinese officials strenu- trade . “And he wanted to talk to the doctors ously denied that they harvested organs Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvest- about prices, among other things, at this from prisoners, calling claims to the con- ing is a Washington, D C. -based. organiza- hospital . He wanted to see if he could get trary ‘vicious slander ’. 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diplomat and international canada 61

21454 ASH Re Diplomat magazine Ad REV.indd 1 2016-06-20 5:28 PM Dt i spa ches|Africa Tunisia’s fragile advances By Fred McMahon

This civilian was stopped by the Tunisian National Army, in the absence of police during the Arab Spring movement, because he had a weapon in his car. Since that period of unrest and uprising, Tunisia has been taking steps toward democracy.

[W]hen political change is not accompanied by opened . The audience spilled out of the leader and founder, 74-year-old Rached widespread economic change, there is a risk of stadium into the warm evening whereas Ghannouchi, took the podium last . He reversion… When old economic structures are speakers blared . Supporters cheered for had founded Ennahda three decades ear- preserved or only modestly adapted, it cannot hours as luminaries hit the stage for full- lier to promote Islam and protect it from be expected that different outcomes on growth throttled speeches . Singers, dancers and what he saw as attacks from a secular and equality will result. — Oxford University other performers entertained in between . state . Most of the intervening years he Press. I was lucky to witness this . Because of spent in exile . ostly hidden from western my writings on the Arab world, Ennahda His was the most remarkable speech . eyes, Tunisia, the only nation to invited me to attend the conference . I was As his words floated on waves of cheers, Msuccessfully emerge democrati- among a small group of international he was telling his movement to step aside cally from the Arab Spring, is stacking guests close to the stage . from political Islam . When he founded En- up political successes . But democratic At first, I was unaware of the historic nahda, he explained, Islamic values were achievement has not lifted the economic events that were about to unfold . I did under threat . They were no longer under malaise that sparked the Arab Spring notice, however, that none of the women threat, so it was time to move on, he told and continues to fuel sometimes-violent wore veils and a significant minority his followers . And so it was . He also pro-

discontent . wasn't even wearing headscarves, includ- moted a vision of free-market reform . i

Still, the democratic advances are real . ing some female ushers and speakers on nn

In May, the sports stadium outside Tunis stage — this would be unthinkable for From movement to political party ’he M was ear-splittingly loud as the Islamic Islamic meetings elsewhere in the region . When I arrived in Tunis in May, Ennahda abib

Ennahda Movement’s 10th conference To a rapturous welcome, Ennahda was an Islamic democratic movement; five H

62 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Africa|t Di spa ches

days later, when I Ieft, it was a democratic tion and privatizing state enterprises . political party, after members gave Ghan- Some of this helped . Economic freedom, Dodging the bullet nouchi massive support . Party officials growth and investment ticked up in places were barred from holding official religious like Tunisia and Egypt . But it was mostly The Arab Spring began in Tunisia as positions . Leaders compared the party a fraud . The bureaucracy liked tangled an act of economic defiance: 26-year- with market-friendly European non- regulations, a source of bribes from those old street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi sectarian, tolerant Christian Democratic who needed to cut red tape . Privatization set himself ablaze on Dec. 17, 2010 parties, which may take moral guidance was a cover for shifting resources from in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, to protest the from religion, but support separation of elite control through the government to confiscation of his wares by a city state and religion . elite control through crony transactions . official. Demonstrations and riots Many remarkable things happened and The Mubarak family in Egypt and the Ben spread through Tunisia and then the were said at the conference, but first let’s Ali family in Tunisia made off like the ban- Arab world. A month later, Tunisian look at the causes of the Arab Spring and dits they were . president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali the economic situation to get a sense of Public anger was compounded by resigned. whether Tunisia’s democratic miracle will youth adrift . Official Arab youth unem- The Islamic Ennahda Movement endure . ployment hovers at 30 per cent, but per- won the resulting elections in haps three-quarters of young people lack October 2011, as did the Muslim Economics and the Arab Spring full-time jobs . Polling evidence shows that Brotherhood in a similar situation in The western media interpreted the Arab economic issues were at the forefront for Egypt. Spring as a “struggle for democracy and Arab Spring demonstrators, who typically As in Egypt, protests and violence fundamental rights ”. There was some of came from the middle and lower-middle soon broke out against the regime that, but it was primarily provoked by low class . They expected no-longer-available and here the courses of the two levels of economic freedom, high levels government jobs . nations diverged. To maintain peace, of government regulation and phoney re- All this exploded in 2011 into a confla- Ennahda resigned power in favour form saturated by corruption . gration that spread across the Arab World . of a technocratic government that Tunisia and other Arab states, which Protesters were mainly motivated by a lack enacted a liberal constitution, pro- suffered significant violence or govern- of opportunity and jobs in dead crony- moting equal treatment for women ment change during the Arab Spring, all capitalist and crony-socialist systems . and religious tolerance. had lousy economic policy — either crony While the deep-seated problems were Secularists were not completely socialism or crony capitalism, suppress- economic, no economic vision or struc- mollified. Beji Caid Essebsi founded ing economic freedom . Both allowed the tural change emerged from the Arab Nidaa Tounes in 2012 from a rag-tag elite to control the riches of the state and Spring, leaving in place the same frustra- mix of various exclude others . tions and anger to fester . Holding elections interest groups, All nations with large-scale Arab Spring solved little, and often made things worse . the old elite, disruptions were down around 90 out of business organi- 150 on the Fraser Institute’s Economic Free- Tunisia’s way forward zations, unions dom Index when demonstrations erupted Incredible leadership enabled Tunisia to and Marxists, and, as a result, had sluggish and weak emerge relatively peacefully with an intact with virtually economies . The usual “security” compact democracy, but without deep economic re- no policy other in dictatorships, whereby citizens give form and the opportunity it offers, success than opposition up freedom in exchange for security, was will be fleeting . to Ennahda supplemented by a perverse economic This is crucial . Only an elementary and Rached deal . The poor got subsidies and benefits school education is needed to look around Ghannouchi. from extended patronage networks; the the world and see that all stable democra- Rached Ghannouchi Nidaa narrowly middle class got guaranteed government cies with prosperity and opportunity have beat Ennahda jobs in exchange for often worthless “uni- free market economies, though the model in the 2014 elections and Essebsi versity” degrees; and the rich got to loot varies considerably from small-govern- won the presidency. Ghannouchi had the country . This created incentives for all ment Switzerland to big-government declined to run. segments of society to milk the state rather Nordic states, which, in all other ways, are Yet, during the transition, than engage in productive activity . market-friendly and open . Those limited Ghannouchi reached out to Essebsi Skyrocketing Arab birth rates, which free markets, such as Tunisia, struggle to ensure stability and civil peace. sent costs through the roof, disrupted with low growth and often democratic The old foes have become part- the deal . Arab states could no longer af- setbacks . ners working for Tunisia’s future. ford the subsidies or government jobs Yet, opposition to reform is entrenched Ghannouchi invited Essebsi to give a for a bulging youth population . Western in Tunisia . Crony capitalist and socialist keynote address at the Ennahda con- donors, a key source of funds for poorer elites battle any diminution of privilege ference. Essebsi was personally greet- Arab nations, balked at sending more bil- and the opening of markets to competitors ed by Ghannouchi and given several lions down the rabbit hole of destructive from all rungs of society . standing ovations. If only British or economic policy . The labour elite will fight too . The Australian or most European politics To keep money flowing, with the sup- Tunisian General Labour Union (Union could be that civil. For the United

ha States currently, it would be fantasy

d port of international institutions such as Générale Tunisienne du Travail) played fiction. ah the IMF and World Bank, Arab nations an important and constructive role in nn e started to “reform,” de-tangling regula- Tunisia’s peaceful transition, but is now

diplomat and international canada 63 Dt i spa ches|africa making things worse, intent on maintain- oppose reform . At an Ennahda seminar, productive activity that creates sustainable ing the privileges its members, and par- one German NGO representative argued prosperity . It now must produce its own ticularly leaders, obtained under Ben Ali . that Tunisia had no need for free markets . prosperity and, as Ghannouchi argued, More than 150 strikes in 2015 doubled I responded that it was interesting that a that can only be done through free mar- the workdays lost compared to the year German, who could see all the prosperity kets and the private sector, with opportu- before; the union demands wage increases and opportunity that free markets had nity open to all, not just the privileged and and exceptional promotions that have no created at home, would come to Tunisia connected . relation to productivity, eroding the na- and say, “Well, this isn’t for you .” This was Ghannouchi hit other areas in want of tion’s competitive position; and it uses its warmly received by the Tunisians in the reform, including social reform . He spoke muscle to maintain job market restrictions room, so minds are still open . of cutting government jobs, of the need for that protect a privileged union member- greater work discipline, more vocational ship and exclude the disadvantaged The future education, and reform of universities to through inflexible labour laws . Despite the challenges, not long ago, Tuni- produce useful training and education To maintain civil peace after the Arab sia’s outlook for a peaceful transition from rather than degrees for civil service em- Spring, Tunisia has taken counterproduc- the Arab Spring looked grim . But people ployment . tive measures . For example, it has further from across society, including elites and The World Bank has signed on to a five- year program of reform and will provide up to five billion dinars (approximately $2 3. billion US) in loans . Hopefully, the World Bank will not be fooled again as it was in the early 2000s when reform was little more than a cover for the ruling elite to loot the state under the guise of privatization . The U S. . embassy, in a 2006 cable released by WikiLeaks, expressed alarm at the perverse policy . “Despite increasingly liberal economic legislation, all key decisions, especially related to investment and privatization, are made at the highest levels of the government — probably by the president himself . This arrangement has permitted President Ben Ali’s extended family (siblings, in-laws, and distant relatives) to become aware of, to assert interests in and to carve out domains in virtually every important sector of the Tu- nisian economy ”. At least in Ghannouchi, international institutions have a leader who is inter- Protesters in Nantes, France, take to the streets in support of democratic uprisings in Tunisia in 2011. ested in tearing down pillars of privilege rather than enriching cronies . Ghannouchi has been compared to Nel- bloated its civil service to 600,000 with religious leaders, put the nation and peace son Mandela . Mandela came from a radi- another 180,000 working in public com- ahead of narrow interests and somehow cal background, promoting black power . panies . As The Economist argued, “Public managed the appropriate compromises . In government, he supported free and firms are models of inefficiency . The Tu- Now, all sectors of Tunisian society open markets and built bridges between nisian Chemical Group increased its head must do the same on economic policy . all segments of society . Ghannouchi was count from 5,000 in 2010 to 16,000 in 2012, And here again, rays of hope emerge . En- called a radical when younger, but has while production fell from 8 million to 2 5. nahda is likely the only significant Arab moved to heal societal wounds and sup- million tonnes ”. party that has come out fully in favour of port free markets . As the Middle East Eye Many in the region, consistent with the open markets, and not just when talking put it in a recent headline: “Ghannouchi, research, have told me this undermines to international institutions . like Mandela, risks all for reconciliation work ethics . A World Bank report notes Ghannouchi’s speech to thousands and democracy ”. that “the link between a public employee’s made this crystal clear . In fact, virtu- Tunisia faces horrid headwinds, but it performance and evaluation, compensa- ally everything that Tunisia needs can faced them in the Arab Spring and sailed tion and promotion is weak, particularly be summed up in a few of his words: through relatively unscathed . If it suc- since the revolution ”. It damages the “Wealth should no longer be made in gov- ceeds in meeting its economic challenge, higher-education sector, stuffed with in- ernment; wealth should be made in the it will be a beacon of much-needed hope stitutions to provide middle-class youths private sector ”. throughout the Arab world . et pieces of paper that qualify them for the This neatly captures the problems g ré B civil service rather than practical educa- plaguing Tunisia’s economy and plots Fred McMahon holds the Dr . Michael A . n tion or training . the path forward . Tunisia was a society Walker Research Chair in Economic omai

Then there are those who ideologically intent on milking the state rather than on Freedom at the Fraser Institute . R

64 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC diplomat and international canada 65 Dt i spa ches| Turkey Turkey’s current crisis David Kilgour

urkey has long been admired internationally for being a Mus- Tlim-majority democracy with an industrious people, strong economy and picturesque geography . Under their First World War hero and founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, modern Turks obtained full independence in 1923, and later the rule of law, universal literacy, separation of state and religion, equal rights for women and a strategically important NATO membership . A major ongoing governance problem was the practice of the Turkish military to seize the government, claiming to maintain its concept of Atatürk’s secular state . Several times (including 1960, 1971 and 1980), coups occurred, although each time the military returned the country to democracy . Governing in the Atatürk tradition in their early years, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) impressed many at home and abroad. Erdoğan was elected mayor of Istanbul (1994), prime minister (2003- 2014) and president (2014) . The country’s economy and the well-being of many Turks improved markedly in his first five Protesters in France call for the resignation of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan who has, years as prime minister . Other achieve- according to writer David Kilgour, created an “intolerant and corrupt dictatorship.” ments included temporarily winding down a 30-year conflict with Turkey’s declared a terrorist by Erdoğan. ish People’s Democracy Party (HDP) won 15-million-strong Kurdish minority, As of the spring of 2015, 22 Turkish 12 per cent of Turks’ votes and ended the which had cost at least 40,000 lives, and journalists were in jail and more than 60 AKP’s previous parliamentary majority . accepting 700,000 refugees from Bashar had been found guilty of defamation of Opposition parties attempted to form a al-Assad’s Syria . the president. Erdoğan’s government, coalition government, but failed, allow- In recent years, unfortunately, Erdoğan moreover, seized major electronic and ing Erdoğan to call another election. In has chosen to undermine Turkey’s demo- print media in a manner very similar to November 2015, he won a near majority, cratic institutions in favour of creating that of Russian President Vladimir Putin . but still lacked enough seats to change the an intolerant and corrupt dictatorship . Can Dündar, editor of the Cumhuriyet constitution in order to establish a presi- In late 2013, for example, when a corrup- newspaper, was jailed after airing foot- dency without checks or balances . tion scandal broke involving him and age showing Turkish intelligence sending Meanwhile, next door in Iraq, the ISIS his cabinet, no one was charged . Numer- weapons to ISIS in Syria . More recently, a conflict has killed almost 15,000 civil- ous judges, prosecutors and police were total of 95 journalists were detained and ians and wounded 30,000 others over the quickly reassigned . 113 news organizations remain closed . previous 18 months, according to a UN time.com

The episode also appears to have Erdoğan has also cracked down on anti- report . More than 2 .8 million Iraqis remain s caused a rupture with devastating conse- government protesters and deliberately displaced within their country, including quences today involving Fethullah Gülen, increased tensions with the Kurdish com- 1 3. million children . In March, U S. . Secre- who supported Erdoğan earlier when he munity for presumed partisan political tary of State John Kerry officially declared tock | Dream

was seeking membership in the European reasons . that Christians, Yazidis and Shi’ite Mus- s Union and further democratization of Tur- In the June 2015 national election, lims were suffering genocide at the hands feel I

key . Gülen is now a handy scapegoat and which focused on corruption, the Kurd- of ISIS . ©

66 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Turkey|t Di spa ches

Erdoğan appears to have assisted ISIS state schools; 131 media organizations and earlier in various ways, including provid- publishers shut down, including 16 TV ing a logistical, economic and political channels, 23 radio stations, 45 newspapers base in Turkey . An estimated 25,000 for- and 29 publishing houses . eign combatants joined ISIS in Iraq and The state of emergency allows the Syria by travelling through Turkey . Dur- president and his ministers to bypass Par- FULL SERVICE REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE ing 2015, ISIS was enriched by between $1 liament in enacting new laws and further (INDEPENDENT & PRIVATELY OWNED) million and $4 million daily when most of limiting basic rights. On July 24, Erdoğan  SELLING the oil it obtained was smuggled through seized control of more than 2,250 social,  BUYING Turkey . Britain’s Guardian newspaper educational and health-care facilities,  RENTING (landlords & tenants) reported that ISIS computers seized by terming them threats to the nation . His  PROPERTY MANAGEMENT For Rent For Sale

American commandos in Syria contain goal appears to be to remove all elements S 410-700 irrefutable evidence of its earlier collusion of Atatürk’s secular state . with the Turkish government . At a joint news conference in Washing-

Turkey assisting ISIS to replace al-Qa- ton this summer, John Kerry and Canada’s $3,800./m USSEX eda as the Sunni jihadists in Syria, morev- Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion addressed $689,000. over, escalated that conflict into a full-scale claims from Erdoğan that Gülen, 74, in regional war between Sunnis and Shi'ites . self-imposed exile in Pennsylvania since D R .

When Erdoğan finally agreed to fight ISIS, 1999, had masterminded the coup at-

NATO reluctantly went along with his de- tempt, requesting hard evidence rather For Rent For mand to withhold much-needed support than allegations as required for extradition 191 S from the Kurds, who had fought ISIS ef- in both countries . Gülen, who opposed fectively from the war’s beginning . Fortu- coups in Turkey for decades, including the UNNYSIDE nately, the Kurds continue to confront ISIS latest attempt, favours holding an interna- and Erdoğan has also joined the fight. ISIS tional inquiry to examine the causes of the $3,500./m

conducted a string of suicide bombings in attempted coup . A

Turkey and launched rockets into south- Tragically for Turkey and the world, VE . ern Turkish cities near the Syrian border. indications are mounting that Erdoğan is

Graham Fuller, a long-retired CIA of- using the attempted coup to subvert de- Rent For ficial and American author of several mocracy, which Turks have defended with 20 W books on the Muslim world, wrote in his their lives over the past 93 years, in order ELLSMERE blog on July 20: “... Erdoğan is now in the to achieve his increasingly unconcealed process of destroying virtually everything authoritarian goals. Is Erdoğan, like Putin

in Russia, seeking to give his citizens the $3,200. his party created in the first decade of .C governance . His sweeping purges and the formal institutions of a democracy, but gut RES pall of fear and uncertainty is destroying them of any meaning? As Amnesty Inter- .

Turkey itself ”. national recently indicated, the choices For Sale

The full details of the attempted coup Turkey makes in the coming months will 429 L on July 15 might never be fully known be an affirmation of the primacy of the and statements emerging from tortured rule of law and human rights or a return ANSDOWNE prisoners have little probative value . to the dark days of mass repression, tor- There is agreement that a group of mid- ture and arbitrary detention . $1,050,000. ranking Turkish soldiers seized control of Turkey is an important country to the the Parliament in Ankara and Istanbul’s Middle East, Europe and the world . The R D . bridges, airports and some police sta- present state of emergency jeopardizes its tions . Turkish citizens, including police, already weakened democratic governance soon courageously overpowered them . by granting even more arbitrary powers 9 MURRAY ST, OTTAWA ON K1N 9M5 Erdoğan himself avoided soldiers attempt- to a president with clearly autocratic in- [email protected] OFFICE: 613-744-5525 ing to seize him and, through his cell- clinations . Many friends of Turkey hope phone, called on military loyal to him and Erdoğan will somehow accept the real DIONNE CALDWELL C: 613-277-7508 encouraged his supporters to rush into the lessons of July 15 and move away from BROKER OF RECORD streets of Istanbul and elsewhere . confrontation and vengeance towards [email protected] According to Amnesty International national reconciliation, democracy and the BILL WELSH C: 613-816-1144 observers in Turkey, those affected by the rule of law . PROPERTY MANAGER crackdown and purges, which continued [email protected] well after July 15, and the state of emer- David Kilgour is an author, human MARY LOU MARTIN-GERHARDS gency declared five days later, already rights activist, former lawyer and former SALES REPRESENTATIVE C: 613-698-7740 include more than 15,000 detained; more member of Parliament . He was secretary [email protected] than 45,000 suspended or removed from of state for Latin America and Africa Visit www.caldwell-realty.ca for their jobs, including judges, police and and, later, secretary of state for the Asia- a full list of available properties. prosecutors; more than 1,000 private Pacific . He was elected as a Conservative schools and educational institutions closed and later a Liberal, and ended his parlia- Follow us on and 138,000 school children transferred to mentary career as an independent .

diplomat and international canada 67 Dt i spa ches|Africa Will Africa keep rising?

Given abundant sunshine, one would think sub-Saharan Africa would be planning solar arrays everywhere. But it's happening in only a few countries.

prospects deteriorate? Given unexpected and pipeline deliveries slowed . The pace additional problems on the near horizon, of exploration in West and East African will Africa’s peoples be able to realize waters has also faltered . Even non-Chi- the kinds of social advances that had ap- nese foreign investors have largely taken peared to be within their reach? flight . Until very recently, the nations of sub- Together with the once-avaricious Chi- Saharan Africa were growing economi- nese demand for the spoils of the land and Robert I. cally at an average of five per cent a year, the sea, sub-Saharan Africa’s economic Rotberg much faster than the rest of the world . A resurgence in this century has been fuelled few of its number, especially the petro- by stronger governance, greatly enhanced leum and gas producers, had been rising leadership, improved political participation and more thoroughgoing democratic ub-Saharan Africa has been rising at even higher, double-digit, rates . But that time.com rapidly in this century, growing growth trajectory has now come to a shud- procedures, fewer dictatorships and s Seconomically at an unprecedent- dering halt as China’s appetite for oil, iron — despite the continuing civil wars in edly rapid pace from 2005 to 2015, with ore, copper, chrome, the metallic ore coltan South Sudan and Sudan, the Democratic

most of its 49 countries participating in and other precious natural resources has Republic of Congo, the Central African ieiev | Dream a new post-colonial prosperity . But, with slowed substantially . Simultaneously, the Republic, Burundi, Mali and Nigeria — s lek China’s own economic surge slipping, formerly high prices for commodities have much-reduced intrastate conflict . A India and Japan weak, Europe lagging tumbled, so African and other exporters Most of Africa is at peace, and focused and North American demand limited, of primary goods have suffered a double more than ever on improving standards atolii An

will sub-Saharan Africa stagnate and her whammy as mines have been shuttered of living and increasing educational op- ©

68 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Africa|t Di spa ches portunity and health care . In this century, Where will the food to feed these new ers depend are often distant from arteries there has also been a major rise in middle- millions come from? How will they be of commerce . Sometimes whole countries, class thinking and membership . An in- governed? Are current methods of po- such as the Congo, are cut off from their ternational opinion survey discovered an litical management adequate? Most of hinterlands by transport failures . Even emerging embrace of global village values all, can Africa, like Asia, realize a demo- the cell towers on which mobile telephone and a distinct move away from the kind graphic dividend if educational resources customers depend are unreachable and of peasant populism that had dominated are sparse and new employment possi- unserviceable, cutting communication . sub-Saharan Africa in the 20th Century . bilities cannot keep pace with population Education is another Achilles heel . growth? Although most Africans have access to Barriers to advancement Sub-Saharan Africa is already short of primary school, only 70 per cent or so, and Until China slowed, sub-Saharan Africa water . Where will the clean water come more boys than girls, persist into second- seemed poised to uplift most of its peoples from to slake the thirst of these new, ary school . Only about 30 per cent of girls in a profoundly beneficial manner . More- mostly urban, and mostly unemployed finish secondary school, and there are over, in addition to economic GDP slip- masses? There is little evidence that Afri- places in sub-Saharan African universities pages to three per cent or less (under one can governments are thinking today about for only six per cent of eligible students . per cent in South Africa’s case), there are such near-future problems . Slowing fertility rates depend in large major unanticipated barriers to African Nor is there sufficient concern about part on the education of girls through sec- advancement that could mortgage present how best to mitigate sub-Saharan Africa’s ondary school . That advance is happening and future accomplishments and, conceiv- immense energy shortages . Today, Ot- too slowly, and, with faltering economies, ably, set back African prospects dramati- tawa’s generating capacity would suffice may further diminish . Further, the Asian cally . to power Nigeria; Spain has more avail- demographic dividend occurred on the Climate change is altering rainfall able electricity than all of sub-Saharan back of a vast educational upsurge, par- patterns significantly, leading to major Africa . Relief from such deficits could ticularly a rise of technical education . Nei- droughts this year in southern Africa, the come from the dozens of new hydroelec- ther is happening in sub-Saharan Africa, Horn of Africa and the Sahel region south tric dams that China is building across except in prosperous Mauritius . of the Sahara . African farming depends the African continent, especially from the Although much improved, governance on rain; only three per cent of farmers massive Grand Renaissance Dam across and leadership in most of the sub-Saharan have access to irrigation . That means that the Blue Nile in Ethiopia . Its output could nations may be insufficiently robust to when the Intertropical Convergence that theoretically power nearly all consumers cope with these and other challenges . governs African climate patterns shifts, across middle Africa . But if the rains are When China was demanding everything the rains on which Africans have long sparse, the dams will not fill . Furthermore, that Africa could dig up and sell, cir- depended vanish, and crops wither . More- there is a major shortage of transmission cumstances were less challenging than over, the rapid melting of the Arctic and lines and facilities, and the several existing they are now . Today, all of sub-Saharan Antarctic glaciers will soon cause substan- African grids do not yet interconnect . So Africa struggles to educate and care for its tial upwelling sea levels, and the potential those linkages will be a work in progress citizens and, critically, to create formal and flooding of much of coastal West Africa . — someday . informal livelihood mechanisms . The mid- If these climatic perils were not suf- Given abundant sunshine, one would dle class is demanding better governance ficient, sub-Saharan Africa, now and for imagine that sub-Saharan Africa was and achieving breakthroughs in some the remainder of this century, is experi- planning solar arrays everywhere . But places, but there are also countries, such encing a huge demographic explosion . that is happening experimentally in only as Angola, Eritrea, Kenya, Nigeria and Being the most rapidly growing part of a few countries . More solar would be Zimbabwe, where the rule of law is still the world, sub-Saharan Africa’s one billion efficient, and so would wind-powered uncertain and corruption overwhelming . people will surge in the next 50 years to turbines along the coasts, where winds Even South Africa is mired in corruption, two billion and three billion and reach an are steady and strong . Only South Africa thanks to the lamentable performance of estimated 3 7. billion in 2100, right behind is advanced in this area, but again with its leaders and its ruling African National Asia’s four billion . Based on well-regarded transmission impediments . Rwanda is Congress . UN Population Division estimates, Nige- tapping methane power possibilities from The road ahead is difficult, marred by ria will become the third most populated the bottom of Lake Kivu and Kenya is us- potholes, and the menders and fixers are nation in the world, after India and China . ing geo-thermal power from the Rift Val- mostly asleep, or focused primarily on the Tanzania, now a mere 75 million people, ley . All of these initiatives may someday transactional governmental business of will soar to 340 million and become the end the “load-shedding” and blackouts the moment . If sub-Saharan Africa does fifth largest country in the world . The that now bedevil consumers — and in- not wake up sharply, most of its peoples Democratic Republic of Congo will hold dustrialists — throughout much of sub- will be left far behind the rest of the global 212 million and be the eighth largest pol- Saharan Africa . Until that happy time, village . Canadian and American assistance ity, bigger than Brazil . electricity deficits will hinder African needs to focus, laser-like, on strengthening Lagos and Kinshasa will be larger and progress and growth . leadership and decision-making capacity, more congested than Cairo and Mexico The Chinese are building roads and and on backing the African middle class . City, but with much poorer sanitation, railways to help improve Africa, but sub- fewer roads, serious electricity shortages Saharan African countries still have en- Robert I . Rotberg is senior fellow, Centre and a paucity of jobs . Overall, cities will during infrastructural weaknesses . Paved for International Governance Innova- mushroom in sub-Saharan Africa and road mileages are still much less than tion and founding director of Harvard's rural areas will decline from 50 per cent other continents, on a per-capita basis, and Kennedy School program on intrastate of the total today to 25 per cent in 2100 . the farmers on whom the urban consum- conflict .

diplomat and international canada 69 Dt i spa ches|natural resources Diamonds: Business and glamour By Yana Amis

Adamas, from ancient Greek and meaning unconquerable or indestructible, is the root of the word diamond.

iamonds glitter through countless Christie’s in 1987 for $880,000 or $926,315 diamond tops the list with a value of 10 . legends and still fire imagina- per carat . Corundum, the mineral name of ruby and Dtions . Unlike any other commod- Adamas from ancient Greek, meaning sapphire, has a value of nine . However, ity, diamonds are famed for their physical unconquerable or indestructible, is the measured by the quantitative Rosival properties and their illustrious place in root of the word “diamond ”. Scale, diamond is 1,000 times harder than history, helped in modern times by in- Depending on the geometric arrange- corundum, the second-hardest substance, tense marketing . ment of carbon atoms, they can form dia- and about five million times harder than time.com According to Ad Age, “A diamond is mond — the hardest substance known, or graphite, which has a Mohs hardness of s forever” is the No . 1 commercial slogan of graphite, the softest of mineral substances . one . Diamond’s hardness, of course, is the 20th Century . highly valued for tools that cut, grind, pol- Physical Properties Today, heirloom and coloured dia- ish and drill hard materials such as metals, al | Dream d

monds are fetching ultra-high prices in Two characteristics of diamond grant its gemstones and rocks, and for dentistry ov H

auctions, with wealthy collectors vying for premier position as a gemstone: hard- and medical applications, such as preci- n the very best . For example, the Hancock ness and optical properties . On the Mohs sion eye surgery and other microsurgeries . ør Bj

Red, weighing only 0 .95 carat, was sold by Comparative Scale of mineral hardness, Diamond’s colourful “fire” is due to its ©

70 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC natural resources|t Di spa ches

high index of refraction, a measure of how 140 years, of the 7,000 kimberlite pipes been transported away from their sources . much a light ray is bent upon passage into (the conduits in igneous rocks that carry The final depositing of diamond at and out of the stone, and its optical disper- diamond towards the Earth’s surface) or near the Earth’s surface, is a remark- sion, a measure of the degree of angular found, 1,000 have diamonds, but only 60 able event . Molten volcanic magma from separation of white light into its rainbow proved to be economically viable and 11 deeper in the mantle, below the diamond- colours . mines account for two thirds of global pro- bearing layer, rises up and incorporates duction, a fairly puny presence for such a diamonds from their own quiet layer and, Value: The “Four Cs” glitzy global business . under immense pressure, fractures and The “Four Cs” refer to the four main ele- penetrates upwards through the crust . As ments in a polished, cut gem diamond’s The violent birth and hard early life of a the magma moves upward, it accelerates appraisal: carat-weight, colour, clarity and diamond from 20 kilometres per hour to 1,200 kilo- cut . The value of diamonds with the same Diamonds form under pressure at depths metres per hour, reaching the surface with general properties increases exponentially of 150 to 180 kilometres in the earth and explosive force . with weight . For example, a one-carat at temperatures optimally around 1,300C . As support for such a violent birth for a flawless, colourless, round, brilliant, ex- These unique conditions are only to be diamond pipe, at 300 metres depth in the cellently cut stone retails for $22,890 US . found in the Earth’s “mantle” layer, be- Ekati Mine in the Northwest Territories, A two-carat stone of similar quality sells metre-long chunks of preserved redwood for $90,920 . And an equivalent four-carat trees were found buried in kimberlite ore . stone retails at $421,990 . The term “carat” Clearly, the explosive eruption occurred comes from the Greek “keration,” mean- in a redwood forest and trees within the ing locust tree . blast and along the edge of the crater The metric carat is 200 milligrams, toppled in and were interred by airborne which approximates the weight of locust rock falling back and additional volcanic tree seeds used by 19th-Century diaman- material from below in the final stages of taires (diamond producers or cutters) for the eruption . Of broader geologic interest, weighing diamonds . it is clear that a California climate existed High prices for diamonds generally around Ekati 53 million years ago . Climate reflect the rarity of larger stones . De Beers evidently can change dramatically of its stated in a 2002 report that only 400,000 own accord . stones of one carat or greater are produced Diamonds in situ occur in kimberlite, a annually from the world’s mines . More- dark green-black igneous rock dominated over, about 50 per cent of diamond weight by iron-magnesium silicates, high carbon is lost in cutting and often two stones are dioxide, high water content and exotic produced from one diamond . To produce trace minerals . They are also geologically a one-carat cut stone, a well-formed 2 6. interesting as samples of the Earth’s sub- carat rough octahedral crystal would be crustal mantle layer . The term “pipe,” in needed . That amount would also yield a kimberlite pipe, refers to the usually cir- 0 30-carat. stone . A large rough diamond in kimberlite. cular cross-section and the fact that it rep- The average size of a rough diamond is resents a conduit of volcanic fluids from about 0 .10 carat, which would mean about low the thick cooler regions of the Earth’s below the Earth’s crust . Kimberlite pipes 700 million individual stones comprise the crust, in formations that are at least 2,500 are carrot-shaped, tapering downward . 70 million carats of gem-quality diamond million years old . In the diamond stability Diamonds also occur in stream gravels, mined annually . According to De Beers, field at this depth, diamonds crystallized resulting from erosion of diamond pipes 92 per cent of them are cut in India, where over time . and are an important resource in India, more than a million workers do the job . The rocks are of Precambrian Age, Africa, Australia, Brazil, Venezuela and Most of the diamonds cut are below 0 08. which can be divided into two broad Guyana . carats . The smallest, 0 005. carat, are used categories: the Archean Eon (between 2 5. in pavé, the tiny sparkles seen on jewelry billion and four billion years ago when the pieces . With 70 million carats weighing crust of the Earth formed) and the Protero- A brief history only 14 tonnes, it would take six years zoic Eon (between a half-billion and 2 5. lashing empires, plundering of production to fill a six-metre shipping billion years ago, when simple forms of hordes, freebooters, thieves, royal container . life came into being ). Cintrigues and romances embroider Individual mines generally grade from The latter is divided into two units: the rich history of diamonds . Diamonds 0 .3 carats to one carat per tonne of ore . The a younger one, between a half-billion have even had a place at the table — as lowest is 0 08. carats when stone quality is and one billion years old, and an older collateral for loans — in times of war and excellent . The highest is the Argyle Mine one, which is one to 2 5. billion years old . economic hardship . For more than 3,000

time.com in Australia with 6 0. carats, but having As structural units, these are referred years, diamonds have symbolized power, s only five per cent gem quality, that mate- to respectively as Archons, Protons and wealth and love, along with their spiri- rial is worth, on average, only $25/carat . Tectons . It is only in the Archon regions tual, medicinal and supernatural powers . Even one-carat-per-tonne ore is made up that diamond pipes can be found . These, The ancient Romans were the first to ra | Dream u of 30 to 50 mainly tiny diamonds, half of therefore, are the target areas for explora- import diamonds in quantity . Pliny the

acp which are low-value non-gem quality . tion and the source for alluvial diamonds Elder complained in a letter that trade in K

diplomat and international canada 71 Dt i spa ches|natural resources

British Crown jewels were on wide display at this, the christening of the Prince of Wales in 1842.

Roman treasury . He was eminently aware British and Iranian Crown jewels . In 1499, Portuguese navigator Vasco of diamonds, having written of their su- Following Roman activity around the da Gama discovered the sea route to the perior hardness and magical properties in beginning of the Common Era, it might be Orient around the Cape of Good Hope, his 10-volume book of knowledge, Natura- expected that Europe would have been a and diamonds began to flow directly from lis Historia¸ published in 77 AD . He noted continuing and growing force in diamond India to Lisbon and Antwerp . In 1602, the the industrial use of diamond fragments trade . However, it wasn’t until Bishop Dutch East India Company soon took over as well: “These particles are held in great Marbode’s 11th-Century book, Libellus de the Indian diamond trade . Coincidentally, request by engravers, who enclose them lapidibus preciosis, reintroduced to Europe the company also set up a colony in South in iron, and are enabled thereby, with the the medicinal and other magical proper- Africa, and settled it with Dutch farmers greatest facility, to cut the very hardest ties of gems that diamonds began ap- (Boers) to provide fresh produce for the substances known ”. pearing in European regalia and jewelry . company’s ships on their long voyages Augustus Caesar (ruled 27 to 14 BC) re- The rebirth of European diamond trading between Europe and the Orient . Little did ceived two trade missions from India in 25 began in Venice and diamond cutting is they know at the time that this territory BC and 21 BC . Modern archeologists dis- thought to have originated there after would become far greater a producer of covered large caches of Roman gold coins 1330 . By the late 14th Century, the trade diamonds than India . of the emperors Augustus, Tiberius and had already begun shifting to Bruges, An individual, Jean Baptiste Tavernier Nero . Unearthed near modern-day Pondi- Paris, Amsterdam and Antwerp . (1605-1689), travelled on six occasions to cherry on the southeast coast of India and India to purchase diamonds for Louis IV near Coimbatore on the southwest coast, of France . His were the first objective ac- along with pottery, beads and lamps, they counts of diamond production and trade . marked Roman trading settlements . Chi- He also gave descriptions of some famous nese references of the period record iron diamonds, including those he saw among scribes coming from Rome . Their interest the Persian Crown jewels . in diamond was apparently only as a carv- The diamond’s unique connection to ing tool for jade and other materials . India was broken in 1725 during a gold The fabled large Indian diamonds came rush along the Rio Jequitinhonha in Bra- to light after the Arab invasions of India in zil’s Minas Gerais state, where diamonds the 8th Century, Turkish conquests in the began to turn up in prospectors’ pans . 12th Century — the Turco-Mongol con- This new source supplanted dwindling querors who created the 200-year Moghul Indian diamond supplies for the next Empire in India — and the latter’s crush- 140 years . Then, in 1866, near Hopetown, ing defeat in 1739 by Nader Shah, ruler of South Africa, the final twist in the story Persia . The surrendered Moghul treasury occurred . A farm boy, Erasmus Jacobs, contained a rich trove of gems, includ- found a pretty stone that turned out to ing the Koh-i-Noor (meaning mountain be a 21 25-carat. diamond, subsequently iki w of light in Persian) and Darya-i-Noor named Eureka . Alerted to the find, others (meaning sea of light) among other sub- began finding diamonds around the town

stantial stones that are part of individual The Darya-e Noor (Sea of Light) diamond, from of Kimberley . It became clear that an un- e hayter/ diamonds’ romantic history . These two the collection of the national jewels of Iran, is paralleled supply of diamonds was about g stored at Iran's Central Bank. diamonds today respectively preside as to present itself . No longer was this king Geor

72 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC natural resources|t Di spa ches of gems to remain the stuff of emperors, monarchs and the nobility . The economics of diamonds Geologists soon began to unravel the science behind the formation of diamonds Monopoly on supply has been a constant throughout the history of diamonds. and the placement of diamond pipes, Countries including India and its invaders and traders from Asia, the Middle East, which guided the search for more . Dia- Rome, Portugal, the Netherlands and England, have all monopolized the market in monds were soon found in a dozen coun- their time. So have companies such as De Beers. tries in Africa, then in Russia and Canada, Brazil’s diamonds were controlled by the colonial government and, with the among others . potential for a glut after South African discoveries, De Beers and the Central Selling Organisation (now called the Diamond Trading Company) in London controlled What’s next? sales and prices. With today’s global demand for diamonds, there is a glut no more. Perhaps De Beers’ slogan “A diamond is Monopolies have disappeared, with the De Beers organization controlling a rela- forever” will change to “diamonds are for tively smaller portion of the market — about 30 per cent of sales. Others, following everyone ”. Technology will be the engine Canada’s entry into the industry, have taken to separately auctioning their output, for such a trend . Laser cutting has become achieving better returns than under the earlier monopoly of De Beers. commonplace . Manufactured diamonds The world’s top five diamond-producing companies — OJSC Alrosa (Russia), De were first produced for industrial usage, Beers, Debswana (Botswana), Rio Tinto plc, and BHP Billiton — control 70 per cent but in the past few decades, a small num- of output. The limiting nature of the resource itself provides a firm floor under ber of gem-quality diamonds of up to half rough prices. Producers get their margins, but with cutting centres able to purchase a carat have been achieved as well . Indus- through auctions, middlemen have been cut out of the chain. Better pricing to trial diamonds from such places as Ireland existing cutters was temporary, however, as selling by auction opened the door to and the U S. . now make up 95 per cent of cheap competition in India, China and other Asian countries that traditionally were all diamonds . cutting only the smallest diamonds. Traditional cutting centres are finding competition stiff from India, which is now cutting larger diamonds superbly and more cheaply. Some companies, to survive, have moved their operations to that country. The Canadian chapter In the 1870s, world annual production of rough diamonds was well under a half- n the mining trade, looking for mines million carats. But by the 1920s, that figure was closer to three million carats and is called “looking for elephants in 80 years later, it has surpassed 100 million carats per year. In 2015, production was Ielephant country ”. The search for estimated at 126 million carats, including both gem quality and natural industrial. diamond is no exception once the first Gem diamonds were up two per cent, but industrial diamonds fell, mainly due to elephant is found, and the first elephant is reduced operations in Zimbabwe and Australia. almost always found (to carry on the ani- — Yana Amis mal metaphor) by a determined lone wolf with an idea and a shoestring budget . World diamond production by country (000s of carats) Charles Edgar Fipke, born in Edmon- ton in 1946, was one such person . In Can- Country 2009 2011 2013 2015 ada, spectacular continental glaciers, with ice up to three kilometres thick, covered Gem Industrial Gem Industrial Gem Industrial Gem Industrial the bedrock over thousands of kilometres and destroyed any useful alluvial deposits Angola 8,310 924 7,500 833 8,420 936 7,100 790 that might have led to the discovery of Australia 312 15,300 157 7,700 235 11,500 190 9,000 diamond pipes . Fipke, however, visual- ized the glaciers similarly ploughing over Botswana 12,400 5,320 16,000 6,870 16,200 6,960 17,300 7,000 diamond pipes and distributing diamond indicator minerals “downstream,” hun- Canada* 10,900* 0 10,800 0 10,600 0 12,000 0 Congo dreds of kilometres from their source in 4,260 17,000 3,850 15,400 3,140 12,500 3,150 13,000 the gravels and soils along the direction of (Kinshasa) ice movement . He found diamond indica- Namibia** 1,190 0 1,260 0 1,690 0 1,920 0 tor minerals in the soils near the west end of Great Slave Lake and during the follow- Russia 19,500 15,300 19,700 15,500 21,200 16,700 21,500 16,000 ing decade, he traced the minerals train South Africa 4,900 1,230 5,640 1,410 6,150 1,630 6,000 1,500 300 kilometres north, where he found the Ekati diamond pipe . Zimbabwe 96 867 850 7,590 1,040 9,370 1,000 6,000 An earlier Canadian who pioneered diamond exploration and development Other 1,932 459 1,443 297 1,925 304 2,040 400 was John Williamson, a geologist who ob- Total 63,800 56,400 67,200 55,600 70,600 59,900 72,200 53,690 tained his PhD in geology at McGill Uni- versity in the 1920s . He first worked with Source: U.S. Geological Survey. De Beers in Zambia and then purchased *Canadian production of gem quality only (industrial not reported). **almost all Namibian production is gem quality a declining diamond operation near Ma- buki, Tanzania, in 1936 . He struggled to make a living from it and to support his exploration for a new mine . In 1940, he

diplomat and international canada 73 Di spatches|natural resources

The Ekati diamond mine in the Northwest Territories is one of five diamond mines operating in Canada today. Charles Edgar Fipke traced the mineral train 300 kilometres to the Ekati diamond pipe that, in 1996, became the Ekati diamond mine. discovered the diamond pipe at Mwadui takes advantage of government agree- Not everyone embraces the develop- that became the Williamson diamond ments through which up to 10 per cent ment of diamond mines . The Weenusk mine, which he developed . It turned out of rough diamond production by value is First Nation, a Cree community on the to be one of the biggest kimberlites ever provided to the factory at market price . Attawapiskat River, had mixed feelings found . Its most famous diamond is the Embee Diamond, a division of Embee about De Beers’ new Victor Mine in their Williamson Pink, a 23 6-carat. stone he Diamond Technologies Inc ,. operates a native territory . Chief Edmond Hunter presented to Princess Elizabeth and Prince factory in Prince Albert near the fledgling said at the time: “It is difficult, because Philip on their wedding day in 1947 . Wil- Saskatchewan diamond mine . the youth wants development for their liamson died in 1958 . The mine is still in future ”. The Cree at Weenusk share many production . values with the Cree peoples along the Today there are five operating dia- James Bay coast where traditional ways of mond mines in Canada . Ekati, Diavik and life prevail over modern development . Gahcho Kue are in the cluster containing The Victor Mine, however, is one of the Charles Fipke’s discovery . The Victor richest in the world and a big chunk of Diamond Mine is at Attawapiskat in the the De Beers empire and the community om James Bay region of Ontario and the Re- has benefited in many ways: De Beers has ngd ki nard project is in central Quebec . A sixth, paid more than $40 million in taxes since d ite east of Prince Albert in Saskatchewan, is opening the mine and pays up to $2 mil- n U under development . It is said to be one lion a year in royalties to Attawapiskat . s of the largest diamond pipes ever found . And 35 to 40 per cent of the mine’s labour Two other mines — Jericho in Nunavut force is aboriginal . Further, De Beers and Snap Lake in the Northwest Territo- claims that every diamond at the mine is al archive n ries — are currently dormant, awaiting mined in a “sustainable and ethical man- atio better diamond prices . ner ”. Still, some locals say that their river n //

A small diamond-cutting and polish- and their land made them happier before nd ing industry finishes Canadian diamonds . De Beers came into their lives . Crossworks Manufacturing Ltd ,. a subsid- Diamo n

iary of HRA-Sun Diamond Group of Com- John Williamson, founder of Williamson Yana Amis is a mineral commodity eco- io panies, operates factories in Vancouver, Diamonds, Ltd., pioneered diamond mining and nomics researcher and president of a n

Yellowknife and Sudbury . The company development in Canada. He died in 1958. mining consulting firm . Domi

74 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC ukraine|t Di spa ches Ukraine's quest towards the west By Donna Jacobs

Kyiv, Ukraine

After toppling a pro-Russian regime, the Kyiv protest resulted in Russia taking over Crimea and waging war in east Ukraine.

he streets of downtown Kyiv keep It is not a case of “Lest we forget,” as Euromaidan . Hundreds of thousands, if the memory alive that fewer than much as “Never again ”. Known as “The not millions more protested around the Tfour years ago, under president Vik- Ukrainian Revolution of 2014” and “The country between November 2013 and Feb- tor Yanukovych’s regime, this capital city Revolution of Dignity,” its protests began ruary 2014 . of Europe’s second largest country was on Euromaidan, also known as Indepen- They succeeded in doing something on fire . dence Square in downtown Kyiv . they didn’t think possible: Overthrow- Ukrainian protesters were bludgeoned A BBC timeline with video of the ing their government, internationally and shot by soldiers, police, secret service violence and ferocity — Ukrainian to infamous for its corruption, in a matter of and even civilians called “titushky,” who Ukrainian — shows how a protest turned weeks . They forced their president, Yanu- were hired to support the police . Protest- into a revolt and then a revolution that kovych, to flee . Unverified grainy CCTV ers saw many in their number picked off toppled a Russian-backed government . It film footage shows him and his aides by snipers in surrounding buildings . also shows how the Kyiv protest resulted being whisked away by helicopters, and The protesters were almost all unarmed in Russia taking over Crimea and waging trucks being loaded with a vast array of and fought back with whatever they had war in east Ukraine in aggression Ukrai- his possessions . at hand, defending themselves with rocks, nian President Petro Poroshenko recently The BBC reported Russian President crude shields and burning tires . described as similar to Moscow’s policies Vladimir Putin’s later comments: “I in- Today, on sidewalks, there are chalk- in Aleppo, Syria . vited the leaders of our special services white outlines of fallen protesters . Nearby, The protest started out as a simple and the defence ministry to the Kremlin along a street renamed Heavenly Hun- demonstration by Ukrainians against their and set them the task of saving the life of dred Heroes Avenue, markers with photo- government because of a broken prom- the president of Ukraine, who would sim- tko graphs, candles, flowers and mementoes ise . Outrage at the betrayal, and then at ply have been liquidated ”. Bu line the sidewalk to commemorate the the violent suppression, eventually drew He told members of the Valdai discus- w re known tally: 123 dead, including 17 police between 800,000 and one million Ukrai- sion club in Sochi that then-president Ya-

And officers, and 27 missing . nians, many from other regions, to Kyiv’s nukovych had been removed from power

diplomat and international canada 75 Dt i spa ches|Ukraine by force after protests in February 2014 in opulent residence outside Kyiv and forced packed in cattle cars and exiled thousands which 100 people were killed . “I will say him to flee the city . of kilometres away to Uzbekistan . More it openly — he asked to be driven away to than 10,000 had fought with the Nazis, Russia, which we did ”. Putin: “Return Crimea to Russia” which poisoned Stalin against the entire By a combination of helicopter, truck At the end of a Feb . 22, 2014 overnight population . and possibly boat, Yanukovych flew to meeting with his top security chiefs to It was this expulsion that Susana Al- eastern Ukraine and eventually arrived plan how to extract Yanukovych from imivna Jamaladinova, who goes by the in Russia where he now lives in exile . He Ukraine, Putin announced: “We must start stage name Jamala, a Ukrainian of Tatar has publicly stated he wants to return to working on returning Crimea to Russia ”. ancestry, sang about in her song, “1944,” Ukraine . Pro-Russian demonstrations were fol- winning the Eurovision song contest in Yanukovych was already known as lowed a few days later by masked, insig- Stockholm in May . Moscow’s man when he triggered the nia-free Russian troops that took over key The survivors and their descendants, protest and his own fall from power after sites in Crimea, installed a pro-Russian numbering 250,000, only began to return he broke his promise to sign the western- government and declared Crimea an inde- to their Crimean homeland in the late leaning European Union Association pendent nation . 1980s when Mikhail Gorbachev, former Agreement to form a framework for po- Crimea’s legislature and Sevastopol president of the USSR, gave permis- litical, economic and security ties between held a referendum in March whose over- sion . In April 2014, Putin announced: “I Ukraine and the EU . whelming pro-secession results were dis- have signed a decree to rehabilitate the Putin had already backed Yanukovych puted over wording and legality and the Crimean Tatar population, the Armenian into a corner to halt the Ukrainians’ plan presence of Russian soldiers during the population, Germans, Greeks — all those to re-establish their European roots . vote . A United Nations Security Council who suffered (in Crimea) during Stalin’s Russia’s customs service halted all resolution declaring it invalid was vetoed repressions ”. products from Ukraine coming into Rus- by Russia, with China abstaining . In a UN Late in 2015, after years of what they sia . That further decreased income in an General Assembly resolution vote, 100 said was peaceful but fruitless opposition economy still suffering from the 2008 countries declared it invalid and affirmed to repression, some Crimean Tatars joined recession . Further, Russia outbid the EU Ukraine’s territorial integrity; 11 voted with Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary on cash offerings: Russia would buy $15 against and 58 abstained . groups opposed to Russia’s annexation billion of Ukraine’s debt and cut gas prices Official referendum results (not OSCE- of Crimea . They imposed a trade block- by one third . It was something Europe, monitored) showed 96 55. per cent of ade, stopping cars and confiscating some heavily dependent on Russian gas, could voters wanted to join the Russian Fed- goods . Waging what is described as a low- not offer . eration . There are many ethnic Russians level insurgency, they are believed to have Yanukovych’s betrayal killed the hopes in Crimea because of the Russian naval been the saboteurs who cut power lines . It of many Ukrainians to move towards base and they make up 60 per cent of the took more than a month to restore all elec- Europe and away from their subservient population, while 16 per cent are ethnic tricity to Crimea’s two million residents . Soviet past and their Russia-dependent Ukrainians and 12 per cent are Crimean Their demands were for political repres- present . Tatars . Some Tatars, a Muslim people, sion to end and for political prisoners to The protesters, discontent with negotia- were reported to have boycotted the refer- be released . tions to end the protest, finally demanded endum as Crimea was their ancestral land The BBC reported that the referendum Yanukovych’s resignation, stormed his until Stalin had them brutally rounded up, vote results produced great rejoicing in Crimea by huge ethnic Russian crowds . Britain’s Telegraph newspaper estimates between 15,000 and 30,000 Tatars have left Crimea since Russia annexed it . Weldar Shukurdiyev, a Tatar, said he was taken out of his house in Crimea and brought to a police station where two men beat him . “There were constant threats: they said they would make me eat the Ukrainian flag . Every five minutes somebody would enter and shout more insults ”. He now lives in Kyiv . Many Tatars believe the Rus- sian government in Crimea is trying to ha- rass and drive their people out of Crimea, for the second time . time.com

Tatars are now the “target of an escalat- s ing campaign of repression mounted by their new overlords,” says the newspaper, i | Dream

including the outlawing of Mejlis, the n Crimean Tatar’s representative body “sup- aria

posedly because it had been taken over by M Muslim ‘extremists’ ”. After an overnight meeting with security chiefs to plan how to extract Yanukovych from

By the end of August this year, Russia abrizio Ukraine, Putin announced: “We must start working on returning Crimea to Russia.” F had 29,000 troops in Crimea . ©

76 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Ukraine|t Di spa ches

In its May-June 2016 issue, Foreign Af- fairs published an article by Daniel Treis- man titled, “Why Putin Took Crimea ”. Eye-witness account of Euromaidan Treisman concluded, based on interviews, that Putin worried that Ukraine’s new Like hundreds of thousands government would cancel Russia’s Black of Ukrainians, a young tour Sea Fleet’s extended lease and expel the operator named Svitozar fleet . Moiseiv went with his friends In a highly unpopular move, Yanu- to Maidan Square, even one kovych had extended the lease to 2042, day ferrying tires in his car to from its 2017 expiry date, in return for supply the fiery barricades. cheaper Russian natural gas . He gave Rus- This is his description: sia a further five-year renewable term . He “When the protests grew into said the deal was struck because “it was Maidan barricades, when win- important for our Russian colleagues and ter came, and brought the first friends,” Ukraine’s Unian news agency frosts, and violence, we were reported at the time . there delivering hot food, tea, Putin’s fear of losing the naval base warmer clothes, medicine, of “seems plausible,” Treisman wrote, “since course, all acquired at our own the Black Sea Fleet is crucial to Russia’s expense. We would also help ability to project force into the Black and to patrol the night streets, Mediterranean seas ”. He asks: If the West as the city was then full with and Ukraine had been willing to go along Yanukovych-side summoned with the extended lease on the naval base half-criminals, mainly from the in Sevastopol, would the loss of all of eastern regions of Ukraine. Crimea have been avoided? “The latter would ravage the city, create horror, even Deadly civil war in eastern Ukraine abduct and kill people. Many According to UN data, 31,400 people fell days would pass like this, and victim to the war in east Ukraine — more for many of my friends, it had become an almost daily, or nightly, volunteer than 9,500 killed and 21,900 injured, with job. Millions of residents of Kyiv would do this, as the capital was 90 per cent close to 1,000 unidentified bodies in Ukrai- anti-Yanukovych. nian morgues . “I witnessed unprecedented growth of people’s consciousness as citizens, The staff of Ukraine’s defence minis- union, dedication. I saw strong faith. I saw Facebook, or other online media try reports an average of 17 Ukrainian groups co-ordinating themselves, giving agile and exact answers on what to do soldiers are killed each week and 57 are first. I witnessed despair, I saw violence, I saw dead bodies on the Maidan Square, wounded in action . wrapped in blankets, and piled under February snow. Western nations rejected the referen- “Those who stayed on the main square all winter came mainly from west dum and the annexation . They cited the Ukraine. They were provided with really nice outdoor kitchens, and hot soups, Budapest Memorandum on Security As- sandwiches, cheese, sausage in variety, hot teas and cakes. All was organized per- surances, which promised territorial integ- fectly well, not only for them, but also thousands of homeless and poor people rity for Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan could have perfect dinners on the Maidan Square any time. in exchange for turning over their nuclear “When there was no evident threat of assault, the main square hosted around arsenal to Russia . Russian Foreign Min- 1,000 people in and around the tents. If an attack was expected, usually at night, ister Sergei Lavrov signed the memoran- there could be 50,000 at the time. Those from Kyiv would sleep at their homes, dum before it went to the UN . of course, and the rotation of people on the square was immense.” Ukrainian government soldiers are The young man owns Kyiv City Guided Tours in English, as well as an English locked in a battle of nerves and attrition, translation service. The in-depth historical and political background he delivers injury and death, on their eastern border on his city tours comes naturally. His father writes books on Ukrainian and world with Russian-backed Ukrainian separat- culture and literature and his mother was a history teacher. ists . The Ukrainian defence ministry pro- On Ukraine’s current situation, he said: “I expect more social protests later this vides round-the-clock information — a fall. Those will be related to the housing, gas, electricity prices, which have risen video and military briefing delivered by immensely the last two years. a general, on troop movements, weap- “I don’t think we shall see many more displaced people unless another big onry, injuries and deaths (http://uacrisis . offensive campaign in eastern Ukraine from Russia follows. Mentally, east org/?s=lysenko) . Ukraine residents tend to rely on ‘a bigger boss,’ rather than try to change the The separatists on Ukraine’s eastern circumstances. border with Russia, in the industrial “I see Putin continue to destabilize Ukraine, no matter what happens [driven Donbas region’s Donetsk and Luhansk by] his obsessive idea of gathering back ‘one nation, one people’ — Ukraine, provinces, are largely ethnic Russians . Russia, Belarus….” According to the ministry of defence, at the end of August, Russian or pro-Russian Ukrainian fighters in Donbas totalled

diplomat and international canada 77 Dt i spa ches|Ukraine

35,300 . Of those, 6,100 are troops from the it was shot down by a Russian-built inces was facilitated by the distribution Russian Armed Forces . Buk surface-to-air missile over Eastern of Russian passports — a process known The term “little green men” came to ap- Ukraine . The final report to determine as passportization — and the subsequent ply to the many green-uniformed, masked whether it was shot down by Russian installation of Russian officials into gov- Russian soldiers whose insignia were soldiers or pro-Russian separatists is not ernment posts . Putin’s stratagem is to stripped off . Putin denied for months they complete . Russia blames the Ukrainian provide Russian passports to Ukrainians were, in fact, Russian soldiers until finally, army . of Russian origin, as he would then be matter-of-factly, he admitted it . Observers say it may be another frozen “obligated” to step in to protect Russian The war in Donbas is active and vastly conflict that Putin is using to form his citizens, as well as ethnic Russians, in his under-reported in the western media, New Russia from former USSR satellite perceived role as a protector of all Rus- despite the fact it has driven the West’s on- countries with large Slavic populations sians . going punishing sanctions against Russia seeking the benefits of Russian citizenship “The Russian consulate in Simferopol, for invading Crimea and its provocation and/or residence . the capital of Crimea, recently abetted the and support of the civil war . Its statistics Putin uses “passportization” as the annexation by providing Crimea’s ethnic are grim — 2,500 Ukrainian armed forces, wedge, inviting ethnic Russians to re- Russians with access to Russian passports . national and border guards and law en- nounce their host country, trade passports “By accepting a Russian passport, the forcement officers killed since April 2014, and become Russian Federation citizens receiver is legally included in the Rus- among them 2,110 slain armed forces instead . sian body politic, with all the rights of a members and 6,868 wounded . J . Paul de B . Taillon, adjunct professor Russian citizen . By the time the five-day These statistics, of course, don’t include at the Royal Military College in Kingston Russo-Georgian conflict commenced, 90 Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 from Am- and at Joint Special Operations University per cent of the population of the two prov- sterdam . It was shot down in rebel-held in Tampa, explains Russia’s recent actions inces were documented Russians; how- territory in July 2014 near the village in an article published in 2014 by the ever, the territory belonged to Georgia . of Grabove in east Ukraine killing 298 Toronto-based Mackenzie Institute . “This issue of Russian citizenship pro- people . The Dutch Safety Board concluded “The soft annexation of these two prov- vided an excuse for Russia’s intervention

Russia ‘lied to the whole Totally Russian-speaking people from different parts Ukraine are actually dying to protect Ukraine in the east, going as vol- world’ unteers to protect the country from Russian aggression . This is totally not about the language . vanna Klympush-Tsintsadze gave this interview to Diplomat Magazine in March when she was a Ukrainian MP and dep- Internally displaced people (IDP) Iuty chair of the foreign affairs committee . She has since been We have 1 5. million people internally displaced here and 1 mil- named vice prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic in- lion have emigrated . The country’s policy is to put the burden tegration of Ukraine . This is an edited version of her remarks . more on local authorities . We don’t have a comprehensive system for providing for them . With 65 million refugees in the On Russia’s annexation of Crimea world, we are not contributing to European problems . A member of the UN Security Council is attacking you, pretend- We are trying to solve it here on our own, however difficult ing there is nothing happening — bluntly lying to the whole our situation is . We are not getting directed and focused interna- world about taking part of your territory . And us just watching tional support to deal with our IDPs . on TV these helicopters flying into Crimea . One, Two . Three . People here started providing them with shelter, clothing, Four . Eight . Twelve . And we were not at that point [ready] . We dishes, children’s clothes — everything . Or they find someone to didn’t have any force to respond . pay for electricity . Everybody is helping in a way . I am sorry we couldn’t get a grip on ourselves from our We did what we could, every single person did . Now it’s wound that we had from Maidan [the protest that met with more organized, locally and internationally . deadly government force] after the loss of our people . So they just came in to take our Crimea . The economy And then, after a year, [Russian President Vladimir Putin] We have to go through austerity measures, which are not en- saying on TV “Yes, we did have to bring in our little green men” joyed by the society . [Gas and electricity prices] rose 400 per So I am eternally grateful to everyone who has responded in cent, so it's huge . At the same time, we had a devaluation of our the east [the Donbas region where Russian soldiers and volun- currency . We put a tax of 15 per cent on pensions to survive . teers and pro-Russian Ukrainians are fighting with Ukraine’s The economy is in a very difficult state because we lost 20 per nationalist forces ]. cent of it with the loss of Donbas . There are difficulties in getting pensions to people in the occupied territories, yes, unfortunately, On defending eastern Ukraine from Russia even those trying to secede . Our minister of defence was of Russian citizenship . When we had the invasion, we only had about 4,000 troops capable of fac- Referendums ing the attack . Now, a lot of volunteers have gone to the front We are making it so people in the occupied territories can decide to protect the country . If weren’t for volunteer soldiers, medical their future — local elections with Russians out and security on staff and volunteers organizing equipment, food and ammuni- the spot, following the process [set out] in the Minsk Agreement tion, we wouldn’t have been able to [fend them off ]. [to halt the war in Donetsk and Lugansk provinces in Donbas ].

78 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Ukraine|t Di spa ches

and annexation of Georgia . Importantly, are themselves split — despite the recent starved to death 10 million Ukrainians . this incident was foretelling the event in unanimous decision to extend sanctions Peasants, there and in some regions of the Crimea and possibly the future of eastern against Russia into 2017, Italy, Greece and North Caucasus, were forced to meet pun- Ukraine ”. Hungary have reportedly voiced concerns . ishing crop quotas for export in exchange An official EU report on casualties in for machinery for Stalin’s rapid industrial- Georgia: 170 soldiers, 14 police officers Stalin’s death-by-hunger campaign ization policy . Anyone caught hiding food and 228 civilians from Georgia were killed Ukrainians, especially those outside the or “stealing” even a few grains was im- and 1,747 wounded; 67 Russian soldiers Donbas Region, have a dispute with Rus- prisoned, deported or shot — even as vast were killed, 283 were wounded and 365 sia, generations old, but still raw, known stores of food waiting for transport rotted South Ossetian soldiers and civilians as Holodomor or “death by hunger ”. The before their eyes . Survivors were the ones (combined) were killed . USSR had suppressed not only Ukrainian who mistrusted the Soviets’ promise to Those two provinces are officially culture and political freedoms but, Joseph share the food they produced — those still part of Georgia, but are Russian- Stalin massively, genocidally, punished who buried or hid food . supported and have Russian “peacekeep- Ukrainians for their adherence to their To this day, Ukraine contains 25-30 ers ”. UN observers left when, at the UN own culture and because he feared their per cent of the world’s humus-rich “cher- Security Council, Russia exercised its veto nationalism . nozem” black soil . Often described as to prevent their staying on . In January, The In July, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau “Europe’s bread basket,” it has the world’s Hague’s International Criminal Court au- visited the Holodomor memorial, and also eighth-largest farming area, equal to one thorized an investigation into possible war the Babi Yar Monument commemorating third of the EU . And in 2014, it was the crimes by the forces from Russia, Georgia the ravine where an estimated 100,000 world’s No . 3 exporter of corn and barley, and South Ossetia . people, mostly Jews, as well as Roma, No . 6 exporter of wheat and is the world’s Real-politik analysts say NATO coun- Communists and Soviet war prisoners, No . 1 sunflower oil exporter . Canada is tries may, next year, lighten sanctions they were killed by Nazis and Ukrainian col- investing $13 million to equip Ukrainian put on Russia for annexing Crimea and its laborators during the Second World War . farms with a system of grain co-operatives invasion of Ukraine . NATO’s 28 members In 1932 and 1933, Stalin systematically like those used in Western Canada .

Foreign aid We are the first country in the world to open registries of We are getting money from ownership . It was not done in any European countries and the World Bank, the European [since then] the European Union has come up with a directive Bank of Reconstruction, the that will be implemented in the European Union within two EU, the U S. . and Canadian years — [showing] all ownership and property of official and governments . public persons . The top donor is the IMF, We had an NGO create a platform for electronic procure- then the World Bank, then the ment, ProZorro . It was not obligatory last year, but quite a few EU, then the U S. . but the U S. . ministries and local authorities started using it . It has reduced is No . 3 if we consider guar- the amount of corruption . We spend 250 billion hryvnia ($12 7. antees we can borrow against . billion) every year on state procurement and estimated that one- fifth of it is being stolen through corruption . If ProZorro is intro- Sending Ukraine offensive duced for all public procurement in Ukraine, it will save about $1 5. weapons billion annually . [ProZorro is a play on words — it means “trans- European governments [de- parently,” but also refers to Zorro, the black-masked hero fighting cided] that they and NATO unjust rulers .] Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze can help with defensive weapons or equipment such as [protective] vests and night-vision goggles . Some are helping Editor’s note: Just before Diplomat went to press, Ivanna Klympush- [with offensive weapons ]. We bought ammunition from Great Tsintsadze updated war and peace scenarios. Britain and smaller amounts from Estonia, Lithuania and Po- land . How is the war going and where is it headed? Mostly, it comes as non-lethal support . We are producing Russia is consistently building powerful military strongholds quite a few weapons . It was expensive to build [production ]. in occupied Donbas and Crimea . [It is] ready to explode at any Now we are one of the top-10 producers in the world . opportune moment, [which will] lead to a full-fledged European Countries believe that providing us with weapons or military crisis . The Russian strategic command-post exercise called Cau- support — [she breaks off] . They don’t want to alienate Russia . casus-2016, which started on Sept . 5, is yet another direct mili- We started to build a factory to produce bullets . tary threat to Ukraine that undermines regional security . e n Particularly dangerous are the Russian actions to prepare krai Corruption in Ukraine Crimea’s military infrastructure for the deployment of nuclear u Two answers . Yes, we do have a problem of corruption, but yes, weapons, including refurbishing the infrastructure of Soviet-era t of n we are fighting it . In 2015, bylaws established institutional capa- nuclear warhead storage facilities . Potential carriers of nuclear me bilities for transparent competitions for choosing people . There weapons, such as warships, short-range missile systems and com- n were 10 judges behind bars for last year . Now we’re already in- bat aircraft, have already been deployed in the Crimean Peninsula .

Gover vestigating 80 cases, just judges . This means this will bear fruit . Continued on page 81

diplomat and international canada 79 Dt i spa ches|Ukraine

of $400 million and $240 million to boost democracy and economic growth . Large donors to Ukraine are NGOs, such as the Toronto-based Friends of Ukraine Defence Forces Fund that raised $3 million recently to buy supplies for Ukrainian soldiers, including body armour, medical kits, water purification equipment and vehicles . Citing a special country-to-country bond, the Ukrainian government has repeatedly thanked Canada for financial aid and its contribution to Ukraine’s self- defence military campaign, including ballistic face shields, night vision goggles, body armour, helmets, sleeping bags and cold-weather clothing worth $23 5. million . And under Operation Unifier, expected Ukrainian President Petro Poroschenko recently compared Moscow's aggression in Ukraine to cost $32 million, soldiers of the 1st Bat- to what it's doing in Aleppo, Syria. talion from Petawawa’s Royal Canadian Regiment are teaching military skills and Ukraine’s identity surge of Tsarychanka, where people speak the combat medicine . The U S. ,. Poland, Aus- Language in every country of mixed eth- language of surzhyk [a mix of Ukrainian tralia, Britain, China, Slovak Republic, nic populations is often a trigger point and Russian] to my college city of Dnipro- Turkey, Norway, France and the Nether- and with the historical suppression of petrovsk, I decided to use proper Russian lands have variously contributed medical Ukraine’s language and current policy so as to be accepted and fit in . equipment, meal packs, body armour, switches on the status of the Russian “However, after the second year of edu- power generators worth more than $56 language, it is a particularly contentious cation, I went to the western Ukraine for a million, according to the Ukraine defence issue . week-long trip . I was so amazed by what ministry’s 2015 calculations . According to writer Britt Peterson, I saw and experienced — people, culture, With the economic downturn of 2008, in the Boston Globe, “When the new cuisine, sights — that for the first time in the country was already struggling finan- Ukrainian Parliament abruptly vetoed my life I felt truly Ukrainian, and more, I cially and now has the added costs of de- legislation that had granted Russian felt very proud for being Ukrainian ”. She fending itself against Russia’s incursions . official-language status in many parts spoke Ukrainian thereafter and lived with Russia has announced it will sue Ukraine of the country, Putin was quick to claim the resulting “looks of disdain ”. for defaulting on a $3-billion loan . discrimination . In fact, the charge that The World Bank puts Ukraine’s aver- Russian-speakers in Crimea were under Floundering economy and Canada’s boost age GDP per capita for 2015 at $2,115 threat was a prime excuse for the invasion . Since 1991, Canada has given more than US, down from $3,990 in 2013, when Like much in Russia’s long narrative of $493 million for Ukraine’s development, the country wasn’t involved in this civil Ukrainian intervention, it was more useful mostly directed at economics and demo- and foreign war . Tradingeconomics com. fiction than linguistic reality ”. cratic and governance reform . places Ukraine’s GDP per capita, taking The new Ukrainian government has Trudeau visited Kyiv in July, where he into account purchasing power parity, at subsequently reversed that official lan- and President Petro Poroshenko witnessed $7,449 77. . According to the State Statistics guage legislation . the signing of the Canada-Ukraine Free Committee, the average monthly salary in Even as Putin is openly reconstituting Trade Agreement . Its goal, beyond increas- Ukraine is about $140 US . his Slavic, ethnic Russian member states, ing mutual trade and investment, is to Prices are steeply increasing and inter- some Ukrainians say it is not the Russian support Ukraine’s turn westward . est rates are high . Some of the euphoria language, but rather Ukrainian that has In 2015, Canada exported more than from the heady days of the protests has been castigated and discouraged . $210 million to Ukraine, including fish worn off in a country long schooled in Anastasiia Shapkina, media relations and seafood, coal and pharmaceuticals, cynicism about government corruption . officer at the Administration of the Presi- while Canada’s imports totalled more The Corruption Perception Index 2014 dent of Ukraine and a tour guide for visit- than $67 million, including iron and steel, by Transparency International noted: ing journalists, described the dominance anthracite coal and fertilizers . “Ukraine did not overcome the threshold of the Russian language and social stigma Former prime minister Stephen Harper of ‘corruption disgrace ’. Having received attached to speaking Ukrainian . visited Ukraine several times, and was only one additional point, in comparison “For more than 300 years, Dniprop- the first G7 leader to visit after Russia an- with 2013, Ukraine remains in the club of etrovsk [now Dnipro] the city was under nexed Crimea . He and Ukrainian Prime the most corrupt countries ”. In the 2014 oc g great influence of the imposed Russian Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk announced index, Ukraine was in 142nd place of 175 . -N ng

culture, so only very few people there the agreement valued in July 2015 at $41 In 2015, its score improved to 130, putting o u r spoke Ukrainian . It was considered very million to Canada . it on a par with Cameroon, Iran, Nepal, T lame and, in a way, unworthy to speak Since January 2014, Canada has Nicaragua and Paraguay . e ud

Ukrainian . pledged more than $700 million in assis- Corruption is part of the reason mem- la C

“When I moved from my native town tance, which includes a low-interest loan bers of the European Union have persis- ©

80 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC Ukraine|t Di spa ches

tently refused to open full membership to Ukraine, however embattled it is by its Continued from page 79 Russian neighbour . Ukraine took a new hit after the EU- Russia is turning the Ukrainian resort area of Crimea into a military base . Ukraine agreement removing trade barri- Moreover, it is becoming a grey zone, which is de facto not covered by the exist- ers was ratified by 27 of the 28 countries . ing multilateral arms control agreements . A voter referendum in April in the Neth- erlands rejected the EU partnership with Has fear of annexation of Luhansk and Donesk in the Donbas region increased? Ukraine, despite the fact the Netherlands’ Russia aims to turn Donbas into a powerful leverage over [Ukrainian domestic parliament already approved it . and foreign] policy and a long-term destabilization tool targeting the Eastern It doesn’t help dampen cynicism that Europe . Mainly by imposing selective or partial implementation of the Minsk Ukrainians can, and do, in astounding agreements, it is actively promoting a number of scenarios, representing a numbers, visit Yanukovych’s palatial resi- strategic threat to peaceful settlement and stabilization in Ukraine, but also for dence, Mexhyhirya Residence Museum European security . outside Kyiv, complete with zoo and The scenarios include: antique car collection . Wrote one tourist 1 . The forced federalization of Ukraine through unbalanced and unfounded in TripAdvisor: “Golf course, amazing decentralization reform imposed by Russia . This could trigger a chain reaction of similar demands from the other regions across Ukraine and lead to stronger disintegration sentiment in Europe . 2 . Local elections in Donbas under de facto Russian occupation without ensuring sustainable de-escalation and clear security will legalize terrorist entities, reinforce separatist political extremism and prevent reconciliation . 3 . If it happens, the legalization of the 40,000-[member] army of militants under the full control and direct engagement of the Russian regular military and secret service would entrench and legalize a long-term source of immense military and terrorist threat to Ukraine and Europe, facilitating uncontrolled arms production and trafficking, including to terrorists . 4 . The Russian strategy of bleeding Donbas by imposing on Kyiv full economic and financial responsibility for this intentionally devastated region without providing Ukraine with real control over these territories will cause Ukraine’s long-term exhaustion . Nevertheless, [given] the unpredictable and dangerous actions of the Russian leadership [in recent] years, let us not exclude even the worst scenario of a full- Protesters in Odessa in March 2014 protest scale Russian invasion . political repression. What are the chances of peace, instead, with Russian withdrawal? opulence, gold, gold and more gold, box- The lifting of sanctions against the background of continuing violations of fun- ing ring, ten-pin bowling alley ”. It is one damental international legal norms by Russia — [those] in the UN Charter and of Ukraine’s top tourist attractions . Helsinki Final Act — will [disrupt] the international security architecture with unpredictable consequences . Judges under fire for corruption Sanctions are the only effective and peaceful instrument of deterrence of Rus- In March, in the continuing new era of cit- sian aggression in Europe . Together with the other kinds of pressure, they have izen protest over corruption, the Kyiv Post brought concrete results — Russian aggression in Donbas was localized . (whose motto is Independence . Commu- Taking into account that Ukraine’s international partners refrain from supply- nity . Trust) published the huge headline: ing Ukraine with lethal weapons and [refrain from] helping to deter the Russian Corrupt Courts Keep Crooked Judges . military offensive, sanctions are, in fact, the only viable instrument to support The story’s lead paragraph: “Ukraine Ukraine . had just finished marking the two-year Nevertheless, even the strongest sanctions can fail to stop Russia from escala- anniversary of the murders of more than tion . To be realistic, only a clear signal [to Russia] that any aggressive actions 100 protesters during the Euromaidan would face immediate and resolute reaction by the democratic world, up to the Revolution, crimes that remain unpun- use of military force, [could allow us to] avoid the worst scenario . ished, when a court on March 1 decided it was too late to fire judges who made What do you most want from the west at this moment? illegal rulings during the three-month Since Russia unleashed an armed aggression against my country, many west- uprising that toppled President Viktor ern countries, including Canada, have joined efforts in various [ways] to help Yanukovych ”. Ukraine . Without this help, it would be very difficult for us to resist heavy at- The newspaper published names and tacks on all fronts — military, economic, humanitarian and information . I would photos of judges and a court administra- like to express our sincere gratitude to Canada and other our friends for these tor, including one who approved jailing priceless efforts . of a demonstrator for two months, and My strongest appeal to the international community is to consolidate and another who ruled police could storm the maintain pressure on Russia until it stops aggression and returns to adherence protester-held Kyiv City Hall in December [of] international law .

HOBOPOCC D 2013 .

diplomat and international canada 81 Dt i spa ches|Ukraine

On Ukrainian defence

Diplomat contacted Ukraine’s defence ministry’s military intelligence, press service and public affairs office, which provided these answers in late August .

1. Could you supply up-to-date figures on war deaths and injuries in 2015 and 2016? 2,504 Ukrainian soldiers, within the Ukrai- nian armed forces, the National Guard, Border Guard and various law enforcement agencies have been killed . These include 2,110 armed forces troops killed in action and 6,868 wounded in action since the start of the Anti-Terrorist Operation, which began in April 2014 . The average number of war casualties among Ukrai- nian troops is estimated at 17 killed and 57 wounded in action per week . In 2016, 645 militants [pro-Kremlin Ukrainians, Russian volunteers and other pro-Russian fighters] were killed . 15,949 Russia-backed militants were killed in action since the start of the anti-terrorist operation . Unidentified gunmen, known at the time as "little green men" were on patrol at Simferopol Airport 2) Is it, in your estimation, a “hot” war? in Ukraine's Crimea peninsula in February 2014. President Poroshenko said Russian actions in eastern Ukraine are similar to launcher systems; 400 anti-aircraft sys- of Mariupol along the Azov Sea coastline . Moscow’s aggressive policies in Aleppo, tems . The Russian proxy army in Ukraine 5) How are the Minsk Accords working? Syria, when talking to CNN . We have ob- does not possess military jets or helicop- Russian proxy forces violate the cease- served an escalation of ceasefire violations ters so far . fire on a daily basis, targeting Ukrainian throughout August with more frequent The Russian military contingent in troops and civilian households in frontline fire from heavy weapons (mortars and eastern Ukraine: Apart from Russia’s towns and villages . The average number cannons banned by the Minsk accords) proxy army, there is a Russian contingent of militants’ violations are 60-70 shellings and armoured vehicles against Ukrainian made up of active service members of the per day . All of them pursue the goal of troops . Nevertheless, Ukrainian Armed Russian armed forces . There are eight bat- escalating conflict by provoking Ukrainian Forces hold their positions and observe talion tactical groups and six platoon tacti- troops to retaliate in order to use it later in the Minsk agreements while being ready cal groups . The total number of Russian Russian state-run propaganda portraying to fight off any advance of the enemy . Ac- regulars on the occupied parts of Donetsk Ukrainian Armed Forces as violators of cording to Defence Minister Gen . Stepan and Luhansk regions is 6,100 members of the ceasefire . Poltorak and Gen . Viktor Muzhenko, we the Russian Armed Forces . Ukrainian troops open fire only to do not rule out a full-scale Russian mili- Approximate numbers of military suppress firing spots of the enemy and tary invasion . hardware on the occupied territories of to safeguard the lives of service members Donetsk and Luhansk regions: 197 tanks, and civilians if a mortal threat to their 3) What are the numbers of Russian sol- 409 armoured military vehicles, such as health arises . diers, as well as Russian and Ukrainian APCs and IFVs, 139 artillery systems, 87 Russia-backed militants systemati- militants, in East Ukraine? multiple rocket launchers, 66 anti-aircraft cally use heavy weapons, such as 82- and There are approximately 35,300 militants systems . 120-millimetre mortars and 122- and of the “DNR” [Donetsk] and “LNR” 152-millimetre mortars and rocket artil- [Luhansk] in eastern Ukraine . Approxi- 4) Where have injuries and deaths oc- lery . All of these weapons are banned by mate numbers of military hardware on curred? the Minsk Accords . VOA the occupied territories in Donbas: 480 Ukrainian soldiers contain aggressive ac- Militants grossly violate the peace rrott /

tanks; 940 armoured military vehicles tions of Russian regulars and their proxies process by deploying heavy arms in close A such as BTR armoured personnel carriers along the whole front line, stretching from proximity to the front line and obstructing (APCs), BMP infantry fighting vehicles, the Ukraine-Russia border through the the work of the OSCE special monitoring lizabeth

760 artillery systems; 210 multiple rocket- Donetsk and Luhansk regions to areas east mission . E

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6) How many Russian forces are massed Russian soldiers are also involved in support for Ukraine was reaffirmed by at the Ukrainian border? electronic warfare and reconnaissance Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Russian troops close to Russia-Ukraine missions against Ukrainian troops . Rus- U S. . President Barack Obama, as well as border: Approximately 10,700 troops . sian National Guard units are regularly the EU leaders, particularly members of Military hardware includes 104 tanks, deployed to eastern Ukraine to boost the the peace talks — German Chancellor An- 412 armoured fighting vehicles, including mood and morale of local militants and gela Merkel and French President François armoured-personnel carriers (APCs) and act as barrier troops . Hollande . infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), 84 artil- In terms of direct combat actions, the Western states provided military assistance to Ukraine — from night-vision goggles and gear to counter-battery equipment, drones, Humvee armoured vehicles and military hospitals . The United States played a particularly important role in setting up training grounds and training brand new Special Operations Forces . The first 29 sergeant- instructors have graduated and now train the elite SOF units together with the U S. . advisers . As a result of the NATO Summit in Warsaw last July, Ukraine has a NATO Comprehensive Assistance Package that tackles 40 different aspects of national security and defence reform . Ukraine is already executing orders to modernize the armed forces . Just yesterday, Defence Minister Stepan Poltorak strongly argued for a rational and efficient use of resources provided by our western allies during a meeting with heads of military departments . The Ukrainian air force has lost dozens of aircraft — helicopters, fighter, bomber and transport Ukraine has adopted fundamental planes — to hostile fire. military strategic documents, such as a national security strategy, military doctrine lery systems, 60 multiple rocket launchers, Kremlin tries to hide its direct involve- and strategic defence bulletin . This work 470 military jets and 300 helicopters . ment and rarely puts its soldiers on the involved NATO experts for the first time Russian contingent in the occupied front line except for the key battles of the in the history of Ukraine and reflected our Crimea: Approximately 29,000 troops . war . priorities of Euro-Atlantic integration and Military hardware includes 40 tanks, 583 Military intelligence reported the re- modern national security threats . Notably, armoured fighting vehicles, including cent transportation of 168 members of Russia has been explicitly named as an ag- APCs and IFVs, 106 artillery systems, 56 the Russian Air Defence battalion from gressor in Ukraine’s military doctrine . multiple rocket launchers, 120 anti-aircraft Vladivostok to eastern Ukraine . They are Ukrainian troops are eager to learn systems, 16 coastal defence rocket sys- equipped with the Tor-M2U anti-aircraft from their western counterparts . Ukrai- tems, 101 military planes, 56 combat heli- system (NATO classification name: SA-15 nian Armed Forces and the National copters, 30 warships, 5 submarines . “Gauntlet”) that has similar characteristics Guard take part in multinational military Additional troops and military hard- to the BUK missile system that Russian- exercises on Ukrainian and foreign soil . ware transferred to the Russian-Ukrainian backed militants used to down Malaysia The multinational exercises include British border and Crimea as part of the Ka- Airlines Flight 17 on July 17, 2014 . training courses of Ukrainian infantry- vkaz-2016 [Caucasus-2016] military drills: men, Canadian courses for Ukrainian mili- Approximately 2,500 troops, including 8) What does the Ukrainian government tary engineers, as well as the largest war one battalion of the 76th Airborne Divi- want from the west militarily and po- games in Eastern Europe – Anaconda-2016 sion and approximately 500 troops of the litically? And what should the Ukrainian (Drawsko Pomorskie, Poland) . We are Air Defence battalion of the 56th Airborne government do to meet requirements by determined to ramp up our co-operation Brigade . The drill also features 102 mili- western countries to supply them? with NATO and individual member states tary planes; 23 of them were deployed to We strongly believe that only co-operation to enhance the interoperability of our mili- Crimea . between Ukraine and the West as well as a tary units . tough stance on Russia can restore peace The first sign of integrating Ukrainian 7) What is the war action there? and stability in the region . troops with NATO is a joint Polish-Lith- Russian officers assumed control over Ukraine enjoys the unprecedented uanian-Ukrainian brigade . So far, it has support of the west, starting from the participated in Anaconda-2016 war games d the whole chain of command of the proxy

ko army in eastern Ukraine (a list of detected universal condemnation of the Russian il- and showcased Ukraine’s western orien- n ie Russian officers is published on Ukraine’s legal annexation of Crimea in March 2014 tation by joining the military parade on g

Ser Military Intelligence website ). and the invasion of eastern Ukraine . The independence day on Aug . 24 .

diplomat and international canada 83 Dt i spa ches|Ukraine

A bloody airport battle All the men were with the same airborne ment and on the third floor. So the first and brigade that was the last to defend the second floor are controlled by the Ukrainian The battle for Donetsk Airport in eastern terminal, an eight-month battle that had army, and in the basement and on the third Ukraine has become one of the most left dozens dead and hundreds wounded. floor, there are separatists. famous of the war in Ukraine. A Ukrainian He sent along these descriptions. “Once in a while they jump out and make airborne platoon was the last to defend the “When I was there, a separatist appeared raids and so on. Both sides booby-trap the airport. The soldiers who lived, fought and on the second floor of the new terminal passages;, everyone walks around them, died there over the months had became and shot a grenade from a grenade launch- no-one knows where these mines are. In the known as “cyborgs” for their superhuman er into the door of a command room. The airport, I have witnessed a lot of absolutely effort on little food, little sleep, too little grenade stuck in the wall and exploded. heroic episodes.” equipment and, in the last days, undergo- “Everyone inside suffered a concussion, He said the soldiers ate little, slept little; ing bombardments night and day. including myself. And the guy who was their staple was adrenalin. “They cherished Sergei L. Loiko, a freelance photojournal- killed after I left is in one of my images. water; it is as precious as ammunition.” ist for The Los Angeles Times, covered the I personally know about a dozen soldiers He told Berdinskykh that he was “struck battle for the airport in its last days. His from the airport. I don’t know what hap- by the soldiers’ eyes. The eyes are bright, gripping story “How Ukraine’s outgunned pened to the others. they burn with an inner fire, intelligent, ‘cyborgs’ lost Donetsk airport” in the Times “What I’ve seen at Donetsk Airport, I piercing.” is the story of that battle. haven’t seen in any war,” he told Christina These photos, taken by Loiko, himself “For 242 days, they had held out against Berdinskykh of Voices of Ukraine (nvua.net). pictured at bottom right, were hanging in separatists who bombarded them from This was his 25th mission to a war zone. The National Museum of the History of the beyond the runways and prowled above “The old terminal is open from all sides, Great Patriotc War of 1941-1945 in Kyiv. and below them in the wreckage of a it is just utter hell. And the new terminal is They were the most memorable of the terminal at the airport,” he wrote. Finally, terrible in that there is a three-dimensional images seen on this journalist’s trip. in mid-January 2015, they fled. “The battle encirclement. The separatists are not only had been lost.” at the perimeter, they also sit in the base- Donna Jacobs is Diplomat's publisher .

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86 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC The world's stateless|t Di spa ches

Photo opposite: Kurds celebrate their traditional feast Newroz, meaning 'new day' in Kurdish in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Strong stateless minorities

Some states are home to many nations — think of the Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Kurds in Iraq. They, and their counterparts in other countries, aspire to varying degrees of autonomy, if not outright statehood. We list 10.

By Wolfgang Depner

s the First World War drew to genuine, some perceived, have re-ani- This list arranges entries numerically its end, U S. . president Woodrow mated nationalistic grievances and solu- in descending order with all population AWilson’s famous Fourteen Points tions, with the America First language of figures — unless otherwise stated — called for a settlement that would permit Republican Donald Trump and Brexit as drawn from James Minahan’s Encyclopedia nations to determine their own fate . obvious examples . of the Stateless Nations, perhaps the most While we may question the intellectual The world also remains a smoldering authoritative account on the subject . All consistency of this demand, as the United cauldron of ancient aspirations for state- of his figures are estimates from 2002 . States itself had recently joined the ranks hood and the list below tracks the most More contemporary figures are available of imperialist powers with overseas pos- populous people sharing common traits in some cases, but often vary widely from sessions, it raised undeniably high hopes . such as language, culture and history, source to source, so we erred on the side For the losing side of the war, especially among others, without their own interna- of caution . The list below supplements Germany, it held the promise of a peace tionally recognized state . Minahan’s description of the various among equals . For the people chafing This list points to the central problem people with journalistic, as well as non- under foreign masters, it held the promise that continues to confront Wilson’s con- journalistic accounts . of liberty . cept of self-determination . As Canadian However, the settlements that eventu- historian Margaret MacMillan asked, 1. Tamils (67 million) ally emerged satisfied none . Attempts to did he really intend that any people who Eight years ago, a suicide bomber of the revise the Treaties of Versailles, Trianon called themselves a nation should have Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam tried to and Sèvres soon turned entire continents their own state? What made a nation? If kill Maithripala Sirisena . Today, many of into bloodlands during the 1930s and a nation is not self-governing, should it the 67 million Tamils living inside and 1940s and undermined the legitimacy be? How much self-government suffices? outside Sri Lanka see Sirisena as a personi- of nationalism as the ideological conflict “Could a nation, however, defined, ex- fication of reconciliation . between capitalism and communism ist happily within a large multinational He was serving as minister of agri- roughly divided the world into two camps state?” MacMillan asks . culture in the government of former Sri following the horrors of the Second World Canada, for example, is home to a Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa War . French-speaking people occupying a rela- when the would-be assassin attacked his The steady, voluntary transformation tively well-defined territory (the Québé- convoy while it was travelling through the of national sovereignty into shared sover- cois in the Province of Quebec) and to capital of Colombo . While Sirisena sur- eignty, especially on the European conti- hundreds of indigenous First Nations with vived the attack, it killed one of his aides nent, and the ”thinning“ of borders thanks historical, yet vague — often overlapping, during what would be the final stages of to modern transportation and telecommu- sometimes non-contiguous — territorial an unsuccessful Tamil insurgency against nication technologies following the end claims . Other federal states, such as Nige- the Sinhalese majority of Sri Lanka . of the Cold War, spelled the anticipated ria and India, which play a prominent role The insurgency lasted nearly 26 years end of nationalism Yet. it has never gone on this list, are also home to many nations, and ended in May 2009 when govern- anywhere . all of which aspire to varying degrees of ment forces launched an attack against the The externalities of globalization, some autonomy, if not outright statehood . remaining Tigers in their last stronghold .

diplomat and international canada 87 Dt i spa ches|The world's stateless

by extension, debilitated Sri Lankan devel- lingua franca of much of West Africa . opment . Most Hausas are Sunni Muslims, a his- “For the Sinhalese people to live hap- torical legacy of their location at the south- pily in this country,” he has said repeat- ern terminus of the Saharan caravans that edly, “the minority communities must also spread Islam south and slaves north of the be happy ”. equator . This attempt at national reconciliation Relations between the Hausas in the also has regional, even global implica- Muslim north of Nigeria and the other tions . India — home to 60 million Tamils major ethnic groups in the largely Chris- — has previously criticized the failure of tian south of Nigeria have never been Sri Lanka to grant its Tamil population easy, either before or after modern-day Ni- greater autonomy . geria had declared its independence from Ethnic and linguistic ties between Tam- the United Kingdom in 1960 . ils living in India and Sri Lanka run deep, As The Economist notes, Nigeria did dating back 3,000 years . As a Dravidian not exist until British colonialists drew a people, they represent one of the indig- line around hundreds of “fractious ethnic enous peoples on the Indian subcontinent groups .” Among these, three major groups and share the same language . Most Indian dominate: the Muslim Hausa in the north; and Sri Lankan Tamils — along with the Christian Yoruba in the west; and the Sirisena’s policies towards the Tamils of Sri much of the Tamil diaspora living across Christian Igbos in the south . Lanka appear to reverse decades of ethnic the world, including Canada — are also discrimination. Hindus, so it is not surprising that Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a Hindu The attack killed most of their senior lead- nationalist, became the first Indian leader ers and approximately 40,000 others, most to visit Sri Lanka in nearly three decades of them civilians, according to United Na- when he stopped there in 2015, fewer than tions estimates . Overall, the UN estimates two months after Sirisena had secured the conflict killed up to 100,000 . his victory over Rajapaksa, who had been Yet the failure of Rajapaksa to win the building stronger ties with China, India’s peace prompted Sirisena to break with Ra- continental rival . japaksa, whom he sensationally defeated Sirisena, for his part, chose India as his during presidential elections in January first official overseas trip . 2015 . Sirisena’s victory has stoked hopes for 2. Hausas (39.3 million) a better future among the Tamils of Sri While many outside of West Africa are Lanka, who make up about 15 per cent of likely unfamiliar with the Hausas, it is the country’s 22 million people . highly probable they might have heard They (along with Sri Lanka’s Muslim a phrase from the Hausas’ language — minority) made up an important part Boko Haram, which The Economist trans- of the winning coalition that catapulted lates as “western education is forbidden ”. Sirisena into office on promises of political A jihadist group under said name has reforms designed to curb what critics had been pillaging parts of northeastern Nige- called Rajapaksa’s creeping authoritarian- ria for at least seven years, during which ism . it has killed at least 20,000 people . Boko Sirisena’s government has since prom- Haram grabbed glaring global headlines Approximately 30 million Hausas live in Nigeria. ised to release hundreds of Tamil detain- in April 2014 when it abducted 276 Nige- ees and return much of the Tamil land in rian schoolgirls . This incident inspired the While the southern Yorubas (see later the north and east of Sri Lanka, where the global #BringBackOurGirls social media entry), Igbos (see later entry) and other Tigers sought to create an independent campaign supported by American First Christian groups rapidly modernized, the Tamil state . Sirisena has also announced Lady Michelle Obama and Pakistani No- Hausas retained their traditional struc- aker B plans for a truth and reconciliation com- bel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai tures centred on Sharia law . The discovery mission in a bid to heal the many wounds that drew attention to the common prac- of oil in southern Nigeria only deepened n on the Sri Lankan body politic . tice of sexual slavery among all jihadist the socio-economic and political differ- The country (which was called Ceylon groups . ences between the competing ethnicities . until 1972) has not only experienced de- Unfortunately, horrific events else- Fearing domination by groups that they cades of ethic strife, but also two Marx- where have since diminished global atten- had once enslaved, Hausa leaders consid- time.com / melvi ist insurgencies, since its independence tion to the plight of northeastern Nigeria, ered various schemes to either subdue the s nearly 70 years ago . Sirisena was once a the Hausas’ heartland . Overall, 30 million other groups or form their own state . communist insurgent himself . reside in Nigeria, according to Minahan . In the end, the Hausas regained power

Sirisena’s policies towards the Tamil About 5 .83 million live in Niger . Countries commensurate with their numbers, often hot | Dream population of Sri Lanka appear to reverse with smaller communities include Be- by brutal methods, as was the case be- s decades of ethnic discrimination that had nin, Togo, Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan and tween 1967 and 1970 when they crushed

previously fuelled Tamil nationalism and, Burkina Faso . Their language is also the an unsuccessful attempt by the Igbos to © Dream

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secede from Nigeria (see later entry) . fee, Telanganas prefer tea) “could spark India, thanks to its considerable coastline Decades of Muslim military govern- bloody riots” between the two groups, and near-monopoly on several important ments eventually ended in the late 1990s which eyed each other with considerable commodities . when international pressure forced the suspicion throughout the decades, both Support for Indian nationalism was various ethnic groups into a democratic groups clinging to various stereotypes of also low . In fact, one of the two states that power-sharing agreement . each other . London had established for the Malayalis However what Minahan has called a Andhras considered the interior Telan- as a reward for their loyal service to the “volatile mix of religion, ethnic national- ganas backwards, while the Telanganas Empire during the British Raj, proclaimed ism and perceived marginalization” has considered the coastal Andhras, located once again stoked Hausa nationalism and along the Bay of Bengal, oppressive . its companion, Muslim fundamentalism . Not surprisingly, both groups have This said, it is important to note that many harboured radical voices, calling for sepa- of Boko Haram’s victims are Muslims rate, autonomous states . The creation of themselves . In fact, reports indicate that Telangana through the Andhra Pradesh the group has split over the question of Reorganisation Act appears to have satis- whether they should continue to target fied that agenda, as far as the Telanganas mosques and fellow Muslims . are concerned . As for the Andhras, the partition of 3. Andhras (38.5 million) Andhra Pradesh marks yet another turn British-Indian novelist Salman Rushdie in their long history, which reaches back famously described modern-day India to at least to 1000 BC when the first writ- and Pakistan as midnight’s children, an ten references to them as a distinct nation allusion to the partition of British India as appeared . And in a way, it confirms the Aug . 14 turned into Aug . 15, 1947 . Sanskrit name of Andhra Pradesh — Land This monumental event, which led to of the Andhras . the death and displacement of millions, loomed in the background in 2014 as the 4. Malayalis (34.6 million) state of Andhra Pradesh experienced its As already mentioned, the current con- own bifurcation . tours of post-partition India reflect a series As the calendar flipped from June 1 of choices, some forced, some voluntary, to June 2, Andhra Pradesh lost almost made by the various people set to reside in Prior to Indian independence, Malayali leaders expressed their wish to be associated with 115,000 square kilometres, or 42 per cent the new state . country, rather than be part of it. of its pre-partition territory, to the newly This was certainly the case for the Ma- formed state of Telangana, India’s 29th layalis, whose homeland occupies a tropi- federal state . cal coastal plan on the Arabian Sea, rising its own sovereignty on the very day of What accounted for this split? Simply to the rocky highlands of the Cardamon partition, with the second prepared to fol- put, the two major ethnic groups that Hills and the Western Ghats in the interior . low suit . shared pre-partition Andhra Pradesh, the The Malayalis are Dravidian, the de- The threat of Indian reprisals led to pro- Andhras and the Telanganas (see later scendants of people whom the ancient tracted talks that eventually granted both entry), did not get along, despite sharing Aryans had driven into southern India, states autonomy under their traditional several traits . and speak Malayalam, a language based maharajas, with the Indian government They include, among others, member- on Old Tamil that emerged between the responsible only for defence and foreign ship in the larger Telugu nation and use ninth and 12th Centuries . relations . The Indian government, how- of the Telugu language, a Dravidian lan- Records speak of the Malayali home- ever, ended the states’ autonomy in 1948 guage spoken by 74 million people and land as far back as antiquity, during which and combined the two states into a new the most widely spoken language in India it attracted Jews fleeing the first Roman- one . One year later, India pressured the next to Hindi . Jewish war in the late first Century AD two Malayali maharajas into renounc- These similarities, however, did not and Syrian Orthodox Christians in the ing their political rights in exchange for stop the two groups from developing early fourth Century AD retaining their personal privileges and distinct identities rooted in geography and These influences — joined later by properties . In 1956, India’s central govern- history rather than ethnicity, language, Arabic-Muslim traditions — intermingled ment combined most of the Malayalam- religion or caste, according to Minahan . with the dominant local Hindu culture speaking regions into the state of Kerala . (Linguists note the Telanganas speak a in creating a diverse religious and social Notably, this move actually strengthened dialect of Telugu that includes many Urdu spectrum that continues to distinguish the Malayali defiance, which centred on the time.com s words and they absorbed many Muslim region from the rest of India . Kerala Socialist Party, a communist party influences and traditions) . And, as India prepared for indepen- that openly advocated secession from While the Andhras welcomed the for- dence, Malayali leaders “expressed a India . | Dream s mation of a federal state that encompassed preference for association with, but not Despite various efforts to stamp out all Telugu speakers in India in 1956, ten- incorporation into, the Indian state ”. secessionism, tensions between commu- sions between the two ethnic groups fre- This preference, according to Minahan, nist separatists and parties loyal to India’s

yprophoto quently erupted into violence . is premised on the belief that the Malayali Congress Party remained high through d

ea As Minahan says, even the smallest homeland would be better suited for in- the 1980s . While the collapse of the So- R

diplomat and international canada 89 Dt i spa ches|The world's stateless

Kerala as economic grievances replaced abad’s Nizam and forced it into India . 30 per cent of all expenditures . Being part ideological ones, Malayali nationalism “re- Persistent demands for a Telugu-speaking of Andhra Pradesh was therefore a losing mains a strong force” in drawing strength state eventually inspired India’s central proposition, at least on paper . from anti-Aryan and anti-Tamil traditions, government to merge the Telanganas with Perhaps the most controversial aspect as evidenced during the early 21st Cen- the Andhras into Andhra Pradesh with of this partition was the designation of tury, when a dispute over water with the Hyderabad as its capital, on the premise Hyderabad as Telangana’s capital . While neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu turned that their shared Telugu language would it accounts for only eight per cent of the into anti-Tamil marches . provide a sufficiently common bond . But state’s population, its dynamic high-tech as we already heard, the Indian govern- economy will give Telangana a leg up on 5. Telanganas (31.4 million) ment recently reversed this merger by Andhra Pradesh in marking a reversal of The political and administrative task that creating a separate state of Telangana . economic fortunes . confronted the political leadership of Not everybody was happy with the The Andhras were well aware of this modern-day India leading up to partition partition of Andhra Pradesh into a re- and managed to negotiate a 10-year was nothing less than daunting . It had to sidual state and the new federal state of transition during which Hyderabad will unite 562 principalities and 12 provinces Telangana . Speaking to the BBC, one lo- serve as the capital for both states, before that the British had created and it was not cal described the occasion as a “sad day, Andhra Pradesh will have to find its own inevitable that all of these polities wanted because we speak the same language as both sides finalize their separation . to be part of a secular, Hindu India . and have no distinct identity . Politicians Whether this mini-partition will quell One such reluctant joiner was the played a dirty [trick] in dividing the state the ethnic and sectarian tensions that have principality of Hyderabad, which was into two ”. defined this part of India remains unclear . dominated by the Urdu-speaking Muslim This critique was likely aimed at K . population centred on the eponymously Chandrashekar Rao, who pushed for the 6. Kurds (30 million) named city . The state descended into creation of the new federal state and cur- Predictions about the future of the Middle violence in 1947, when its Muslim leader- rently serves as its minister . East are likely to produce embarrassment . ship declared it would not join India and According to The Economist, Telangana Foreign Affairs editor Gideon Rose recently wrote that the region “limps on without confidence or permanence” as “a work in progress; from Iraq and Syria to Libya and Yemen, nobody knows how things will look when the dust settles ”. When it does, more than 30 million Kurds will hope that they — or at least some of them — will live in their own state, a possibility that haunts regional actors . Spread mainly across four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran), the Kurds make up the fourth-largest ethnic group in the Middle East and many dream of reviv- ing Kurdistan, a polity that has not existed for centuries . Kurds trace their ancestry to the Assyrians and their identity to the mountainous region that straddles southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria . Geography has also created distinct, sometimes mutually unintelligible dia- lects of the Kurdish language, a fact that has divided Kurds . As Minahan writes, the Kurds “are more an assemblage of clans than a united people, with greater differences in religion, class and regional culture ”. The Telanganas are one of the many minorities who live in India. This disunity has made it easy for invaders and outsiders to dominate them . time.com would instead explore some alternate ar- covers an area of 115,000 square kilome- But they are also proud, ferocious fight- s rangements, be it some form of affiliation tres and its population of 35 million places ers, perhaps the best in the region, as with Pakistan or outright independence . it ahead of several countries that border their leading role in the fight against the i | Dream

This announcement angered the India, including Afghanistan (30 million) Islamic State (IS) on behalf of the West dd e Telugu-speaking Telanganas living in and Nepal (28 million) . demonstrates . (Notably, western powers R a rural Hyderabad, who launched an in- Proponents of partition note its are dropping their resistance to arming the n

surgency, a move exploited by the Indian economic benefits . Whereas the state Kurds with heavier weapons over fears ama R

R army to bring Hyderabad to its heels . generated 43 per cent of revenues of pre- that they might use these during a later B

By 1949, it had overthrown Hyder- partition Andhra Pradesh, it received only insurgency) . ©

90 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC The world's stateless|t Di spa ches

ain and France reneged on their promise vasions by Afghans, Persians, Indians and during renegotiations of the treaty and Mongols have “converted the Pashtun Turkey, eager to preserve its territorial tribes into a warrior people, possibly the integrity, has repeatedly crushed Kurdish best guerrilla fighters in Asia . The tribes uprisings . united only when threatened, more often Shortly after the Second World War, warring among themselves ”. Kurds living in Iran declared the Repub- This tendency first revealed itself in the lic of Mahabad . However, the United late 19th Century when Pashtun tribes re- Kingdom and Soviet Union eventually jected the arbitrary division of their home- withdrew their support by allowing the land by the British . Pashtun resistance to Iranian army to regain control of the re- foreign rule continued during the final gion after less than a year in late 1946 . decades of the British Raj and eventually These brief Kurdish sojourns into state- turned against the ethnic Punjabis and hood exploited periods of political insta- Mohajirs who sought to dominate the bility and the current chaos in the Middle newly created Pakistan following the par- East has yet again revived hopes . tition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 “We have waited long enough,” Sirwan into Hindu-dominated India and Muslim- Barzani, a grandson of legendary Kurd leader Mustafa Barzani, told The Economist in 2015 . “It has been a hundred years since we were divided between the four devils (as per the Sykes-Picot Agreement) . We will be independent within two years ”. While this prediction has not yet There are an estimated 30 million Kurds, most come true, it speaks to the confidence — of them living in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. some might say hubris — that currently reigns among Kurdish leaders . Their Kurdish leaders in turn hope that these fight against ISIS is far from over and efforts will earn them their own state . regional politics might be tricky . While a So what are the prospects of a Kurdish post-war Syria might accept some level state? The six million Kurds of northern of autonomy for its Kurdish population, Iraq possess what Oxford’s Eugene Rogan Turkey, home to about 14 million Kurds, referred to in The Economist as “critical currently wages an anti-insurgency cam- mass ”. While they constitute a minority in paign in its Kurdish region and may yet a larger state (Iraq), they form a majority extinguish, using force, any independent in a particular part of it that could easily Kurdistan centred in Iraq . In other words, be detached from the rest along plausible developments outside their control may borders that capture legitimate geographic puncture Kurdish plans yet again . While claims . Notably, they have enjoyed politi- Turkey and Russia imagine different fates Pashtun nationalism hit a high in 1971 when cal autonomy since 1991 and scholars say for Syria’s dictator, Bashar al-Assad, they the Bengalis left to create today's Bangladesh.

of the U.S. Navy the region is independent already in all might find common cause against the ss but name . Kurds, as recently reported . Syrian forces la C

t The Kurds across the Middle East can have opened up a front against Kurdish dominated Pakistan . s also count on support —financial and forces in Syria, further complicating a Despite being co-religionists, the vari- otherwise — from the Kurdish diaspora multi-sided war . ous ethnic groups of Pakistan struggled fficer 1

O in Europe (especially Germany) and else- Kurds have frequently found them- to reconcile their grievances and most of where in the developed world . selves pawns in the games of larger the country’s Pashtun region remained etty P Finally, their plight has generated inter- players and this time might not be very outside Islamabad’s control in the 1950s , d national sympathy, a sentiment born out different . and 1960s . Pashtun nationalism received al n of a long, traumatic history of victimiza- another boost in 1971 when nationalists

’Do 7. Pashtuns (28.85 million) O tion . As Foreign Affairs Review notes, “the pressed for their homeland to follow the Kurds have been longing for indepen- The Pashtun homeland occupies a moun- Bengalis of East Pakistan — modern-day ark

M dence since time immemorial,” only to tainous region in South Asia that lies Bangladesh — into independence . The suffer frequent betrayal over the birth of a partly in the Himalayas and the Hindu region also remained a source of tension nation at the hands of local imperial mid- Kush, west of the Indus River, stretching with Afghanistan, whose Pashtun popula-

time.com / wives when the possibility of statehood as far as the Seistan Plateau . Chains of tion simply ignored the artificial border s seemed near . bare, rugged mountains that include the drawn decades earlier . Two such occasions occurred in the first Khyber Pass are interspersed in the fertile The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghani- half of the 20th Century alone . plains and valleys of this region . In short, stan, ostensibly designed to prop up leç | Dream In the Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920, it runs across the northwestern part of Moscow’s failing client government, ü

k G Britain and France promised Kurds a Pakistan and southern Afghanistan — or further complicated relations between Af- dı homeland carved out of the cadaver of the to be more prosaic, the graveyard of em- ghanistan and Pakistan . Playing on fears

diplomat and international canada 91 Dt i spa ches|The world's stateless government became a favourite recipient On the other hand, Islamabad has tect the integrity of the country and, with of American and Saudi assistance — as- failed to clarify the status of Pakistan’s it, access to the oil wells of southeastern sistance funnelled into the hands of vari- Pashtun area . Despite American aid, it has Nigeria? While some Yorubas supported ous local Islamist warlords, namely the failed to pacify the area by force, thereby and fought for the breakaway Republic mujahideen . Most of these groups were giving indirect aid to Pashtun and foreign of Biafra during a civil war (1967-1970) rival Pashtun tribes, whose only source of fighters training their guns against west- that killed millions (see later entry), their agreement was their fervent hatred of the ern forces and allies in Afghanistan . It is political leaders and generals ultimately godless Soviets and their Kabul clients, also worth remembering that American sided with the Muslim-dominated federal a powerful force when combined with Navy Seals killed bin Laden in a mainly government to preserve and protect the shoulder-launched stinger rockets . Pashtun region of Pakistan . Yet Pakistan southeastern oil fields . The war also sent six million refugees has also resisted peaceful alternatives for This calculated, some might say cynical — 85 per cent of them ethnic Pashtuns — the region, including federalism, for fears bargain did not ease tensions among the into the Pashtun tribal areas of northwest- that it might encourage a separate Pashtun various ethnic groups in the decades that ern Pakistan . This influx in turn sowed the state, already a de-facto reality . followed . As Minahan says, “continued seeds for the rise of the Taliban, a militant domination” of the Nigerian govern- Islamic organization recruited out of Af- 8. Yorubas (26.5 million) ment by the Muslim-controlled military ghani Pashtun religious students and sup- Scholars have historically spoken of the fuelled Yoruba nationalism in the 1980s, ported by Pakistani intelligence . Yorubas as a linguistic rather than ethnic a phenomenon perpetuated by economic Following the inglorious withdrawal of community centred around Yorubaland, problems and the pro-Islamic policies of the Soviet Union in 1989, Afghanistan de- which spans Nigeria, Togo and Benin . Siz- government . scended into a civil war between Pashtun able communities of speakers also exist in Tensions exploded in 1993, when the and non-Pashtun that eventually ended other West African countries, Europe, the Muslim military government annulled in favour of Pakistan’s client, the Taliban . United States, Brazil and the Caribbean . the results of free presidential elections They in turn offered sanctuary to Al- In fact, Minahan notes that Yoruba culture brokered by the international community Qaeda under the leadership of Osama bin and religion have “profoundly influenced after said elections produced a result in Laden, a Saudi who joined the mujahideen the African diaspora in Brazil and the favour of the Yoruba . Feeling denied and in their struggles against the Soviets, then Caribbean, even among the communi- destined to be dominated by the Hausas, used Afghanistan as a staging ground for ties where the language has been lost ”. Yoruba nationalism witnessed what Mi- the attacks of 9/11 . Recent research, however, has identified a nahan calls a “dramatic increase” not seen Western troops led by the United States growing ethnic consciousness among the since the 1960s . Its contemporary vehicle have since chased the Taliban out of Yoruba, a development linked to the post- is the Oodua Peoples Congress, a militant power, but Pashtun grievances continue to colonial politics of Nigeria . group formed in 1997 . The group remains threaten Afghanistan’s stability . The same As the second largest group in Nigeria, a voice for Yoruba concerns, but has taken can be said about Pakistan, where radical the Yorubas, most of whom are Christians, measures to appear more moderate, most Pashtuns continue to agitate against the faced a complicated choice in the late recently by expelling corrupt members central government, whose policies smack 1960s as the country confronted a seces- whom it deems have hurt its image . of incoherence . sionist movement by the Igbos against the On the one hand, it has encouraged country’s central government, which was 9. Northern Tai (24 million) Pashtun nationalism in rebuffing Soviet dominated by the largest ethnic group, Three groups dominate headlines about advances in the region during the 1980s the Muslim Hausas . Should they side with ethnic unrest in China: the Mongols, the and then turning Afghanistan into a client their Christian co-religionists — the Igbos Uyghurs and the Tibetans . However, this state during the 1990s . — or with the Hausas, who sought to pro- trio merely hints at the ethnic diversity and potential divisiveness characterizing China . The emerging global power currently recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups within its far-flung borders — the majority Han Chinese (which account for about 92 per cent of China’s 1 36. billion people) and 55 other groups . And, there are the Northern Tai people . Related to the Thai of Thailand, they include the Chuang (Zhuang) with an estimated 17 million, the Puyi (Buyi/Bouyei) with an estimated 3 1. million and the Tung (Dong) with an estimated three million . Described as the “water dwellers” for building settlements on piles or stilts near the water, the Ch- uang constitute the largest sub-group of the Northern Tai, whose territory lies in southern China south of the Nan Moun- tains . The region borders modern-day Viet- iki

In 1993, Yoruba nationalism saw a "dramatic increase" not seen since the 1960s. nam and its relatively remote nature al- w

92 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC The world's stateless|t Di spa ches

their ethnic roots and “could reverse their against the numerically superior forces assimilation into Chinese culture ”. of the central government, which also used hunger as a weapon against the ill- 10. Igbos (23.2 million) equipped and ill-prepared secessionists . Almost half a century ago, horrific re- Notwithstanding high-profile food deliv- ports of mass death and destruction from eries from western countries, the Nigerian western Africa shocked audiences around blockade of Biafra proved highly effec- the world . These haunting accounts in- tive . While the actual fighting killed an cluded heartbreaking images of lethargic estimated 100,000 people over three years, Igbo children, their black bellies bloated anywhere between 500,000 and two mil- by hunger, as the Nigerian government lion civilians died from the effects of the sought to starve them, their parents and war, with hunger claiming most of them . their leaders into submission for their at- The Igbos’ unsuccessful claim for indepen- tempted secession . As The Economist notes, Nigeria did not exist until British colonialists drew a line around hundreds of “fractious ethnic groups .” Among these, three major groups dominate: the Muslim Hausas in the north; the Christian Yorubas in the west; and the Christian Igbos in the south . Relations between these regions and Northern Tai and other non-Han people in the their people have been rife with strife region retain a strong urge to unite into an ever since and reached a new deadly di- independent state. mension in January 1966 when disputes over the use of oil revenues inspired Igbo lowed the Northern Tai to develop fairly military officers to stage a successful coup autonomously of whomever happened against the Muslim-dominated central to rule the rest of China during its long, government of Nigeria . tumultuous history . A counter-coup restored Muslim domi- During the early 20th Century, it be- nance mere months later and triggered came the base of the Nationalist revolution an orgy of violence against the Igbos that led by Sun Yat-sen, the founder of mod- killed tens of thousands and displaced ern-day China, and a strategic region of more than a million of them . nationalist resistance against Japan during These events eventually inspired Igbo the Second World War . Communist vic- leaders to declare the independence of tory during the resumed Chinese civil war southeastern Nigeria after Lagos had re- after the Second World War constituted fused demands for greater autonomy . The The Igbos' unsuccessful claim for independence a turning point for the region . While the new state that emerged on May 30, 1967, ended in January 1970 and marked a watershed Northern Tai had initially greeted Com- named itself the Republic of Biafra after in international affairs. This photo shows Igbo women in the early 1900s. munist forces as liberators, their harsh the part of the Atlantic Ocean that bor- rule inspired a French-assisted rebellion dered the new state and soon found itself against Beijing . Communist reprisals under attack by federal Nigerian forces dence ended in January 1970 and marked killed thousands . Decades of repression under the leadership of Gen . Yakubu Go- a watershed in the history of international and assimilation by the Han Chinese fol- won, whose government could count on affairs . lowed . As Minahan notes, the Northern continuing support from an odd coalition What Minahan calls the “most savage Tai and other non-Han people in the re- of international powers that included Cold war” on the African continent was also the n e gion “retain a strong urge to unite in an War adversaries Britain and the former first globally televised war and led to the sd a independent state” despite Chinese Han Soviet Union, which supplied the govern- formation of the non-governmental orga- B . T domination . Specifically, nationalists claim ment with arms . nization Doctors without Borders . “that the Northern Tai and other non-Han As for the Republic of Biafra, four Afri- The war also remains a source of histor-

y of G. people of the region “are a nation by all can states (Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia ical grievance for the Igbos, who continue s modern criteria ”. They have “a long and and Gabon) recognized it . It also received to find themselves marginalized in Nige- rte u separate history, separate language and material support from several western ria . Most of them — like most Nigerians culture and a compact national ethnic governments and non-governmental — were born after the war, yet it remains area ”. Ironically, China’s rise as a global organizations . France, for example, be- a part of their identity and the recent rise economic power may further spur sepa- came the principal supplier of arms to of secessionist sentiments in the region has time.com / co s ratism, as the Northern Tai (like so many the breakaway state . Its fight for survival referenced it . other minority groups) have largely found also attracted several somewhat shadowy themselves on the losing end of China’s figures, including Rolf Steiner, a German- Wolfgang Depner holds a PhD from the modernization and industrialization . born soldier of fortune . University of British Columbia, where he ayai | Dream ayai This development, Minahan says, has Despite his efforts and those of others, has taught political science and philoso- Tu

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* diplomatWe and lease international all canadamakes and models starting at $599/MTH 95 * SEE DEALER FOR DETAILS DELIGHTS|books Little-known fact: Winston Churchill was a shopaholic

George Fetherling

n 1929, Winston Churchill, who was then the chancellor of the exchequer Iin Stanley Baldwin’s government, was making a tour of Canada and the U .S . In a speech in Vancouver on Sept . 23, he said, “We see Canada growing in every way — education, civilization, numbers and wealth ”. That was the day prices on U S. . and Canadian stock markets reached their absolute pinnacle . Barely a month later, on Black Thursday, Oct . 24, the New York Stock Exchange collapsed like a cheap card table, sending concussions around the world . As luck would have it, Churchill was on Wall Street that day, watching from the visitors’ gallery high above the trading floor, and was quickly hustled out of the building . When, a short time later, he was struck by a New York taxi while crossing the street, he cabled a newspaper editor in London offering to “produce [a] liter- ary gem about 2,400 words” describing the accident in exchange for some quick cash . Churchill, the minister responsible for Britain’s financial affairs, the man who, by returning Britain to the gold standard, Winston Churchill regularly penned long pieces for newspapers in Britain in exchange for badly probably helped to create the atmosphere needed cash, according to David Lough, author of No More Champagne: Churchill and his Money. in which the great crash inevitably came about, needed money — quickly . He al- Nazis invaded the Netherlands, Belgium Churchill . That makes the question of a most always did, throughout most of his and Luxembourg and were poised to take $90,000 cheque in our recent Mike Duffy long life . France as well, Churchill, the brand-new scandal seem like a trifling affair . But this The at times almost unbelievable story prime minister, “had to confront another sort of thing was a thread throughout of Churchill’s stunning financial incom- unpleasant truth closer to home: he was Churchill’s career . He had expensive tastes petence is the subject of No More Cham- running out of money to pay his house- in everything from real estate to wine to pagne: Churchill and His Money (Picador, hold bills and his tax or the interest on his silk underwear and was an inveterate US$32) . David Lough, a London private large overdraft, which was due at the end gambler at race tracks, casinos — and banker with a historian’s skills, is able to of the month ”. brokerage houses . In 1922, he frittered tell it now because although Churchill So he did what he had done two years away the equivalent of £90,000 at the gam- was almost psychologically incapable of earlier . He asked his parliamentary private ing tables in Monte Carlo and Biarritz . saving money, he did save everything secretary, Brendan Bracken, to clean up His losses in the great stock crash that he else, including bills, receipts, bank state- the mess — discreetly, of course . Bracken saw taking place in 1929 “would have ex- ments, tax records, cancelled cheques called once again on Sir Henry Strakosch, ceeded £8 9. million in today’s money ”. He ss re

and all other financial papers, which his a mining magnate, banker and co-owner said, “It excited me so much to play — [I ng o descendants have now agreed to open up of The Economist who, apparently ask- was like a] foolish moth ”. C to researchers . What the documents reveal ing nothing in return, wrote a cheque for is routinely astounding . For example, what today would be £250,000, payable The insolvency gene ibrary of ibrary

Lough writes that a few days after the to Bracken, who then endorsed it over to Maybe Churchill’s money problems began L

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at his birth . As ill luck would have it, his for movies that never got made, eventu- father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was the ally left him rich indeed, as in the case of second son and so didn’t inherit Blenheim, his wartime memoirs, which he produced the palace and grounds that Queen Anne using enormous piles of secretly borrowed had bestowed on the Churchills’ ancestor, government documents and the help of John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlbor- ghostwriters when necessary . ough, in 1704 . By late Victorian times, the But the process of enrichment took estate had been whittled down consider- many years, during which he was forced ably, helped by the fact that Winston’s to turn his hand to whatever he could father was himself a spendthrift . So too, — the freelancer’s dilemma — such as in a lesser way, was his mother, who said doing a bit of lobbying on behalf of the that, at 13, her son was spending enough petroleum interests and, at one point, for a normal family of six or seven . “You agreeing to write a booklet to accompany do go through it in the most rapid manner a jigsaw puzzle about great battles of the […] and the more you have the more you world . Financially, his darkest days were want to spend” — as he later did on polo his years in the political wilderness lead- ponies and race horses, for example . So he ing up to the Second World War and then joined the army . the war itself and its immediate aftermath . In that period, it was not unheard of The irony here is that the saviour of his for young officers to moonlight as foreign nation couldn’t seem to save himself . In correspondents . Churchill found he could 1938, 1940 and 1946, he again had to seek write easily, and voluminously, and so wealthy admirers to keep from actually began to sell — first to Fleet Street editors going bankrupt . and later to book publishers — the stories No More Champagne is a cautionary tale of his military adventures in Cuba, the certainly . But it’s also an absolutely rivet- India-Afghanistan border, the Sudan and ing book about economics . And how often South Africa . A book about the last-named do you find one of those? place, From London to Ladysmith via Preto- ria, brought him the modern equivalent of Spending more time with the family £400,000 and enough fame to let him enter Political memoirs concerning the nine politics . That was another field of endea- years of the Harper government haven’t vour in which he enjoyed taking chances begun to surface yet, but if one listens Sam Garcia — as when, during the Great War, he closely one can hear pens (and heads) orchestrated the disastrous Gallipoli cam- Freelance Photographer paign against the Turks, which resulted in a slaughter for which Australians have never forgiven his ghost . By the time that war began, he was Diplomatic Functions already an oenophile who spent what would now be £100,000 a year on wine Presidential and and spirits (plus a great deal on cigars, a Ministerial Visits habit he had picked up in Cuba) . In 1930, for example, he had to write three books Social Events and more than 40 articles just to keep up . Lough shows us the actual ledger Cultural Events pages . Churchill was aware of his ex- cesses and scrawls the warning “No more Corporate Events champagne” on one sheet . On another, he scribbles “Cigars must be reduced to Private Parties four a day” (not for health reasons, but for budgetary ones) . Yet he couldn’t stop himself — nor, one supposes, did he really wish to . As he climbed the political ladder Tel. 613-733-8761 step by step, he was descending into ever [email protected] greater debt, and would routinely delay scratching . Instead, for the time being, we s payments to tradesmen — shirtmakers have one from the other camp and an ear- and watchmakers, to take two examples lier time: The Call of the World (UBC Press, rchive

A — for years, even decades . He “avoided $39 95). by former Liberal cabinet minister

al tax with great success,” Lough writes, Bill Graham, who rode high in the Jean n and to keep from drowning, borrowed Chrétien and Paul Martin governments, more and more and wrote more and more . particularly as foreign affairs minister Eventually, his numerous books, and from 2002 to 2004 and then, until 2006, as tch Natio u

D sometimes the sale of film rights to them defence minister . The American journal

diplomat and international canada 97

Anuncio Pa.indd 1 3/23/2014 8:36:27 PM DELIGHTS|BOOKS

Publishers Weekly, which is always the turn as his party’s interim leader) . first to review new books (anonymously), The Call of the World includes a good tore into this one as bland, cautious, long- deal of interesting information about the winded and pompous: a work that “never nuts and bolts of electoral politics in this CELADON lives up to its lofty title ”. That hasn’t been country and how they are changing . The salon & spa my impression of it . author’s old riding includes Rosedale, yes, Graham seems to me quite straightfor- but also cheap and even slummy highrise ward, mostly sincere and sometimes even housing whose residents are often dif- candid . As even Publishers Weekly had to ficult to reach, or don’t speak English, or admit, he isn’t above admitting to a big are connected to their iPods and iPhones mistake: “I regret that I — and the Chré- to the extent of being disconnected from, tien, Martin, and Harper governments and uninterested in, the world and its — were not more aggressive in pushing news . Another interesting portion of the to get Omar Khadr,” a Canadian citizen, book describes an incident during the 1997 freed from the prison at Guantanamo Bay . election in which an LGBTQ newspaper True, Graham doesn’t come off as a was considering outing candidate Graham room-filling personality . Rather, he paints himself as a successful lawyer who en- CELADON tered politics relatively early and worked salon & spa hard at it, winning all but one of his five contests in the riding of Toronto Centre (formerly called Toronto-Rosedale) . His primary focus became “diplomacy, always Whether you have trying to reduce the heat and increase the an hour or a day... light,” and it can’t be denied that he held make health, beauty the foreign affairs portfolio at a danger- ously interesting time . and rejuvenation a priority! Living with the elephant Considered as a narrative — a story full Our Services of turns and twists — the most intriguing part concerns Chrétien’s refusal to join in Hair Care - Waxing the American invasion of Iraq, which is, Tinting - Make-up of course, widely acknowledged as the Eyelash Extensions source of much of the world’s strife and Body Treatments terror today . Graham had a solid working Manicures - Pedicures relationship with Colin Powell, his U S. . Therapeutic, Relaxation and opposite number, who was duped by the An interesting portion of Bill Graham’s memoir is about his being outed as gay in 1997. He Hot Stone Massages George W . Bush administration into telling the United Nations that Saddam Hussein concludes it’s none of anyone’s business. possessed weapons of mass destruction . Our Products He quotes Powell as saying later: “Bill, as gay . “This had been a concern of mine you have no idea . I threw out boxes and since deciding to enter politics in 1984, OPI boxes of stuff they tried to get me to say . but my family [including one son who Shellac I was briefed by our intelligence people covered the Iraq war as a correspondent] Footlogix with mountains of crap ”. and I had always endorsed the idea that Kevin Murphy The U S. . ambassador in Ottawa sent the state had no place in the bedrooms of Jane Iredale Graham an order, not a request, straight the nation ”. He says little else about the Esthederm de Paris from the Oval Office, to be relayed to matter . Which, for a book published in this Deserving Thyme Chrétien personally: “The prime minister year of grace 2016, seems unnecessarily of Canada needs to say something nice secretive and coy . Miscencil about the president of the United States, in public, soon ”. Chrétien replied that Diplomatic manoeuvres The Perfect Gift for that Special Someone Canada would not join the war without Here’s something not often encountered a UN resolution . That was in March 2003 . any longer: an example of bipartisan co- A CELADON GIFT By the end of the year, Chrétien was out as operation in the United States . Robert PM, destroyed by the sponsorship scan- D . Blackwill was an adviser to George CERTIFICATE dal . Graham had somewhat less regard for W . Bush and Jennifer M . Harris was an the new leader, Paul Martin, but displays adviser to Barack Obama . True, both are 373 St. Laurent Blvd 613-746-3500 a great deal less than that, shall we say, for now members of the Council on Foreign www.celadonspa.ca Jack Layton, the NDP leader who brought Relations, yet even so it seems striking that rito down Martin’s minority government in they should have collaborated on War by B HAIR • SKIN • BODY • NAILS ob

February 2006 (whereupon Graham did a Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft R

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(Harvard University Press, US$29 95). of recruiting Eastern Bloc exiles to help — the title of course a play on Carl von weaken Soviet influence . Ottawa Event Planning Clausewitz’s aphorism that “war is the Of course to be fair, one must say continuation of politics by other means ”. that Moscow had its own countervailing 10 years’ experience – Their thesis is that the American govern- goals and schemes . We don’t need to be more than 100 events reminded that such tactics were simply part of the tenor of the times . For example, both sides used musicians and compos- ers as evangelists of their respective ide- Ulle Baum ologies . At one point, even chess masters were put to work this way . An oblique reminder of the tone of those days is Garry Kasparov’s new book, Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (Publishers Group Canada, $33 99). . Kasparov was the top-ranked chess player in the world when he retired in 2005 to play a rather more dangerous game as leader of an anti- Putin and pro-democracy movement . He is now an exile in New York . His book is, to say the least, a forceful statement, full of fury, sorrow and sound reporting . Finally, a fine book not about diplomacy or even politics, but about racism of a kind . In 1871, Henry Morton Stanley, the journalist and explorer (more the former than the latter) was sent to Africa to ment must do more strategic investing find Dr . David Livingstone, who wasn’t in other nations it fears are becoming actually lost . A few years later, near Lake For 10 or 1,300 people suspiciously stronger . China and Brazil, Victoria, Stanley stumbled upon a group CREATIVITY, PROMOTION for example, “have lending portfolios that of Africans who seemed to him to have AND PUBLICITY outstrip the World Bank’s . More than half white skin and European features . He, and to raise the public profile of global development aid comes from the much of the world, took this as proof of EU and its member states, but depends the Hamitic Hypothesis, the crackpot idea of your organization upon fulfilment criteria ”. Even Canada, that Ham, the son of Noah, in the Bible, they point out, has “actively sent aid and settled in Africa and propagated . This development-minded investment dol- hokum about “a white tribe” then spread Diplomatic outings lars into countries identified as having to other continents, as in, for instance, resources of interest to Canadian firms, Vilhjalmur Stefansson’s assertion that he National Days including Mongolia, Peru, Bolivia, Ghana had discovered “blond Eskimos” in the Foreign Dignitaries Visits and even the conflict-torn Democratic Re- Arctic . Michael F . Robinson may have got Conferences & fundraising events public of the Congo; it smacks of corporate the idea for his new book, The Lost White Concerts, festivals, exhibits welfare for some critics, of crass commer- Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory & fashion shows cialism for others . But they [that is, we, that Changed a Continent (Oxford Univer- not the Mongolians or the Congolese] are sity Press, US$29 .95), while researching his Bus tours & boat cruises taking Canadian standards with them ”. previous one, The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Catering The quotation is from one of the authors’ Exploration and American Culture, a work 20 “policy prescriptions ”. with much to say to Canadian readers . In Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olym- any event, The White Tribe is a strong re- pics, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Toby buke (more are needed) to the foundations C . Rider (University of Illinois Press, of some of the racist thinking in society US$24 95. paperback) is a particularly today . fascinating piece of diplomatic history . I’m sorry, but I can’t drop the subject By mining obscure archives and gaining without pointing out that Livingstone access to previously classified documents, died in 1875 and that, when Stanley Rider is able to show how, beginning in passed on in 1904, the headline in one of the late 1940s, the U S. . manipulated the the U S. 's. leading newspapers read “Stan- governing body of the Olympics by, for ley finds Livingstone — again ”. [email protected] example, rigging the selection of host cities or 613-240-4622 and trying to shift the games’ focus away George Fetherling is a novelist, cultural from pure athleticism and toward anti- commentator and chair of the Writers communist agitation, even to the point Union of Canada .

diplomat and international canada 99 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING Icelandic foods: A challenging history

Margaret Dickenson

eeking solitude and seclusion, Irish monks in the seventh Century hap- Spened upon Iceland by chance, but fled two centuries later as Vikings from Sweden and Norway stumbled upon the island . After that, Norse settlers from Sweden and Norway soon began dotting the country with homesteads, having fled political strife on the Scandinavian mainland . From that time onward, Iceland’s decidedly Nordic culture has featured an economy based on subsistence farming for the most part, with a cuisine rooted in Scandinavian foods as well as a distinctly Icelandic cuisine. Well into the 20th Century, Iceland remained a poor hinterland . Subsistence farming had to deal with sparse soil, harsh weather and a short, three-month summer growing season, permitting rather limited production of just a few crops, all of which Barbecued Baby Lamb Tenderloins with Skyr Sauce would last well into the long, cold months ahead . Accordingly, traditional Icelandic dishes manifested a “waste-not” frugality, today . While local shark meat eaten fresh custom of making schnapps with herbs with every part of a creature eaten, even is considered poisonous, Vikings found steeped in alcohol dates back to old rams’ testicles, sheeps’ heads and innards that burying it underground for at least Scandinavian folk traditions . Icelandic and fish stomachs . three months induced their version of a Ambassador Sturla Sigurjónsson notes fermentation — not a “rotting” — process that although Brennivin and some wine Early food preservation that broke down the toxins and got rid of were allowed, prohibition was practised Preservation techniques included drying, the acid . After allowing it to wind dry, the for decades . “Alcoholic beer only legally salting, smoking, pickling and fermenta- fermented shark flesh then became edible reappeared in 1989 ”. tion . Originally, fish was stored in salt but chewy, acidic and tearfully pungent . With widespread subsistence farming, obtained by boiling sea water, but, as a The flavour of hakarl is an acquired taste, goat, sheep and cow’s milk cheese had shortage of firewood grew, salt-making referred to as umami, which is much ap- always been a part of Icelanders’ diet un- gradually disappeared in the 14th Cen- preciated by connoisseurs of very strong til the predominance of a soft yogurt-like tury . Consequently, the practice of preserv- cheese . As for the “aroma,” skeptical for- cheese, skyr, another one of today’s top ing in “fermented” whey that significantly eigners refer to it as a cross between am- 10 favourite foods, resulted in the disap- altered the taste of fish and meat, took monia and road kill . pearance of artisanal cheese-making, hold . That did not prove conducive to the To counterbalance the nasty aftertaste except in mountain cabins, where lambs once-valuable export market of fish . On of hakarl, or surir hrutspungar, which are were taken away from their mothers the other hand, the practice of curing her- sour rams’ testicles, a shot of Brennivin, while they were milked . Originally a ring, skate and shark by fermentation is regarded as Iceland’s signature distilled culinary tradition from Norway, skyr n still in use, and fermented eggs remain a beverage, does the trick . Brennivin is a has lived on in Iceland and has recently o rare regional delicacy. type of unsweetened schnapps reminis- begun making appearances in European ns

hakarl cent of Sweden’s famous aquavit . It’s and North American supermarkets . icke

Fermented shark ( ), a culinary d tradition of early settlers in the ninth Cen- made from fermented grain or potato Eventually, in the 20th Century, industrial

tury, ranks among Iceland’s top 10 foods mash and flavoured with caraway . The cheese-making began . larry

100 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS

Historical phenomena bring change retrieved the next day, the bread had fresh foods rather than preserved foods . When settlers first arrived, the climate of acquired a slightly sulphuric taste . Cook- Cheese-making re-emerged and featured Iceland was milder, enabling the cultiva- ing eggs and small game, as well as some popular European varieties such as gouda, tion of barley and oats that were used to baking in hot springs, continues to be a camembert and blue cheese, while prod- make porridge and beer . Cattle were the unique aspect of Icelandic cuisine . uct development of other dairy products principal farm animals, but pigs, sheep, The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) such as whey-based beverages has also goats, poultry and horses were also raised . resulted in a shortfall of supplies when driven up the popularity of skyr . Danish These settlers lived in long houses where merchant ships ceased coming . This en- pastry-making had an enormous influ- holes dug in the floor functioned as earth couraged Icelanders to produce their own ence, a culinary area in which Iceland had ovens . Baking bread and cooking meat few traditions . These have even outlived involved lowering the food into the hole those in Denmark . and covering the hole securely for the du- ration of the cooking time . Today’s cuisine Then, several historical phenomena Not having deviated far from the age of followed, significantly impacting the the Vikings, mainstays of today’s diet development of Iceland’s cuisine and include lamb, potatoes, fish, seafood and food culture . While the conversion to skyr . Icelandic lamb has a remarkably Christianity in AD 1000 introduced fast- succulent flavour because the sheep roam ing and banned the consumption of freely in the countryside all summer, horse meat, the onset of the Little Ice Age feeding on grass, moss, wild berries and in the 14th Century resulted in serious herbs . Fresh lamb continues to be the consequences for farming and, therefore, favourite meat of Icelanders, with lamb food production . A cooling climate made dishes served with mustard . Ambassador it impossible to grow barley, leaving the Sigurjónsson recalls Sunday dinners that population scrambling for any type of im- “featured roast lamb with a brown sauce, ported cereal . Sheep became the dominant canned peas and sugared potatoes . But livestock, not the more expensive cattle . barbecued lamb with yogurt sauce has Heating spacious long houses proved been gaining popularity ”. impractical and they were replaced by Ice- Smoked lamb, called hangikjot, remains landic turf houses featuring smaller rooms a traditional Christmas delicacy, although and a kitchen with a raised stone hearth, Icelanders also enjoy it all year . The pro- known as a hlooir, with cast-iron pots sus- cedure involves smoking lamb or mutton pended on hooks above the fire . Boiling, with birch or dried sheep dung, then boil- roasting and baking were all done in these ing it and serving it hot or cold with pota- pots because ovens, which required abun- toes cooked in a white cream sauce, green dant amounts of wood to heat, were rare . peas and red cabbage . In recent years, For centuries, farming methods basi- twice-smoked lamb, which is eaten raw cally remained unchanged . Fishing with in the same way as prosciutto in Italy, has a hook and line in freshwater streams Fermented shark, known as hakarl, is a culinary become a culinary favourite, particularly and rivers was done from rowboats made tradition in Iceland. as a topping on laufabraud, a thin, circular, from driftwood . Because farmers owned deep-fried cracker-type bread . the boats, fishing, which was considered vegetables — a tradition brought from Although sausages, in general, have a risky distraction, failed to take priority Denmark — particularly hardy varieties lost much of their appeal, an iconic Ice- in the subsistence farming culture . Nev- such as potatoes, turnips and cabbage, landic food, pylsur or hot dog, made with ertheless, fish was part of Icelanders’ diet which soon became standard accompani- lamb as well as beef and pork bits, offers a and could be exchanged for imported ments to meat and fish . When a ban on wonderful depth of flavour boosted by the foreign products such as rye, oats and Danes settling in Iceland lifted in 1770, lamb, even when smothered by a profu- corn . Ground corn, supplemented with li- several other Danish culinary traditions sion of highly recommended condiments . chens and dried dulse and boiled in milk, began to emerge . By the 19th Century, Rams’ testicles are not a common item produced a thin porridge, which, in turn, fishing villages were established and today, unlike sheep’s head, which is avail- was often combined with skyr to produce thriving . able in some grocery stores pre-cooked or a dish called skyrhroeringur . “However, the real fishing industry frozen . Diners eat the entire head, which Corn ground into flour allowed Ice- started with the introduction of the steam has been singed to remove any remain- landers to make a variety of breads that engine in the early 20th Century,” Ambas- ing wool, and debrained, before cooking . ordinary people regarded as a luxury . sador Sigurjónsson said . Nothing is left untouched, including the Dried fish with butter, present at every This provided inexpensive fresh fish tongue, eyeballs and ears . The tongue n o s meal, served the same purpose as bread . that became a staple in Icelanders’ diets, and cheek are reportedly the best parts . A a n The most common type of bread was (and with haddock, plaice, halibut, herring and regular accompaniment to sheep’s head is remains) pot bread known as rugbrauo, shrimp being most widely consumed . blood pudding, known as slatur, which lit- a dense, dark, sweet rye bread that Ice- A booming modern economy in the erally means slaughter . Made from sheep’s eiðar Ár H landers also baked by placing the dough 20th Century, based on the export of innards, blood and fat, there are two nn in wooden casks and burying it in the seafood, resulted in a dramatic shift sorts — bloomor (blood pudding similar

Jóha ground adjacent to a hot spring . When in culinary traditions with a focus on to English black pudding) and lifrarpylsa

diplomat and international canada 101 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

Barbecued Baby Lamb Tenderloins with Skyr Sauce

Makes 4 servings

6 oz (175 g) baby lamb tenderloins* 2 tsp (10 mL) Dijon mustard 1 tsp (5 mL) olive oil (preferably garlic- infused) Salt and crushed black peppercorns to taste Sprigs of fresh herbs or watercress leaves

Skyr Sauce 1/3 cup (80 mL) plain Icelandic style skyr** 1/4 cup (60 mL) sour cream 2 tsp (10 mL) liquid honey 2/3 tsp (3 5. mL) cider vinegar 1/4 tsp (1 mL) ground nutmeg Salt to taste Hangikjot, smoked lamb, is a traditional festive food in Iceland, often served at Christmas. 1 . To make the sauce, whisk together skyr, (resembling a smoother-textured Scottish triangular muscle under cod tongues) sour cream, honey, vinegar, nutmeg and haggis) . At one time, some people opted and minke whale have always been part of salt . (Makes about 3/4 cup or 180 mL ). to sprinkle slatur with sugar before eating Icelandic culinary traditions, whereas seal Place in an airtight plastic container and it, while many gatherings offered slatur meat has lost its appeal . refrigerate for up to 3 days . along with rice pudding . Fresh fruits and vegetables only made 2 . Remove the silver skin from the lamb Icelanders also eat beef that is well a serious appearance in Icelandic cuisine tenderloins . Whisk together mustard and marbled due to the cold climate; horse, during the last few decades, replacing olive oil before smearing it evenly and which is usually salted and served boiled, canned varieties . Greenhouses, powered completely over the tenderloins . Just be- or as a smoked sausage known as bjung; by geothermic energy, provide fresh veg- fore grilling, sprinkle tenderloins with salt and free-range reindeer, which were in- etables and fruits, but almost any type and crushed black peppercorns . troduced in the late 18th Century . Usually of sweet fruit except berries must be im- 3 . Grill lamb tenderloins on a lightly oiled reserved for Christmas, reindeer has a ported . pre-heated barbecue grill or grill pan on unique taste and is considered a very ex- As for desserts, Icelanders enjoy several medium heat . Grill all surfaces; turn ten- pensive delicacy. traditional types: twisted donuts known derloins as grill marks appear . (This will Small game primarily includes seabirds as kleinur; piparkokur, a type of ginger take only 2 to 3 minutes ). Transfer ten- such as puffins, cormorants and great Christmas cookie frequently adorned with derloins to a plate; cut off the thin ends to black-backed gulls as well as waterfowl, a coloured glaze; snudur, a cinnamon roll avoid overcooking and return the thicker including mallard ducks and geese . The with a glaze or melted chocolate topping; part of the tenderloins to the grill . Turn high content of fish oil in the flesh of these skuffukaka, a one-layer cake baked in a for another minute or 2 until the degree of birds requires the meat to be soaked in roasting pan, enveloped in a chocolate doneness is reached . (Note: Ideally, serve milk overnight to extract the oil prior to glaze with a sprinkling of shredded coco- the lamb rare or medium-rare ). cooking . Puffins boiled in milk sauce or nut; a variety of multi-layered cakes; rice 4 . Transfer grilled tenderloins to the plate, smoked are another Icelandic delicacy . pudding with raisins; skyr topped with cover with aluminum foil for a few min- Ptarmigan, a plump, partridge-like bird honey; pancakes; kransakaya, an almond- utes, allowing juices to settle . Cut into 2/3- served as a main course with a creamy flavoured cone-shaped wedding cake inch or 1 5. cm-wide pieces . sauce and jam, represents another Christ- filled with chocolates and candy; plus 5 . For 4 individual servings, arrange 1/4 mas tradition . a variety of delicious licorice, including of the lamb pieces on 4 individual plates Icelanders also enjoy wild salmon, many types coated with chocolate . along with 1/4 of the Skyr Sauce and, if de- generally smoked or marinated with Over the years, modern chefs have sired, butter-glazed, cooked mini potatoes . herbs, and sweet langoustine lobsters, a become increasingly more creative, plac- Garnish with fresh herbs or watercress . favourite of the ambassador . Abundant ing greater emphasis on the availability quantities of fish are consumed cooked of quality local ingredients while design- * Option: Regular lamb tenderloins cut time.com s fresh and in soups or as the age-old ing innovative world-class dishes as well lengthwise in thirds . hardafiskur, which is hard, chewy, fiercely as giving a gourmet twist to traditional ** Option: Skyr is widely available in Ca- fishy-smelling, wind-dried haddock or dishes . But for a truly original Icelandic nadian supermarkets, but if you can’t find cod . Often referred to as fish jerky, Ice- cuisine experience, there’s the Viking mid- it, use Greek yogurt . ychko | Dream

landers and foreigners devour tons of it winter festival, known as Borrablot . M each year, frequently in the traditional I welcome you to try my appetizer ver- Margaret Dickenson is a cookbook er nd

manner — spread with butter or as thin sion of Barbecued Baby Lamb Tenderloins author, TV host, menu/recipe developer, a x

chips, crunchy brittle chunks or soft, feath- with Skyr Sauce . Bon Appétit! Verdi ykkur protocol, business and etiquette instruc- le A

102 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC SHORT COURSE SCHEDULE FOR THE CULINARY ENTHUSIAST - NO EXPERIENCE REQUIRED! Taught by our Master Chef instructors, these [email protected] courses offer something for everyone, from a 613.236.CHEF (2433) beginner to an industry professional. cordonbleu.edu/ottawa lcbottawa @lecordonbleuottawa @cordonbleuott Knife Skills September 24 Pies and Tarts October 15 Wild Meat October 22 Classic and Modern Sauces October 29 Macarons November 5 The Flavours of Provence November 12 Christmas Cookies November 19 Christmas Dinner November 26 CORDONBLEU.EDU/OTTAWA/SHORT-COURSES

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signaturesottawa @signaturesrestaurant @signaturesresto diplomat and international canada 103 Photo by: Melanie Shields Photography DELIGHTS|WINE The irresistibly intense wines of Prince Edward County

ern position . On average, the growing and his wife, Dorothy, were skeptical that season is 14 per cent shorter than that of this location could produce quality wines . the Niagara Peninsula . “We were surprised to find a terroir Hardie and his peers embrace these so similar to that of Burgundy, with its challenges . They, like other wine produc- soil riddled with calcareous limestone,” ers, are willing to risk everything for the he said . “Our fantasy didn’t seem so far- greatest reward: profound wines that fetched and the land was affordable!” Pieter Van den Weghe speak of the time and place from which In 2003, Stanners Vineyard was born they’re produced . Hardie’s 2014 County in the village of Hillier . They built the Pinot Noir is a perfect expression of this . winery itself in the summer of 2009 . Their ver the past two decades, some- The wine is bright, elegant and shows 7 5. acres of estate vines boast Pinot Noir, thing very special has been hap- generous ripe red fruit and an underlying Pinot Gris and Chardonnay . Among their Opening at the eastern end of Lake minerality . This graceful and contempla- acclaimed wines, the 2014 Cuivré is a fas- Ontario . Intrepid and determined grape tive Pinot Noir is available from Vintages cinating expression of Pinot Gris . The juice growers and winemakers have carved or directly from the winery for $45 40. . is allowed to soak with its skins for 24 out a most unexpected wine region that The Stanners family followed a differ- hours before pressing and fermentation . borders the impossible while striving for ent path, as Cliff Stanners recalls . The resulting wine has a striking copper the fantastic . The quality of Pinot Noir, “I was making wine as an amateur in colour . While slightly tannic from the skin Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Cabernet Franc Montreal and was frustrated with what contact, the wine is fresh and vibrant in and sparkling wines being produced is I could manage to get there as grapes,” character . Citrus fruit, spice and floral most impressive . The wines share a sense Stanners said . “My son, Colin, and I were notes develop as it breathes and warms . of balance and poise that allows the influ- always talking about starting a vineyard This unusual but delicious wine is only ences of soil and climate to shine forth . and winery, but thought of it as a fantasy available directly from the winery for $25 . This is Prince Edward County . given the anticipated expense ”. Norman Hardie arrived in the county They were excited after seeing a docu- Pieter Van den Weghe is general manager after a long journey . He spent six years mentary about the county, but Stanners and sommelier at Beckta . learning with the best producers of cool- climate varieties in Burgundy, South Af- rica, California, Oregon and New Zealand . “I travelled the world looking for great soils, but it was in the county in 2003 that I first planted Pinot Noir and then Char- donnay and Pinot Gris,” said Hardie . “The goal was to make great wine, but we really didn’t know; we weren’t certain we could do it . We didn’t know the microclimate . “Without collaboration in the early days, things could have failed . There were about six of us who were the pioneers and we built the industry ”. The appellation now boasts 31 wineries and produces more than 26,000 cases a year . Prince Edward County’s stony soils and broken limestone bedrock promote the low yields and concentrated flavours necessary for premium wine production . Also, the lake effect from neighbouring Lake Ontario moderates temperatures and helps protect ripening fruit from fall frosts . However, every year, winter is a serious and costly danger as temperatures can fall below -24C and kill grapevines . Although county growers protect their vines by burying them under soil (and painstak- ingly uncovering them the following spring), the growing season remains a truncated one thanks to the region’s north-

104 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC header|DELIGHTS

diplomat and international canada 105 DELIGHTS|residences Portugal's diplomatic residence off the beaten path

Photos by Ashley Fraser

The Portuguese government bought this home on Island Park Drive in the 1960s to use as the ambassador's residence.

Park Drive, far from some of the baronial The couple doesn’t lack for diplomatic ac- manor houses of Rockcliffe where many tion in the neighbourhood as Mexico and of their diplomatic friends live . Peru, to name just a couple, have impos- But they say they couldn’t be happier . ing residences on the street . As well, after Not only do they love the location, close three years, they feel very much a part of to Carling Avenue and the Experimental their Ottawa neighbourhood . Farm, where the ambassador can take The government of Portugal bought Margo Roston a run whenever he wishes, but he also the house in the 1960s and the ambassa- has the advantage of being able to walk dor at the time purposely chose a place in a mere 200 metres down the road to his this neighbourhood, says da Cunha . “He ortuguese Ambassador Jose office . The Portuguese embassy has 20 didn’t want to live in Rockcliffe ”. Here Moreira da Cunha and his wife, parking spaces, which is much appreci- they say they are close to their neighbours, PLurdes, live in what they describe ated by everyone who does business there, far from traffic and they love the life they as a modest embassy residence on Island he says, as compared to going downtown . lead .

106 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC residences|DELIGHTS

The TV takes centre stage in this reception room. With a big smile, the ambassador explains that the TV is for watching soccer.

Portuguese Ambassador Jose Moreira da Cunha and his wife, Lurdes, plan A guest book in the front foyer helps the diplomatic couple keep track of to retire to Portugal after they complete their posting in Canada. their many visitors.

diplomat and international canada 107 DELIGHTS|residences

The residence's reception rooms offer plenty of seating.

The dining room can seat up to 32 people for a formal meal that might, if the guests are lucky, feature traditional Portuguese dishes.

108 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC residences|DELIGHTS

But after 40 years in the diplomatic Also eye-catching are the Portuguese service, they say they are happy wher- rugs that cover the pine floors . Many have ever they go, and that includes their most a neutral background dotted with colour- recent posting in Algeria and Iran before ful embroidered flowers and were made that . Their first posting was Argentina and in Arraiolos, which has been a centre of they’ve also lived in Kinshasa, Congo . needlework rugs since the Middle Ages . “We are very happy here,” they say . These embroidered wool rugs are inspired “Ottawa has many advantages ”. by Oriental-style Persian carpets . The two-storey stone house is distin- Behind the main reception room is a guished by the rounded exterior glass more casual room where a large flatscreen entranceway leading to the front door, a TV holds court . “For soccer,” says the am- helpful addition for guests on a snowy bassador with a wide smile . evening . The entrance leads to a small It also provides an access, as does the foyer that opens out into a series of inti- reception room, to a very large side gar- mate and charming rooms with a central den where the couple holds a National staircase, all painted in pale yellow with Day reception in June . brighter golden floor-to-ceiling curtains, “We always pray for good weather and large valances and swag ties . To the left is it’s always hot and sticky,” he says . the main reception room, furnished with The second floor has a comfortable comfortable sofas and chairs covered in guest suite for the children when they pale green and red . “Everything comes come to visit from Portugal . from Portugal,” the ambassador says . To the right of the staircase is the That includes the art . Notable is a kitchen, and a family sitting room with painting by well-known Portuguese artist a family-size dining table . Next to it is a Noronha da Costa of dark, blurred figures large addition that serves as a dining room that makes you think you should put on that can seat 32 for a formal dinner . With your glasses . In fact, it is a work of art in a its bright yellow walls and windows all style the artist made popular by applying around, the room suggests nothing less oil paint with a spray gun to many of his The sitting room in the back looks out on a than a sunny day at the beach . The carpet works . pretty back yard. is bright blue as are the seat coverings and

diplomat and international canada 109 DELIGHTS|residences

on display are a Portuguese silver tea set and candelabra and china with the Por- tuguese crest, all lit by a beautiful crystal chandelier . Although the couple has a Canadian- Portuguese chef, the food they serve is more international in flavour, with only certain national favourites making it to their table, depending on the guest list, the ambassador’s wife says . Portuguese specialties are dominated by dishes made with pork and cod, so the couple sometimes includes its national dishes as appetizers . Dessert is a snap . Who doesn’t like a Portuguese favourite — crème brûlée? This is the last posting for the smiling couple, who admit they will be happy to retire to Portugal, where they will be close to their three children, none of whom has entered the family business, and their three grandchildren . But until then, they will be on the job, welcoming friends, neighbours, officials and children, in a house they love, in a city they enjoy .

A silver service is a must for diplomats who entertain frequently. Margo Roston is Diplomat’s culture editor .

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110 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC diplomat and international canada 111 Dignitaries|NEW ARRIVALS

New arrivals Jim Kelly Nabil Maarouf Ambassador of Ireland Chief representative Mizanur Rahman Palestinian General Delegation High Commissioner for Bangladesh Ambassador Kelly joined the Irish civil Representative Maar- High Commissioner service in 1984 . In ouf was a member of Rahman holds a sci- 1986, he began studies the Palestinian Na- ence degree from Syl- for a business degree tional Council and was het Degree College; at University College an adviser to the late and a master’s in Dublin, which he com- former chairman of the physics from Dhaka pleted in 1990 . Palestine Liberation University . Kelly then worked as a consultant with Organization, Yasser He joined the for- Accenture, the leading global professional Arafat, between 1982 and 1989 . Between eign service in 1988, first as second secre- services company, for three years . When 1989 and 1993, he was assistant secretary tary at the embassy in Sri Lanka, then as he left in 1993, it was to accept a position general for the Organization of Islamic first secretary and counsellor in Russia, with the diplomatic service in Dublin . Cooperation . and as assistant high commissioner in He began his career in diplomacy as a Between 1994 and 2005, he was ap- Manchester, England . third secretary at headquarters and two pointed diplomatic chief representative He also served as director general for years later, was sent to Copenhagen . In of the PLO to Spain . He was then sent to multilateral economic affairs, international 2001, as first secretary, he was sent to the Turkey as chief representative from 2005 organizations and administration . He EU’s permanent mission in Brussels and to 2014 . He has also represented the PLO became ambassador to the Netherlands in then returned four years later as first sec- at various Islamic, Arab and international 2008 with concurrent responsibilities for retary in the political division . conferences, particularly between 1982 Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Poland . In 2008, he was sent, as deputy perma- and 1993 . He is the recipient of medals In 2010, he became ambassador to nent representative, to Ireland’s perma- from Spain and Turkey for his contribu- Egypt, with responsibilities in Cyprus nent mission at the UN . tions in strengthening ties with those and Algeria . Prior to becoming high com- Prior to this appointment, he was direc- countries . missioner to Canada, he was secretary of tor of the newly established policy plan- Maarouf is married to Munira Maarouf bilateral affairs at the foreign ministry . ning division at HQ, reporting directly to and they have six children . He is married to Nishat Rahman, an the secretary-general of the ministry . educator by profession . They have a son Chung-chen Kung and a daughter . Karlis Eihenbaums Representative Ambassador of Latvia Taipei Economic and Cultural Office Pablo Guzmán Laugier Ambassador of Bolivia Ambassador Eihen- Mr . Kung joined Tai- baums began his ca- wan’s foreign service Ambassador Guzmán reer as an editor at a in 1981 after complet- Laugier completed a newspaper and later a ing a bachelor of arts master’s in economics lecturer at the Univer- in diplomacy from Na- and international pol- sity of Latvia before he tional Chengchi Uni- icy in Mexico in 1990 . joined the foreign min- versity . He later He also studied at a istry in 1993 as director completed a master’s Mexico City institution of the Western European department and from the Elliott School of International Af- that specializes in later the American department . Within fairs at George Washington University . world politics and economics . that same year, he was posted as first sec- He has had several foreign postings, in- Guzmán Laugier served as planning di- retary and deputy head of mission in Lon- cluding his first as consul at the consulate rector at a financial institution that micro- don, where he stayed for three years . general in Johannesburg in 1984 . finances production and exports . He was In 1996, he returned to headquarters, He later served as director of the Taipei also a professor at a Bolivian university . where he worked as foreign adviser to Economic and Cultural Office in Boston Between 1994 and 2005, Guzmán Lau- Latvia’s president . Two years later, he was and deputy director-general at the office in gier was a consultant in international posted as counsellor and chargé d’affaires Los Angeles . negotiations, foreign trade and economic at the embassy in the Netherlands and, He returned to headquarters as deputy development, including working with the during the same posting, became ambas- director-general of general affairs and later Bolivian team during negotiations for the sador to the Netherlands . He returned to North American affairs before being ap- Andean Community Agreement with the Latvia in 2003 and left again as ambas- pointed director-general in Vancouver and United States in 2002 and 2003 . sador to Israel the following year . In 2008, then in Los Angeles . In 2006, Guzmán Laugier joined the for- he was posted to Estonia and returned in Most recently, he was director-general eign ministry, where he served as director 2013 to be the press secretary for the for- at the bureau of consular affairs in Taipei . of the foreign policy analysis unit, director eign ministry . general of trade negotiations and deputy The ambassador is married to Ināra minister of international trade and inte- Eihenbauma and they have two children, gration . He was elected secretary general a son and a daughter . of the Andean Community in June 2013 .

112 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC NEW ARRIVALS| dignitARIES

Joseph Ekpao Nolaki Non-heads of mission Ambassador of Togo Afghanistan Eugen Ottmar Korea (South) Russia Tawab Khan Alami Wollfarth Kyungtae Eom Valerii Maksimov Ambassador Nolaki Third secretary Minister First secretary First secretary joined the foreign ser- Jung-Hyun Jo Sergey Poddubnyy Third secretary Counsellor vice in 1986 after fin- Algeria Greece Ismahane Niha Christodoulos Changbae Yoon ishing studies in law Attaché Margaritis Defence attaché Saudi Arabia and business, includ- First counsellor Khalid Ibrahim M. Al Kuwait ing a master’s in busi- Australia Luhayb Adam Charles Culley Guatemala Abdullah Abdulaziz A. Attaché ness, at the University Minister-counsellor Allan Daniel Perez Almass Anas Saleh A. Algazlan of Benin . Roger Thomas Grose Hernandez Attaché Attaché He joined the foreign ministry in the Defence material First secretary Ibtisam Almuhtasab attaché Latvia Attaché department of treaties and legal affairs Shannon Marie Waite Holy See Marks Deitons Tariq Eskandarane and soon moved to the directorate of state Attaché Fermin Emilio Sosa First secretary Attaché protocol and consular affairs . In 1990, his Rodriguez Austria Counsellor Lithuania Senegal first foreign posting took him to Zimba- Clemens Gerhard Mag. Julijus Rakitskis Adama Diagne Sy bwe as second secretary and the following Mantl Honduras Minister-counsellor First secretary year, he was posted as first secretary in Minister Tania Vanessa Maria A. Casco Rubi Madagascar Slovenia Gabon . He returned to headquarters in Bangladesh First secretary Evamihanta Tomaz Matjasec 1998 and worked in political and legal af- Md Shakhawat Hossain Salvador Enrique Randrianasolo Minister fairs before becoming director of cultural First secretary Rodezno Fuentes Counsellor South Africa and social affairs . Minister and deputy Belarus head of mission Mexico Nondlela Maponya From 2002 to 2009, he was minister- Pavel Evseenko Flor De Maria Adriana Third secretary counsellor in Libya and returned as First secretary Hungary Diaz Gonzalez Jill Tanya Sefolo Attaché Minister director of political affairs in 2010 . From Dorottya Judit Deak- Belgium Stifner Oscar Gabriel Mora 2014 until his posting to Canada, he was Patrick Bruno Third secretary Lopez Spain ambassador to Ethiopia and permanent C.Deboeck Gabor Simon Third secretary Juan Jose Fernandez Deputy head of mission Counsellor and consul Naval attaché representative to the African Union and Moldova Monica Colomer de United Economic Commission for Africa . Cameroon India Cristina Mahu Selva He is married and has five children . Louise Monique Douba Mahinder Kumar Counsellor Deputy head of mission Epse Mbappe Khurana Mongolia Switzerland Martín Alejandro Vidal Delgado Attaché Counsellor Michel Foumane Bidhu Shekhar Bayasgalan Bayanbat Bernardo Rafael Rutschi Ambassador of Uruguay Adoumou Counsellor Counsellor First secretary Counsellor Telmuun Bayarsaikhan Anja Zobrist Rentenaar Iraq Third secretary Deputy head of mission Ambassador Vidal Del- China Husam Abdulameer gado joined the foreign Rong Cheng Abbas Al-Asadi Morocco Thailand Lahoucine Rahmouni Dao Vibulpanich ministry in 1998 in inte- First secretary Attaché Zhehua Dai Shamil Abdulaziz M. Minister Minister gration and MERCO- First secretary Al-Khateeb SUR division . Two years Xuan Hu Minister Namibia Tunisia Aino Stella Kuume Taieb Essid later, he was posted to Second secretary Rafid Bahidh Dawood Hongyang Liu Al-Rikabi First secretary Attaché Brazil for six years, Third secretary First secretary where he worked in the Fan Yang Netherlands United Arab Emirates Frederieke Quispel Rafeya Bushenain economic and trade department of the em- Counsellor Israel Reyee Schwartz Counsellor Second secretary bassy . Egypt Second secretary In 2006, he returned to headquarters to Ahmed Elsayed Ahmed Itay Tavor Pakistan United States of m Soliman First secretary Naeemullah Khan America u work in the secretary general’s office at a Attaché Counsellor Cairo Leon Moorman B the foreign ministry, two years later be- Italy Attaché coming chief of staff . In 2008, he joined the Finland Francesco Polenta Peru Kevin William McIntyre Pirjo Helena Pentinmaki Attaché Jose Antonio Garcia Second secretary permanent mission at the United Nations Morgan Ryan R.Ruta all / Ulle Second secretary H in New York and, in 2012, became deputy Japan Assistant defence and Second secretary and u permanent representative for a year . France Shiho Fujiwara air attaché consul ea

d Marco Antonio Clint Brian Schlegel i Cecile Bost First secretary

R In 2014, he worked at headquarters as Second secretary Akio Isomata Montero Gallegos Assistant attaché

of director of the environment division and Eric Navel Minister Assistant defence and s t naval attaché Venezuela

n soon after became deputy director for po- Counsellor Yasunari Morino litical affairs . In 2015, he became director- Francis Gerald Minister Jissette Carolina Abreu Paccagnini Kazuyuki Nakata Philippines Lopez general for political affairs, before being Attaché Counsellor Alvin Conchas III Second secretary Attaché

complime appointed to Canada . Mathieu Antoine Masatake Suzuki s The ambassador has a degree in inter- Bernard Schuster Second secretary Francisco Noel Vietnam First secretary Junichi Yokota Fernandez Van Dung Nguyen national relations from the Universidad de Counsellor Minister and consul First secretary photo s la Republica in Montevideo . He is married Germany Greg Marie Marino Second secretary and Zimbabwe tial to Adriana Añón and they have two chil- Nico Hulshoff Kazakhstan n consul Ebar Zvipo e Defence attaché Ilyas Akhmetov d dren, a son and a daughter . First secretary Nyamasvisva re

C Third secretary

diplomat and international canada 113 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

1. 2.

4. 1. Korean Defence attaché Col. Jang Min Choi attended a reception and concert at the Château Laurier to mark the 63rd anniversary of the Korean War Armistice, following an event at the Monument to the Canadian Fallen on the Mackenzie-King Bridge. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 2. Swedish Ambassador Per Sjögren hosted a Swedish National Day reception at his residence. From left: Jessica Hedin, counsellor at the embassy; Pontus Sandberg, research and development manager at Ericsson; former Ottawa Senators captain Daniel Alfredsson; Jeffrey Stanier, director at Ericsson, and Sjögren. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 3. The Professional Association of Foreign Service Officers held its annual awards evening at the Shaw Centre. From left, recipient Mona Yacoub, Citizenship Minister John McCallum, recipients Jacqueline Kalisz and Brigitte Fournier and Foreign Minister Stéphane Dion. (Photo: Gordon King) 4. Sharon Johnston, wife of Gov. Gen. David Johnston, hosted the presentation of HIPPY Canada’s “Because Mothers Matter Awards” at Rideau Hall. She’s shown here with Eleonore Wnendt-Juber, of Germany, right. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 5. Japanese Ambassador Kenjiro Monji and his wife, Etsuko, shown here, attended a garden party in support of the Friends of the National Arts Centre Orchestra. (Photo: Lois Siegel) 6. To celebrate the 25th Anniversary of Slovenian Independence, Slovenian Ambassador Marjan Cencen hosted a reception and art show at Ottawa City Hall. At left is guest of honour Gorazd Žmavc, Slovenian Minister for Slovenians Abroad, who was on a two-week tour of Canada and the U.S. (Photo: Ülle Baum).

114 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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5. 1. Gov. Gen. David Johnston received letters of credence from several heads of mission in September. From left, Togo Ambassador Joseph Ekpao Nolaki, Bangladeshi High Commissioner Mizanur Rahman, Irish Ambassador James Kelly, Johnston, Bolivian Ambassador Pablo Guzmán Laugier, Latvian Ambassador Karlis Eihenbaums and Uruguayan Ambassador Alejandro Vidal Delgado. (Photo: Sgt. Johanie Maheu, Rideau Hall) 2. The government of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China and the embassy of China co-hosted a luncheon and presentation in advance of the China-U.S.-Canada tripartite conference on tourism in Ningxia in September 2016. From left, Weining Li, representative of the goverment of Ningxia Hui Autonomus Region of China, and Senator Vic- tor Oh. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 3. Italian Ambassador Gian Lorenzo Cornado and his wife, Martine Laiden, hosted a garden party at his residence in support of the Friends of the National Arts Centre Orchestra. (Photo: Lois Sie- gel) 4. Russian Ambassador Alexander Darchiev and his wife, Tamilya Akhmetzhanova, hosted a national day reception at the embassy. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 5. Portuguese Ambassador Jose Fernando Moreira da Cunha and his wife, Lurdes, hosted a national day reception at their residence. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 6. At their residence on June 16, Israeli Ambassador Rafael Barak and his wife, Miriam, both on the left, hosted a reception and talk by Ronald I. Cohen and writer Charlotte Gray for the Sir Winston Churchill Society of Ottawa. Cohen is shown at right, with his wife, Wendy. (Photo: Ülle Baum)

diplomat and international canada 115 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

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1. Emmanuel Niyonzima, second counsellor and chargé d'affaires at the embassy of Burundi, greets Indonesian Ambassador Teuku Faizasyah and his wife, Andris Faizasyaha, at their national day at the Château Laurier. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 2. Finnish Ambassador Charles Murto, and his wife, Ritva, hosted a reception at their residence to say farewell. From left: Tuulikki Olander, incoming head of public diplomacy; Anni Ståhle, outgoing head of public diplomacy, and intern Janna Laitsaari. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 3. Finnish Ambassador Charles Murto, and his wife, Ritva, are shown at the same reception. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 4. Hungarian film director Gyorgy Palfi, left, appears on set at the Hungarian embassy with Hungarian Ambassador Balint Odor during the film- ing of “His Master’s Voice,” a feature science fiction film. The Canadian-Hungarian co-production was shot in Ottawa. (Photo: Lois Siegel) 5. Malaysian High Commissioner Dato’ Aminahtun Karim Shaharudin hosted an “afternoon with Malaysia” event introducing her country’s culture and tourism to the lucky winner who bid on the afternoon at a head of mission spouses’ association event. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 6. U.S. Ambassador Bruce Heyman, and his wife, Vicki, hosted a July 4 party for thousands of guests. (Photo: Ülle Baum)

116 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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3. 1. The second annual defence and security summer social for industry executives, members of the Canadian Forces and defence attachés took place at the Earl of Sussex. Back row from left, Terri Pavelic, editor-in-chief of Vanguard Magazine; Paul Fortin, of Borden, Ladner, Gervais LLP; Colin Horton, trade economic adviser at the British High Commission; Bill Sugar, U.S. naval attaché; Astrid Neuland, business development executive at Thales Canada; Angela Son, wife of Korea’s defence attaché; and Anne Fortin, senior project manager at Telus. Front row, Korean defence attaché Col. Choi Jan Ming. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 2. To mark the 810th An- niversary of the Great Mongol Empire, the 95th Anniversary of the People’s Revolution and the national day of Mongolia, Ambassador Radnaabazar Altangerel and his wife, Tseveendorj Tsetseglen, hosted a reception at the Château Laurier. A traditional Mongol yurt and photography exhibition was displayed on the terrace. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 3. Yahui Wang performed with the Chinese troupe, the Acrobats of Hebei, at the Great Canadian Theatre Company as part of the Music and Beyond festival. Chinese Ambassador Zhaohui Luo took in the show. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 4. Mahmoud Eboo, the Aga Khan’s resident representative, and his wife, Karima Eboo, hosted a reception in the atrium of their building on Sussex Drive. The Eboos were joined by Senator Peter Harder, right, who spoke at the reception. (Photo: Ülle Baum)

diplomat and international canada 117 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

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1. Pakistani High Commissioner Tariq Azim Khan held a flag-raising to mark the 69th anniversary of Pakistan’s independence. He celebrated with members of the Pakistani community. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 2. Argentine Am- bassador Marcelo Suarez Salvia and his wife, Lucia, hosted a national day event at the Château Laurier. Their daughter, Catalina, also attended. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 3. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s foreign minister, Igor Crna- dak, visited Canada this summer. He’s shown with Ambassador Koviljka Spiric. 4. Estonia participated at the 21st Casino Lac-Leamy Sound and Light international fireworks competition. An Estonian-inspired dinner was served at the Grand Hall of the Canadian Museum of History prior to the show. From left: Ivo Melder, owner, RUF Fireworks, Estonia; Estonian Ambassador Gita Kalmet; Claude Hamelin, president of the casino’s Sound of Light show, and Yanick Roy, RUF Fireworks' artistic director. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 5. Venezuelan Ambassador Wilmer Omar Barrientos Fernandez and his wife, Carla Josefina Gomez De Barrientos, hosted a reception to mark the 205th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela and the Day of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 6. On the occasion of the 89th anniversary of the founding of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Col. Haitaio Zhu and his wife, Yu Wang, hosted a reception at the Chinese Embassy. (Photo: Ülle Baum) 7. The new ECCO Shoes store at the Rideau Centre officially opened with a rib- bon cutting by ECCO Shoes Canada president Jordan Searle, left, and Danish Ambassador Neils Boel Abraham- sen. (Photo: Byfield-Pitman Photography) 5.

118 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

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The Finest Portfolio of 613 842 5000 LIVE YOUR DREAM DREAMPROPERTIES.COM Luxurydiplomat and international Homes canada in Ottawa CHRISTIESREALESTATE.COM 121 cts AFGHANISTAN AUSTRIA BOLIVIA CAMErOON Embassy of the Islamic Republic of His Ex . Arno Riedel His Ex . Pablo Guzmán Laugier His Ex . Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a- Afghanistan Embassy of the Republic of Austria Embassy of the Republic of Bolivia Gheyle 240 Argyle Street 445 Wilbrod Street 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 High Commission for the Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1B9 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M7 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Cameroon TEL 613-563-4223 FAX 613-563-4962 TEL 613-789-1444 FAX 613-789-3431 TEL 613-236-5730 FAX 613-236-8237 170 Clemow Avenue contact@afghanemb-canada .net ottawa-ob@bmeia .gv .at bolivianembassy@bellnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2B4 www .afghanemb-canada .net www .emboliviacanada .com TEL 613-236-1522 FAX 613-236-3885 AZERBAIJAN cameroon@rogers .com ALBANIA Mr . Ramil Huseynli BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA www .hc-cameroon-ottawa .org conta

His Ex . Ermal Muça Chargé d’Affaires Her Ex. Koviljka Špirić Embassy of the Republic of Albania Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina CHAD 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 275 Slater Street, Suite 1203 17 Blackburn Avenue, His Ex . Mahamat Ali Adoum Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 8A2 Embassy of the Republic of Chad TEL 613-236-4114 FAX 613-236-0804 TEL 613-288-0497 FAX 613-230-8089 TEL 613-236-0028 FAX 613-236-1139 350 Sparks Street, Suite 802 embassy .ottawa@mfa .gov .al azerbaijan@azembassy .ca Email: info@bhembassy ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7S8 www .azembassy .ca www .ambasadabih .ca TEL . 613-680-3322/ 613-421-1189 ALGERIA FAX 613-695-6622 His Ex . Hocine Meghar BAHAMAS BRAZIL info@chadembassy .ca Embassy of the People’s Democratic His Ex . Calsey Johnson His Excellency Pedro Bretas Bastos www .chadembassy .ca Republic of Algeria Bahamas High Commission Embassy of the Federative Republic 500 Wilbrod Street 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313 of Brazil CHILE Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N2 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 450 Wilbrod Street His Ex . Alejandro Marisio Cugat TEL 613-789-8505 FAX 613-789-1406 TEL . 613-232-1724 FAX 613-232-0097 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 Embassy of the Republic of Chile www .embassyalgeria .ca/eng .htm ottawa-mission@bahighco .com TEL 613-237-1090 FAX 613-237-6144 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413 info@embassyalgeria .ca http://bahamas .com mailbox@brasembottawa .org Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 TEL 613-235-9940 FAX 613-235-1176

diplomatic ANGOLA BANGLADESH BRUNEI DARUSSALAM www .chile .ca His Ex . Edgar Gaspar Martins His Ex . Mizanur Rahman His Ex . Pg Kamal Bashah Pg Ahmad Embassy of the Republic of Angola High Commission for the People’s High Commission for Brunei CHINA 189 Laurier Avenue East Republic of Bangladesh Darussalam His Ex . Luo Zhaohui Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6P1 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1100 395 Laurier Avenue East Embassy of the People’s Republic of TEL 234-1152 FAX 234-1179 Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 China info@embangola-can .org TEL 613-236-0138 FAX 613-567-3213 TEL 613-234-5656 FAX 613-234-4397 515 St . Patrick Street www .embangola-can .org bangla@rogers .com bhco@bellnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5H3 www .bdhc .org TEL 613-789-3434 FAX 613-789-1911 ARGENTINA BULGARIA chinaemb_ca@mfa .gov .cn His Ex . Marcelo Gabriel Suárez Salvia BARBADOS His Ex . Nikolay Milkov http://ca .china-embassy .org Embassy of the Argentine Republic Her Ex . Yvonne V . Walkes Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria 81 Metcalfe Street 7th Floor High Commission for Barbados 325 Stewart Street COLOMBIA Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7 55 Metcalfe St ,. Suite 470 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K5 His Ex . Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte TEL 613-236-2351 FAX 613-235-2659 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6L5 TEL 613-789-3215 FAX 613-789-3524 Embassy of the Republic of Colombia ecana@mrecic .gov .ar TEL 613-236-9517 FAX 613-230-4362 embgottawa@hotmail .com 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 Ottawa, www .ecana mr. ecic gob. .ar ottawa@foreign .gov .bb Ontario K1R 7X7 BURKINA FASO TEL 613-230-3760 FAX 613-230-4416 ARMENIA BELARUS His Ex . Amadou Adrien Koné embajada@embajadacolombia .ca His Ex . Armen Yeganian Embassy of the Republic of Belarus Embassy of Burkina Faso www .embajadacolombia .ca Embassy of the Republic of Armenia 130 Albert Street, Suite 600 48 Range Road 7 Delaware Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 CONGO (ZAIrE) Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2 TEL 613-233-9994 FAX 613-233-8500 TEL 613-238-4796 FAX 613-238-3812 Embassy of the Democratic Republic TEL 613-234-3710 FAX 613-234-3444 belamb@igs .net burkina .faso@sympatico .ca of the Congo armcanadaembassy@mfa .am www ambaburkina-canada. or. g 18 Range Road www .armembassycanada .ca BELGIUM Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 His Ex . Raoul Delcorde BURUNDI TEL 613-230-6391 FAX 613-230-1945 AUSTRALIA Embassy of Belgium Mr . Emmanuel Niyonzima info@ambassadesrdcongo .org His Ex . Tony Negus 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 Chargé d'affaires Australian High Commission Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 350 Albert Street, Suite 410 COSTA rICA 50 O’Connor, Suite 710 TEL 613-236-7267 FAX 613-236-7882 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4 His Ex . Roberto Carlos Dormon Cantú Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 ottawa@diplobel .fed .be TEL 613-234-9000 FAX 613-234-4030 Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica TEL 613-236-0841 FAX 786-7621 www diplomatie. be/ottawa. ambabottawa@yahoo .ca 350 Sparks St . Suite 701 www .canada .embassy .gov .au www .ambassadeduburundi .ca Ottawa, ON, K1R 7S8 BENIN TEL 613-562-2855 FAX 613-562-2582 His Ex . S E. M. . Pamphile C . Goutondji embcr@costaricaembassy .com Embassy of the Republic of Benin www .costaricaembassy .com 58 Glebe Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C3 TEL 613-233-4429 FAX 613-233-8952 ambaben@benin .ca

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122 122 | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC CÔTE D’IVOIRE ESTONIA GUATEMALA IrAN cts His Ex . N'Goran Kouame Her Ex . Gita Kalmet Her Ex . Rita Claverie Sciolli Embassy of the Islamic Embassy of the Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Embassy of the Republic of Republic of Iran Côte d’Ivoire 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210 Guatemala 245 Metcalfe Street 9 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 TEL . 613-789-4222 FAX 613-789-9555 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL 613-235-4726 FAX 613-232-5712 TEL . 613-236-9919 FAX 613-563-8287 embassy .ottawa@mfa .ee TEL . 613-233-7237 FAX 613-233-0135 executive@iranembassy .ca acica@ambaci-ottawa .org www .estemb .ca embassy1@embaguate-canada .com www .salamiran .org www ambaci-ottawa. .org www .embaguate-canada .com ETHIOPIA IrAQ CROATIA Her Ex . Birtukan Ayano Dadi GUINEA His Ex . Adbul Kareem Kaab conta

His Ex. Marica Matković Embassy of the Federal Democratic His Ex . Saramady Touré Embassy of the Republic of Iraq Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Republic of Ethiopia Embassy of the Republic of Guinea 215 McLeod Street 229 Chapel Street 275 Slater St . suite 1501, 483 Wilbrod Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N1 TEL . 613-236-9177 FAX 613-236-9641 TEL . 613-562-7820 FAX 613-562-7821 613-565-6637 TEL . 613-789-8444 FAX 613-789-7560 www .iqemb .ca croemb .ottawa@mvep .hr info@ethioconsulatecanada .org ambaguiottawa@mae .gov .gn media@iqemb .ca www cr. oatiaemb .net ethioconsulatecanada .org GUYANA IrELAND CUBA European Union Her Ex . Clarissa Sabita Riehl His Ex . Jim Kelly His Ex . Julio Antonio Garmendía Her Ex . Marie-Anne Coninsx High Commission for the Republic Embassy of Ireland Peña Delegation of the European Union of Guyana 130 Albert Street, Suite 1105 Embassy of the Republic of Cuba to Canada 151 Slater Street, Suite 800 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 388 Main Street 150 Metcalfe St . Suite 1900 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 TEL . 613-233-6281 FAX 613-233-5835 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 Ottawa, ON K2P1P1 TEL . 613-235-7249 FAX 613-235-1447 Ottawaembassy@dfa .ie TEL . 613-563-0141 FAX 613-563-0068 TEL . 613-238-6464 FAX 613-238-5191 guyanahcott@rogers .com www .embassyofireland .ca embacuba@embacubacanada .net Delegation-Canada@eeas .europa .eu

www cubadiplomatica. .cu/canada www .eeas .europa .eu/delegations/ HAITI ISrAEL diplomatic canada His Ex . Frantz Liautaud His Ex . Rafael Raul Barak CZECH REPUBLIC Embassy of the Republic of Haiti Embassy of Israel His Ex. Pavel Hrnčíř FINLAND 85 Albert Street, Suite 1110, 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005 Embassy of the Czech Republic His Ex . Vesa Ilmari Lehtonen Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 251 Cooper Street Embassy of the Republic of Finland TEL 613-238-1628 FAX 613-238-2986 TEL 613-750-7500 FAX 613-750-7555 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0G2 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 amb .canada@diplomatie .ht information@Ottawa .mfa .gov .il TEL . 613-562-3875 FAX 613-562-3878 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5 http://embassies.gov.il/ottawa/ ottawa@embassy mzv. .cz TEL . 613-288-2233 FAX 613-288-2244 HOLY SEE AboutTheEmbassy/Pages/About-the- embassy@finland .ca His Ex . Most Reverend Luigi Bonazzi embassy.aspx CYPRUS Apostolic Nunciature His Ex . Pavlos Anastasiades FRANCE 724 Manor Avenue ITALY High Commissioner His Ex . Nicolas Chapuis Ottawa, Ontario K1M 0E3 His Ex . Gian Lorenzo Cornado High Commission for the Republic Embassy of France TEL 613-746-4914 FAX 613-746-4786 Embassy of the Italian Republic of Cyprus 42 Sussex Drive 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1002 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2C9 HONDURAS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 TEL 613-789-1795 FAX 613-562-3735 Her Ex . Sofia Cerrato TEL 613-232-2401 FAX 613-233-1484 TEL 613-563-0727 FAX 613-563-1953 www .ambafrance-ca .org Embassy of the Republic of ambasciata .ottawa@esteri .it Honduras www .ambottawa .esteri .it DENMARK GABON 151 Slater Street, Suite 805 His Ex . Niels Boel Abrahamsen His Ex . Sosthène Ngokila Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 JAMAICA Royal Danish Embassy Embassy of the Gabonese Republic TEL 613-233-8900 FAX 613-232-0193 Her Ex . Janice Miller 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 4 Range Road, P O. . Box 368 Jamaican High Commission Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5 HUNGARY 151 Slater Street, Suite 1000 TEL . 613-562-1811 FAX 613-562-1812 TEL . 613-232-5301 FAX 613-232-6916 His Ex . Bálint Ódor Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3 ottamb@um .dk ambgabon2000@yahoo .fr Embassy of the Republic of Hungary TEL 613-233-9311 FAX 613-233-0611 canada .um .dk 299 Waverley Street executiveassistant@jhcottawa .ca GEORGIA Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0V9 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC His Ex . Alexander Latsabidze TEL . 613-230-2717 FAX 613-230-7560 JAPAN His Ex . Virgilio Alcántara Embassy of Georgia www .mfa .gov .hu/emb/ottawa His Ex . Kenjiro Monji Embassy of the Dominican Republic 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2101 mission .ott@kum .hu Embassy of Japan 130 Albert Street, Suite 1605 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 255 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL 613-421-0460 FAX 613-680-0394 ICELAND Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 TEL . 613-569-9893 FAX 613-569-8673 ottawa .emb@mfa .gov .ge His Ex . Sturla Sigurjónsson TEL 613-241-8541 FAX 613-241-2232 www dr. embassy .org Embassy of Iceland infocul@ot .mofa .go .jp GERMANY 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 www .ca .emb-japan .go .jp ECUADOR His Ex . Werner Wnendt Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 His Ex . Nicolás Fabian Trujillo- Embassy of the Federal Republic of TEL . 613-482-1944 FAX 613-482-1945 JOrDAN Newlin Germany icemb .ottawa@utn .stjr .is Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom Embassy of the Republic of Ecuador 1 Waverley Street www .iceland .org .ca of Jordan 99 Bank Street, Suite 230 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0T8 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 Ottawa, ON K1P 6B9 TEL 613-232-1101 FAX 613-594-9330 INDIA Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 TEL . 613-563-8206 FAX 613-235-5776 info@otta .diplo .de His Ex . Vishnu Prakash TEL . 613-238-8090 FAX 613-232-3341 www embassyecuador. .ca http:/www .ottawa .diplo .de High Commission for the Republic www .embassyofjordan .ca of India ottawa@fm .gov .jo (embassy) ottawa- EGYPT GHANA 10 Springfield Road consular@fm .gov jo. (consular) His Ex . Motaz Mounir Zahran His Ex . Sulley Gariba Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1C9 Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt High Commission for the Republic TEL . 613-744-3751 FAX 613-744-0913 KAZAKHSTAN 454 Laurier Avenue East of Ghana hicomind@hciottawa .ca His Ex . Konstantin Zhigalov Embassy Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R3 1 Clemow Ave . www .hciottawa .ca of the Republic of Kazakhstan 150 TEL . 613-234-4931 FAX 613-234-4398 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2A9 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1603-1604 egyptemb@sympatico .ca TEL 613-236-0871 FAX 613-236-0874 INDONESIA Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 1P1 www mfa. .gov .eg ghanacom@ghc-ca .com His Ex . Teuku Faizasyah TEL 613-695-8055 FAX 613-695-8755 www .ghc-ca .com Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Email: kazakhembassy@gmail .com EL SALVADOR 55 Parkdale Avenue www .kazembassy .ca Embassy of the Republic of El Salvador GREECE Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5 209 Kent Street His Ex . George L . Marcantonatos TEL 613-724-1100 FAX 613-724-1105 KENYA Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8 Embassy of the Hellenic Republic info@indonesia-ottawa .org His Ex . John Lepi Lanyasunya High TEL . 613-238-2939 FAX 613-238-6940 80 MacLaren Street www .indonesia-ottawa .org Commission for the Republic of embajada@elsalvador-ca .org Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6 Kenya TEL 613-238-6271 FAX 613-238-5676 415 Laurier Avenue East gremb .otv@mfa .gr Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 www .mfa .gr/canada TEL . 613-563-1773 FAX 613-233-6599 kenyahighcommission@rogers .com www .kenyahighcommission .ca diplomat and international canada | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 123 123 KOSOVO MALAYSIA NIGERIA QATAR Mr . Lulzim Hiseni Her Ex . Dato’ Aminahtun Hj A Karim High Commission for the Federal His Ex . Fahad bin Mohamed Y . acts Chargé d’Affaires High Commission for Malaysia Republic of Nigeria Kafoud Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo 60 Boteler Street 295 Metcalfe Street Embassy of the State of Qatar 200 Elgin Street, suite 501 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8Y7 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1R9 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 800 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1L5 TEL 613-241-5182 FAX 613-241-5214 TEL 613-236-0521 FAX 613-236-0529 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 TEL: 613-569-2828 FAX 613-569-4848 mwottawa@kln .gov .my www .nigeriahcottawa .ca TEL 613-241-4917 FAX 613-241-3304 embassy .canada@rks-gov .net amb .office@qatarembassy ca. www mfa-ks. net. MALI NORWAY Embassy of the Republic of Mali Her Ex . Anne Kari Hansen Ovind ROMANIA cont

KOREA, REPUBLIC 50 Goulburn Avenue Royal Norwegian Embassy Embassy of Romania His Ex . Daeshik Jo Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8C8 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1300 655 Rideau Street Embassy of the Republic of Korea TEL 613-232-1501 FAX 613-232-7429 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6A3 150 Boteler Street ambassadedumali@rogers .com TEL 613-238-6571 FAX 613-238-2765 TEL 613-789-3709 FAX 613-789-4365 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A6 www .ambamalicanada .org emb .ottawa@mfa .no Romania@romanian-embassy .com TEL 613-244-5010 FAX 613-244-5034 www .emb-norway .ca http://ottawa .mae .ro canada@mofa go. kr. MEXICO http://can-ottawa mofa. .go .kr His Ex . Agustin García-López PAKISTAN RUSSIA Embassy of the United Mexican His Ex . Tariq Azim Khan Ex . Alexander N . Darchiev KUWAIT States High Commission for the Islamic Embassy of the Russian Federation Abdulhamid Alfailakawi 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1000 Republic of Pakistan 285 Charlotte Street Embassy of the State of Kuwait Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 10 Range Road Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L5 333 Sussex Drive TEL 613-233-8988 FAX 613-235-9123 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 TEL 613-235-4341 FAX 613-236-6342 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1J9 infocan@sre .gob .mx TEL 613-238-7881 FAX 613-238-7296 info@rusembassy .ca TEL 613-780-9999 FAX 613-780-9905 www .embamexcan .com parepottawa@rogers .com www .rusembassy .ca www embassyofkuwait. .ca MOLDOVA PALESTINE RWANDA

diplomatic LATVIA Her Ex . Ala Beleavschi Mr . Nabil Maarouf High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Karlis Eihenbaums Embassy of the Republic of Moldova Chief representative of Rwanda Embassy of the Republic of Latvia 275 Slater Street, Suite 801 Palestinian General Delegation 294 Albert Street, Suite 404 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1200 Ottawa, ON K1P 5H9 18 The Driveway Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6E6 Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 TEL 613-695-6167 FAX 613-695-6164 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 9C6 Phone: 569-5420/22/24 TEL . 613-238-6014 FAX 613-238-7044 ottawa@mfa .md TEL 613-736-0053 FAX 613-736-0535 Fax : 569-5421/5423 embassy .canada@mfa .gov .lv www .canada .mfa .md palestinegd@gmail .com ambaottawa@minaffet .gov rw. www ottawa. mfa. .gov .lv canada .embassy gov. .rw MONGOLIA PANAMA LEBANON His Ex . Altangarel Radnaabazar His Ex . Alberto Arosemena Medina SAUDI ARABIA Embassy of Lebanon Embassy of Mongolia Embassy of the Republic of Panama His Ex . Naif Bin Bandir Alsudairy 640 Lyon Street 151 Slater Street, Suite 503 130 Albert Street, Suite 300 Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3Z5 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 201 Sussex Drive TEL 613-236-5825 FAX 613-232-1609 TEL 613-569-3830 FAX 613-569-3916 TEL 613-236-7177 FAX 613-236-5775 Ottawa, ON K1N 1K6 info@lebanonembassy .ca embassyofpanama@gmail com. Tel 237-4100 Fax 237-0567 www lebanonembassy. .ca MOROCCO caemb@mofa .gov .sa Her Ex . Nouzha Chekrouni PARAGUAY www .saudiembassy .ca LESOTHO Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco His Ex . Julio Cesar Arriola Ramirez Her Ex . Mathabo Theresia Tsepa 38 Range Road Embassy of the Republic of Paraguay SENEGAL High Commission for the Kingdom Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 151 Slater Street, Suite 501 His Ex . Ousmane Paye of Lesotho TEL 613-236-7391 FAX 613-236-6164 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Embassy of the Republic of Senegal 130 Albert Street, Suite 1820 www .ambamaroc .ca/Nouveau/site- TEL . 613-567-1283 FAX 613-567-1679 57 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, ON K1P 5G4 Amba .html embassy@embassyofparaguay .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E8 Tel 613-234-0770 Fax 613-234-5665 TEL 613-238-6392 FAX 613-238-2695 lesotho .ottawa@bellnet .ca MYANMAR PERU Info@ambsencanada .org Embassy of the Republic of the Union Her Ex . Marcela Lopez Bravo LIBYA of Myanmar Embassy of the Republic of Peru SERBIA His Ex . Fathi Baja 336 Island Park Drive 130 Albert Street, Suite 1901 His Ex . Mihailo Papazoglu Embassy of Libya Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y OA7 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Suite 1000, 81 Metcalfe Street TEL . 232-9990 TEL 613-238-1777 FAX 613-232-3062 21 Blackburn Avenue Ottawa, Ontario, K 1P 6K7 FAX . 232-6999 emperuca@bellnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A2 TEL 613-842-7519 FAX 613-842-8627 meottawa@rogers .com TEL 613-233-6289 FAX 613-233-7850 info@libyanembassy .ca PHILIPPINES diplomat@serbianembassy ca. http://www .libyanembassy .ca nepal Her Ex . Petronila P . Garcia www .ottawa .mfa .gov .rs His Ex . Kali Prasad Pokhrel Embassy of the Republic of the LITHUANIA Embassy of Nepal Philippines SLOVAK REPUBLIC Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania 408 Queen Street 30 Murray Street, His Ex . Andrej Droba 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600 Ottawa, ON K1R 5A7 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5M4 Embassy of the Slovak Republic Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 TEL 613-680-5513 FAX 613-422-5149 TEL 613-233-1121 FAX 613-233-4165 50 Rideau Terrace TEL 613-567-5458 FAX 613-567-5315 secretary_nepalembassy@rogers .com embassyofphilippines@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A1 ottawa@lithuanianembassy ca. TEL 613-749-4442 FAX 613-749-4989 www lithuanianembassy. ca. NETHERLANDS POLAND emb .ottawa@mzv sk. His Ex . Henk van der Zwan Embassy of the Republic of Poland www .mzv .sk/ottawa MACEDONIA (REPUBLIC OF) Embassy of the Kingdom of the 443 Daly Avenue His Ex . Toni Dimovski Netherlands Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6H3 SLOVENIA Embassy of the Republic 350 Albert Street, Suite 2020 TEL 613-789-0468 FAX 613-789-1218 His Ex . Marjan Cencen of Macedonia Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4 ottawa .info@msz .gov pl. Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia 130 Albert Street, Suite 1006 TEL 613-670-6038 FAX 613-237-6471 www .ottawa .mfa .gov .pl 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ott-cdp@minbuza .nl Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 TEL . 613-234-3882 FAX 613-233-1852 PORTUGAL TEL 613-565-5781 FAX 613-565-5783 ottawa@mfa gov. mk. NEW ZEALAND His Ex . José Fernando Moreira da vot@gov si. His Ex . Daniel Mellsop Cunha www .ottawa .embassy .si MADAGASCAR New Zealand High Commission Embassy of Portugal His Ex . Simon Constant Horace 150 Elgin Street, Suite 1401 645 Island Park Drive SOUTH AFRICA Embassy of the Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1L4 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0B8 His Ex . Membathisi Shepherd Mdladlana Madagascar TEL 613-238-5991 FAX 613-238-5707 TEL 613-729-0883 FAX 613-729-4236 High Commission for the Republic of 3 Raymond Street info@nzhcottawa .org embportugal@ottawa .dgaccp .pt South Africa Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A3 www .nzembassy .com/canada 15 Sussex Drive TEL 613-567-0505 FAX 613-567-2882 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1M8 ambamadcanada@bellnet .ca TEL 613-744-0330 FAX 613-741-1639 www madagascar-embassy. ca. rsafrica@southafrica-canada .ca www .southafrica-canada .ca

124 | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES FALL 2016 | oct-nov-dec SPAIN TANZANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ZAMBIA His Ex . Carlos Gómez-Múgica Sanz His Ex . Jack Mugendi Zoka Mohammed Saif Helal Al Shehhi High Commission for the Republic

Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain High Commission for the United 125 Boteler Street of Zambia acts 74 Stanley Avenue Republic of Tanzania Ottawa, Ontario K1N 0A4 151 Slater St ,. Suite 205 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1P4 50 Range Road TEL 613-565-7272 FAX 613-565-8007 Ottawa, Ontario TEL 613-747-2252 FAX 613-744-1224 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 Consulate FAX 613-565-1444 K1B 5H3 embespca@mail .mae .es TEL 613-232-1509 FAX 613-232-5184 reception@uae-embassy com. TEL 613-232-4400 FAX 613-232-4410 www embaspain. .ca contact@tzrepottawa .ca www .uae-embassy .ae/ca zhc .ottawa@bellnet .ca www .tanzaniahighcommission .ca SRI LANKA UNITED KINGDOM ZIMBABWE His Ex . Ahmed Aflel Jawad THAILAND His Ex . Howard Ronald Drake Her Ex . Florence Chideya cont

High Commission for the Democratic His Ex . Vijavat Isarabhakdi British High Commission Embassy of the Republic of Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka The Royal Thai Embassy 80 Elgin Street Zimbabwe 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 180 Island Park Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5K7 332 Somerset Street West Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2 TEL 613-237-1530 FAX 613-232-0738 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0J9 TEL 613-233-8449 FAX 613-238-8448 TEL 613-722-4444 FAX 613-722-6624 www ukincanada. fco. .gov uk. TEL . 613-421-2824 FAX 613-422-7403 slhcit@rogers com. contact@thaiembassy .ca info@zimottawa .com www srilankahcottawa. .org www thaiembassy. ca. UN Refugee agency visa@zimottawa .com Furio de Angelis www zimottawa. .com ST KITTS & NEVIS TOGO UNHCR Representative in Canada Her . Ex . Shirley Skerritt-Andrew His Ex . Ekpao Nolaki 280 Albert Street, Suite 401 High Commission of St . Kitts & Embassy of the Togolese Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 Nevis 12 Range Road TEL 613-232-0909 FAX 613-230-1855 421 Besserer Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 www .unhcr .ca Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6B9 TEL 613-238-5916 FAX 613-235-6425 TEL 613-518-2447 FAX 613-695-2449 ambatogoca@hotmail .com UNITED STATES OF AMERICA info@hcstkittsnevis ca. His Ex . Bruce Heyman

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Embassy of the United States of diplomatic SUDAN His Ex . Garth Chatoor America Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan High Commission for the Republic of 490 Sussex Drive 354 Stewart Street Trinidad and Tobago Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K8 200 First Avenue, Third Level TEL . 613-238-5335 FAX 613-688-3088 TEL 613-235-4000 FAX 613-235-6880 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2G6 www .usembassycanada .gov sudanembassy-canada@rogers .com TEL 613-232-2418 FAX 613-232-4349 www sudanembassy. ca/. ottawa@ttmissions .com URUGUAY His Ex . Martin Vidal Delgado SWEDEN TUNISIA Embassy of the Oriental Republic of His Ex . Per Sjögren His Ex . Riadh Essid Uruguay Embassy of Sweden Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia 350 Sparks Street, Suite 901 377 Dalhousie Street 515 O’Connor Street Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7S8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9N8 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3P8 TEL 613-234-2727 FAX 613-233-4670 TEL 613-244-8200 FAX 613-241-2277 TEL 613-237-0330 FAX 613-237-7939 embassy@embassyofuruguay .ca sweden .ottawa@gov se. ambtun13@bellnet .ca www swedishembassy. ca. VENEZUELA TURKEY His Ex . Wilmer Omar Barrientos SWITZERLAND His Ex . Selçuk Ünal Fernandez His Ex . Beat Nobs Embassy of the Republic of Turkey Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic Embassy of Switzerland 197 Wurtemburg Street of Venezuela 5 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L9v 32 Range Road Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 TEL 613-244-2470 FAX 613-789-3442 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 TEL 613-235-1837 FAX 613-563-1394 embassy .ottawa@mfa .gov .tr TEL . 235-5151 FAX 235-3205 ott .vertretung@eda .admin .ch www turkishembassy. com. embve caotw@mppre. .gob .ve www .misionvenezuela .org SYRIA UGANDA Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic His Ex . John Chrysostom Alintuma VIETNAM 46 Cartier Street Nsambu His Ex . To Anh Dung Ottawa, ON K2P 1J3 High Commission for the Republic Embassy of the Socialist Republic of TEL 613-569-5556 FAX 613-569-3800 of Uganda Vietnam culture@syrianembassy ca. 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1210, 55 MacKay Street www syrianembassy. ca. Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 Ottawa, K1M 2B3 TEL 613-789-7797 FAX 613-789-8909 TEL 613-236-0772 FAX 613-236-2704 TAIWAN uhc@ugandahighcommission .com vietnamembassy@rogers .com Mr . Chung-chen Kung www .ugandahighcommission .ca www .vietem-ca .com Taipei Economic & Cultural Office 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960 UKRAINE YEMEN Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 His Ex . Andriy Shevchenko Embassy of the Republic of Yemen TEL 613-231-5080 FAX 613-231-7112 Embassy of Ukraine 54 Chamberlain Avenue publicaffairs@on .aibn .com 310 Somerset Street, West, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1V9 http://web .roc-taiwan .org/ca_en/ Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9 TEL 613-729-6627 FAX 613-729-8915 index html. Tel 613-230-2961 FAX 613-230-2400 yeminfo@yemenembassy ca. emb_ca@ukremb .ca www yemenembassy. ca. www .ukremb .ca

(613) 319-0846

diplomat and international canada | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 125 DELIGHTS|destinations Moldova’s magnificent wine adventures

Codrii is a hilly and picturesque area of Moldova. In the background, you can see one of many monasteries in the country.

tween the Carpathian Mountains and where you can find traces of old civiliza- the Black Sea, Moldova is a small country tions from as early as the fifth Century BC . with only 3 5. million people and a rela- Moldova has become a popular destina- tively short history of independence . Its tion for visitors who enjoy a rustic envi- key geographical position in Southeast ronment and picturesque scenery . Europe made it attractive for big powers And when it comes to visitors, this throughout history that sought to com- small country has proven time and again mand it . Since the collapse of the USSR, a that nothing beats Moldovan hospitality . By Ala Beleavschi newly independent Moldova has much to If you visit, you are guaranteed to savour Ambassador of Moldova offer to its citizens as well as visitors . an overflowing table of local dishes made h If you are fond of history, why not visit with fresh ingredients . This country is s ma

t first glance on the world map, Tipova, one of Eastern Europe’s largest blessed with a mild climate and rich black u h

the Republic of Moldova will most cave monasteries? It dates back to the 10th soils and the share of agricultural products C im

likely go unnoticed due to its size . Century . Or you could stop to admire the in its total exports is 45 per cent of GDP, so x

A a

Bordered by Romania and Ukraine, be- breathtaking valley called Orheiul Vechi, it comes as no surprise that the quality and M

126 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC destinations|DELIGHTS

T ourists can book a room at the Purcari Winery, shown above, to enjoy the views, the traditional cuisine and the wines a little longer.

taste of its produce is truly outstanding . wine output, Moldova ranked 14th in the This makes Moldova a great destination world in wine production . The country for delicious culinary experiences . But boasts more than 140 wine companies, what about the wine? employing more than 250,000 people . That Perhaps the most famous attribute of means more than 67 million bottles of Moldova’s heritage is the wine . Winemak- Moldovan wine are exported to more than ing and viticulture are deeply embedded 30 countries . Red wines edge out white in the Moldovan patrimony, with evidence at 55 per cent of our exports . Foreign- suggesting that its ancestors first used ers seem to enjoy them . The wines have grapes to produce wine as early as 3000 continued to win awards at prestigious BC . If you look closely at Moldova on the wine competitions, including the Decanter map, you will notice it resembles a cluster World Wine Awards, International Wine of grapes and it is indeed perfectly located Contest and ProWein Düsseldorf . to grow them . To fully appreciate its flavour, I strongly encourage you to dive into the full experi- Moldova ranks 14th in wine production ence of tasting wine at one of Moldova’s Given that, Moldovans have become quite famous wineries . They have become so talented at producing exquisite wines over popular that the country has developed a the centuries . Moldova now exports top- successful wine tourism sector, an excel- quality wines all over the world, includ- lent opportunity for wine connoisseurs . ing Canada . As proof of the popularity Perhaps the greatest difficulty will be of Moldovan wine in Canada, in 2015, to choose your favourite: Moldova has our wine exports grew considerably, up 148,000 hectares of vineyards . That’s more 10 times from 2013, and 4 4. times that of than the 120,000 hectares of Bordeaux 2014 . Last year, the LCBO was selling Rara grapes growing in France . Neagra of Purcari 2013 for $20 95. a bottle So it shouldn’t come as a surprise that ery n and it intends to restock the shelves with Moldova is also home to the world’s a shipment coming in October 2016, so largest underground cellar and wine col- watch for it . The Purcari Winery is located in picturesque lections . Some of the storage cellars, with rcari Wi surroundings.

Pu In 2012, with 1 5. percent of the world mazes carved in limestone, span hundreds

diplomat and international canada 127 DELIGHTS|destinations

Traditional Moldovan dishes: Mamaliga (corn bread), placinte (vegetable stuffed pie), friptura (traditional pork stew), grilled vegetables and pickles.

of kilometres underground . One of the wineries definitely worth visiting is Milestii Mici, located 20 kilometres south of Moldova’s capital, Chisinau . With more than two million bottles stored at a depth of 80 metres, its cellar stretches out for nearly 200 kilometres underground . In fact, it boasts the world’s largest wine collection, according to Guinness World Records . A smaller, but perhaps equally impressive and certainly more popular winery, is Cricova . Its cellars span more than 120 kilometres underground, with perfect tem- perature and humidity conditions all year round . It also includes a very exclusive time.com one-of-a-kind collection of wines, includ- s ing a 1902 Jewish dessert wine .

The list of famous guests who have vis- | Dream ited Cricova include German Chancellor n ria Fu

Angela Merkel, Russian President Vladi- mir Putin, U S. . Secretary of State John s

Kerry and Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, erme H who once famously joked that he found it eter

Ontario and Alberta, you can taste Rara u h

Neagra of Purcari, produced by Chateau C im

Purcari, which also has a famous winery x a

in Moldova, located 120 kilometres south- M

128 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC destinations|delights

east of Chisinau in the Dniester region . Today, Purcari sells 65 per cent of its wine in the EU, thanks to a strong growth in demand from countries such as Romania and Poland . Purcari has earned, over the decades, more than 160 medals at the most prestigious international competitions, such as Decanter, Challenge International du Vin, Concours Mondial de Bruxelles and International Wine and Spirit Com- petition . Purcari wines are produced only in limited editions and are matured exclusively in French oak barrels, according to the strictest canons of traditional viticulture . In addition, the winery now offers luxurious guest suites and a great restaurant in which wine aficionados can indulge during a weekend escape outside the urban area . Rewarding tastings and tours can be staged year-round . I would strongly recommend Chateau Purcari to Canadian tourists . And, while we’re on the subject of Canadians travelling to Moldova, you don’t even need a visa . Finally, another winery worth visiting is Chateau Vartely . Located about 60 A typical village in Moldova features houses, each with its own small garden, where villagers grow kilometres north of Chisinau, it occupies their own fruits and vegetables. a private spot near the city of Orhei . With a wide selection of red and white wines, you can sample a bit of each while enjoying Moldovan hospitality in one of its 12 wooden bungalows with private terraces and sitting areas .

Moldova’s famous wine festival Indeed, Moldova takes great pride in its wine culture — so much so that each year in October, it hosts the famous Mol- dova’s Wine Festival, where you can enjoy not only well-known favourites such as Milestii Mici, Cricova, Purcari and Cha- teau Vartely, but also emerging brands such as Fautor, MiMi, Et Cetera, Gitana and Equinox . With a delicious range of red and white, Orheiul Vechi Monastery is an historical and archaeological building, located 60 kilometres northeast sweet and semi-sweet, dry and sparkling, of Moldova’s capital, Chisinau. u

oli Fine Indian Cuisine n ma n 622 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario o d hostindia.ca 613-746-4678 piri s h / s • Dine In | Take Out | Catering ma

u • Lunch Buffet Every Day h

C • À la Carte Evening Dining

im • Sunday Dinner Buffet x Winner of the Orléans Chamber of Commerce’s a

M 2015 Best Restaurant Award

diplomat and international canada 129 DELIGHTS|Destinations

T ipova, one of Europe's largest cave monasteries, dates back to the 10th Century.

Moldova is gradually building its brand has a lot to offer . But one must not forget awareness . In 2013, it created the National that a country with such rich soils and Office for Vine and Wine, with the goal hardworking people has plenty of other of promoting its wines in national and products worthy of international acclaim . international markets . In fact, you can also For example, Moldova has partnered find a national brand “Wine of Moldova” with the European Union to promote its aimed at increasing visibility abroad . produce in Europe . In 2014, it signed an Indeed, in terms of wines, Moldova association agreement with the EU, which includes a free-trade area and grants it access to the biggest market in the world . This has helped grow its exports to 65 per Bertrand Dupuy cent from 52 per cent in 2014 . By compari- Head Waiter son, the share of the former USSR market for those Moldovan products favoured by l the EU market has dropped by more than Personalized Services one third since 2014 . For All Your Receptions The European Investment Bank offers financial incentives to develop Moldova’s export sector, which finances up to 50 per cent of investments in the agricultural sector, including the wines, of course . In- vestors from as far away as China, South Korea and Nigeria are showing interest in investing in Moldova and now, Moldovan wines are slowly gaining recognition in North America . My small country between Romania and Ukraine may not be the most visible on the world map . In fact, if you ask a foreigner about Moldova, there is a good chance they will point to the famous Diplomatic Receptions islands in the Indian Ocean, 6,600 kilome- ∑ tres away . But if you enjoy a nice glass of Special Events wine, picturesque scenery, delicious food ∑ and pleasant company, Moldova is a great Private Parties place to start, especially for those who are tired of the beaten path . Telephone/Voice-Mail: ch

613-234-3016 nY

Ala Beleavschi is Moldova’s ambassador a g

to Canada . va

130 FALL 2016 | OCT-NOV-DEC RedRocketAdoutilines.indd 1 12/4/2013 12:37:11 PM National days|delights Celebration time A listing of the national and independence days marked by countries

October

1 China National Day

1 Cyprus Independence Day

1 Nigeria National Day

1 Palau Independence Day

1 Tuvalu National Day

2 Guinea National Day

3 Germany Day of German Unity

3 Korea, Republic National Foundation Day

4 Lesotho National Day

9 Uganda Independence Day

10 Fiji National Day

12 Spain National Day

12 Equatorial Guinea National Day Commemoration of the 1956 Revolution and Day of 23 Hungary Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary 24 Zambia Independence Day

26 Austria National Day 27 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Independence Day Lois Siegel 27 Turkmenistan Independence Day PhotograPhy 28 Czech Republic Proclamation of Czech States

29 Turkey Proclamation of the Republic November Special Event Photographer 1 Algeria National Day

1 Antigua and Barbuda Independence Day Personalized Portraits 3 Dominica Independence Day Parties and Fundraisers 3 Micronesia Independence Day

3 Panama Independence Day Ceremonies

9 Cambodia National Day 11 Angola Independence Day Lois has worked as a photographer 18 Latvia Independence Day for the Ottawa Citizen 18 Oman National Day (Around Town and Diplomatica), 19 Monaco National Day Ottawa Business Journal, 22 Lebanon Independence Day the Glebe Report, Centretown Buzz 25 Bosnia and Herzegovina National Day and Cinema Canada. 25 Suriname Independence Day

28 Albania National Day (613) 830-2509

28 Timor-Leste Independence Day [email protected]

28 Mauritania Independence Day siegelproductions.ca

30 Barbados Independence Day

December

1 Central African Republic Proclamation of the Republic

1 Romania National Day

2 Laos National Day

2 United Arab Emirates National Day

5 Thailand National Day

6 Finland Independence Day

11 Burkina Faso National Day

12 Kenya Independence Day

16 Bahrain Independence Day

16 Kazakhstan Independence Day Photo by Bill Blackstone 23 Japan National Day

diplomat and international canada 131 DELIGHTS|PHOTO FINISH ellphoto.ca d .mikebee www ell d ee B ike M

Photographer Mike Beedell met this mighty herbivore during a howling wind on the coast of Ungava Bay in Arctic Quebec. He was with a herd of 10 animals and Beedell was camping nearby for a week to observe and photograph them. Muskox are circumpolar and their lifespan averages 12 to 20 years. Adults weigh from 225 to 365 kilograms, but they often look much larger due to their heavy coat. The Inuit word for the muskox is umimmak, meaning “bearded one.” The creatures grow the finest wool and Inuit treasure the product, which can be gathered on shrubs and rocks when the animals rub it off in the spring. Qiviut is their word for this downy wool covered by long guard hairs. It allows the creatures to live in the extreme cold of the high arctic without any shelter. Muskox have razor-sharp horns and heavy skulls, which can be used with deadly force against wolves.

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