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Tajikistan Country Gender Assessment

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Tajikistan: Country Gender Assessment The resurgence of conservative patriarchal values in Tajikistan have led to the rise of early marriages and polygamy, compromising women’s and girls’ opportunities to realize their full potential to live quality lives, and have deterred women from fully participating in and benefitting from development. This country gender assessment report re-examines the gender equality situation in the country, identifies critical gender issues such as gender-based barriers to economic opportunities, social services, and to leadership and decision-making posts. The report also provides sector-specific gender analyses and identifies entry points for mainstreaming gender in agriculture and natural resources, education, energy, entrepreneurship and SME development, and transport. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to the majority of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. TAJIKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org TAJIKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-505-2 (Print), 978-92-9257-506-9 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168187-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Tajikistan country gender assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Country gender assessment. 2. Tajikistan. 3. Gender mainstreaming. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Attribution—In acknowledging ADB as the source, please be sure to include all of the following information: Author. Year of publication. Title of the material. © Asian Development Bank [and/or Publisher]. URL. Available under a CC BY 3.0 IGO license. Translations—Any translations you create should carry the following disclaimer: Originally published by the Asian Development Bank in English under the title [title] © [Year of publication] Asian Development Bank. All rights reserved. The quality of this translation and its coherence with the original text is the sole responsibility of the [translator]. The English original of this work is the only official version. Adaptations—Any adaptations you create should carry the following disclaimer: This is an adaptation of an original Work © Asian Development Bank [Year]. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not endorse this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at: http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Unless otherwise stated, figures and tables without explicit sources were prepared by the authors. ADB recognizes “Kyrgyzstan” as the Kyrgyz Republic. Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes v Acknowledgments vii Currency Equivalents ix Abbreviations ix Glossary x Preface xii Executive Summary xv I. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1 A. Gender Equality in the Post-Soviet Period 1 B. Measures of Gender Equality 4 C. National Legal and Institutional Framework 7 1. Laws and Policies on Gender Equality 7 2 National Mechanisms 9 3. Data Collection: Statistics and Indicators 12 II. CRITICAL GENDER ISSUES 13 A. Women in Power and Leadership 13 1. Women in Politics and Public Office 14 2. Barriers to Women Entering Government 19 3. Engagement in Civil Society 21 B. Economic Opportunities for Women and Men 23 1. Poverty and Access to and Control over Assets 24 2. Economic Activity and Employment Patterns 26 3. Gendered Features of the Labor Market 27 4. Labor Migration and Changing Gender Dynamics 30 C. Gender Issues in Social Development 35 1. Intrahousehold Gender Dynamics 35 2. Gender Issues in Health 38 3. Gender-Based Violence 44 D. Women’s Access to Justice 48 Contents III. MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN PROJECT OPERATIONS 51 A. Agriculture and Natural Resources 51 B. Education 60 C. Energy 69 D. Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development 75 E. Transport 84 IV. ENTRY POINTS FOR GENDER MAINSTREAMING 91 AppendiXes Appendix 1: Key Legal and Policy Developments 97 Appendix 2: Definitions of Gender and Development Terms 98 References 101 iv List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1. Tajikistan’s Gender Inequality Index for 2013 relative to Central Asian Countries 4 2. Civil Servants in Selected Ministries, Committees, and State Agencies in Management and Specialist Posts, 2014 15 3. Proportion of Women in the Majlisi Oli, 2015 15 4. Proportion of Women in Local Executive Offices, 2010, 2014 18 5. Poverty Rates for Men and Women, and Male- and Female-Household Heads 24 6. Estimates of Household Drinking Water Sources 57 7. Proportion of Girls by Class and Province, 2013–2014 Academic Year 62 8. Selected Education Levels of Adult Men and Women 65 9. Cooking Fuel Used by Urban and Rural Households 70 10. Selected Household Goods Owned by Urban and Rural Households 72 11. Turnover Rates of Enterprises 76 Figures 1. Global Gender Gap Sub-Index Trends, 2007–2014 5 2. Tajikistan’s Performance in the Social Institutions and Gender Index 2014 Sub-Indices 6 3. Proportion of Women in the Upper and Lower Chamber of the Majlisi Oli by Year, 2005, 2010, 2015 16 4. Employment Status of Men and Women, 2009 27 5. Distribution of Employed Women by Occupation, 2012 28 6. Women’s Wages as a Proportion of Men’s Wages, 2005–2014 29 7. Participation in Household Decision-Making 38 8. Trend in the Proportion of Dekhan Farms Managed by Men and Women, 2006–2014 55 9. Distribution of Student Enrollment by Type of Educational Institution, 2013–2014 Academic Year 66 10. Distribution of Male and Female Students in Higher Education by Academic Subject, 2013–2014 Academic Year 67 v List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes Boxes 1. Tajikistan’s First Female Presidential Candidate 17 2. Is Tajikistan Ready to Vote for Women? 20 3. Empowering or Burdening Women? 37 4. Women Living with HIV 42 5. Support for Women Survivors of Gender-Based Violence 46 6. Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Tajikistan 66 7. Grants for Women Entrepreneurs 84 8. Transport-Related Issues for Women Market Traders 89 vi Acknowledgments This country gender assessment was researched and written by Elisabeth Duban. The assessment was prepared under Asian Development Bank (ADB) regional technical assistance (RETA) 7563: Promoting Gender Inclusive Growth in Central and West Asia Developing Member Countries. The assessment process was supervised by the Central and West Asia Department’s gender and development team comprising Shanny Campbell (senior social development specialist on gender and development), Jeremy Stickings (senior social development specialist on gender and development), Mary Alice Rosero (gender and social development specialist consultant), Wilma Silva-Netto Rojas (gender and development consultant) and Gulnora Kholova (gender and development implementation consultant at the Tajikistan Resident Mission). Special mention is made of the role played by Barno Kurbanova, the
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