FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OCTOBER 1973 ^ - Jtaff

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Has any insurance company or underwriter declined to accept or refused to renew your insurance? if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Have you or any other persons or members of your household who will drive your car had any accidents during the past two years? .if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Do you plan to travel in Canada?- (yes or no) Signature of Applicant Date American Foreign Service Association

PRINCETON LYMAN, First Vice President THOMAS D. BOYATT, Chairman F. ALLEN HARRIS, Vice Chairman BARBARA J. GOOD, Second Vice Chairman RAYMOND F. SMITH, Secretary-Treasurer LOIS ROTH, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer HERMAN J. COHEN CHARLES T. CROSS CARL L. GEBUHR CHARLES O. HOFFMAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JOHN PATTERSON W. A. WHITTEN

RICHARD L. WILLIAMSON, Counselor

Journal Editorial Board

TERESITA C. SCHAFFER, Chairman RALPH S. SMITH, Vice Chairman FREDERICK QUINN JOEL M. WOLDMAN OCTOBER 1973: VOLUME 50, NO. 10 EDWARD M. COHEN ERIC GRIFFEL G. RICHARD MONSEN LAWRENCE B. LESSER

Staff

GERALD BUSHNELL, Executive Director HELEN VOGEL, Committee Coordinator ELOISE JORDAN, Scholarship Aide Resolution of the Wives’ Dilemma 6 C. B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation CARROLL RUSSELL SHERER Foreign Service Educational Center CLARKE SLADE, Director

A Look at Four Foreign Services: Journal Brazil, West Germany, Israel, Japan 10 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor PRATT BYRD MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction

Advertising Representatives Regards to Life But Not Too Many 14 JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 520 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. ALEX LIPSMAN 10036 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., The Fertile Nest Egg 18 London SWI 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. JOHN T. BENNETT

©American Foreign Service Association, 1973. The Foreign Service Journal is published twelve times a year by the Amer¬ Sightseeing with Helen Keller 30 ican Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Wash¬ ROBERT AND NANCY BARTON ington, D. C. 20037. Telephone (202) 338-4045

Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C.

DEPARTMENTS The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American For¬ eign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Editorials 4 Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, The Bookshelf 33 the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Letters to the Editor 43 Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, AFSA News 45 foreign affairs. Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $13 to $52 annually depending upon income. Retired Active Members—Dues are $30 annually for members with incomes over $15,000; $15 annually for less than $15,000. Associate Members—Dues are $20 annually. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Li¬ brary Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed Cover.- Seascape by Margaret Cornelius October 30, 1967. Grand Alliance: You and a1974 Ford

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“Present at the Creation” nor the constitutional mandate to deal with foreign policy. With the leadership that Dr. Kissinger can provide, AFTER four and one-half years of arduous and dedi¬ the Foreign Service has a unique opportunity to use to cated service, Secretary Rogers is returning to private the fullest its ability to synthesize national objectives and life. His years of tenure as Secretary of State have seen international realities. The way to reestablish our role is remarkable changes in our foreign relations and in the to produce the constructive analyses, imaginative ideas relations between Foreign Service employees and the and recommendations in a timely fashion in response to managements of the three Agencies. In each case, we are the stimuli which will emanate from the Seventh Floor clearly on the road to the creation of a new era. Secre¬ over the next three years. In short, we must win back our tary Rogers will be missed—his dignity, decency and in¬ proper role; it will not be handed to us. tegrity will continue to serve as an example for all of us. At his confirmation hearing, Dr. Kissinger spoke of the To replace Secretary Rogers, the President named Dr. potential for all of us to be “present at the creation” of a Kissinger to be the new Secretary of State and also re¬ new foreign policy consensus in support of peaceful, co¬ tain his responsibilities as the President’s Adviser on Na¬ operative world relationships. We are confident that the tional Security Affairs. AFSA warmly applauds this de¬ Foreign Service of the United States, through the full use cision on the President’s part. Indeed, the atmosphere in of its abilities, will take the leadership role in this great the Department in recent days has been electric with an¬ endeavor. ticipation : Dr. Kissinger’s extraordinary qualifications for the position, particularly his intellectual brilliance, his Letter to Dr. Kissinger from the Chairman knowledge of foreign affairs and his understanding of the For over fifty years the American Foreign Service policy process do not require repetition. Association (AFSA) has been dedicated to enhancing The change in the office of the Secretary provides an the professionalism of the Foreign Service of the United appropriate moment to reflect on why the responsibilities States. To this end the Association sponsors a wide of the Secretary and the Foreign Service have declined in variety of activities ranging from interchanges with other recent years, and to ponder what can be done about it. foreign affairs constituencies in academe, the press, etc., The Association’s position that the Secretary of State to a Congressional action program in support of the should play the predominant role in the definition and career principle. coordination of US foreign policy is well known. To the In recent years AFSA has broadened its activities to usual arguments of constitutional intent and historical include representation of employee concerns. We have precedent, we would add a political argument of real recently won decisive election victories over the Ameri¬ moment: The foreign policy consensus desired and ur¬ can Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), gently needed by the country can best be constructed around a Secretary of State appointed by the President, gaining the right under the President’s Executive Order confirmed by the Senate, and subject to legislative over¬ to be the exclusive representative of the 12,000 Foreign sight and public accountability. Service men and women of the Department of State, AID The appointment of Dr. Kissinger as Secretary has and USIA on whose behalf we are now negotiating. largely resolved the question of the dominant role of the We believe that AFSA’s roles as a professional orga¬ Secretary of State in foreign affairs. What Dr. Kissinger nization and as exclusive employee representative are in his testimony referred to as an “ambiguity” in the re¬ intimately linked and crucial to the goal of developing spective roles of the Secretary and the President’s Na¬ the best possible Foreign Service. Since I know you fully tional Security Adviser has now ended. Dr. Kissinger does share this goal, I would be most appreciative of an early not face the normal handicaps of a newcomer to the of¬ opportunity to call upon you to present the other officers fice. His pre-eminent role is not subject to challenge. of the Association and to exchange views on these im¬ The Foreign Service, however, would be making a portant matters. disastrous mistake to conclude that its “prerogatives” in We were delighted when you addressed AFSA’s 1972 foreign affairs have automatically been restored as a re¬ annual awards luncheon honoring our colleagues best sult of Dr. Kissinger’s appointment. We are not blame¬ demonstrating those highest professional qualities of less in our loss of influence, and restoration to our “right¬ initiative, courage and creative dissent. This year the ful” place will not be automatic. The Secretary-designate luncheon is on September 14. Senator Pell will address has publicly and repeatedly made clear his intention of the gathering and we would be honored if you could conducting an open foreign policy, a goal we strongly again be with us. support. In that environment, we believe competence will flourish, and decisions will no longer be based largely on Dr. Kissinger’s Reply bureaucratic factors. However, this is not the moment to I was pleased to receive your letter of August 28, since expend verbal energy on public demands for the restora¬ my future relationship with AFSA has been much on my tion of lost prerogatives pre-empted over the years by mind since the President asked me to become Secretary other agencies that have neither the professional capacity (Continued on page 32)

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 GROUP ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR AFSA MEMBERS! Providing Year-Round Accident Protection for loss of life, limb or sight

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CARROLL RUSSELL SHERER

UR previous post was the kind could best be developed and ex¬ was arrested and taken off to jail in where you are either bored to death ecuted by the women, a fact tacitly a paddy wagon with his diplomatic or scared to death, neither condition recognized by everyone, and they identity card in his pocket. We only being conducive to peace of mind or instinctively set about doing it. got him back by the Ambassador’s creativity. Our main job was to sur¬ There was no question of charity going in person to the Presidency in vive and to do it gracefully. The events; we never even celebrated the middle of the night and demand¬ technique of this complicated trick our national day. Our problems ing his immediate release. The were real basics like how we would courage and self-discipline exercised Mrs. Sherer is the wife of a career For¬ get enough to eat. Everyone was at by the officer’s wife during those eign Service officer presently serving as one time or another genuinely trying hours were an example and a Ambassador to Czechoslovakia. Since frightened and the eleven o’clock boost for all of us. None of us will 1946 they have had nine posts abroad and three Washington assignments. They curfew stuck until the end of our forget her. are still married to each other and even tour. It was the only post we have In fact, none of us will forget any living together. had where a Foreign Service officer of it. Although I guess there wasn’t 5=§p| How to order wines you can serve with J pride and confidence. If you buy for Embassies or other American fine varietal wines are always available for delegations abroad, you will want a copy your needs from this noted Napa Valley of our specially prepared “Export Guide” to vintner. We offer complete service any¬ The Christian Brothers Premium California where in the world. Wines. A superb selection of California’s

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□ Comprehensive Personal Insurance (Liability) Full Name □ Renters Insurance (Combination Household Goods and Comprehensive Personal Insurance.) Personal Rank and Class* Soc. Sec. No. □ Personal Articles Floater (Expensive single items—jewelry, USAA furs, art, etc.) Street Address City State Zip Country USAA Building, □ Boatowners □ Homeowners or Dwelling Fire and San Antonio, Area Code Phone Number USAA Membership No. Allied Perils (If Stateside) □ Not a USAA Member (STATE) Texas 78288 □ Former USAA Member Code 3225 *R and S classes not eligible unless holding a Presiden¬ ■ tial commission. a single one of us who could have said he was really doing his own “thing,” we were doing our mutual thing which seemed to bring out the best in each one and we were proud of that. It was a good (bad?) job well done, and someday I hope to get a decent book out of it, but even if I don’t I would not trade the experience for any number of years of my own thing because my thing, at least, is not that interesting and I would not for a moment pretend that it is. Now that I am back in Europe where life is easier and where I am not threatened by anything except my own inertia and stupidity, I have had time to focus on the “wives’ dilemma” in the Foreign Service comes that dirty word “senior.” This thy for the wife who wishes to be and have tried to inform myself of explains why ambassadors’ wives of divorced from her husband’s career all its particulars. Many nations, of some countries are not as likely to but not from her husband, I am course, do not choose or cannot be skilled in survival techniques as proposing a plan which could save afford to use the wives of their ours are (e.g. language ability, the State Department hundreds of diplomats in the way that most Eu¬ health precautions and procedures, thousands of dollars and would sat¬ ropeans have come to view as tradi¬ child-rearing abroad). isfy the demand for independence tional. In those cases the husband But this would be a rather harsh that many wives have nowadays comes to the post unaccompanied and un-American solution to the while at the same time giving recog¬ by his family. He has no choice dilemma; people should, after all, nition to those who wish to remain until much later on when he be¬ have a choice. Having great sympa¬ (Continued on page 40) Asense of security, once you've arrived. Security has been helping government families make their way around the world since 1890. A more recent tradition (1897) is insured security once you’ve arrived. The move immortalized here was from Washington to Shanghai in 1948. Our Government Service Policy covers house¬ hold and personal effects against fire, theft, mys¬ terious disappearance, windstorms, floods and breakage during your stay anywhere in the world. (When the American Consul’s home burned in Port-au-Prince several decades ago, our check for his entire valuation was in the mail before the smoke cleared.) The annual premium is the same, whether you’re in Madagascar or Madrid. Worldly goods valued at $10,000 would be covered at a rate of $130 per year (and lower to AFSA members.) The policy can cover insurance in transit but not upon goods in permanent storage in the United States. A sep¬ arate all-risk auto transit policy is also available. For specific rate information, please contact our Insurance Department. $pfurif|) $fnFag? (jompang of OJashington MAIN OFFICE: 1701 Florida Ave., N.W., Wash., D.C. 20009 PHONE: (202) 234-5600/MARYLAND: Bethesda - Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak/VIRGINIA: Alexan¬ dria, McLean/PHILIP LARNER GORE, President.

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4513 WISCONSIN AVENUE, N.W. (OPPOSITE SEARS), WASHINGTON, D.C. All orders destined New York A.P.O. and F.P.O. add $3.00 for first item and $2.00 each additional item for Parcel Post, Insurance and Handling. San Francisco A.P.O. and F.P.O. please write for Proforma Invoice. Diplomacy, I believe, is a profession with some special characteristics. It is worthwhile to see what other nations are doing about theirs.

A LOOK AT POUR FOREIGN SERVICES BRAZIL-WEST GERMANY-ISRAEL-JARAN

PRATT BYRD

INTRODUCTION ceptions which are fuzzy and inac¬ may be characterized as youthful, curate. bright, attractive, hard-working, THIS is a look at the diplomatic es¬ I have attempted to relate what cen¬ with a certain quality of vibrancy, tablishments or foreign services of tral authorities entrusted with imple¬ color and dynamism. four nations today, in 1973, to see menting personnel policies say to what The Foreign Service of Brazil is how they are similar and how they are the troops in the field have to say. 1 different. The central effort has been have considered the possible conflicts an integral part of the nation’s Civil to try to find the essential characteris¬ between image and reality and reached Service, but it has a quality of inde¬ tics of each of the services, to see what what I hope is a fair assessment. I am pendence as well. Members of the are the dynamics within that service, aware that my approach has, by de¬ Foreign Service assigned to Brasilia and, as far as possible, to present an sign, encouraged a superficial view, staff almost all substantive positions impressionistic picture of each. for I have not delved into historic in the Foreign Office, housed in one A word as to methodology. Con¬ roots, cultural phenomena, or the na¬ of the capital’s most attractive new versations were held with officers as¬ tional economies. signed to their nations’ Embassies in structures. Most of Brazil’s Ambas¬ Nonetheless, I am hopeful that my sadors are career officers. Consider¬ Washington. Next, visits were made to study has some merit on its own and able prestige is accorded to the For¬ all four Foreign Offices. An attempt may stimulate more detailed studies. was made wherever possible to sched¬ Foreign Services are important and eign Service and diplomacy is con¬ ule additional visits in foreign capitals diplomacy, l believe, is a profession sidered a worthwhile and attractive with representatives at other Embas¬ with some special characteristics. Since career. Well-qualified university stu¬ sies along the lines of the Washington nations want to have strong, capable dents apply for admission to the visits. I have reviewed published ma¬ foreign services, it is worthwhile to see Service, and there is no present in¬ terials available and have sought the what other nations are doing about clination to reduce requirements or opportunity of discussing the topic theirs in order to see our own in prop¬ lighten the strict examinations. with journalists, American observers, er perspective; the US Foreign Service and others whenever possible. Candidates apply to take the ex¬ in recent years has gone through a aminations on an annual basis. It is my conclusion that there is a process of intensive self-analysis and, Provisional or preliminary exams, widespread interest throughout all as a result, we have lost sight of our Services in the topic and a genuine colleagues and competitors. mostly of general aptitude nature, concern about the problems we all are given in five or six of the major face. Yet, I should like to make clear BRAZIL cities; those successful in the prelim¬ that the conclusions and impressions 1 inaries are invited to Rio for the present are my own. 1 hope they are intensive written and oral examina¬ accurate, but if not, it is my own per- tions conducted by the Institute Rio Pratt Byrd, who entered the Foreign Serv¬ THE Brazilian Foreign Service is Branco, equivalent to a Foreign ice in 1950, has served at Frankfort, a cohesive group of dedicated Service Institute. Competence in Bremen, Kabul, Budapest, Djakarta and officers, somewhat small in number French and English is required and Munich. This article is excerpted from a with respect to the economic tested both orally and in writing. paper prepared as a case study at the strength and vitality of Brazil. It is a The written examinations are giv¬ Senior Seminar in Foreign Policy. Part 11 which looks at the Foreign Services of service with traditions, proud of its en in series; failure to pass any Israel and Japan will appear in the No¬ status and its emphasis since 1919 exam with a grade of 50 or more vember issue. on professionalism. The Service prevents the candidate from taking

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 the next exam. He must have a leagues at the same level whom they uations or efficiency reports. Com¬ passing grade of 60 or more for the consider should be promoted. Each mendations for particularly good series, based on simple averaging. If of these votes carries ten points. work are sparingly used; more he has passed his physical, security, The list with peer-group ratings is effective is the practice of mention¬ and psychological tests as well as his next made available to a promotion ing an officer’s good work in the formal exams, he is appointed and board of 15 high-ranking officers; right quarters, perhaps in an in¬ assigned to a two-year course at the each board member’s vote counts formal conversation with a member Institute. 1000 points toward promotion. This of the Board. The examinations test a candi¬ figure sounds astronomical com¬ What officers in the Service like date’s knowledge of International pared to the point-count of the vote about the new system is the im¬ Law, Brazilian History and Geogra¬ of a colleague, but officers believe proved prospect for promotion for phy, World History, International board members are influenced by officers who may be well regarded Affairs and Diplomacy. The In¬ the votes a promotion candidate re¬ by their colleagues but not particu¬ stitute’s curriculum includes addi¬ ceives from his peer-group. If the larly well-known in Brasilia. They tional instruction (mostly lectures entire board supports the promotion believe the old promotion system and readings) on these subjects, of one officer, he will be awarded was perhaps somewhat unfair to Economics, Brazilian Government, 15,000 points. The number of can¬ officers who had long been assigned the working methods of the Foreign didates a board member votes for is overseas. Office, and foreign languages. Re¬ determined by the estimated num¬ The new system has produced a cently the Institute has been experi¬ ber of promotions from a particular side benefit; it makes somewhat menting with other projects such as class; this number is based on pro¬ more appealing the possibility of an the drafting of background papers motion-created vacancies at the assignment to Brasilia, a fate ear¬ for a visit by the Foreign Minister to higher level and estimates of attri¬ lier considered as slightly less than certain African countries and field tion due to death, sick leave, or an assignment to oblivion. Many trips to Brazilian cities and regions. extended leave for special purposes. officers tend to see an assignment to Particularly since the move of the When points are all counted in, a Brasilia now as tantamount to a Foreign Office to Brasilia, the Insti¬ tabulation is made and the board better possibility for promotion, tute is seeking ways of cooperating produces a second list of promotable since the Promotion Board sits there with the Foreign Office as closely as officers. This too is published and and opportunities abound for mak¬ possible. thereafter the Ministry must pro¬ ing oneself and one’s work known. Following his introductory train¬ mote on the basis of the list when¬ On assignments, personal con¬ ing program, the new officer in most ever a vacancy occurs. It is con¬ nections can also be important. A cases is assigned to the Foreign ceivable but not likely that not number of officers follow senior Office for a period of two years or enough vacancies will occur during officers around from post to post. more before assignment for the first the calendar year to promote those On occasion familial relationships time abroad. Assignments tend to officers recommended; should that appear to be of great importance, alternate thereafter between four occur, the disappointed officer but one can no longer say that they years abroad (two two-year tours) would likely be put at the head of a are a dominant factor in the Foreign and four years in Brasilia (generally subsequent list. After the second list Service. Officers are able to resist in two different assignments). This is published or “gazetted,” actual assignments without prejudice to is particularly true during the earlier promotions are made on a quarterly their careers. If their reasons for portion of one’s career, and an basis. rejecting an assignment are not too officer in higher grades will likely Although the system was intro¬ sound, officers may have to accept stay abroad for longer periods. On duced only in 1972, officers believe assignments they would prefer to the average, a diplomat will spend it will work well and be an improve¬ avoid. two-thirds of his career overseas ment over the previous promotion On the other hand, there is a and one-third in Brazil. system, which relied almost exclu¬ quality of discipline and organiza¬ A recent reform of the promotion sively on subjectivity—whom do tion in the Brazilian Service. Some system, which appears not to relate you know and who knows you. Sub¬ officers are proud of similarities be¬ directly to the assignment process, jectivity has not been eliminated tween the Foreign Service and Bra¬ provides an unusual combination of and still has a very significant zil’s military services. Some officers objective and subjective appraisals, weight in promotions. This is not feel the tempered discipline of the seniority, and peer-group evalua¬ necessarily a bad thing in a Service Foreign Service is a civilian model tion. A promotion committee pro¬ small enough for almost everyone to of the more strict discipline in the duces a list annually of those know most of his colleagues on a military. Emphasis on training in officers considered eligible for pro¬ personal basis. When the Service the Service is considered parallel to motion. The list is based on a point grows larger, as I believe it proba¬ that available to military officers, system with certain points allocated bly will to accommodate the na¬ and the organization of the Foreign for time-in-grade, for special posi¬ tion’s growing importance, perhaps Office is considered to be patterned tions held, for length of service, etc. other techniques of promotion will on that of the Defense Ministry. The list is published and made have to be adopted. The Brazilian Foreign Service has available at home and abroad. All What makes the promotion a kind of time-in-grade limitation, officers of the Foreign Service are scheme somewhat unique is the ab¬ operative only in the upper levels asked to vote for ten of their col¬ sence of required and periodic eval¬ when an officer must retire if not

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 11 promoted to the rank of Ambassa¬ diplomats and, although the interest officers remaining outside Service dor from the rank of Minister and intentions are there, it has ap¬ positions for as long as five years Counsellor by the time he reaches parently neglected further training before seeking reinstatement or the age of 60. As far as could be at middle and upper levels. This resigning. determined, the concept is applied may be explained by a shortage of There is a growing concern about only at the upper levels and a quali¬ funds as well as of personnel. The female career diplomats, and wom¬ ty of rapid promotion governs at Institute is already experiencing en officers are increasingly con¬ lower levels. An officer expects to difficulties as a result of the Minis¬ cerned about prejudicial treatment. be promoted regularly and quickly try’s move to Brasilia. Plans are for Women officers feel the Ministry is to the rank of First Secretary; this the Institute itself to move, when unduly rigid in requiring that wom¬ permits his assignment to positions suitable quarters become available. en officers married to male diplo¬ with a greater amount of responsi¬ The move will likely produce mixed mats abandon their career when bility at a comparatively young age. results; it will be unpopular with their husbands are assigned abroad; Thereafter his promotions will slow students and staff, it will remove the husband and wife teams may work down, but he can have a reasonable Institute from the rich educational in the Ministry in Brasilia. The expectation of ultimate appointment resources available in Rio, and it Ministry is aware of this as a as Ambassador since almost all Am¬ will at the same time permit close growing problem, but does not seem bassadors are appointed from the coordination and cooperation be¬ to be moving away from its present career service and since Ambassa¬ tween the Institute and the Minis¬ policy. dors generally serve no longer than try. In general, wives of diplomats four or five years before retirement. Further problems may arise in assigned abroad are not expected to The Service has succeeded in the inevitable need to expand the be able to continue their own sepa¬ changing its earlier image. It was size of the Service. Already experi¬ rate career. A journalist-wife might formerly considered a lightweight encing a drop in the number of be an exception, or a musician or an institution characterized by nepo¬ applications for a variety of reasons artist. Regulations in the host coun¬ tism, in an exclusive club-like at¬ (primarily the government’s move try on employment of foreigners mosphere, mostly involved in non- to Brasilia and the competitiveness would apply and there would be serious pursuits. Although an im¬ of other career opportunities in a little inclination to request special pressively large number of Brazilian rapidly growing economy), an in¬ authorization or waive diplomatic diplomats are children or relatives creased need for more officers may immunity on behalf of a diplomat’s of diplomats, there is some sensitivi¬ have to be met by a downward wife. ty on this point and officials now adjustment of requirements and ex¬ Parenthetically, a new regulation take some pleasure in the fact that aminations, which may create fur¬ on marriage of diplomats is raising children and relatives of diplomats ther burdens on the Institute. some concern, since it requires the do not receive preferential treat¬ Some officers point to problems Foreign Minister’s approval for ment; they must enter the Service which arise through the frequent marriage to another Brazilian and through the examination process exchange and transfer of Foreign Presidential approval for marriage and, it is somewhat gleefully report¬ Service officers assigned to the For¬ to a foreigner. ed, some of them don’t pass. eign Ministry. There are few per¬ Present Foreign Office regula¬ The Service does not pretend to manent career non-Foreign Service tions preclude the assignment of a represent the nation racially, geo¬ personnel in the Ministry. Although diplomat to the country of his wife’s graphically, or socially. There is, the system of assigning officers to former nationality, though excep¬ however, no bar to the acceptance substantive positions in the Ministry tions can be made. A foreigner mar¬ of dark-skinned Brazilians other has obvious advantages, transfers of ried to a Brazilian diplomat is not than examinations. Since most of these officers every two or three required to adopt Brazilian citizen¬ the best universities are located in years prohibits continuity in Minis¬ ship. Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, those try operations. These present and prospective who take and pass the examinations There has been some public criti¬ problems can be solved without di¬ luting the quality of excellence in are likely to come from those cities. cism about the Ministry’s liberal pol¬ The government’s liberal policy of icy of allowing officers to leave the the present Service. Officials are aware of these problem areas and providing deserving students from Service temporarily; at any one the outlying and underdeveloped time, perhaps twenty-five or more there is abundant evidence of talent and ability to solve them. areas with scholarships and assist¬ officers are maintained on the books ance to study in the larger cities has but not working in the Ministry or already brought into the Service abroad. Some take leave to accept WEST GERMANY representatives from outside Rio high-paying positions for a time; and Sao Paulo. In addition, as uni¬ some accept positions in other gov¬ versities elsewhere in Brazil im¬ ernment ministries; and some leave THE German Foreign Service is prove the quality of education avail¬ for personal or family reasons. a well-established institution, tied able to students, there will likely be When officers on leave for any of closely to the Civil Service. There is successful applicants from other these purposes wish to re-enter the little difference between the Ger¬ universities. Foreign Service, they are entitled to man Foreign Service officer as¬ The Service has emphasized the the first vacant position available. signed in Bonn and his colleagues in introductory training course for its There have been some instances of other ministries. Salary scales,

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 working conditions, retirement ben¬ system which makes law a favorite may have been found necessary efits, insurance, etc. are almost field of study at the university level during his training program at the identical; the separate and distinct for aspiring public servants, busi¬ School, and an assignment in the status of the Foreign Service is nessmen, students of international Foreign Office. At the end of this maintained through special Bun¬ affairs, and politicians as well as for assignment, he is granted career destag regulations on such matters those interested in a career as law¬ status and is off probation. as home leave, travel, schooling al¬ yers or judges. Some recent initi- The rather long period of intro¬ lowance, shipping costs, provision of atees were quite outspoken in say¬ ductory training, internship and air conditioners, and the like. ing that the study of law, they felt, probation has obvious advantages in The Foreign Service was the sub¬ was a particularly good discipline permitting the Ministry an on-trial ject of study for a Commission es¬ in preparing students well to take situation in judging the suitability of tablished by Willy Brandt when he almost any kind of written and oral new officers before a career com¬ was Foreign Minister in 1969; re¬ examinations; preparation of law mitment is given; since it is difficult portedly, Brandt had become con¬ briefs was good training for writing to remove people from the Service, cerned when he visited a number of clear prose, and training in court¬ it is better to be sure before they are German missions abroad as Lord room procedures was helpful in completely admitted. An obvious Mayor of Berlin. The Commission preparing for the oral examinations. disadvantage is the extended period was made up of highly regarded The examinations test general required before an officer is really politicians, university professors, as well as specific knowledge. Com¬ in the Service. public officials, and similar persons. petence in two languages is re¬ Promotions in the lower ranks It began its intensive study in 1969 quired—English or French, or both, come relatively fast and almost au¬ and presented a final report with or one plus another language. Writ¬ tomatically, with length of service in some 132 separate recommenda¬ ten examinations are followed by class a primary consideration. Eval¬ tions in 1972. All but one or two of approximately five days of oral ex¬ uation reports are required on a the proposed changes will be imple¬ aminations, individually and in periodic basis, which are perhaps as mented by the end of 1973, either groups, giving the examiners ample important for offering the officer a in terms of new ministerial direc¬ opportunity to form sound judg¬ chance to express his wishes and tives or legislation, if required. This ments. Upon successful completion interests as much as for promotion is perhaps an unparalleled example of examinations, including a physi¬ purposes. The officer must see and of how one goes about effectively cal (mostly aimed at testing the discuss his report with his supervi¬ reforming a national institution; candidate’s health in terms of pos¬ sor, and he has the opportunity to Brandt and the members of the sible assignment in difficult cli¬ comment or rebut. Commission are to be commended mates) and a security check, the The Ministry is obliged to discuss for the seriousness of the study and new appointee embarks on an eight- promotions and assignments with for its effective implementation. month training program in the Dip¬ the Personnel Council of the Min¬ Well on its way to completion of lomatic School, a handsome and istry, 13 representatives elected pe¬ the reform, the German Foreign well-equipped new building with riodically by members of the For¬ Service today gives an impression of dormitory facilities located on the eign Service at home and abroad. considerable authority, competence, Venusberg outside Bonn. The Council represents the effort and professionalism, with a few oc¬ The examination procedure is to introduce the concept of “co¬ casional examples of conservatism arduous, but it includes strong feel¬ determination” (Mitbestimmung) and “old guardism.” The new look ings of camaraderie. The Germans into a government office similar to of German diplomats is particularly have seized on the English word the council of workers in an indus¬ noticeable in the lower and middle “crew” to define officers who enter trial plant. Management and the levels; there are a few (but not the Service at the same time. Iden¬ Council appear to have a harmoni¬ many) representatives of the aristo¬ tification with one’s crew remains ous and cooperative relationship cratic families one would expect to throughout one’s career, and meet¬ and do not consider themselves ad¬ find in a German Foreign Service, ings of a crew are held from time to versaries, although the Council does and there are a few officers who time when enough members are have considerable power and au¬ represent the old traditions rather available in the same city. Officers thority. than the new. in the Service are identified as be¬ The Council also functions as a The Germans themselves are longing to the crew of 1956, for grievance board, a place for an in¬ concerned that so many of their example. Members of a crew tend dividual to go for adjustment and diplomats come from the field of to receive promotions at about the settlement of complaints. In a simi¬ law—approximately two-thirds of same time, and members try to be lar way, each mission has an elected the “higher” or diplomatic service. helpful to each other whenever pos¬ “Obmann,” an ombudsman, to lis¬ While the Ministry would be happy sible. ten to complaints, hopefully provide to see a wider variety of profession¬ After finishing his introductory useful services to individuals, and al studies represented, the Ministry course at the School, a new officer act as an intermediary in represent¬ does not want to sacrifice quality, in most cases is assigned for an ing the interests of individuals or and those students who do best on internship of about six months to a groups with the Ambassador or the examinations are, in the majori¬ mission abroad. He then returns to chief of mission. The Obmann is ty, law students. This perhaps has Bonn for a further language exami¬ expected to act as the local arm its roots in the German educational nation, any additional exams which (Continued on page 36)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 13 “Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light.”—Dylan Thomas regards to life bnt not too many

ALEX LIPSMAN

wII BHEN we arrived at the Old for her.” “Now,” she said. “Now that Peoples’ Home, Hobie, the Head, “I’m sure,” I said. According to bastard. He was the worst, denounc¬ greeted us. His office is situated my sister, when she came to the ing mother. He denounced her.” where he can see all who come and Home she found my mother I took her gently but firmly by go- crawling to the toilet. “She was no the arm, guiding her toward my “I’ve been wanting to see you,” longer able to walk,” my sister said. father’s room. he said. He’d been standing in the “And they wouldn’t believe her. “He’ll get his some day,” I said. driveway, clasping and unclasping They thought she just wanted atten¬ “He was unspeakable,” she said. his hands, waiting. tion.” Gently I kept her going until we “We’re here,” I said. I looked My sister shook with rage. came to my father’s room. sidewise at my sister. He meant he I looked at Hobie. Should I say, “Hi, pa,” I said. “How’s the wanted to see the two of us, which well now, according to my sister, sport?” she perfectly well understood. you were infamous? No, I thought, The sport was impassive. “Excuse me,” she said. She temper hold thy tongue. Hobie still “You’re late,” he said. stalked off and sat on a bench, had my father. It was not his custom to say stonily eyeing the distance. To her “Hobie,” I said, showing myself hello. Hobie was anathema, the great vil¬ somewhat on his side but not entire¬ “How do you feel?” I said. lain in the piece. I looked him over, ly. “I’m sure you did the best you Usually it irritates him if I ask while his eyes darted after her. I could.” him how he feels. wanted to see the meanness. But “It was unfortunate,” he said. This time it was different. “I feel nothing was obvious except harass¬ “She should not have been brought terrible,” he said. ment—due I thought to the cubic here in the first place. We are not I didn’t care for that. When he yards of waste that kept pouring out equipped to give medical care. She says he feels terrible he is prepared of those incontinent people in the should have been hospitalized. The to prove it. Home. I’d be harassed too, I said trouble was there was friction in the “What’s the matter?” I said. to myself. family.” “They gave me an enema.” “First,” Hobie said, “I want to “What?” I said. “Why?” tell you how sorry I am about your “Friction.” “I couldn’t go,” he said impa¬ mother. We did everything we could “Thank you for what you have tiently. told me,” I said. “It’s all been very “Do you feel weak?” I tried to Alex Lipsman writes, “l have worked in sad.” I beckoned to my sister. remember how it feels to have an the federal government a long time, a “Very sad,” I said again. enema. good part of it for AID, but I once took six years’ leave (!) and published a tour¬ My sister brushed by. “Excuse “I feel terrible,” he said vehe¬ ist guide in San Clemente, California. me,” I said to him. mently. . . . The money was uncertain so I finally “Hey,” I told her. “You needn’t “Yes,” I said mechanically. On had to leave though I enjoy the thought run.” She has short legs that go like the day of the funeral they give him I was among the first to go away and do my thing. Now I work at the weaver’s pistons. “Hobie thinks mother an enema. No other day than this, I trade, which is the loan office of AID'S should have been hospitalized from said to myself, would do. Latin American Bureau.’’ the beginning.” “You ought to have something to

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 tighten you up. You’ll be out in “Yeah,” he said. infirmities. public.” On the way over to the cemetery “There’s only one safe way,” I “I’ve been tight,” he said. “I’ve I managed to avoid bogging down said. “Keep all of it with Hobie.” been full up to here. Terrible.” in an argument with him, which “Why should I?” “You don’t look terrible,” I said. isn’t easy if you have a man of my “All right,” I said nettled. “Don’t “You look good.” I turned to my father’s contentiousness on the day then, keep it in your shoe.” I was sister. “He looks good, doesn’t he?” of his wife’s funeral and he has just thinking of a movie I’d seen that She just kept looking at him. I had an enema. We passed his bank showed a shoe with a false sole. thought of the time an hour ago and he wanted to know about his “That’s how much you know,” he when I had shown her the suit he money. said. “Then they’d be sure to get would wear to the funeral. “He’ll “How much have I got there?” he it.” look decent enough in it,” I had said. My sister chimed in. “I should said. “I don’t know,” I said. It was have a record of this,” she said. “If “I could care less,” she had re¬ some big deal like two thousand. he wore a toupee he could keep it plied. “I should think about his feel¬ “Harry will tell you tomorrow.” there too—if it was all in bills.” ings after the years he spent reject¬ Harry is his living-in-town son. There was a silence. She was ing mine?” He looked sourly at me. “Can’t I talking to me, not him. Come to So she just looked at him. know?” think of it, I thought, she had not I said, manufacturing some con¬ “Pa,” I said, thinking fast. “How spoken directly to him nor he to viction: “You look okay, pa.” much money have you got on you?” her. “That’s what you say,” he said. “Why?” “Your daughter is speaking to “Have you gone any?” “I might run out of gas. How you,” I said. “Some.” much?” “How much have I got?” my “A little huh?” He pulled out his wallet, showing father said. For answer he looked impatient. me. “Eight dollars.” “What?” “Okay,” I said. “Here’s your suit. “Hold onto it,” I said. “We may “What?” he said with exasper¬ We better get you dressed now and need it.” ation. “What am I talking about?” go to the cemetery.” “I have eight dollars at the office “Pa, Harry will take the bank “I’ll leave,” my sister said. with Hobie,” he said. book out of his desk tomorrow and I got him out of his robe and into “The same,” I said. “You have tell you.” his clothes. In fact, he did it himself eight and Hobie has eight.” “I would just like to know,” he except for the tie. On the outside he “I keep them the same,” he said. said resentfully. looked pretty decent, I thought, ex¬ “Then I know.” Despite the countless times my cept inside the bomb is stirring “Know what?” father has worked on me the same around. All of a sudden there’s “I can remember what I’ve got in way, I never pick it up initially. going to be a big whoosh, I thought. my pocket,” he said. “If I keep it Now I realized he was for some And if you take a shovel my son the same as I have with Hobie.” reason annoyed with me or maybe you can clean up what Rover has “You mean you ask Hobie how her and thought he’d like to dig into done, what he has done, what Rov¬ much of your money he has and us. er has done. then you know how much you Yeah, I thought, there’s two that “Pa.” should have in your pocket?” can play at that game. He looked at me. I thought of the “That’s exactly right,” he said “You might be broke,” I told him sphincter he couldn’t control any¬ triumphantly. as my mind raced with ways I could way and the enema on top of that. “How come you do that?” crack at him. “You might be a Pa, I thought I’d say, let’s put you “Because they’re a bunch of pauper right now. In fact, you prob¬ in a diaper, hey? But my heart crooks.” He meant the attendants at ably don’t have a pot to piss in,” I misgave me. He would just snarl in the Home. said, warming up. a fierce angry way, helpless to hurt “Naw.” “I have to go,” he said. We had me but wishing he could. “Naw, naw, he says,” my father come to the gates of the cemetery. Momentarily I didn’t react. I had “Nothing,” I said. said heatedly. “You know.” The scorn of yesteryear was there forgotten about the enema. But my A nurse came in. She gave me his as ever in his voice but the sting I sister was out of the car pell-mell pills and the directions. My sister remembered was gone. like a shot, now talking to some returned. I gave her the pills and “You mean they steal from official looking person at the gates. I the directions. After she took them I you?” I said. had forgotten about her responses to remembered about women’s lib but “What am I saying?” he said. emergencies. The toilet-crawling she said nothing. Well, I thought, “Right,” I said vigorously. rescue of my mother was only one with all her independence that’s one “But I know how much.” I of a million. Let Carthage sleep, she thing that hasn’t reached her yet. sensed some problem in his system would be awake. “Let’s go, sport.” I gave him a of checking with Hobie but I kept “Hurry up,” my father said. squeeze across the shoulders. “You still. A psychiatrist told me old .peo¬ I edged closer to the gates. really look good in that suit.” ple become paranoid as their nerve “It’s a shed,” my sister shouted. He had picked up a little. Maybe ends harden and my father has ar¬ “Turn in.” it was dressing up, living a little. teriosclerosis amongst his various “Hurry up,” my father said

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. October, 1973 15 again. “Hi, sport. Here.” I guided him have said, but not too many. I swung into the driveway and to a water fountain. “Wash up.” I heard a sound as of a person pulled up in front of the shed. As I “Thanks,” he said. He didn’t breaking wind. I glanced down at came to a stop I reached over and mean it. my father, seated on a folding opened the door for him. “Let’s go over and sit down,” I chair. His face was gray and his legs “There,” I said. suggested. moved because of the peristalsis. I If you ever saw an old man 80 “Can’t I get some soap?” looked around. Everyone seemed years old with swollen hurting feet “There isn’t any.” engrossed in the rabbi. I tugged trying to walk fast to an outside “Take me back.” He meant to gently at his arm. I didn’t see how privy you have an idea of my fa¬ the Home. he could remain there. He would ther’s gait. He didn’t know whether “I can’t,” I said. “That is ridicu¬ just have to miss the ceremony. I to sit down and let it go or run or lous.” tugged again but he had set his jaw. cry—or what. I, the guide, went “Then I’m going.” He started I closed my eyes. Let it be. He was ahead. away, taking those pitiful steps. so messed up now a little more “Go, go,” he said, as if I were “I swear to God,” I said. “If you wouldn’t hurt. Whatever his reason, holding him back. go walking out of here now I’ll tie and I am not sure it was out of There was no door to the throne you up with a rope.” respect for my mother, he wanted to and we both quickly inspected the “You haven’t got a rope,” he stay. I saw the wonderful smile of seat as he fumbled with his pants. said. my mother and everything else for There was the timeless odor that Just then a hush fell on the ceme¬ the moment dissolved in it. goes with such places and it came tery. The men were bringing the Finally the service ended. They through with a certain definiteness coffin. The people who had been lowered the coffin into the pit and it that made me turn away. “Never talking in different parts of the cem¬ was time to go. mind, ” I said over my shoulder and etery started moving towards the “Let’s go, pa,” I said. holding my breath. “It’s clean.” gravesite. “I hate to move,” he said. My sister came over. “Are you “Pa,” I said. “This is for ma.” “What?” prepared to give him your shorts?” I took him by the arm and while “If you had what I had,” he said, “Why?” I said. “My God.” I think he would have liked to shrug “you wouldn’t want to move ei¬ She wandered off. Who needs her me off, he didn’t. The men put the ther.” suggestions, I thought. Yuk, I said. coffin onto the planks over the pit “You can’t stay here,” I said. It is sure a fine day for an enema. and the time had come. My sister came up. “He doesn’t All Presidents should have one on I stood behind my father, listen¬ want to move,” I said. I leaned the morning of their inauguration, ing to the rabbi. He was a young toward her so he wouldn’t hear too say two hours before the speech. It man who had a set piece. He said he well. “His pants are full.” would lend passion to their delivery, wanted to emphasize the overriding Her eyes flashed. “I wouldn’t I thought, and temper them in a thing about my mother, the above- want to move either.” way that would be good for the all-else characteristic about her. I had seen that flash a thousand country. I was sorry now I hadn’t It was this—she was a good Jewish times. She would not be found tried to get him jammed up with mother. That was it. When you had wanting in the moment of need. She something or other. Probably too said that you had said what she would be human and true, though late anyway, I thought. The enema was, you had given the essence. But the others, the legions of them, was just now ready to do its finest there were things about the essence. would not. How in hell did she get work. These were the sacrifices she had that way? I thought. I went back to check in case he made for her children, her devotion “He can’t stay here,” I said em¬ needed any cleansing tissues, which to them, her good works. There phatically. I had an excess of in case of heavy were the things that made a good crying at the gravesite. He was sort Jewish mother, he said. I drifted “I’ll get those young pallbearers,” of feebly pawing at his shorts with off. I could not expect the young she said urgently. “They’ll pick him toilet paper. What he needed was a rabbi, or even if he was old, to up and transfer him to the car. Just thorough swabbing. recreate my mother, I told myself. like he is.” I left again. I saw an old aunt of He couldn’t say she was a peasant Now if I let her she would go mine, about father’s age. women who feared life but hun¬ charging around the cemetery, “My goodness,” she said looking gered for touches of it she rarely gathering up the pallbearers and in at me closely. got. That was the truth about her. a minute or so I would be surround¬ “Hi, aunty.” One part of her knew she was miss¬ ed with them. I put a restraining “For God’s sake,” she said, the ing out and the other part let it hand on her. consternation rising in her voice. happen. She had to let it happen. “Pa, I said. “We have to go.” “You’re getting to look just like She never had the precious sense of He didn’t move. He didn’t want your father.” belonging. She was always on the to break the dainty bind between I smiled feebly and backed off. outside looking in and nothing in the warm fecal matter and his deli¬ My father wasn’t the best liked man her family or children could ever cate skin. Well, I thought, you’re I’d ever met, to put it mildly. make up for that. So it was embit¬ going to break it, like it or not. I I saw him hobbling his way out tering. It made her clannish and brought him to his feet. of the privy. suspicious. Regards to life she might “I’ll bring the car around so you

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 won’t have to walk very far,” I said “If I tell you Harry’s and you tell been the worst. and left, precluding any reply. me something else, should I thank My father was resting quietly in I brought the car around and you?” an easy chair when I found him in watched him hobble towards me. It was a major issue now. So I the public room. He looked none My sister had vanished, but sudden¬ took him to Harry’s. We were there the worse for wear and I told him ly she reappeared. She had a roll of long enough to run him in and out he looked good. toilet paper. Quickly she spread it of the bathroom. What took longest “I’ll tell you something,” he said. where he would sit, and just as he was getting him out of the house “You thought I didn’t know what I came to the car she finished the job. into the car. I supported him as was talking about, didn’t you?” If I could only bottle her timing, I he hobbled and meanwhile my sis¬ He took out his wallet and thought. ter piled newspapers on the seat. opened it. He tried to get into the front seat She never forgets her assignments. “See?” but couldn’t make it. By now the “Do you want me to go with “What?” wrenching inside had weakened him you?” she said, peering through the “There’s only five dollars,” he so much he wasn’t in control of his car window. said. “They took three dollars.” limbs. My sister realized this practi¬ “No,” I said. “I’ll take His High¬ “The attendants?” cally instantly. ness out there by myself.” “Of course. You saw yourself I “Help him, help him,” she ex¬ Going out to the Home he tried had eight dollars yesterday.” horted me. to open the door of the car. “Well,” I said, trying to think. “Yea, yeah,” I said. I got out and “What are you doing?” I said, He raised his voice. “Don’t tell went around to the other side of the alarmed. The car was traveling at a me I don’t know what I had.” car but His Highness wasn’t waiting speed of 30 miles per hour. “No, no. I’m sure you knew.” on me. He kept trying to get one leg He didn’t answer. “Do you want “They took three dollars from into the car and in the process he to get killed?” I said. Still no an¬ me,” he said grimly. slipped, his head barely missing swer. It dawned on me that it was “Well, they have to make a living the steel upright. When I got to him the old game again, trying to arouse too. Ha, ha.” he was sliding toward the ground. I my anxieties. We came to a traffic He put his wallet away. got one arm under his shoulder, and light and I stopped. This time he “I’m going to say goodbye to you, maneuvered him into the seat. By tried even harder to open the door. sport.” now all the toilet paper was on the “You want to get out?” I said. He nodded and got to his feet. floor. “Yes,” he said, strongly. He wanted to see me to the door. “Okay,” I said. “In fifteen min¬ “You can’t,” I said, laughing at Slowly as we walked he asked me if utes you can get all cleaned up and him. “You’re a prisoner.” my sister had left town. “Yes,” I be as good as new.” “It’s exactly what I am.” said. He said nothing. She hadn’t I started the motor and drove off. I lapsed into silence, sorry I had said goodbye to him. If he felt hurt, “What?” my father said. laughed at him. It was such a poor he didn’t show it. “In fifteen minutes. . .” I trailed way to live, I thought. No more When we got to the door Hobie off. His hearing is very good. sinking to his level again, I said to was there. He put his arm around “What do you mean what?” I myself, and I didn’t. I got him to my father’s shoulders. Great day, I said. the Home and into their clean-out thought. Then my father reached up “Where are you going?” he said. room and the attendants took over. and pulled my face down to his. I “Everybody’s going to Harry’s,” I “I’ll see you tomorrow,” I said. could see the look in Hobie’s eyes. said. “But you have to get yourself He was immersed in the big tub. He Close family relationship, it said. cleaned up.” nodded. At least, I thought, he Little did he know, I thought, as I “I’m going to Harry’s,” he said. doesn’t bear a grudge as he did in returned the kiss. I didn’t want him going to Har¬ the old days. In the old days I’d I waved goodbye and left, think¬ ry’s. If I took him to Harry’s, I never have gotten that nod. I must ing of Hobie with his arm around would have to dance attendance on be needed, I thought, getting into my father’s shoulders. He would him, of that I was certain. He would the car. It surely couldn’t be love. probably throw the old man to the not sit quietly and let me go my The next day I got ready to say pavement and stomp him as soon as way. goodbye. My sister wouldn’t go with I got out of sight. Perish the thought, “With the load you’ve got,” I me. I thought. The old man would bite said. “Why do you want to go to “Not me,” she said. “I don’t like him on the leg. I wondered about Harry’s?” that man. Do you?” the alleged theft of the three dol¬ He didn’t answer. “It’s a love-hate relationship. lars. If my father complained again “They’ll take care of you at the Sometimes I like him and some¬ I would tell Harry to find out how Home.” times I don’t.” much money he actually had on Still no answer. I really hated to “There’s no love in me,” she deposit with Hobie. Maybe he was take him. Harry and the Home said. “When he dies yours truly making deposits with Hobie so he were at opposite ends of town and if won’t be at the funeral.” could show his wallet and claim I no sooner got him there and he We kissed and I felt sorry. I he’d been robbed. I wouldn’t put wanted to leave, I could just as well remembered the turmoil of her it past him, I thought. Not at all. have stayed in bed. childhood. It had been pretty bad With a father like mine you learn to “What do you say?” I said. for all of us. Somehow for her it had suspect such things in life. ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 17 me jmiuie ms Stock Market Strategies For the Small Investor

JOHN T. BENNETT

PREFACE quire considerable effort and involve INTRODUCTION higher risks but might also produce M

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 vice are brokers who have a vested will eventually become widely "The periodic scandal which interest in selling a particular stock known, and then because many shakes Wall Street is really or in maximizing their customer’s people are following it, it will lose trading. Others are selling an advi¬ all profitability. the exception that proves sory service which, as we shall see, While it is next to impossible to the rule and, indeed, serves might better be considered as enter¬ gain more than the market, the re¬ a social purpose by creating tainment or as after-the-fact ration¬ verse isn’t so difficult. Indeed, it is a public outcry which keeps alization for what is happening in the most likely outcome for many. the financial world. Moreover, the Their losses are what keep brokers such policemen as the noise and misinformation that floats and the rest of the “investment in¬ Securities and Exchange around begins to resemble a Middle dustry” busy churning out advice, Commission alert." Eastern produce market where no largely paid for in commissions. In¬ one speaks a recognizable tongue. deed, the tendency to trade is one The computer has vastly in¬ of the four most common mistakes creased the use of quantitative that the small investor can make methods in a variety of fields. One (another is not to diversify appro¬ of the most interesting has been priately; a third, to ignore the level its application to investment mar¬ of risk in individual investments; kets and particularly the stock mar¬ and a fourth, to follow market fash¬ ket. The conclusions are particularly ions and fads). useful to the small investor. They The conclusion, that it is very contradict a good deal of past ad¬ hard to do better than average, is vice and what is currently offered as based on an enormous amount of well. study of the market. The data indi¬ The most important conclusion cate the market is really a very has been that it is next to impossible good one by the economist’s stand¬ to make money in consistently ards. Thus, new information is greater amounts than the market quickly communicated throughout average over the long run (except the market place and is just as by taking greater risks, a point to be quickly reflected in prices. The in¬ discussed below). Thus, people are vestor cannot, therefore, make mon¬ frequently lucky—but only for a ey on the information, except when time. If one truly wants to depend it is truly “inside,” i.e., not available tion in a continuous stream, relating on luck (which is to say, to gam¬ to enough others to be fully and to both general economic conditions ble), the legal alternatives are the quickly reflected in the stock’s which affect the overall market and horses, a variety of lotteries, and price. Profiting from real inside in¬ to the experience of specific com¬ two closely related games, the com¬ formation is illegal and apparently a panies. These pieces of information modities and the options markets. rarity, from all the evidence studied quickly affect stock prices—to the The choice among them should be so far (the periodic scandal which point where the market seems to made on the basis of personal taste shakes Wall Street is really the ex¬ value each stock at a price which and of the odds offered, adjusted for ception that proves the rule and appropriately reflects both overall what those who run these entertain¬ indeed, serves a social purpose by economic conditions (the level of ments charge for their services. creating a public outcry which keeps the market as a whole) and the What about all those people who such policemen as the Securities and relative position of each stock in it. are reported to have made big mon¬ Exchange Commission alert). In the One way to look at the market as ey? Assuming these stories have not absence of new information and de¬ a whole is to consider a fictional been embellished, we need to ask pending on the stock, prices seem to “typical” stock. Its attractiveness is some questions to determine wheth¬ move with the market and, in the a function of its position as an in¬ er their experience is really more absence of a change in the market, vestment relative to all the alterna¬ than luck. Do they make money to move randomly. No systematic tive investments. One of the more consistently? Do they make it in pattern seems to be exhibited important alternatives, for example, falling markets as well as rising which, if discovered, could be used is the bond market. When interest ones? Or at least, do they get out of to determine a rule for trading that rates rise there, it becomes more falling markets before their gains would make money. attractive to put new savings into are all lost again? And then back in bonds. Funds that would otherwise again when the market reverses di¬ Stock Market Theory have gone to stocks are then divert¬ rection? Can they tell you how they Since the statistics show that the ed. Stock prices eventually fall to decide when to buy and when to market behaves extraordinarily well, the point where people find their sell and what to buy and what to how is this performance to be expected yields and future sales sell, so that you can make money explained? No one can speak with prices to be as attractive as those of too? If they can’t, there is a strong great assurance, but economic theo¬ bonds. Higher interest rates may presumption that they are just ry suggests some ideas that are con¬ also affect stock prices because they lucky. If they can, other people can sistent with the observed behavior. raise costs of doing business for probably find out their system, it Thus, the market receives informa- many firms, suggesting that they

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 19 will find it difficult to continue to be would normally not affect the price overvalue some stocks must be so profitable in the future. Alterna¬ of a stock. Unfortunately, not all offset by the tendency to undervalue tively, rising interest rates may re¬ future events are foreseen with pre¬ others. That their errors are random sult from changes in policy by the cision. Surprises are constant. Their seems a reasonable assumption, if Federal Reserve System and fore¬ impact can be viewed as temporary we believe that they are themselves shadow still tighter money and thus with only a slight effect on price, trying to forecast the future correct¬ slower economic growth, if not an but often they are seen as more ly. Their mistakes can be of two actual recession, adversely affecting fundamental, influencing the market kinds. They can overvalue a stock future business profits. Finally, in view of the whole stream of future relative to others. And they can recent years, inflation has been an earnings and thus causing a major overvalue stocks relative to other important cause of higher interest re-evaluation of the stock which investments (say, bonds). In the rates; thus, a rise in interest rates quickly shows up in its price. first case, what is invested in Stock foreshadows further price rises and Professional investors controlling A is not invested in Stocks B, C, as such, is bad for stock prices. large sums of money are constantly etc., so that the errors are offsetting. The price of an individual stock reviewing the news and investing On the other hand, if professionals is a market phenomenon but de¬ new funds or moving funds from over-invest in stocks as opposed to pends only in part on broad one investment to another. They other investments, the amateur can economic factors. A wide set of must consider the same variables as only protect himself and still invest other factors also influence the in¬ we have in previous paragraphs. If in stocks alone if he continues to trinsic value it has. They are they are good at their profession, buy stocks with a small amount of summed up in what the stock pays they will correctly foresee the future his lifetime savings each year over a for dividends now and in the future earnings and prices, and these will long period of time. (Since many and what it can be sold for in the be reflected in their demand for people save and invest a fixed per¬ future. Assuming we knew precisely various investments. Assuming that centage of their salaries, this is not what dividends and future market they were all perfect at forecasting, an unrealistic strategy.) Otherwise, prices would be, we could tell exact¬ market price would then be the he must diversify into other types of ly how much we would be willing to precise value of the stock. The investments which may be relatively pay for Stock A, knowing the price amateur investor could then feel difficult for him to do. Some evi¬ of Stock B, Bond C, etc., as well as perfectly safe in investing in any dence exists that misvaluation has knowing at what price it would be one of the stocks and paying the persisted for long periods in the advantageous to switch from A to B market price. past. However, it shows the error or C. Given imperfect foresight and the was to overvalue and thus depress The real world does not offer resulting uncertainty, do the profes¬ bond returns. such certainty, so that market prices sionals offer any protection or Assuming that the professionals seem also to be influenced by inves¬ guidance for the amateur? They do were not trying to predict future tors’ attempts to account for the risk if they make their decisions based values and invest accordingly, but that the future has been forecast on estimates of future earnings and rigging and merchandising stocks, incorrectly. They do so by recogniz¬ selling prices, so that prices are con¬ the problem of protecting the ing that companies are in businesses stantly revised to take account of amateur is difficult. The Securities of varying predictability and are any recent information. Under these and Exchange Commission and oth¬ affected in varying ways by the circumstances, new information er safeguards have been set up to business cycle, interest rates, etc. A would be immediately and correctly eliminate some of this behavior. rough attempt to evaluate stocks’ reflected in market price. The Overall, they seem fairly successful. predictability is made when analysts amateur would then be freed from On the other hand, we continue to categorize firms according to wheth¬ doing very much work and could see individual stocks pushed very er they are in cyclical or growth play a passive role, that is to say, he hard, often with promises of great fields, based on the nature of their could pay the market price for any gains. One can only regard this sort businesses and past performance. stock, knowing that it would be ap¬ of activity with suspicion and look Past growth rates and earnings vari¬ proximately correct in that it reflect¬ for other stocks in which to invest, ability give an even more precise ed the current set of expectations or at least, avoid with great care indication, assuming the future will about its future value. any temptation not to diversify his be like the past. Although expecta¬ Of course, few would want to total portfolio. tions about earnings variability are depend on the professionals never With regard to the broad category based largely on past performance, making mistakes. But what if mis¬ of future surprises, not just the they may also take account of in¬ takes by the professionals were effects of professionals’ errors, if we formation about the future, such as viewed as surprises, just like the were safe in stating that they are mergers or new product develop¬ surprises that normally occur with a random in their impact, then we ments which diversify and thus, firm’s earnings? If we can assume need not worry much about uncer¬ strengthen the company’s earnings they are random, diversification can tainty. Diversification offers consid¬ or bring it into more profitable and be used to protect the amateur erable protection against such sur¬ rapidly growing fields. against this source of loss. To help, prises—some will be pleasant and If the future had been correctly however, the professionals’ mis¬ some not, and the net effect is likely foreseen and price set accordingly, takes must be random over all to wash out over the long run, leav¬ any piece of good or bad news stocks-—that is, the tendency to ing us making about the market

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 average. The statistical evidence for such as the conventional ones which is favorable. The largest firms the view that surprises are random economists use. Their intersection have such complex operations that is quite strong; that is to say, no one determines the price at any given it would be difficult to sort out their has been able to predict future moment. Given the last price at operations even with inside in¬ earnings or prices with sufficient which everyone was satisfied, a formation, much less to predict the precision to make money in greater change in someone’s disposition to future. Skepticism about claims amounts than investing in the mar¬ hold would lead him to offer to buy made for individual stocks and ket average. at some higher price or sell at some diversification is perhaps the only The description of earnings as lower one. Shifts in prices and some way the amateur can protect him¬ random or governed by chance shifting of holdings (buying and self against these risks. needs to be modified somewhat. For selling) will occur because someone In such a market as we have some stocks, the result may be just changes his present-value calcula¬ described, major pieces of news can like flipping a coin, a fair game in tion for this stock or for some other prove extremely upsetting by shift¬ which the odds are even. In other stock which in turn leads him to ing everyone’s expectations sharply. cases, the odds favor larger earnings wish to shift from one to the other. On the one hand, they may lead to each year. However, the amount of Alternatively a change in the value very small sales and still be accom¬ annual growth varies randomly. It he puts on, say, current consump¬ panied by large percentage changes can then be said that the firm’s tion—he wants a new car—or a in price. On the other hand, the earnings grew, say, 10 percent a decision on the part of a major year on the average and that they institutional holder to close out its grew between 8 percent and 12 position rarely knocks the price way percent in three out of four years. down because there seems to be Other stocks might also average 10 "Skepticism about claims made plenty of demand for the stock at percent growth a year, but the vari¬ for individual stocks and diversi¬ prices close to that prevailing before ability would be larger, say between fication is perhaps the only way the block was offered. Instead, the a decline of 5 percent and growth of the amateur can protect himself evidence suggests that large price 25 percent. Most people prefer the against these risks.' movements associated with large in¬ less variable stocks, as the market stitutional sales must be explained confirms when it prices them at a in other ways. Thus, there may be a premium. Their reason for being bandwagon effect, as some holders willing to pay less for a stock with think the seller has special informa¬ more highly variable earnings is the change in his income or wealth, as tion or as they may come to expect greater risk because they may have from an inheritance, can also lead that the larger supply on the open to sell when earnings and therefore him to change his holdings. market will depress the price far the prices are down. Most people A major piece of news will, of into the future. And, of course, the are less concerned about the tem¬ course, change many professionals’ institutional sale may be accompa¬ porary loss of earnings as such, evaluations and demand curves, nied by the release of bad news. since they will average out over the changing in turn the overall demand A small disappointment in earn¬ years. and supply curves for the stock. ings should not affect price very This analysis of how the market How likely is such a process as we much, since it is only one in an performs puts very strong reliance have described to produce fairly infinite series of earnings. On the on the ability of professional traders stable values? Quite likely, if there other hand, it can cause a new look and investors to assess the present are many buyers and sellers, if in¬ at an industry and a revision of the value of a stock correctly and set formation is encyclopedic and general view about its future. Thus, their bids and offers accordingly. quickly transmitted, and if the indi¬ the prospects for finding new natu¬ How can this individual behavior be vidual professional investor is mak¬ ral gas have become so poor in the translated into overall market be¬ ing carefully calculated judgments United States as to cast a pall over havior? Consider, on the one hand, about present value (rather than, the future of companies in this in¬ a group of professionals who are say, trying to outguess the market). dustry. The rise in the cost of fuel close to buying a stock at the cur¬ Stocks on the major exchanges seem and of interest rates has led to a rent price and, on the other, a group to meet the first and second require¬ major re-evaluation of the electric that is holding the stock and is close ment fairly well, but the third is dif¬ utilities. On the other hand, the to selling. Each professional has an ficult to corroborate (do mutual energy crisis seems as yet not to amount in mind which he would fund managers calculate the present have hurt the earnings or prices of hold if he could buy it for, say, $20, value of their holdings and buy and stocks in the automobile industry. another amount at $21, and so on. sell accordingly?) and there seems Each of these prices at any moment to be a lot of behavior that sug¬ Portfolio Management and would, therefore, involve a pur¬ gests it isn’t met. For example, fads Market Strategies chase, a sale, or no change in his in high technology, conglomerate, The merchandising of particular holding. These individual decisions and “concept” stocks are too com¬ stocks often seems to be done with can then be translated into decisions mon to require comment. More¬ energy and occasionally with skill. to buy or sell at each price. over, some companies have been It trades on the example of mil¬ Ranked, they can be transformed using tricky bookkeeping, hiding in¬ lionaires who become wealthy by into a demand and a supply curve formation, or releasing only that investing early and in large amounts

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 21 in such highflying post-World War fail to grow would require such a with small amounts of capital. II issues as Xerox and Polaroid. shift in how it operates that few Studies show that they move very Two comments need to be made would be willing to see it happen closely with the overall market (as about their success. For each inves¬ without a struggle. from 50 percent to 80 percent of the tor who made it, many failed. And Assuming that the stock market price variation of most funds is due those who made it did so by putting will remain attractive overall, deci¬ to variation in the market) and thus all their eggs in one basket, which is sions on portfolio strategy become have very little non-market risk, the same as failing to diversify. The the critical ones open to the inves¬ compared to other individual stocks. rewards of success are multiplied, tor. Modern investment theory sug¬ Since the closed-end funds have but so are the penalties of failure. gests several options. One of these specialized to some degree, the pur¬ Moreover, we are talking here of is, as previously stated, investing in chase of two or more such funds or getting in early. By the time stocks the market as a whole. How can a fund and several stocks in indus¬ like Xerox and Polaroid are well- this be done? Today, it is impossible tries not in the fund could go far to known, future growth can only be in the literal sense, unless one has a achieving the desired diversification bought at a price so high, that the very large amount to invest. The and reduction of non-market risk. average investor will rarely make alternative is a mutual fund, but The choice among closed-end funds more than the market average. none today is set up to reflect the may be logically made on the basis The large gains and losses to be market as a whole. Plans to create of their diversification, their dis¬ made from concentrating in one or two such funds for institutional in¬ count from asset value, their oper¬ a few stocks opens up a whole new vestors have been announced, but ating costs, and their portfolio turn¬ subject which has been intensively until they become publicly avail¬ over. studied in recent years, portfolio able, no other fund really comes Statistical analysis of the price management. We have noted that very close. Instead, most have spe¬ variation such as that applied to prices are affected by the particular cific objectives, such as growth or closed-end funds can also be ap¬ history of the stock earnings, but income or investment in a particular plied to individual stocks. This an¬ also by a common set of factors that industry. Moreover, they have gen¬ alysis attempts to measure how affect the whole market. Failure to erally sought to outperform the much of the price variation of the diversify subjects an investor to both market, but have not been able to stock is explained by variation in the risk specific to the individual do so consistently. Instead, on the the market as a whole and how stock (which is usually referred average, they seem to have per¬ large a percentage change in the to as non-market risk) and to mar¬ formed about as well as the market, stock’s price is associated with a one ket risk which arises because of after account is taken of costs of percent change in the market. Stat¬ broad shifts in expectations about purchase of trading and manage¬ isticians call the first measure the the economy’s future overall per¬ ment. covariance between the stock price formance. Investing in a set of Three types of mutual funds ex¬ and a chosen market index (such as stocks approximately like the mar¬ ist, load funds, no-load funds, and the Standard and Poor 500 Stock ket as a whole eliminates the non- closed-end funds. The load funds Index) and the second, the regres¬ market risk but leaves the market suffer from the fact that an 8 per¬ sion coefficient (known as the beta) risk. At least until the recent past, cent sales commission must be paid when the percentage change in the such a strategy would not have been at the time of purchase. No-load stock’s price is regressed on the per¬ a bad bet, as despite cyclical varia¬ funds are clearly preferable to the centage change in the market index. tions, the average stock has risen load funds, in that there is no sales Stocks with percentage price quite faithfully over long periods, commission, but they are not avail¬ changes greater than the market yielding about 9 percent a year in able from regular brokerage firms, (high-beta or “aggressive” stocks) dividends and capital gains. Modern as there is no profit in handling go up more than the average in a economic theory and practice seem them. Closed-end funds must be rising market and down more in a to support this strategy, as, in recent bought and sold on one of the ex¬ falling one. Knowledge of which are years, the use of monetary and changes, rather than being issued high-beta stocks can be used to fiscal policy to keep the economy and redeemed, as with the usual make above average returns, if the operating at near full-employment mutual fund. There is no load or investor knows that the market will and capacity has been better under¬ sales charge, but regular broker fees be going up over the long run, just stood. Disappointment with the re¬ are paid at the time of purchase and by buying and holding. Equally, sults of recent economic policy sale and the management fee and even if the market does not stay up should not alter this judgment, be¬ other operating costs usually take over the long run, an investor good cause improvement in managing the about half a percent a year (but for at predicting the business cycle economy since the 1930s is still very some, it is considerably higher). For could make money by holding high- striking. To expect corporate earn¬ reasons that are not clear, many beta stocks in a rising market and ings not to grow with the economy is closed-end funds sell at discounts selling out before or during the to predict a rise in the return to from the net asset value, but the down-phase (or holding low-beta labor and rents as a percentage of amount tends to be unpredictable so “defensive” stocks at other times or gross national product, a phenom¬ that it affords both slightly greater selling high-beta stocks short in the enon that has never been true return and slightly greater risk. Such expectation that the market will historically for more than a few funds are a way to achieve diversifi¬ fall). Both theory and statistical evi- years. To expect the economy to cation at relatively low cost and (Continued on page 38)

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION PERMANENT INSURANCE PLAN Guaranteed Lifetime Coverage PLUS Optional Family Protection

□ $5,000 □ $10,000 □ $15,000 □ $25,000 PERMANENT LIFE INSURANCE ON YOU (Larger amounts can be included in the plan, with the additional insurance subject to regular underwriting.) FULLY PAID UP AT AGE 65: No further premiums are due at age 65, when your permanent contract will be paid up. It would be largely paid up at age 60, and the last few years’ premiums may be paid in advance at a discount if desired. THIS PERMANENT LIFE INSURANCE... • guarantees your premium payments will remain at the same level until your policy is paid up • provides growing cash values that can be used to meet emergencies, take advantage of opportunities, or sup¬ plement income at retirement • includes disability feature that would waive all premium payments while you were disabled • guarantees your policy may be continued at the same cost on an individual basis even if you leave Government service

□ ACCIDENTAL DEATH INSURANCE ON YOU For an additional premium, your plan can provide your beneficiary an extra benefit equal to the face amount of your permanent coverage if you die from accidental means before the policy anniversary nearest your 70th birthday.

□ $5,000 TERM INSURANCE ON YOUR SPOUSE You may add this coverage if your spouse is age 55 or younger. This protection provides money for final ex¬ penses and financial help during the family’s readjustment period. Coverage is renewable (with an increased premium) every five years to the policy anniversary nearest your 65th birthday or the 65th birthday of your spouse, if earlier. Coverage is convertible to a permanent policy at any time up to five years prior to that ex¬ piration date.

□ $2,000 TERM INSURANCE ON EACH ELIGIBLE CHILD You may add this coverage if you are age 45 or younger on all children now between the ages of 15 days and 19 years. Any child born in the future is automatically covered from age 15 days. Coverage extends to the policy anniversary nearest each child’s 22nd birthday or the policy anniversary nearest your 65th birthday, whichever comes first. Coverage can then be converted (by each child) to a permanent plan of insurance (up to $10,000) without a physical examination and at standard rates for the child’s age at the time of conversion.

ADVANTAGES OF American Foreign Service Association PERMANENT INSURANCE PLAN — • permanent insurance paid up at 65 for family protection or retirement planning • simplified underwriting for your basic policy — generally no physical examination needed • lower premiums because you buy insurance with a number of other AFSA members • convenience of paying premiums through automatic bank deductions — Authorized Check Plan — no concern about delay of payment • quality life insurance from /Etna Life Insurance Company.

ADMINISTRATOR: Joseph H. Cunningham (FSO-Ret.) Hollis D. Segur, Inc. 111 West Main Street — P. O. Box 631 Waterbury, Connecticut 06720 Phone: (203) 756-7933

This plan is currently available in Washington, D.C. and the state of Connecticut. If you are presently situated in a foreign country, you may apply for coverage through your head¬ LIFE & CASUALTY quarters in Washington, D.C.

/Etna Life Insurance Company • Hartford, Connecticut AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION PERMANENT INSURANCE PLAN GUARANTEED COST LIMITED PAYMENT LIFE TO 65 (Form 36405) Monthly Premium including Disability Waiver of Premium

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 Issue Issue * * * * Age Age Male Female AIP Male Female AIP Male Female AIP Male Female AIP

18 5.68 5.43 .50 10.08 9.58 1.00 14.48 13.73 1.50 23.28 22.03 2.50 18 19 5.83 5.58 .50 10.38 9.88 1.00 14.93 14.18 1.50 24.03 22.78 2.50 19

20 5.98 5.68 .45 10.68 10.08 .90 15.38 14.48 1.35 24.78 23.28 2.25 20 21 6.13 5.83 .45 10.98 10.38 .90 15.83 14.93 1.35 25.53 24.03 2.25 21 22 6.28 6.03 .45 11.28 10.78 .90 16.28 15.53 1.35 26.28 25.03 2.25 22 23 6.43 6.18 .45 11.58 11.08 .90 16.73 15.98 1.35 27.03 25.78 2.25 23 24 6.68 6.33 .45 12.08 11.38 .90 17.48 16.43 1.35 28.28 26.53 2.25 24

25 6.88 6.53 .45 12.48 11.78 .90 18.08 17.03 1.35 29.28 27.53 2.25 25 26 7.08 6.73 .45 12.88 12.18 .90 18.68 17.63 1.35 30.28 28.53 2.25 26 27 7.28 6.93 .45 13.28 12.58 .90 19.28 18.23 1.35 31.28 29.53 2.25 27 28 7.53 7.18 .45 13.78 13.08 .90 20.03 18.98 1.35 32.53 30.78 2.25 28 29 7.78 7.38 .45 14.28 13.48 .90 20.78 19.58 1.35 33.78 31.78 2.25 29

30 8.03 7.63 .45 14.78 13.98 .90 21.53 20.33 1.35 35.03 33.03 2.25 30 31 8.33 7.88 .45 15.38 14.48 .90 22.43 21.08 1.35 36.53 34.28 2.25 31 32 8.63 8.13 .45 15.98 14.98 .90 23.33 21.83 1.35 38.03 35.53 2.25 32 33 8.98 8.48 .45 16.68 15.68 .90 24.38 22.88 1.35 39.78 37.28 2.25 33 34 9.33 8.78 .45 17.38 16.28 .90 25.43 23.78 1.35 41.53 38.78 2.25 34

35 9.73 9.13 .50 18.18 16.98 1.00 26.63 24.83 1.50 43.53 40.53 2.50 35 36 10.08 9.53 .50 18.88 17.78 1.00 27.68 26.03 1.50 45.28 42.53 2.50 36 37 10.53 9.88 .50 19.78 18.48 1.00 29.03 27.08 1.50 47.53 44.28 2.50 37 38 10.98 10.38 .50 20.68 19.48 1.00 30.38 28.58 1.50 49.78 46.78 2.50 38 39 11.48 10.83 .50 21.68 20.38 1.00 31.88 29.93 1.50 52.28 49.03 2.50 39

40 12.08 11.33 .50 22.88 21.38 1.00 33.68 31.43 1.50 55.28 51.53 2.50 40 41 12.63 11.88 .55 23.98 22.48 1.10 35.33 33.08 1.65 58.03 54.28 2.75 41 42 13.33 12.48 .55 25.38 23.68 1.10 37.43 34.88 1.65 61.53 57.28 2.75 42 43 14.03 13.18 .55 26.78 25.08 1.10 39.53 36.98 1.65 65.03 60.78 2.75 43 44 14.83 13.93 .55 28.38 26.58 1.10 41.93 39.23 1.65 69.03 64.53 2.75 44

45 15.68 14.73 .60 30.08 28.18 1.20 44.48 41.63 1.80 73.28 68.53 3.00 45 46 16.58 15.58 .60 31.88 29.88 1.20 47.18 44.18 1.80 77.78 72.78 3.00 46 47 17.63 16.63 .60 33.98 31.98 1.20 50.33 47.33 1.80 83.03 78.03 3.00 47 48 18.73 17.63 .60 36.18 33.98 1.20 53.63 50.33 1.80 88.53 83.03 3.00 48 49 20.03 18.88 .65 38.78 36.48 1.30 57.53 54.08 1.95 95.03 89.28 3.25 49

50 21.53 20.38 .65 41.78 39.48 1.30 62.03 58.58 1.95 102.53 96.78 3.25 50 51 23.23 22.03 .70 45.18 42.78 1.40 67.13 63.53 2.10 111.03 105.03 3.50 51 52 25.28 23.98 .70 49.28 46.68 1.40 73.28 69.38 2.10 121.28 114.78 3.50 52 53 27.33 26.03 .75 53.38 50.78 1.50 79.43 75.53 2.25 131.53 125.03 3.75 53 54 30.13 28.73 .80 53.98 56.18 1.60 87.83 83.63 2.40 145.53 138.53 4.00 54

55 33.48 32.13 .80 65.68 62.98 1.60 97.88 93.83 2.40 162.28 155.53 4.00 55

•Accidental Death Benefit

TERM INSURANCE FOR DEPENDENTS

$5,000 Age Monthly $2,000 Coverage on Spouse Group Rate Children Each Eligible Child Rider Rider 15-30 1.50 • 31-35 1.70 • (Form 36-40 2.25 (Form 37783) 41-45 3.20 37741) Monthly Premium • 46-50 4.75 • for All 1.00 (Incl. 51-55 7.30 (Incl. LI FE& CASUALTY Waiver) 56-60* 11.15* Waiver) 61-64* 15.30* /Etna Life Insurance Company Renewal premiums only, these ages Hartford, Connecticut TO APPLY FOR AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Permanent Insurance Plan -

1. Remove the entire application form/authorization card from your magazine, open it and complete the forms inside.

2. Refer to the rate tables to compute the amount of your monthly premium. Your insuring age will be your age nearest birthday. Your insuring age on the date of policy issue will be the age on which your premium is based.

3. SEND NO MONEY NOW. Coverage will commence automatically when your policy is issued, and premiums will be paid automatically from the first payment on.

4. Fold application form/authorization card on the perforations (it will fit into a business envelope), attach a voided check, and mail it to: Hollis D. Segur, Inc. 111 West Main Street - P.O. Box 631 Waterbury, Connecticut 06720

5. If you should change banks in the future, notify Hollis D. Segur, Inc. You need complete only the inside pages. See inside for instructions.

YOU ARE NOT REQUIRED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS BELOW

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

TO BE COMPLETED BY AGENT FOR

In what state will policy be delivered? HOME OFFICE

Premium $. Payable how often? Monthly Budget USE

□ Simplified Underwriting

□ Guaranteed Standard Issue

REMARKS

Market Code |__| (General Agent, or his authorized agent)

SPS 11.0.6 Premium $ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION PERMANENT INSURANCE PLAN APPLICATION TO /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

1. PLAN:

AMOUNT □ $ 5,000 m (not age 56 or over) □ $10,000 □

□ $15,000 □ □ COVERAGE ON EACH CHILD-$2,000 (15 days and under 19 years) □ $ . NAME (Print) SEX 3. RESIDENCE ADDRESS □ M No. & Street

□ F City: State: Zip: 4. YOUR SOCIAL SECURITY NO. 5. OTHER IDENT NO. 6. HEIGHT 7. WEIGHT 8. DATE OF BIRTH 9. PLACE OF BIRTH m (if applicable) 10. NAME OF EMPLOYER 11. YOUR OCCUPATION AND DUTIES 12. DATE EMPLOYED

13. SPONSOR’S NAME and ADDRESS (Street, City, County, State and Zip) AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037

14. SPOUSE’S NAME (if to be insured) 15. HEIGHT 16. WEIGHT 17. DATE OF BIRTH 18. PLACE OF BIRTH 19. OCCUPATION

20. NAMES, SEX AND DATES OF BIRTH OF CHILDREN UNDER 19 (if to be insured)

21. a. Beneficiary's full name and relationship to you. (You shall be the Beneficiary of any dependent coverage.) Primary Contingent Unless otherwise requested herein, payment is to be made to the primary beneficiaries who survive the insured, equally, or, if none survives, to the contingent beneficiaries who survive, equally, or if none survives, to the insured's estate. b. Unless otherwise requested under “Remarks", you are to be the Policy Owner.

22. Are you now performing all the duties of your regular occupation on a full time basis at your customary place of employment? □ Yes □ No

23. Will insurance or annuities in any company be discontinued if insurance now applied for is issued? □ Yes □ No

24. Have you ever been told that any person to be insured had high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, nervous disease, or any form of cancer, or do you know of any impairment in the health or physical condition of any such person? □ Yes □ No

25. Has any person to be insured had an examination or received medical treatment from a physician or practitioner within the last 3 years? □ Yes □ No

REMARKS: (For "No” to questions 22 or “Yes" to 23, 24 or 25 give full details including names of persons treated and names and addresses of physicians and hospitals, dates, conditions, special tests, duration and treatment.)

The statements and answers in this application are true and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief, and are made to induce /Etna to issue the policy and to accept payment of premium thereunder. It is agreed that: (1) No one but the President, a Vice-President, a Secretary or Assistant Secretary of /Etna has authority to accept information not contained in the application, to modify or enlarge any contract, or to waiver any requirement; (2) any policy issued shall take effect upon its delivery and payment of the first premium during the lifetime of each person to be insured. Payment of the first premium shall be representation by me that such statements and answers would be the same if made at the time of such payment.

Do you know, or have reason to believe, that any insurance or annuities will be replaced (or modified) if this insurance is issued? □ Yes □ No Dated at .on. 19. Signature of Proposed Insured:. Signature of Agent:. (Licensed Resident Agent if State requires) CAT. 311049 (37782) ED. 2-73 PRINTED IN U.S.A.

AUTHORIZATION: I hereby authorize any licensed physician, medical practitioner, hospital, clinic or other medical or medically related facility, insurance company or other organization, institution or person that has any records or knowledge of me or my health to give /Etna any such information.

A photographic copy of this authorization shall be as valid as the original.

Date. 19 Instructions for Completing Application for Life Insurance and Authorizations for Automatic Payment of Premiums

1. Complete application form by answering each question, and sign at bottom of form on both lines marked “x”.

• In completing question 1, check appropriate boxes. To apply for an amount in excess of $15,000 on your life, enter amount desired on blank line.

• It is suggested that in answer to question 3 you enter your current place of residence, giving a permanent mailing address under REMARKS.

2. REQUEST FOR /ETNA LIFE AUTHORIZED CHECK PLAN Complete and sign on The ./Etna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut, is requested to allow the payment of line marked “x” the premiums, Mutual Fund Shares and the repayment of policy loans under its authorized check plan and is authorized to draw checks, for the purpose of paying such premiums, shares, and repaying loans, on Authorized Check the account of the depositor shown on the attached sample check. This request is subject to the following provisions: Plan Request Card. 1. In each month a check will be drawn by the Company covering the premium and loan repay¬ ment falling due during such month. A check in payment of a premium will not be drawn until the initial premium and any other due premiums have been paid. While premiums are paid under the authorized check plan, the Company will not mail notices of premiums falling due on any such policies. The canceled checks will constitute receipts for payment of premiums and repayment of loans. 2. The privilege of making payment under this Plan may be revoked by the Company if any check is not paid upon presentation. 3. The Plan shall not be construed as modifying or affecting any of the provisions of the policy, except that during such time as premiums under the policy are being paid by use of the Company’s Authorized Check Plan premiums on the policy shall be payable on a monthly basis, and the Company will accept the premiums for monthly periods at its Monthly Budget Premium rate. In the event that premium payments under this plan are discontinued, premium payments will be at the Company’s regular rat? and, if necessary to conform to its minimum premium rules, the Company may change the premium frequency to quarterly, semi-annual or annual. 4. This Plan may be discontinued by the Company or by the depositor, policyowner or his assignee upon thirty days written notice. 5. This Plan shall apply to any other policy which the depositor and policy owner request be paid under this plan. 6. The above will also apply to Mutual Fund deductions when applicable. X Date Depositor

Policy Owner 3. Assignee Complete and sign on line marked “x” the Bank Authorization DO NOT WRITE ABOVE THIS LINE Card.

AUTHORIZATION TO HONOR CHECKS DRAWN BY THE 4. /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06115 Attach a voided Print Name Of Depositor As Shown On Bank Records Account No. check, so that your account number in To:. BANK magnetic ink can be Bank Address registered. As a convenience to me, I hereby request and authorize you to pay and charge to my account checks drawn on my account by and payable to the order of the AEtna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut provided there are sufficient collected funds in said account to pay the same upon pres¬ 5. entation. I agree that your rights in respect to each said check shall be the same as if it were a check drawn on you and signed personally by me. This authority is to remain in effect until revoked Fold and mail by me in writing, and until you actually receive such notice I agree that you shall be fully protected in honoring any such check. application form/ The Bank shall be under no obligation to furnish me with any special advice or notice in writing or otherwise of the payment and charge of such checks to my account. authorization card + I further agree that if any such check be dishonored, whether with or without cause and whether voided check. intentionally or inadvertently, you shall be under no liability whatsoever even though such dishonor results in the forfeiture of insurance. X Date Authorized Signature When corresponding with AEtna Life please refer to this ACP number YOU MAY FOLD ON PERFORATIONS

To: The Bank named on the reverse side In consideration of your participation in a plan under which payments due to ./Etna Life Insur¬ ance Company (/Etna Life) or /Etna. Financial Services, Inc. (/Etna Financial) or the two combined are collected by checks drawn by /Etna Life (on its own behalf or as collection agent for /Etna Financial or both) on the accounts of persons who are responsible for these payments, /Etna Life does hereby agree: (1) To indemnify and hold you harmless from any loss you may suffer resulting from or in connection with the execution and issuance of any check whether or not genuine, pur¬ porting to be drawn by or on behalf of ./Etna Life and payable to it pursuant to an authorization signed by one of your depositors, and received by you in the regular course of business for the purpose of payment, including any costs or expenses reasonably incurred in connection with such loss; (2) In the event that any such check shall be dishonored, whether with or without cause, and whether intentionally or inadvertently, to indemnify you and hold you harmless from any loss resulting from such dishonor, including reasonable costs and expenses (even though dishonor results in a forfeiture of the insurance or the cancellation of the purchase of equity products or both), the payment of which is sought to be collected by /Etna Life by any such check; (3) To defend, at its own costs and expenses, any action which might be brought against you by any person or persons whatsoever because of your actions taken pursuant to the foregoing request or in any manner arising by reason of your participation in this agreement; or which shall contain provisions which have first been approved by an officer of the Company's Law Department as not imposing substantially greater liability upon the Company than would have been imposed under the provisions set forth in this vote.

Vice President and Comptroller /Etna Life Insurance Company Authorized in resolution adopted by the Board of Directors of the /Etna Life Insurance Company dated 3-30-72. Guaranteed Safety

/ETNA LIFE & CASUALTY

• THE NATION’S LARGEST DIVERSIFIED FINAN¬ CIAL COMPANY and among the 20 largest corpo¬ rations in the United States in terms of assets, as reported by Fortune magazine.

• THE NATION’S LARGEST all-lines insurance or¬ ganization in terms of assets and life insurance in force.

• SERVING EVERY STATE AND 70 FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

• THE PERMANENT INSURANCE PLAN of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is underwritten by /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COM¬ PANY — an affiliate of /Etna Life & Casualty.

/ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

• FOUNDED IN 1853.

• A LEGAL RESERVE COMPANY meeting the re¬ quirements of all state insurance laws governing policy reserves for the safety of policyholders.

• THE HIGHEST FINANCIAL RATING by all leading independent insurance reporting services.

• MORE THAN 68 BILLIONS OF LIFE INSURANCE IN FORCE making it one of the largest life insur¬ ance companies in the world.

LI FE& CASUALTY

You get action with /Etna L*IKE many Americans we have a Ulysses, and Andromache and few friends who through accident or Athene, and the rest of my old illness have lost their sight. The friends in their own glorious lan¬ most famous of these was Helen guage! I think Greek is the loveliest Keller who also lost her hearing at language that I know anything the age of a year and a half. The about. If it is true that the violin is story of how she overcame that hand¬ the most perfect of musical instru¬ icap and the inability to speak, ments then Greek is the violin of which was its natural consequence, human thought.” is too well known to be repeated. She and Polly had learned What she had in common with our enough Spanish to get by while in other stricken friends was her ability Spain and it was their enthusiasm to “see.” for new intellectual and artistic ad¬ Our friendship was of a few ventures that first struck us. Here hours duration in one sense and was a woman who could not hear a eternal in another. Because of our word of the language she was study¬ connection with the cultural section ing, who could have only occasional of the United States Embassy in use of it after it was learned, who Madrid, we were privileged to es¬ could not see paintings or designs cort Helen and her companion, Pol¬ woven into tapestries but could say ly Thompson, to Toledo on a day’s from the warmth of her generous excursion. From then on we corre¬ soul that she received genuine pleas¬ sponded and stayed close together ure from seeing these works of art although our paths never crossed through the eyes of her friends. again. On that day, from the first By the time we had crossed the minute that we picked Miss Keller flat central plain outside of Madrid up at the Palace Hotel, we were to the city of Toledo, we had come conscious of her use of the verb “to to know Helen and Polly well see.” In fact, she did “see” a great enough to be on easy first-name deal and her travels abroad and all terms with both. By the time we over the United States fulfilled a arrived we felt she knew us, not thirst for art and beauty for her as from any occult or secret sense but for any other tourist. because she had passed her fingers Madrid in 1955 had no suburbs. over our faces and had had Polly The apartment houses formed al¬ tell her the color of our hair, black most a wall where they ended, then and blonde, and eyes, dark brown the empty fields were before us as “The hearing ear and the and hazel. Some say that Helen had we sped our way toward Toledo. At seeing eye, the Lord hath made an acute sense of smell which first we found it a bit difficult to even both of them.” Proverbs helped her identify persons and understand Helen Keller’s pronunci¬ things. We cannot vouch for this as ation, but Polly Thompson, her far as we personally are concerned, companion with the dry wit and but we were amazed to see how she quiet charm, repeated when neces¬ could identify what grain was being sary even while busily “telling” Hel¬ threshed as we passed farmers prod¬ en what we had said by fingering ding their blindfolded oxen around the message into Helen’s palm. Sightseeing and around the threshing floor in While driving over the highway the the way they have used since bibli¬ hour or so required to reach cal times. Having so quickly learned Toledo, Helen told us of some of of her ability to absorb all that her previous travels—to India with transpired around her we eagerly where she had met Gandhi, to Italy left the car to explore Toledo. to talk with the Pope, to England to The ancient city, the capital of talk with the Queen. As Polly put IHenKeUer Spain long before Isabella and Fer¬ it, in the world of women only dinand, soars above the plains of La Eleanor Roosevelt was better Mancha. Isolated by the Duero Riv¬ known than Helen and no other er which makes it almost an island ROBERT & NANCY BARTON woman was better loved. She city, it peaks its way to grandeur by prepared for each trip with care. As way of the turrets of its ruined early as 1896 she had passed the Except for the period written about in this article, Robert and Nancy Barton fortress, the Alcazar, and its even language examinations in French, have always served in Latin America. His greater glory, the towering cathe¬ German and Greek for entrance most recent post was PAO in Guadala¬ dral which dominates all else. We into Harvard College and wrote in jara. As CAO in La Paz he wrote, “A went there first. The venerable “The Story of My Life” two years Short History of Bolivia” which his wife shrine combines five distinct ar¬ later, “What an inexpressible joy it illustrated. Mrs. Barton was also the JOURNAL’S August cover artist. chitectural styles since its com¬ will be to read about Achilles, and Copyright © Jack K. McFall pletion took as many centuries. Its

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 high vaulted roof, so lofty the huge choir. The sexton brought her a good spirits. The translations ap¬ columns seem to diminish in vanish¬ chair, allowing Helen to rise and peared to us to be simultaneous. At ing perspective, fascinated her. Pol¬ fold her arms around this tenderly any rate it was as easy to converse ly described them as best she could, beatific statue. The subtle curve of with Helen and to share jokes and but we had the feeling that Helen the draped figure took on a new puns as with anyone we know. felt the immensity of space above meaning for us when we saw the Helen in her brief visit to Toledo her and that somehow she sensed emotion fill her sightless, yet beauti¬ had already sensed what had made the beauty of the stained glass win¬ fully clear, blue eyes. Truly this was it a fitting home for El Greco. In a dows. She reached forward eagerly another kind of seeing and we re¬ way she resembled him. His love of as Polly led her to one of the pil¬ called what she had written years the clean, open air, his head-over¬ lars. Moving slowly around it with earlier in her autobiography about heels exuberance to find his own outstretched arms she felt its girth. sculpture. “I derive great pleasure,” form of genius, his reverence, and Her head lifted up with the joy of she wrote, “from touching great his ability to conquer his medium so discovery as she exclaimed over its works of art. As my finger tips trace it could “speak” to the ages were gigantic dimensions. All of a sudden line and curve, they discover the qualities they shared. El Greco was we, too, were seeing this early ar¬ thought and emotion which the art¬ an idealist and so was Helen Keller. chitectural masterpiece in a new ist has portrayed. I can feel in the He interpreted what he saw, never light. “Seeing” it physically made us faces of gods and heroes hate, cour¬ simply copied nature. She could appreciate in a way never before age and love, just as I can detect “see” nothing, but she perceived so experienced the immensity of the them in living faces I am permitted much more than ordinary mortals. labor that had gone into its to touch. ... I sometimes wonder if Where El Greco distorted for the creation. the hand is not more sensitive to the sake of expressing the eloquence of Leaving the magnitude of the beauties of sculpture than the eye. I his reverence, she extracted the tower we moved to the apse with its should think the wonderful rhythmi¬ beauty of her surroundings and re¬ intricately hand-carved choir stalls. cal flow of lines and curves could be played them in charming essays of As we did so, conversing in hushed more subtly felt than seen.” We, her own. tones, she told us that the echo of watching, knew what she meant After leaving El Greco’s home, we the human voice against the yel¬ when she said she could feel the stayed momentarily in the ancient lowed stone was vibrating in the “heart-throb” in the marble Virgin. synagogue later known as Santa marrow of her bones. Obviously it The cathedral has received hordes Maria La Blanca. It dates from the gave her an exquisite delight, one of rich gifts from prelates and 13 th century and Helen found its which none but the deaf-blind could rulers alike. The sexton, ever oblig¬ carved plaster, its Arabesque arches, fully appreciate. At the theater, she ing, opened up the cases so that its pine shaped capitals, and its low told us, she enjoyed the vibrations Helen could see in her own way ceilings a charming contrast to the of the audience as much as the these elaboratedly ornamented gothic of the cathedral. How like performance which had to be trans¬ plates, chests, robes and crowns. her to have known that originally lated by either Polly or earlier by But these treasures are stored in a the three religions of the Near East, Teacher, as she always called dedi¬ much smaller room where they can Judaism, Muhammadanism and cated Ann Sullivan who first awoke be adequately guarded and people Christianity, had all lived together the genius in Helen to its great began to gather around to touch her in harmony in Toledo. potential. Even at concerts she hand as if to capture thereby some¬ Our next stop was at a charming sensed the musical pulse of the in¬ thing of her joy of life. She was a hostel with its sheltered patio where struments she could not rightly world symbol and the Spanish visi¬ we could sit in the spring sun. There hear. We knew she would as easily tors in the shrine knew her as in¬ we asked her if she could identify a sense the elaborate beauty of the stantaneously as did the foreign budding bush which we tugged to carved choir which occupies the en¬ tourists. her hand. Instantly she smiled in tire center of the cathedral. Her As we moved out of the building, that tender, appealing way made so fingers passed deftly over scenes Polly tried to shield her from ag¬ famous through her philanthropic from the Bible and no sooner done gressive camera-fans in order to work for the blind, and said, “It’s a than she would identify which Old avoid poses awkward to Helen. She, lilac bud trying to bloom.” She be¬ or New Testament tale was depicted herself, appeared unconcerned lieved everyone has a subconscious there. The seats fold up so that the about anything so ridiculous, but we knowledge of nature, of its charm priests still occupy their niches even worried about her as we tramped and dangers, of its calm and storms. when standing to chant. Underneath over the steep, cobble-stone streets. She told us that neither blindness each stall the early carvers had let Helen at that time was 75, but she nor deafness had robbed her of this their robust and earthy humor have moved briskly over the rough road. prenatal memory which could hear, full rein. Helen’s face broke out into In addition, she found the time to see, feel and sense nature all in one smiles and then laughter as her reach out her arms to learn the as a sort of composite sixth sense. hands recognized gargoyle-like ani¬ width of the narrow passageway to Meanwhile, she was enjoying an¬ mals and finally a human being in a El Greco’s home. Polly provided the other of her senses. She loved to eat relatively obscene pose. color and image as she translated and Polly had to watch her careful¬ She wanted to see the white into Helen’s palm each historic de¬ ly. It was almost a game that she madonna, the expressive alabaster tail we supplied. They were both and Helen shared. As soon as her figure just inside the entrance to the erudite women, full of humor and (Continued on page 39)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 31 LETTER, from page 4 of State. I know how much the Association has done to promote the professionalism of the Foreign Service, and travel-pak look forward to working with you and the AFSA Board —assuming the Senate confirms my nomination-—in a close and productive partnership. In keeping with this desire, and your suggestion that I Personal Effects & meet at an early date with the officers of the Association, Liability Insurance for I suggest that you and your colleagues call on me at my White House office at 3:00 p.m., September 6th. This People Living Overseas will give me an opportunity to meet all of you, and learn your views before I begin my confirmation hearings on September 7. Whether you’re coming— If you aren't I would also be happy to join you and the other mem¬ protected now, going—or living overseas, bers of AFSA at your September 14 luncheon. TRAVEL-PAK is an insurance you should be. policy specifically for you. For more Forty-five Years Ago information, TRAVEL-PAK protects contact us today. The Honorable Henry P. Fletcher, then Ambassador to against property loss under Italy, was the speaker at an American Foreign Service almost any circumstance, Association luncheon on January 12, 1928. He took occasion including: to give his younger colleagues a few words of counsel: Breakage - Fire - Theft - Another thing which is very instructive and useful to do if you can, is to read the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. An Shipping or Storage Loss - instance in point occurred at a post to which I was once Denting or Chipping - assigned. It was perhaps 25 or 30 years ago. The Pilferage - Explosion - Minister nearly always read the CONGRESSIONAL REC¬ Vandalism - Natural Disaster ORD—it was not then a very busy post. So one fine day after four years’ service he got a telegram instructing And, the annual premium him to ask the consent of the Government to the is about what you would pay appointment of Mr. So-and-so as his successor. This Mr. for shipping insurance alone. So-and-so had been a Senator or a Congressman, and in the course of his service had made speeches highly In addition, TRAVEL-PAK derogatory to that country and to everybody connected provides up to $100,000 with it. So when the Minister went up to present this to protection against liability the Foreign Office he said, “I have been instructed to ask suits resulting from bodily for the agrement of Mr. So-and-so and am very happy injury, property damage, to do it.” He gave the usual biographical information that always goes with an instruction of that kind, and pet’s liability and much more. then said, “I have also translated some of the speeches he made when he was in Congress, which your Excellency may wish to read.” And so it was found that the gentleman designated as his successor was not acceptable In-Residence Coverage is now and that Minister remained four years more. His own available at reduced rates. party came in, and he remained another four years. That shows the advantage of reading the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. To: James W. Barrett Co., Inc. Wilbur J. Carr, who had introduced the Ambassador, |<£| 1140 CONNECTICUT AVENUE closed the function with assurances to the gathering that when WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 • U.S.A. any of those present was appointed Minister and if he himself happened to be Budget Officer at the time he would give him Please send me your free brochure on Travel-Pak. 1 a subscription to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. understand there is no obligation and no salesman will call. And Nearly Two Hundred I find that, by a rigid economy, bordering, however, on meanness, I can save, perhaps, five hundred livres a month, NAME at least in the summer. The residue goes for expenses, so much of course and of necessity, that / cannot avoid them, ADDRESS without abandoning all respect for my public character. Yet 1 will pray you to touch this string, which l know to be a tender one, with Congress, with the utmost delicacy. I had rather ZONE OR ZIP be ruined in my fortune than in their esteem. If they raise the salary to what it was, or even pay our house rent and COUNTRY taxes, I can live with more decency.—Excerpt from a letter Telephone (202) 296-6440 to Colonel Monroe from Thomas Jefferson, then on diplo¬ matic mission to Paris, June 17, 1785—contributed by Faith Persius.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 of the extent and nature of collabo¬ in this book, which was written dur¬ pgj BGDKSHBF ration between the Cetnik leader, ing a year at Brown University as General Draza Mihailovic, and the Diplomat in Residence. Axis powers. By this account, it was Yugoslav Resistance neither so widespread and whole¬ Economics for the 70s hearted as many assumed, nor were TITO, MIHAILOVIC AND THE ALLIES, THE UNITED STATES AND THE INDUS¬ 1941-1945, by Walter R. Roberts. contacts between the Germans and TRIAL WORLD, by William Diebold, Jr. Rutgers University Press, $15. the Yugoslav resistance confined to Praeger, $13.50. the Cetniks alone. It is clear that the Royalist Cetniks and Tito’s Par¬ I NVESTIGATIVE reporting has drawn E VERY once in awhile a book tisans ranked each other ahead of much attention recently, includ¬ the Germans as the number one comes along that makes me want to ing the award of a Pulitzer prize enemy, and from this political con¬ go out and give copies to particular to a newspaper for its persistent sideration stemmed the accom¬ people in the hopes that they’ll read efforts to dig out the facts. As a modations each sought or allowed it. This volume, subtitled “American methodology, however, it is not with the Wehrmacht. Traffic with Foreign Economic Policy in the uniquely the province of journalists the enemy cost Mihailovic his life at 1970s” is one of those books, and or confined to current events. Walter the hands of the new rulers of Yu¬ the people I’d give it to include R. Roberts so demonstrates in a goslavia. But, as this book reveals economists, businessmen, and FSOs new book, “Tito, Mihailovic and the for the first time, the Partisans too involved with other industrialized Allies, 1941-1945,” published in carried on secret negotiations with nations in the Western world. July by Rutgers University Press. the Germans, with a view to obtain¬ The reasons for my opinion are His story of the wartime interrela¬ ing a cessation of hostilities so that many, but they all boil down to the tionships between the Partisan and Tito’s forces could concentrate on plain fact that Diebold has written Cetnik leaders in Yugoslavia on the the Cetniks. the best current treatment of the one hand and the United States, The situation on the international relationship between the US and Great Britain and the Soviet Union, scene was no less complex. From these “developed” nations. By com¬ on the other, is the fruit of painstak¬ the tangled skein of national inter¬ bining history with economics, com¬ ing investigative reporting at the ests and personal predilections, ac¬ prehensiveness with precise detail, level of history. tion and inertia, insight and misper¬ and scholarly rigor with easy reada¬ The available literature on this ception, hopes and fears, Mr. Rob¬ bility for the layman, the author has subject is sometimes dramatic, erts draws the main threads of forged an impressive beginning to a sometimes dull, often inaccurate, evolving Allied relations with the Praeger series which will also in¬ usually fragmentary, and invariably Yugoslav Government in Exile, the clude treatments of our relations biased. This book provides for the Cetniks and the Partisans. In so with less developed countries and first time a comprehensive and thor¬ doing, he describes relationships on the Communist nations. Diebold, a oughly documented account devoid several levels—resistance, civil Senior Research Fellow with the of parti pris and bearing the mark strife and revolution within Yugo¬ Council of Foreign Relations who both of scholarly research and re- slavia; diplomacy; deliberations was at the State Department after portorial diligence. within the Allied war councils; sum¬ World War II, is well qualified for In collecting material for this mitry at Quebec, Cairo and Tehran, this project, and his opinions merit work, Mr. Roberts gained access to and the personal interactions of the serious attention. archieves hitherto closed and inter¬ wartime Allied leaders. It is probable, however, that such viewed or corresponded with more Outside the time frame of this an ambitious effort would give rise than a hundred Yugoslav, Ameri¬ book’s story lies the abiding conse¬ to a few areas of disagreement, can, British and German participants quence of events Mr. Roberts however, and this work is no excep¬ in wartime events in Yugoslavia. relates: the expulsion of Yugoslavia tion. One major source of concern is Fresh information and patient cross¬ from the Cominform; but as the Diebold’s treatment of the interna¬ checking of the many conflicting author points out, “the seeds for this tional monetary crisis. While admit¬ versions of single happenings en¬ rupture were planted early, during ting the theoretical attractiveness of abled him slowly to sort fact from the war.” flexible exchange rates, the author’s fiction, to fill in the gaps and finally The book’s notes and bibliogra¬ real world policy suggestions in the to move a significant piece of the phy are a mine for the scholar, and area are at best ambiguous and at chronicle of the Second World War the maps a relative rarity in works worst mere tinkerings with an al¬ from the realm of protagonism to its of this kind—especially designed for ready antiquated system. At a time rightful place in the history of re¬ the book and easy to read. when more and more flexibility is cent international relations. What —ROBERT C. HANEY both an economic necessity and a has been the end of Mr. Roberts’ business reality, the author’s treat¬ Walter R. Roberts is now Associate labors is bound henceforth to be¬ ment of the subject is far too timid Director (Research and Assessment) come the starting point for students of the United States Information for inclusion in an otherwise strong of this subject. Agency. From 1960 to 1966 he was collection of proposals for the Among the controversial matters Counselor of Embassy for Public Af¬ 1970s. As implied, however, most on which the author sheds light and fairs in Belgrade, an assignment that recommendations are quite reason¬ brings perspective is the question led him to begin the research resulting able, and some, like the vigorous

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, October, 1973 33 case made for trade liberalization broken off its splendor not prevent the European powers even in the face of the resulting That I may send it to you, who from reacquiring control of their domestic adjustments, are outstand¬ engross my thought. Southeast Asian colonies.” ing. Taken as a whole, then, Die- Its fragrance scents my robe, makes The exciting content of this bear¬ bold’s work is quite laudable; don’t my sleeves sweet. able (323 page) and most com¬ wait for someone to give you a copy But the road is so long—how can it reach you? mendable biography is unfortunately before reading it! How can I send it to you unharmed? not matched by the style, which on —A. H. STUDENMUND Yet—let it persuade you, occasion is overly repetitive. How grave is our separation. —JOHN J. HURLEY, JR. China to Her ROBERT W. RINDEN THE BREACH IN THE WALL, by Enid (AKA Tung Yuan-feng) Cold Turkey Saunders Candlin. Macmillan, $8.95 THE AMERICAN DISEASE: Origins of A Man for the (Dark) Ages Narcotics Control by David F. Musto, ORN in Shanghai, the author lived B PATRICK J. HURLEY AND AMERICAN M.D. Yale University Press, $10.95. in Shanghai, Peking, Nanking and FOREIGN POLICY, by Russell D. Bu- elsewhere in China during the early hite. Cornell University Press, $12.50. 20th century until 1939, when the THE AMERICAN DISEASE puts to¬ Japanese invasion forced her to day’s drug abuse into historical per¬ HAT kind of man was this leave. As the daughter of a rich tea w spective. Thoroughly researched whose ideas, even pre-China, were merchant in Shanghai, she enjoyed and annotated—with the notes at dismissed by Dean Acheson and the gracious life of privileged West¬ the end, praise be: 82 pages of Eugene Rostow as “hysterical erners in treaty-port days along the them to 250 pages of text—it is an messianic globaloney?” China coast. Her affection for and institutional and political overview. Russell Buhite’s biography was understanding of the Chinese, as The account is fascinating—of pro¬ inspired by the “lack of an objective well as her extensive knowledge of fessional 'societies, trade associa¬ and scholarly study” of this Oklaho¬ China and the Chinese (whose lan¬ tions, and citizens’ leagues; re¬ ma cowboy turned millionaire, guage she knows well), make this formers, physicians, and quacks; Secretary of War, and Presidential report on the Old China delightfully lawmakers, bureaucrats, and diplo¬ confidant. A scholarly treatise, it instructive. A charming melange of mats. And when they weren’t per¬ capably fills the vacuum and adds a sistently equating the “drug prob¬ personal experiences, quotations revealing and balanced chapter to from Chinese poets and philoso¬ lem” with ethnicity, they were trust¬ the so-called Dark Ages of the For¬ ing medical specifics to cure all! phers, expositions of Chinese his¬ eign Service. tory, religion, art, et cetera, makes In the Federal establishment’s at¬ From 1929 until the post-War tempts at control, at home and her chronicle an effortless, fascinat¬ years, Patrick Jay Hurley played a ing way to learn a lot about the abroad, the fusion of the govern¬ variety of controversial roles in ment’s power-base, the super¬ Celestial Kingdom, now vanished in formation and execution of Ameri¬ the mists of history, and the New charged zealot’s self-interest, the can national security policy. As public’s mythology, and the faith in China that is ever more in the Hoover’s War Department chief he thoughts and future of Americans. the M.D.-ity is no less fascinating. fought early granting of Philippine Dr. Musto’s exhaustive research and Those who, themselves, knew the independence. During FDR’s sec¬ China she describes so evocatively his unadorned writing reveal the ond term he negotiated an impor¬ maze of hope through which cure or will read this lovely, loving memoir tant oil expropriation settlement with poignant memories of their own control have long chased drugs, with the Mexican authorities. Jn the never quite catching up to them. —they will relive the days-that- early years of World War II, Hurley come-not-again. The book wasn’t written to help served as a White House fact-finder the family in pain from present-day Holy Writ tells us that “of the in the Middle and Far East. And, in drug abuse. Nevertheless, its solid the making of many books there is 1944-45 he was special envoy for factual base will widen the horizon no end and much is the grief there¬ both Roosevelt and Truman to war- of us counselors who are trying to of.” Surely, this is true of the turn¬ torn China. help that family. It will encourage ing out of books on Maoist China, Buhite has considered the many the continuance of today’s innova¬ but few books have been written, sides of this provocative American tive drug-treatment efforts. The Na¬ nor can they be written, like this who was at once both famous and tional Drug Abuse Training Center unique record. Appreciation of Mrs. infamous. Hurley may be faulted says, “. . . why a person uses drugs Candlin’s memoir may perhaps best for riding rough herd over State has a more direct relationship to be had by quoting the Han poem Department careerists. He failed in drug abuse than its chemical formu¬ she translated and with which she his greatest challenge, China, as did la or its legal status. This humanistic concludes her memorial to the Old both Stilwell and Marshall. Yet, this approach, which keeps attention fo¬ China. was also one of the few American cused on the individual user rather In the midst of the courtyard stands officials following Roosevelt’s death than a particular drug per se, is a strange tree “quick to point out the conflict with being adopted by most of our Fed¬ Whose verdant leaves rise from a the ideals of the Atlantic Charter eral programs today.” Will this be rich sap, and the possibility of long-term more effective than commissions, I have pulled down a branch, and trouble for the United States if it did conferences, and legislation; than

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 prickly ash bark, hyoscyamus, and other foreign affairs agency hierar¬ belladonna, followed by castor oil? chies, but whether it will convince Or will it go the way of Keeley, institutionally uncommitted readers Neal, and “Dr.” Towns and their with first-hand experience in these “cures?” matters is less certain. May it not —CLARKE SLADE well be argued, for example, that Foreign Service Educational US-Vietnam policy initially went so and Counseling Center disastrously wrong not so much be¬ In Defense of Bureaucracy cause of sycophancy in the White BUREAUCRACY AND FOREIGN POLICY, House as because of excessive by Francis E. Rourke. Johns Hopkins White House deference to received Press, $2.00. bureaucratic opinion from the ex¬ ecutive departments? For surely no T HE immense importance of bu¬ one can pretend that the conven¬ __ in reaucratic factors in foreign policy tional wisdom of Secretary Rusk formation seems now to be pretty and the great majority of his higher¬ oOyears. much taken for granted. Professor ranking bureaucratic associates and James Thomson of Yale University, subordinates was ignored or rejected for example, has written persuasive¬ by the White House during the ly of the “curator mentality” which Johnson administration. An expand¬ prevails in the Department of State ed version of Professor Rourke’s —a career orientation which makes interpretation of the domestic con¬ the preservation of past policy the text of American policy will be pub¬ primary responsibility of the bu¬ lished this year. reaucrat rather than the initiation of —THOMAS A. DONOVAN new ideas. And even Soviet writers have begun to comment on the mis¬ Priorities and Politics chievous influence of the bureaucrat THE PERVERTED PRIORITIES OF AMER¬ ICAN POLITICS, by Duane Lockard. That’s Panama’s unspoiled who sees his job as a position to be Macmillan, $6.95. Pacific Coast. Where you can preserved, not as a task to be done. own a rentable condominium In the words of a particularly per¬ P ROFESSOR LOCKARD takes us villa or apartel at the Coro¬ ceptive Soviet Ministry of Foreign through some rather heavy sledding nado Beach Golf Club and Affairs official (now retired, of to make an intriguing point: The have a completed Fazio-de¬ course): “Basic ignorance, especial¬ major institutions of government in signed 18-hole championship ly of cultural achievements, emo¬ the United States are the basis for a golf course at your door. Just tional dullness, and a limited intel¬ good deal of injustice and inequity. 2p2jet hours from the U.S. lect are typical characteristics of the Our celebrated dispersal of pow¬ The Panamanians are friend¬ bureaucrat.” ers, for example, results in priorities ly and hospitable. English is “Bureaucracy and Foreign Af¬ that exclude the poor and racial widely spoken. Your U.S. fairs” by Professor Francis E. minorities from political “consider¬ dollar is legal tender. No Rourke of the Johns Hopkins Uni¬ ation.” The strong executive, rather worries about exchange rates versity Washington Center of For¬ than the New Deal Savior, becomes or fluctuation in value. And eign Policy Research is thus a wel¬ the Great Society Mephistopheles. Panama law gives retirees come addition to the growing dis¬ Lockard is really arguing for a special tax exemptions. Fi¬ cussion of this central aspect of the change in some fundamental tenets nancing available. Mail cou¬ management of foreign affairs. In of American politics. Before prog¬ pon today for information. this debate about the part played by ress can occur, the vast majority of Coronado International Corporation the bureaucracy in the making of Americans must lose its fear of pub¬ Dept. F10003 Post Office Box 24040 foreign policy, Professor Rourke lic authority, must discard the no¬ Washington, D.C. 20024 Please send me information on: tends to come down on the side of tion that aimless bargaining among □ Coronado Beach Golf Club the bureaucrats. He thinks much interest groups is good, and must □ Retirement in Panama harm is done in having more and shed its ignorance of the economic □ Low-cost inspection tour more foreign policy decisions made feasibility of reducing pollution, in the White House, where he sees ending poverty, and providing de¬ Name sycophancy as a common failing, cent medical care. Only after this Address rather than in the executive depart¬ has happened will the “humane” City ments, where he appears to suppose political outcomes that Professor that there is less of a tendency for Lockard seeks be possible. The State Zip book is an eloquent plea for chang¬ subordinates to toady to those at the Telephone m top. ed priorities, but if Lockard’s thesis This point of view should assure is true (and it seems reasonable CORONADO BE (\CH the author’s remarks a sympathetic enough) then we have a long way GOLF CLUB, PANJ AMA reception just now in the upper to go. This is not an offer to sell property. Sales made only in Panama after property inspection. © Rol insons Inc. levels of the State Department and —JOHN D. STEMPEL

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 35 FOUR FOREIGN SERVICES Such appointments from the outside from page 13 are generally limited in tenure to the specific assignments. overseas of the Personnel Council. The German Service appears to Promotions are in large measure operate effectively under a paternal¬ related to assignments; officers will istic system; most officers are de¬ be promoted in connection with voted to their career and feel that their next assignment. The number good decisions are made for and of promotions in any one year, how¬ about them in the Ministry, and ever, is severely circumscribed by that central authorities are willing to the federal budget which prescribes listen to their problems and do exact numbers for each of the levels whatever possible to be of help. or grades in the Foreign Service at They do not feel exploited or de¬ home and abroad. These positions prived of due process as a result of can be shifted from one post to government employment. The Per¬ another by the Ministry in case of sonnel Council is seen as an effec¬ need. If the Ministry requires addi¬ tive Court of Last Resort, but tional positions to staff a new Em¬ officers rarely envisage having to bassy (Peking, for example), it use it as such. On its side, the must in effect steal the positions Ministry encourages officers to cor¬ from other posts or free some posi¬ All leading foreign cars, U.S. Fords, campers, respond with the Assignments cycles delivered stateside or in Europe at special tions by closing down posts. In the factory prices. We arrange every detail. For Officer and to consult with him complete information send for our free 60 page face of the cuts called for in federal Master Catalog. Please indicate whether you while in Bonn. require delivery in U.S. or in Europe. employment, it is very unlikely that The life-long career available af¬ Name the Foreign Office could ask for and ter confirmation has some advan¬ Social Security — obtain additional new positions from tages and some disadvantages. The Address the Bundestag on a special basis; career offers a great deal of security new positions are established gener¬ Place of Delivery. to its officers; the rate of promotion ally only at the time of preparation Date of Rotation is somewhat variable, but it is diffi¬ of a new Budget. F5J 0-3 UCUET \NEMET AUTO INTERNATIONAL cult under the German system for an . ntm 11 V153-03 Hillside Ave.,Jamaica,N.Y.11432 Since the total number of officers : (212) 523-5858 is so tightly controlled, there is little slack in the system, which makes advanced training difficult and sometimes complicates the timing of Be Wise Shop Riverside transfers and replacements. The Ministry would like to have a few Liquor more officers, a reserve, in order to ASSIGNMENT... work out transfers and replacements Discounts smoothly. ...WASHINGTON! Perhaps as a result of the difficul¬ FOREIGN SERVICE MEMBERS ties German diplomats suffered in Let us welcome you. Hun¬ 10% off on estate bottling wines the Nazi period and at the time of dreds of new homes, re¬ 5% off on our regular low prices denazification, the German Foreign sale and recreational com¬ on liquor munity homes available. Service is determined to avoid the 10 offices to serve you. Imported and American Champagnes excesses of the past in its relation¬ ship with politics. Almost all Am¬ Imported and American Wines bassadors are career diplomats, and Some of France’s finest Burgundies VIRGINIA: there are very few political ap¬ 6510 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church and Bordeaux at reduced prices 9001 Braddock Rd., Springfield pointees at other levels. Most ob¬ 1984 Chain Bridge Rd., McLean Come in and browse around 310 Pelham St., Fredericksburg servers anticipated a large number Oddfellows Bldg., Marshall of SPD appointments to the Foreign MARYLAND: Office at the time of Brandt’s tenure 2600 University Blvd., Wheaton Riverside 11125 Rockville Pike, Rockville in the Foreign Office and subse¬ 6480 New Hampshire Ave., Takoma Park

quently upon his election as WASHINGTON, D. C» Liquors Chancellor. These anticipations 5034 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. 3300 Pennsylvania Ave., S.E. have not been fulfilled. German dip¬ 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 lomats who wish to become active FREE-Complete relocation kit! (conveniently located across from Write any office or call (202) 659-7155. the State Department on E Street, in politics are encouraged to resign. next to Peoples Drug Store) The Ministry on occasion must borrow officers from other ministries Our 40th Year (especially Economics) or from SHANNON • & ■ LUCHS We loan glasses for parties public life (press and cultural at¬ REALTORS ESTABLISHED 1906 NO CHARGE taches) if the Service does not con¬ tain officers of the requisite skills.

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 officer to be fired. On the other between marriage and a career of in the Service do not feel they have hand, the system can become stag¬ their own, since the Ministry is not been given prejudicial treatment in nant with slow-moving or non- prepared to assign working couples terms of assignments or promotions. promotable officers blocking the ad¬ to a post abroad. Exceptions to this A number of women have reached vancement of younger and more policy can be made in assignments high ranks in the career; admittedly capable officers. to different missions in the same city the pyramid of women officers thins Within the Ministry, most signifi¬ (New York, for example). There out appreciably at the top, with cant positions go to career officers. have been a few examples in the some loss of women officers to mar¬ Bonn is considered good as a place German Service of women officers riage and other careers. of assignment for promotion pur¬ married to non-Foreign Service hus¬ With the reform program nearly poses, and it has become an at¬ bands who have continued Foreign completed, the German Foreign tractive post for assignment, partic¬ Service careers. Service is looking forward to changes ularly in terms of improved hous¬ The Ministry denies it has any in style and atmospherics more ing, schooling advantages, career sort of quota system in accepting than to radical departures in poli¬ minded wives of diplomats, and the women candidates for the Foreign cies. The Foreign Office is focusing general improvements of life-style Service; some officers believe, how¬ attention on the need for manage¬ taking place in this somewhat artifi¬ ever, that the Ministry deliberately ment skills and leadership; at the cial capital city. With this develop¬ keeps the number of women ap¬ same time, it is trying to establish a ment and change, some new prob¬ pointees low, even though qualified human relationship with officers in lems have arisen in that some women who have passed the exami¬ the Service on personnel matters. officers are now reluctant to accept nations are available. Should this be It’s not so much a matter of relaxing foreign assignment and leave Bonn. the case, the Ministry can be highly discipline as it is of eliminating a There is growing concern about selective in taking only the very certain stuffiness or “formalism,” as women’s liberation and the role of best women candidates. As German one source put it. The combination the woman diplomat. Wives of Ger¬ society as a whole becomes more of dedicated, professional officers man diplomats overseas are not per¬ involved with some of the career with the present skillful and sensi¬ mitted to work except in cultural or concepts of women’s liberation, the tive administrative leadership of the educational fields. Women in the Foreign Service may have to change Foreign Office augurs well for the fu¬ Foreign Service who marry German some of its present policies and atti¬ ture of the German Foreign Service. diplomats are faced with the choice tudes; at present, however, women {To be continued next month)

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 37 FERTILE NEST EGG strategies? The simplest and the to choose high-beta stocks which from page 22 best, if the individual has less than offer a greater return for higher dence suggest that high-beta and about $20,000 to invest, is to put risk. Another variation is to choose thus high risk stocks deliver a pre¬ his money into a couple of the particular stocks within each indus¬ mium reward over time. Investors closed-end funds. With small sums, try to satisfy the person who wants seem to favor safer issues and thus buying individual stocks in the high current income from dividends the riskier ones can, on the average, small amounts needed to achieve or low dividends in order to mini¬ be bought at lower prices for the diversification becomes very costly mize the income subject to ordinary same long-run yield. But clearly, because of commissions. income tax rates. If the market is this greater return is purchased at a With larger sums, a more active really pricing all stocks appropriate¬ greater risk. Failure to sell out be¬ role is possible. Something above 20 ly, then the investor can’t be wrong fore a falling market can leave the stocks, and preferably about 30, are in picking any one stock. If the holder with large paper losses which needed for sufficient diversification market is randomly wrong in its will be translated into real losses if to eliminate most of the non-market pricing, then sufficient diversifica¬ he needs to liquidate. risk. They should be chosen so that tion, like that suggested, should pro¬ Most investors believe they they are unlikely to be affected duce approximately the correct should be able to predict the rise by common economic factors; to price on average. and fall of the stock market, since it achieve this protection, equal A second rule with this strategy is moves with the business cycle. The amounts should be invested in dif¬ to buy and hold. Otherwise commis¬ evidence against that view, howev¬ ferent industries. The individual sions rapidly eat up returns. The er, is very strong. Most notably, the stocks can be chosen at random, if exception to the rule against selling market itself frequently goes down one believes that the market is occurs when a particular stock be¬ in anticipation of a business decline efficient; errors in valuing individual comes disproportionately large in which fails to occur. Just as fre¬ stocks, random; and thus, that mar¬ the portfolio, thus decreasing the quently, it seems to most observers ket prices reflect on the average diversification that was sought. An that the market is unreasonably appropriate value. On the other investor might also wish to take tax high. Thus, anyone who tries to hand, if the investor wants to try to losses from time to time either to predict the broad movements of the do better than the market, it proba¬ decrease his current income tax or market must be lucky and is unlike¬ bly can do no harm to try to pick offset any capital gains he felt ly to succeed consistently. better values, so long as diversifica¬ obliged to take. But such sales What then, are the best market tion is maintained. One variation is would not occur very often. ■

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 HELEN KELLER more evident that evening. Even children understand instinctively. from page 30 after our strenuous day in Toledo, The next day she left Madrid for light luncheon was served Polly the two ladies were happy to accept other capitals. She left behind for us whisked half of each serving onto our invitation for cocktails and din¬ a carefully inscribed picture of her another dish. We had ordered the ner originally to be given in honor self with Polly. We had watched her real Spanish tortilla made with po¬ of UNESCO dignitaries visiting write a message of thanks in the tatoes, a tossed salad, tea, and won¬ Spain, but with her acceptance most guest book at the Toledo restaurant derfully fresh figs full of Spanish decidedly in her honor. We called with the help of a ruler she carried sunshine. When the sun grew a little for them early so our three boys with her. The incisive and individu¬ warmer she knew the sky must be could share our pleasure of visiting al letters of her inscription on the cerulean and asked if there were with them before the other guests photograph are as individual as any “small, cotton clouds.” She spoke of arrived. Helen, in a blue dress signature. In successive years, as we her longing for color and stretched matching her eyes, sat on an heir¬ corresponded, we got to know them out her hand to the warmth of the loom Victorian love-seat. She in¬ well although she typed everything sun as if almost to pray her thanks vited each boy to sit by her side one except her “Helen.” Then Polly for the “gold and blue” day she was at a time and discreetly and natu¬ Thompson died and our correspond¬ enjoying. rally passed her fingers across their ence ceased. It must have been a Everything that had form and foreheads, felt the curve of their tragic day for Helen, but we know texture she understood and eagerly young cheeks and from then on her fortitude and faith kept her not sought out, but her interest was not knew instantly which was Bradford only alive but buoyant for the seven only in nature or in monuments and or Bill. Although two years different years that followed. art treasures. People also fascinated in age, they then appeared as twins Helen Keller’s day in Toledo her. When the waiter pulled back and even we sometimes confused must surely have been like many her chair at the end of the luncheon them. Ricky, our pale, dark-eyed others she enjoyed around the world she surprised him with a gracious five-year-old returned to cuddle for she traveled widely and lived to and clearly understood “muchas close to her. Then he passed his be 88. The combination of an active gracias.” Polly had described him to fingers across her face. She laughed mind and personal fervor gave Hel¬ her and she felt she knew him— delightedly. Her love of children en Keller a colorful, alive and sensi¬ certainly better than did we who are was as genuine as it was whole¬ tive world. Despite her handicaps it apt to believe waiters are invisible. hearted. It spoke to the boys in¬ was more vivid than for most travel¬ Her interest in people became stantly and with an honesty only ers. ■

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 39 WIVES’ DILEMMA sufficient to allow the officer to hire join any movement that interests from page 8 caterers, to rent linen, cutlery, and her. She may, of course, expect the crystal for representational events same protection from the Consul as involved. I would like to have the he needs to put on at home, or it any other American citizen. plan named after me because I am may be used to supplement the “I” wives will in turn resolve so fond of it. Representational Allowance which their own health problems without The Plan is usually not adequate for enter¬ help from United States Govern¬ The Sherer Plan provides that taining in public places. The I Al¬ ment facilities; they will travel on each Foreign Service officer declare lowance should be a set sum, differ¬ regular passports (except to a lim¬ himself/herself either as an “I” (In¬ ing in each post like the Cost of ited number of posts where they dependent) or a “D” (Dependent) Living, dependent on the officer’s might encounter visa difficulties, before going to a new post. These rank and official responsibilities out¬ they will be issued Official pass¬ initials refer to his official status in side his office. It should allow him ports); they will, of course, pay for relation to his spouse at the post. to do an adequate job without wear their own transportation. Subject to The “I” category (Independent of and tear on his wife or her personal the Ambassador’s approval, they assistance from spouse at post) will, possessions. may pay rent to the Embassy and of course, automatically include all By definition an “I” wife will be live in government quarters with bachelors, widowers, widows, and outside the jurisdiction of the Am¬ their husbands. The amount of this unmarried women officers whether bassador and exempt from duties rent will be determined by the post or not they have children. It will toward the common life of the Em¬ which will consider the cost of utili¬ also include officers whose wives bassy, the school, or any other com¬ ties and maintenance in figuring it. prefer not to come to the post at all munity organization. Her name will These wives will not have Commis¬ or to come without the burden of not appear on the diplomatic list sary or PX privileges in posts where any responsibility toward Embassy and she will not be required or even these facilities exist, but there is or diplomatic life there. These encouraged to attend social events naturally no reason why the hus¬ officers will be eligible for a special in her husband’s Embassy. She may band cannot shop for the whole allowance known as the “I Al¬ take any job she likes (and is per¬ family. lowance.” It will not be a substitute mitted to take as a foreigner by the An officer who wishes to declare for a Representation Allowance but host government), she may sign any himself “D” (Dependent on his wife will be in addition to it. It will be petition, march in any parade, or for official support at the post) will

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 be required to procure his wife’s reasonable consideration should be that her official work be recognized signature on the declaration where¬ given to working “D” wives because and evaluated by the Ambassador as, in the case of an “I” declaration, of their employment. Theoretically, or someone designated by him to do the wife’s signature will be optional. at least, this is the system that has so. Conversely, she would resent “D” wives but not “I” wives will be always been followed. (Personally, spending her time and energy for entitled to all of the classic benefits I have had full-time jobs away from the commonweal and having it go of the Foreign Service including home in only two posts. However, I unnoticed. She will not be ashamed pouch privileges, free entry of im¬ had the feeling in both cases that or afraid of having this evaluation ported goods (as determined by the my job enhanced my ability to assist included in her husband’s efficiency host country), language lessons paid the Embassy rather than the other report which is where it belongs and for by the Department, briefings at way around.) where it can be made readily avail¬ the FSI, medical care, pre-paid “D” officers will receive a new able to those responsible for making transportation for herself and her benefit, funds for which may easily appropriate assignments. On re¬ belongings, and the rest of the list be transferred from travel and hous¬ quest, a “D” wife may at any time we all know about. She will in turn ing allowances unclaimed by “I” receive a copy of the evaluation be responsible for her classic func¬ officers. This is the right to claim from the Department of State for tion. She will participate in official Representation for entertaining use as experience or job reference entertaining at the post to the extent done by their wives alone. This is when seeking employment outside of her knowledge and ability and unfortunately long overdue and the Embassy either abroad or at she will not engage in activities should be rectified as soon as pos¬ home. which the Ambassador deems detri¬ sible. There are some types of con¬ Under the Sherer Plan the mental to the common mission. tacts, very important to the mission, Grievance Board becomes an even This is not to say that “D” wives that can only be made by the wom¬ more vital, although hopefully less are prevented from taking jobs. On en and they should be reimbursed active, tool than it already is. As the contrary, they are encouraged to for doing so. Their role in this ca¬ there is no way and never will be a do so as their influence in the com¬ pacity, in other words, should not way of defining perfection in the munity will be of great benefit to depend on their husbands’ being interpersonal relationships of an un¬ the Embassy. They will not use present or on any other diplomats’ predictable combination of human their jobs, however, as an excuse to being present. beings in unpredictable situations at avoid their official tasks although The “D” wife will naturally insist all of our foreign posts (c.f. MRB-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 41 20 is so disappointing) much will, system because he will be informed affairs. From reviewing the numer¬ as always, have to be left to the in advance of what he may expect ous articles and letters of women as intelligence, good sense, good man¬ from the wife and what the housing they have appeared in the Jou- ners, and good taste of the partici¬ and allowance pattern will be. NAL, it is clear that there is a group pants on the spot. In resolving cases There should be any number of that should be respected whose re¬ of significant conflict the Grievance circumstances in which the Chief of sentments are based on their oft- Board will be handy. As now, it will Mission may especially desire an repeated statement, “But I didn’t have the right to refuse to review a “I” officer at a post. Formerly only join the Foreign Service. My hus¬ case which is outside its authority bachelors could be considered for band did.” and it will, of course, no longer be these jobs, but the Sherer Plan This is one of the present day concerned with grievances of “I” would provide a much wider choice dilemmas that the Sherer Plan is wives since they will formally have of candidates and, by the same to¬ designed to resolve. Everyone who shed themselves of any connection ken, an Ambassador may request a has had several posts in the Foreign with or responsibility to their hus¬ “D” candidate in cases where he Service knows that the quality of bands’ official life. This will signifi¬ judges the vacancy on his staff par¬ life at the post depends on the wom¬ cantly ease the work of the Board. ticularly requires it. en and the extent to which they It should also be kept in mind It is no news that changing times organize themselves to keep it high. that under the Sherer Plan an and attitudes necessitate the adop¬ Nothing will change that; and officer may change his category tion or at least trial of new solutions doubtless we still have enough wives from “I” to “D” or vice versa when to old problems. It may be that at each post who are willing and he changes his post or of course these days the young people, espe¬ able to undertake that responsibility during his assignment if he marries cially married women, who are mo¬ so that no one need participate who or divorces while at the post. It is tivated by a strong desire to serve prefers another occupation. What is quite possible, for example, that a their country are not joining the important is that we somehow re¬ wife who chooses to be a “D” in Foreign Service in as great numbers vive the system for having their Dakar might prefer to be “I” in as they used to. They are perhaps enormous contribution evaluated Paris. The Plan is flexible enough to staying in the United States because and recognized for what it really is, allow this luxury. It will, in addi¬ they are more interested in finding an essential ingredient in the smooth tion, better serve the needs of the solutions for domestic social prob¬ functioning of all our overseas mis¬ Chief of Mission than the present lems than they are in foreign sions. ■

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42 FOREIGN- SERVICE .JOURNAL, October, 1973 that today we give no credit and (or, in effect, to computerize) an LETTERS TO pX^ | little opportunity to the Foreign art is foredoomed to failure. And in Service wife. Is it any wonder that this case, it might also lead to dan¬ we receive a less than enthusiatic re¬ gerous miscalculations. Wives and Waterwalkers sponse when we inform our wives PAUL W. MEYER that we have just been transferred FSO Retired ■ There is the story of the FSO unexpectedly “for the good of the Tolland, Conn. stationed in Washington who wan¬ Service?” ders down to Haines Point, stands at Somewhere along the way there Senatorial Shortsightedness the water’s edge, removes a couple should be some place wherein we The rejection by the Foreign of sheets from his pocket, and care¬ recognize the contributions and sac¬ ■ fully re-reads them again. He folds rifices of the Foreign Service wife Relations Committee of G. McMur- trie Godley’s confirmation as Assist¬ the papers and puts them away. and children. I suggest that one Then he proceeds to step out onto place would be the efficiency re¬ ant Secretary of State is a surpris¬ the water. He sinks and shouts for port. ing example of Senatorial short¬ sightedness. help as yet another FSO fails to THEODORE B. DOBBS walk on water. Unfortunately, he Consul General Naturally every Senator who voted against him can explain that believed what was written about St. John’s him in his efficiency report. he did so from the highest motives, The list of. what cannot be dis¬ Hitler & Quantitative Analysis that he had nothing against Mr. Godley personally and that he con¬ cussed in an efficiency report today ■ I found David E. Long’s article sidered the latter guilty only of is comprehensive. About the only in the July JOURNAL entitled: over-zealousness in carrying out a thing needed to insure a superlative “Quantitative Analysis and Foreign report is the prohibition against in¬ Policy Decision-Making,” interest¬ policy of which the Senator disap¬ cluding any critical comments. ing as an exercise—an exercise in proved. These explanations sound I would contend that one forbid¬ futility. My immediate reaction hollow when considering the deeper implications. den area of discussion—the wife was: God! I hope no one in the and family—relegates them to Department will take this thing seri¬ Every citizen, including Ambas¬ oblivion. Certainly freeing the wife ously. But someone in the Depart¬ sadors and Senators, has the right to of a junior officer from the unrea¬ ment just might. That is what disagree with policies of his Govern¬ sonable demands of some principal prompts this letter. ment. He also, if he is an appointed officers’ wives is to be applauded I tried out a similar exercise or an elected official, has a respon¬ but I believe that we have over¬ while I was interned by the Japa¬ sibility to his country. How he ex¬ reacted once again. nese in the Consulate in Tsingtao, presses his disagreement is a part of While I may be reluctant to ad¬ China in 1942. We were at war, that responsibility. mit it in my own household, it is the and I was interested in anticipating Every Ambassador worth his salt wife who takes the brunt of each the outcome. So I composed a is bound to disagree from time to move from post to post. It is the quantitative analysis of the war¬ time with some aspects of policies wife who must reestablish the making capabilities of all the major he is instructed to carry out. In such home, train the servants, cater for powers; assigning so many points cases part of his responsibility is to the official functions and comfort for each armored division, infantry present his own considered views as the children who have lost, once division, cruiser, battleship, subma¬ cogently as he can to the Secretary again, their circle of friends and rine, etc. Then I discovered a thing of State, confidentially of course, in who are probably faced with yet called “the imponderables,” which an effort to have his instructions another different school system. could not be fitted into my scheme. modified. Whether or not he suc¬ (While doing this the wife is proba¬ So I junked the whole thing. That I ceeds, he is clearly responsible for bly also engaged in some type of hope is what Mr. Long will likewise carrying out either the changed or voluntary work in order to assist her do. unchanged instructions to the best husband’s and country’s image.) Hitler made war on the basis of of his ability, regardless of his per¬ Meanwhile the husband is happy in quantitative analysis, and didn’t see sonal views. his new but familiar job surrounded how he could possibly lose. On a Every Senator also naturally dis¬ by the FAMs or Thomas Register. quantitative basis we should have agrees from time to time with some When the children are grown and won the war in Vietnam in about policies of his Government. Wheth¬ the wife tires of 20 years volunteer three months time, but after eight er or not he succeeds in getting work and declares she is going to years we got the Hell licked out of them changed he has the responsi¬ take a job, what happens? Our reg¬ us by the imponderables. On the bility as a public official of putting ulations do not allow her to be quantitative analysis basis would the public interest ahead of his per¬ employed at the post. In most coun¬ someone please explain the surren¬ sonal views. tries, local law prevents her from der at Singapore of 103,000 British There is an important difference. taking outside employment and, if troops to 30,000 battle-weary Japa¬ A Foreign Service officer, whether she could, the job would have to be nese? or not an ambassador, is subject to in keeping with her husband’s posi¬ As has been said so many times discipline and his first loyalty is to tion. before, politics is an art, not a his country and his Government, Thus we are faced with the fact science. Any attempt to mechanize whatever Administration is in pow-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 43 er. He is also subject to Senatorial “does not exceed during any calen¬ officer or employee of the Serv¬ pleasure for each step up the ladder dar year the basic salary such officer ice, who has retired under this of promotion and each post as Am¬ or employee was entitled to receive Act, as amended, and is receiving bassador. A Senator is subject to no under sections 412 or 415 of the an annuity pursuant thereto, and discipline except that of the voters Act, as amended, on the date of his who is reemployed in the Federal and it is sometimes easy to confuse retirement from the Service” results Government service in any ap¬ his own and the public interest. in total deprivation of all cost of pointive position either on a part- There is a vast difference in per¬ living increases—which does not time or full-time basis, shall be spective. seem fair to retired FSOs who are entitled to receive the salary of A vote to penalize an Ambassa¬ willing to give further service to the the position in which he is serving dor for carrying out his Govern¬ Federal Government. For example, plus so much of his annuity paya¬ ment’s policies to the best of his I retired from the Foreign Service in ble under this Act, as amended, ability because the Senator dis¬ April 1970, at which time my salary which when combined with such agrees with those policies smacks of as an FSO-2 at the top step was salary does not exceed during any petty frustration and shortsighted ir¬ $31,632. My annuity was figured at calendar year the current salary responsibility. Do some Senators re¬ $18,548.63. In December, last year of the Class and Step in which ally want this country served by I accepted a job with the Smithsoni¬ such officer or employee was rat¬ Ambassadors and Foreign Service an Institution at the GS9/Step 4 ed and entitled to receive under officers who either refuse to carry level, which brought my combined sections 412 or 415 of the Act, as out instructions or do so only half¬ annuity and earned salary to $30,- amended, on the date of his re¬ heartedly because of fear of dis¬ 698.63—or approximately the tirement from the Service pleasing some Senatorial opinion? amount of my salary on retirement. and, that this change be included THEODORE C. ACHILLES On January 1, 1973 a cost of living among the changes envisaged in Ambassador of the increase of 5.5 percent was applied SI791. This would eliminate the United States (Retired) which affected both my annuity present penalty attached to further Chatham and my salary. My annuity was service for the Federal Government promptly reduced, which was ap¬ by retired Foreign Service officers, Letter to the Secretary propriate, but it was reduced by an without in any way violating the amount which took away part of intent of the dual compensation I have read with interest in the ■ both cost of living increases, so that provision of the Act. May 1973 issue of the Department my combined income remains at the EDWARD F. RIVINUS of State NEWSLETTER, and subse¬ 1970 level, without any cost of liv¬ McLean quently in Senate Bill SI791, of the ing increase. And, under present current efforts being made to amend circumstances I will not be able to title VIII of the Foreign Service Act Delights of the Service receive any part of any future cost of 1946 relative to its existing re¬ I wonder if you could publish of living increases. This is patently tirement provisions. I should like to contrary to the very purpose of an this welfare and whereabouts report call to your attention what I, as a for the benefit of those of your increase to compensate for rises in retired FSO subsequently re¬ readers who have followed the cost of living—which has indeed employed by another branch of the been specifically applied to both an¬ Quinlan odyssey from Kaduna to Federal Government, find to be a nuitant income and earned income Sanaa to Adana but may have lost serious and surely unintended in¬ to insure that people in each catego¬ sight from there. equity in the provisions of the For¬ ry would get it. The situation is that the Quin¬ eign Service Act of 1946—which lans are alive and well, running has not been dealt with in S1791. I accept the fact that employed still another ma-and-pa shop and Title VIII, Part II, Sec. 882(a) of annuitants should not receive dou¬ getting ready to move into a flat the Act provides that an annuitant ble cost of living increases, but they above the shop in a 31-room, 150- should certainly be entitled to one . . who is reemployed in the year-old house cum castle. Federal Government service in any or the other. This is not possible, however, so long as the language of appointive position either on a part- The latest development is that time or full-time basis, shall be enti¬ Sec. 872(a) of the Foreign Service droppings on the living room floor Act holds the total compensation tled to receive the salary of the have been identified by local natu¬ of an annuitant to the level of his position in which he is serving plus ralists as products of the large gray salary on retirement. There must be so much of his annuity payable un¬ foxes which live in the caves on a number of retired Foreign Service der this Act, as amended, which the mountain forming the rear wall officers re-employed on some feder¬ when combined with such salary of the chancery/residence. does not exceed the basic salary al payroll who are being similarly There is no way to cover up a such officer or employee was enti¬ penalized. problem like this so I’ll report it tled to receive under sections 412 or I, therefore, request that the lan¬ straight: not only is there a fox up 415 of the Act, as amended, on the guage of Sec. 872(a) of the Foreign in the mountain somewhere but the date of his retirement from the Serv¬ Service Act of 1946 be amended to Quinlan’s parlor is just all foxxed ice.” read as follows: up. The intent of this provision is Sec. 872 (a) “Notwithstanding C. J. QUINLAN understandable, but the wording any other provision of law, any Muscat

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 THIS MONTH IN WASHINGTON and which AID Foreign Service precepts. We were unable to reach by Rick Williamson employees are so long overdue in agreement, however, on the treat¬ obtaining. ment of labor officers (we could After a long stretch of unusual¬ In State, by far the most excit¬ not agree with management pro¬ ly hot and smoggy weather, cooler ing thing which happened this posals which so heavily favored temperatures returned to Wash¬ month was the meeting which labor officers that they discrimi¬ ington by mid-September. With took place September 8 between nated against other deserving offi¬ the cooler weather, the bums re¬ Dr. Kissinger and three of the offi¬ cers), and on procedural safe¬ turned to the ventilating grates cers of the Association. The meet¬ guards (management refused to go along Virginia Avenue. For those ing is discussed elsewhere in the along with provisions which would of you who may be unaware of the AFSA News, and I won’t dwell on preclude tampering with the pro¬ problem, recent Supreme Court it further except to point out that motion lists). These two issues rulings have made it all but im¬ the initial “vibes” were very posi¬ have been referred to the “Dis¬ possible to prosecute anyone for tive. It is clear to us that we as an putes Panel,” the mediation and vagrancy. As a result, in the past Association and Dr. Kissinger are arbitration mechanism called for two years an odd collection of both dedicated to the develop¬ under the President’s Executive winoes, pan-handlers and assorted ment of the best possible Foreign Order to handle cases where we knights of the road have taken to Service, and that we both recog¬ and the Department are unable to hanging out in the Potomac Park- nize that substantial changes will agree. Still to be negotiated are Foggy Bottom area. When the be required if that goal is to be provisions of the precepts for the weather turns colder, they sleep met. threshold and senior boards. Ne¬ on the ventilation grates which The other exciting event was gotiations on the precepts are are warm (and smelly) from the the Association’s annual awards also about to begin in USIA. heating ducts and underpasses luncheon. The luncheon was enor¬ Personnel reform in AID con¬ below Virginia Avenue. We have mously successful. This year’s tinues to be a major goal of the investigated, and can find no sub¬ speaker was Senator Claiborne Association. Unfortunately, we stantiation to the rumor that these Pell, a former FSO, and a strong have a long way to go. Having unfortunates are former FSOs or friend of the Foreign Service and adopted an advanced new person¬ FSRs who have been selected out a staunch defender of the career nel rating system which is one of without a pension. However, if the principle. The Service is already the best we have seen, AID man¬ cost of living goes much higher, or deeply indebted to the Senator for agement has made a mockery of if Congress doesn’t pass Foreign his efforts on our behalf, and we the new system through the inept Service retirement legislation for were honored that he was willing way in which it is being adminis¬ career employees of AID, perhaps to take time out from his busy tered. If you are like a lot of other AFSA should ask the D.C. govern¬ schedule to speak to us. We re¬ AID employees and have not ment to reserve the ventilation ceived a large number of out¬ heard of the new system, or grates in the Foreign Service Me¬ standing nominations this year, morial Park for Foreign Service haven’t been told how the new and the balloting was unusually system is supposed to work, let us employees. close. A profile of this year’s win¬ know via a letter to John Patter¬ We are pleased to report that ners is contained in a following son, care of AFSA Headquarters, the chances for getting Foreign article. or write AID management directly. Service retirement in AID are bet¬ Meanwhile in State, we are ter this year than in any time in deeply engaged in negotiating The other issue which we con¬ tinue to press vigorously in AID is recent memory. Both the Senate with management on the precepts and House AID bills have provi¬ for this year's selection boards. establishment of a fair and equi¬ sions calling for Foreign Service On the whole, the negotiations are table system for the conversion or retirement benefits for perma¬ going very well, a welcome and termination of limited tenure nent-status AID personnel. If overdue change from our previous FSRs & FSSs. AID management there is an AID bill at all, and dealings with State’s manage¬ continues to drag its feet on this that is not at all certain, the odds ment. We have reached prelimi¬ question, in spite of the fact that are very good that it will include nary agreement on a large number it is in management’s long-term the retirement provisions which of changes which AFSA members interest to have such a system the Association has been seeking, had told us should be made in the established.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 45 AFSA Officers Meet With to press before the revised closing sults. Dr. Kissinger date for filing candidacies (Octo¬ January 15—New Governing Board On September 8, 1973, Secre¬ ber 1st). These elections will be takes office. tary of State-Designate, Dr. Henry conducted under Articles IX and A. Kissinger, received AFSA Chair¬ XV of the new bylaws, to fill the AFSA Intervenes in the Selection man Tom Boyatt, and AFSA Offi¬ several positions forming the Out Case cers Tex Harris and Hank Cohen. AFSA Governing Board. These po¬ The discussion centered on the sitions are: (a) five Officers, elect¬ A major issue which we face in shared goal of achieving the best ed by the entire membership— State and USIA is the question of possible Foreign Service to serve President, Vice President, Second selection out. This issue is before the nation with excellence. The Vice President, Secretary, and us in the context of this year’s AFSA Board members presented Treasurer; and (b) Representa¬ precepts, but is also before the District Court as a result of the their views with respect to the tive^), to be elected by each of suit brought by the Thomas Fund. professional and employee con¬ the several membership constitu¬ AFSA was unable to support the cerns of the career service in encies pursuant to the formula of position of AFGE and the Thomas terms of this broad goal, and ex¬ one Representative for each 1,000 pressed the full support of the Fund, which attacked the whole members or fraction thereof, de¬ notion of selection out. On the Service for Dr. Kissinger’s an¬ termined as of September 30. By nounced intention of other hand, we could not support mid-September, the composition the position of the Department —institutionalizing foreign pol¬ of AFSA’s membership yielded icy by engaging the career serv¬ and USIA, both of which have at¬ one Representative each for AID tempted to defend their past prac¬ ice in the policy process; and USIA, two for Retired Mem¬ —maintaining an open policy tices. Accordingly, AFSA sought bers, and four for State. AFSA and received permission to file a with the Congress, the press and members will be receiving sep¬ the public; brief as friend-of-the-court. In our arately the list of candidates and brief, we stressed AFSA’s view —building a new foreign policy their campaign statements, by di¬ consensus. that: (1) Selection out, as it has rect mailing made at about the been practiced by State and USIA, New Bylaws Adopted same time as this Journal issue is has in many cases failed to pro¬ All of the proposed amendments posted. Other key dates set in con¬ vide even the most elementary to AFSA’s Bylaws were adopted in nection with these locations are: due process standards, and vio¬ the referendum concluded on October 9—List of candidates, and lated the provisions of the For¬ September 4 and are therefore their campaign statements, sent eign Service Act; and (2) Selection now in effect, replacing the previ¬ to the membership. out is important to the mainte¬ ous Bylaws in their entirety. The October 15-November 14 — Cam¬ nance of an effective career serv¬ text of the new Bylaws was circu¬ paign period. ice, and fair and reasonable stand¬ lated to the membership with the November 15—Ballots mailed to ards can be adopted. We went on referendum ballots, and will be re¬ the membership. to suggest tcrthe judge the kind of printed in the November Journal. January 9—Closing date for re¬ standards and procedures which The outcome of the balloting ceipt of ballots by the Elections meet the legal requirements and was as follows: Committee. still provide a fair and effective se¬ January 10-11—Tabulation of bal¬ lection out system. A decision in Total number of ballots received 1,649 lots and announcement of re¬ the case is expected shortly. We Number of invalid ballots in above total 23 I'm getting a little ..Such industry id ...that work is Praiseworthy m its way, not permitted to Valid votes cast FOR AGAINST Concerned, brewer, J.J. with the growing but overtime id spread into one's ARTICLE 1 1,430 190 overtime worked Symptomatic of leisure in your inefficiency— time... ARTICLE II 1,330 294 one's day ARTICLE III 1,485 135 department must be So ARTICLE IV 1,437 179 ordered... ARTICLE V 1,419 197 ARTICLE VI 1,436 184 ARTICLE VII 1,356 263 ARTICLE VIII 1,333 286 ARTICLE IX 1,463 157 ARTICLE X 1,481 135 ARTICLE XI 1,476 144 ..3 men is entitled to he ...to eliminate once and relaxation after a for an the burden ARTICLE XII 1,485 133 hard days toil. of overtime... ARTICLE XIII 1,451 168 I want you to treat this ARTICLE XIV go into it vi-z V as a matter 1,487 134 \ )^ of some ARTICLE XV -thoroughly, 1,489 133 . brover, urgency... > and device a AFSA 1973 Elections i completely ...work new on d all This issue of the Journal should , Schedule... !K- night if reach the membership at about necessary, the time the 1973 elections cam¬ C,-io paign gets underway, but it went Beaverbroolc Newspapers Ltd., 1973

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 JJ reprinted courtesy of the Register and Tribune Syndicate believe that once the court’s de¬ cision is in hand, it will take little Sixth Annual Awards Luncheon time to negotiate selection out AFSA’s Sixth Annual Awards the excellence of the Service. provisions for this year’s precepts luncheon on September 14 drew Senator Pell then added, “We will which will conform to the court’s a capacity audience to the Eighth do what we can to help—we be¬ ruling. Floor of the Department of State lieve in you and we want you to in spite of a torrential rain. Those believe in us.” AFSA Testifies on Behalf of braving the weather were wel¬ The Herter Award presented in Larger Pay Increases comed by Chairman Tom Boyatt, memory of the late Secretary of AFSA joined a number of unions addressed by Senator Claiborne State Christian A. Herter by Mrs. and professional organizations this Pell, given the background of the Herter and her son, Christian A. month in arguing for higher fed¬ awards and the nominees by Am¬ Herter, Jr., was presented to eral pay increases this year. The bassador Charles T. Cross and James S. Sutterlin, Country Di¬ Civil Service Commission had heard the presentation of the rector, Germany and Central Euro¬ proposed a smaller increase of 4.7 awards by Acting Secretary Ken¬ pean Affairs, with the following percent, based on a technical neth Rush to James S. Sutterlin citation: change in the method of compar¬ (Herter), Edward L. Peck (Rivkin) For his contributions to the Berlin ing federal pay with pay in the and Douglas K. Ramsey (Harri- negotiations, West German negotia¬ private sector. We testified be¬ man). tions with Moscow, Warsaw and East fore the President’s Advisory Com¬ Senator Pell’s wide-ranging Germany, and U.S.-East German re¬ lations; for his forcefulness and tact speech drew upon his own experi¬ mission on Federal Pay that there while successfully converting con¬ was a compelling need for a wide- ence in the Foreign Service and cepts to policy with regard to U.S. ranging review of the pay compa¬ that of his father. He remarked positions vis-a-vis the Germanies. rability structure, both between upon his long-time membership private industry and government, in AFSA and upon Congressional Edward L. Peck, Special Assist¬ and between Civil Service and aims and purpose, and went on ant, Office of the Under Secretary Foreign Service. We pointed out to draw attention to the high re¬ of State for Political Affairs, re¬ that to single out just one basis gard of Congress for the career ceived the William R. Rivkin for change (which happened to lie Foreign Service. He said, in part, Award, presented in memory of in the government's budgetary in¬ “Respect is high and very deeply the late Ambassador to Luxem¬ bourg, Senegal and The Gambia terest) was unreasonable and un¬ held—I’m not sure the Foreign by his family and friends. The just, particularly in light of the Service has the same respect for citation read in part: special economic privations faced individual members of Congress,” For his creative initiative, courage, by Foreign Service personnel this and then suggested that the Serv¬ past year. Accordingly, we argued, tenacity, and integrity in improving ice not use the label “control offi¬ inter-agency communication to and the increase for this year should cer” for Congressional delega¬ be 5.5 percent, as called for in the from the field. Fighting a battle over tions, but rather “escort officers” original pay comparability study. what others called narrow bureau¬ or, perhaps, “shepherds.” After In the meantime, we are working cratic interests, he furthered the calling attention to the bill he concept of what this country so sore¬ together with JFSOC on a new pay sponsored assuring merit promo¬ ly needs—a unified foreign policy. comparability study between For¬ tions up to Class I, he noted some By persistently reminding Washing¬ eign Service and Civil Service. ton State Department officials of While our study is not complete, tendencies he considered danger¬ ous and said, “you have got to their responsibilities for policy lead¬ our preliminary conclusions are ership and inter-agency direction, he shocking. As we have long sus¬ think of yourselves as an elite singlehandedly inspired a sometimes pected, Foreign Service people service—not only the senior offi¬ reluctant Department to enhance its are getting shafted—again. cers but the junior officers as well leadership role. . . . this is one of the few profes¬ The W. Averell Harriman Award, Home Leave Tax Deduction sions that is a team effort.” for junior officers, presented by Court Case The Senator stated his appre¬ Ambassador Harriman, went to AFSA is now receiving home ciation of the guidelines for am¬ bassadorial appointments but said Douglas K. Ramsey, prisoner-of- leave tax deduction files which war in Vietnam from 1966-1973, the Committee would not rubber are about ready for court action with this citation: stamp career officer appointments to challenge the IRS refusal to For his courage during the severest but would do its best to exercise honor the Ninth Circuit Court de¬ physical test; for his initiative and cision in the Stratton case allow¬ its judgment. He closed by saying fortitude in saving the lives of his ing an income tax deduction for that Dr. Kissinger’s goal was to in¬ fellow prisoners of war; and for his home leave expenses. Unfortu¬ fuse the Foreign Service and the objectivity and insight in reporting nately, we have not yet collected Department with a sense of pur¬ on the Viet Cong and their political sufficient funds to take these pose and that he felt the Foreign and military goals. cases into court. If you have not Service was an occupation of pub¬ Among the special guests pres¬ already done so, please send a lic service, a life of interest and ent were Mrs. John Sterry Long, check for $5.00 or more to the challenge which would release the widow of Ambassador Rivkin, Ken¬ AFSA Legal Defense Fund. creative forces that contribute to neth Youel, president of the Pub-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 47 lie Members Association and The format for nominations is as an employee-management rela¬ chairman of Herter and Harriman follows: tions system for the Foreign Af¬ Awards Committees, and Mrs. El- PART 1: fairs Agencies. As the official rep¬ wood Quesada. Biographic Data resentative of the men and women The nominees for the Awards NAME of the Foreign Service, we are BIRTH DATE confident that this achievement this year included FSO-2 James GRADE E. Akins, FSO-5 Gary Steven Ba- AGENCY will not only improve the well¬ sek, FSSO-6 Francine L. Bowman, being of Foreign Service person¬ FS04 Glenn R. Celia, FSO-4 James PART 2 nel, but will have significant and Association with Candidate (Strict¬ beneficial implications for the op¬ R. Cheek, FSO-4 Dwight M. Cra¬ ly limit to 250 words). mer, FSO-1 John R. Diggins, Jr., timal conduct of American foreign FSO-5 Morton R. Dworken, Jr., PART 3: policy. We appreciate your role in FSO-1 Richard A. Ericson, Jr., Justification for Nomination this endeavor and are confident (Strictly limit to 500-750 words). FSRL Joseph B. Goodwin, FSO-2 Summary of specific reasons for that the record will show your Philip W. Manhard, FSO-5 John nomination. The narrative should contributions to the Foreign Serv¬ Paul Lyle, FSR-3 William H. Mc- discuss: ice in the areas of openness and Cluskey, FSRL Juanita L. Nofflet, a. Qualities of mind and spirit creativity second to none. FSR-5 Carol Peasley, FSO-5 Daniel which qualify the Nominee We are proud, Mr. Secretary, to H. Simpson. for the award: have been associated with you for Both the judges and AFSA’s b. Examples of the Candidate's these past four and a half years. Board of Directors hope that this accomplishments, particular¬ You have set a high standard of year’s high standards of nomina¬ ly evidence of outstanding in¬ personal integrity which will serve tions will prevail for next year’s itiative, integrity, and intel¬ as an example for all of us. lectual courage. I know I speak on behalf of ali awards. Nominations are welcome Anyone with knowledge of a For¬ at any time, with the closing date eign Service colleague’s accomplish¬ the men and women of the For¬ for the 1974 awards on February ments can nominate for these awards eign Service in extending best 28, 1974. Supervisors and fellow —in fact, the idea is to emphasize wishes and a fond farewell to you employees are urged to make peer nominations rather than nomi¬ and Mrs. Rogers. nominations to recognize individ¬ nations by superiors. This is where Thomas D. Boyatt uals displaying courage in all its you come in: the more nominations Chairman dimensions, independence of spir¬ AFSA receives, the more certain we Board of Directors it and dedication to the service. can be of having sought out and Thank you for your letter of Complete information on the found the most deserving candi¬ dates. We hope that some person August 30. I have enjoyed my as¬ Awards Program follows: at each post meets the specifica¬ sociation with the men and wom¬ The three awards are the Herter tions for one of these awards, that Award for senior officers (FSO 1 and en of the Foreign Service. They you AFSA representatives will pass 2 and equivalents), the Rivkin Award can be proud of their dedication the word to others at the post, and for middle-grade officers (FSO-3-4 and professionalism. It has been that each chapter will send in at and equivalents), and the Harriman a privilege to have worked with least one nomination as soon as Award for junior officers (FSO-5-8 such talented people. possible. and equivalents). They are given, not With best regards, for all-around good performance or William P. Rogers super-efficiency reports—this is the Letter to Secretary Rogers Department’s area — but for out¬ Your tenure as Secretary of standing intellectual originality, cour¬ Annual Leave During TDY age, forthrightness, and “construc¬ State has witnessed profound Assignments changes in the direction of Amer¬ tive dissent.” Although past recipi¬ If you take annual leave en- ican foreign policy. US military in¬ ents have often been chosen on the route to a TDY assignment, and volvement in the Southeast Asian basis of their contributions to the while you are on vacation at some Department’s debate on general for¬ conflict has been terminated, new intermediary point the TDY assign¬ eign policy issues, this is not the relationships have been forged ment is cancelled, the Government only field in which these character¬ with the Soviet Union and the istics can be displayed. must still reimburse you for the People’s Republic of China, a cost. The Comptroller General has Two copies of each nomination, cease-fire was achieved in the unbound on regular size paper, mark¬ said the following on this point: Middle East, and important initia¬ ing each page with the name of the “We have consistently held that nominee and numbering each page, tives have been undertaken in the an employee assigned to tempo¬ should be sent to: field of arms control. We know rary duty who departs prematurely American Foreign Service Associa¬ these accomplishments are a for an alternate destination on au¬ tion source of considerable pride for thorized annual leave which he Awards Committee you as they are for the career pro¬ would not have taken but for the 2101 E Street, N.W. fessionals of the Foreign Service. temporary duty, should not be Washington, D.C. 20037 One achievement of recent years penalized by reason of a subse¬ in time to be received by February in which AFSA has a particular quent cancellation of the tempo¬ 28, 1974. interest has been the creation of rary duty assignment.”

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 AMBASSADORIAL APPOINTMENTS: the United States deserves to be Letters to the Secretary and to Senator Fulbright represented abroad by the best qualified ambassadors. The selection Upgrading the Caliber of particular position or function, but of any ambassador, career or non¬ Ambassadors should be based solely on an assess career, should be based primarily on ment that the officer selected is the competence and experience in for¬ The Association has taken a best individual available to serve in eign affairs. We believe the applica¬ major new professional initiative, a particular post. In this regard, few tion of exacting standards to all designed to upgrade the caliber of officers who enter the Service lateral¬ appointments would help to ensure American Ambassadors, and to ly into the senior ranks because of that both career and noncareer am¬ preclude the long-standing prac¬ political or personal connections bassadors are of the highest caliber. tice of “selling” ambassadorships. qualify as bona fide career profes¬ The application of such standards sionals. would result in career officers from Reproduced below are copies of (3) If the Senate’s proposed AID, USIA and State being found the our letters on this important pro¬ guidelines are adopted, the percent¬ best qualified individuals in the vast fessional issue to Senator Ful¬ age of all ambassadorships held by majority of cases. We recognize, bright and the Secretary. career officials will increase substan¬ however, based on our past experi¬ Senator Fulbright, in his letter to tially. The Administration should use ence, that the appointment of distin¬ you of June 29, 1973, requested this opportunity to give greater con¬ guished individuals from outside the that you provide the American For¬ sideration to the selection of ambas¬ career service in some cases would eign Service Association with a copy sadors from among senior career be entirely justified. Many of these of his letter in order to obtain the officials of AID and USIA. The senior individuals have made extraordinary views of AFSA on the Committee’s ranks of these two agencies contain contributions to American diploma¬ proposed ground rules for assessing a number of highly qualified, dedi¬ cy. However, the experience of our ambassadorial nominees. We have cated career professionals who membership has been that, with a replied directly to the Chairman and would make outstanding ambassa¬ very few exceptions, this country has I am enclosing for your information a dors. Implementation of the new not been well served by those am¬ copy of our comments to the Com¬ guidelines should provide an excel¬ bassadors whose sole or primary mittee. lent opportunity to utilize their ex¬ qualification for that office has been As you will see from our reply, pertise. their level of contributions to the AFSA strongly supports the general (4) Finally, we urge the Adminis¬ party in power. This Association, objectives which the Committee tration to give careful consideration therefore, strongly supports efforts seeks to achieve through its pro¬ to those senior officers qualified to by the Senate Foreign Relations posed guidelines. We believe appli¬ serve as ambassadors who are mem¬ Committee to preclude ambassadori¬ cation of the Committee’s guide¬ bers of minority groups, or women so al appointments based upon political lines, appropriately modified, will im¬ that our representation abroad will contributions and contacts, personal prove the caliber of American rep¬ reflect the diversity of America’s fortunes, or other questionable cri¬ resentation abroad. Since the Com¬ pluralistic society. We also suggest teria. mittee’s role is limited to approving that in filling ambassadorial posi¬ We have the following comments or disapproving the nominees sub¬ tions with individuals from outside on the specific guidelines proposed mitted by the President, however, the career service, special attention by the Committee-. the primary responsibility for assur¬ be given to seeking out and nominat¬ ing that the United States is rep¬ ing qualified members of minority Rule one, first paragraph: As resented abroad only by the best groups and women. noted above, we support entirely qualified ambassadors will still rest efforts to preclude ambassadorial ap¬ largely with the Executive Branch. For half a century, the American pointments based largely on mone¬ We urge you, therefore, Mr. Secre¬ Foreign Service Association has tary contributions, irrespective of the tary, to take the lead in a parallel been dedicated to increasing the amount. We recognize, however, that effort to the Committee’s to upgrade professional caliber of American di¬ some concrete maximum sum may the caliber of American ambassa¬ plomacy. As the official representa¬ be necessary and, if so, the amount dors. tive of the 12,000 men and women should be as low as possible. We In that context, we suggest that of the Foreign Service, we appreciate would suggest a minor modification the following considerations be tak¬ the opportunity to comment on your in the proposed language along the en into account: letter of June 29 to Secretary Rogers following lines: (1) This country has benefited regarding ambassadorial appoint¬ The Committee will approve for con¬ greatly from the service of distin¬ ments. firmation only those ambassadorial guished Americans such as David AFSA strongly concurs, Mr. Chair¬ nominees who possess demonstrated Bruce, Henry Cabot Lodge, Averell man, in the desirability of establish¬ competence or experience in foreign Harriman, and many others as Amer¬ ing ground rules for use by the affairs. The Committee will oppose ican ambassadors. But in selecting Senate Foreign Relations Committee confirmation of any nominee whose potential nominees from outside the in evaluating ambassadorial nomina¬ prima facie qualifications for appoint¬ career service, great care should be tions. We are in full agreement with ment rests on monetary political con¬ tributions, and shall subject to spe¬ taken to assure that only those best the objectives and standards set cial scrutiny any nominee whose con¬ qualified for the position are given forth in your letter. tributions (direct or indirect) to the consideration. Political connections The Association is particularly most recent presidential campaign ex¬ and personal fortune are poor substi¬ pleased with efforts by the Commit¬ ceed $5,000. tutes for professional competence. tee to preclude a long-standing (2) In nominating career officers, abuse which has been perpetrated by Rule one, second paragraph: AFSA the same principle should apply. Am¬ both political parties—the auction¬ strongly supports the intent of this bassadorships should not be granted ing of ambassadorships. AFSA has paragraph, though we note the diffi¬ as a reward for diligent service to a always maintained the principle that culties inherent in hard and fast per-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 49 centages. To our knowledge, in no Paragraph three: We understand following modification: other professional foreign service that this paragraph incorporates lan¬ 6. Either: does the percentage of noncareer guage which is already the law of the (1) A proven working knowledge ambassadors approach even ten per¬ land. of the language of the country cent. Certainly, 15 percent should be Paragraph four: We strongly con¬ to which the nominee is to be accredited, or sufficient to permit the Executive to cur with the provisions of this par¬ (2) A proven working knowledge of nominate, from time to time, distin¬ agraph. We would suggest, however, the language in general diplo¬ guished noncareer officers as ambas¬ in keeping with the purposes of rule matic use in the country of ac¬ sadors. Similarly, we concur with the one that the following be added: creditation, and the willingness Committee that there is no valid and to provide the Committee with a and ability to acquire a work¬ reason why, in any geographic area, list of all political contributions made able use of the dominant lan¬ the percentage of noncareer ambas¬ by the nominee and his or her im¬ guage of the country to which sadors should be substantially higher mediate family during the five years the nominee is to be accred¬ than in other geographic areas. The previous to his or her nomination; ited, provided that the ac¬ disproportionate number of non¬ Paragraph five: AFSA supports the quisition of such knowledge is career officers as ambassadors to purpose of this paragraph. While we practicable and desirable. Western Europe has not only distort¬ believe relevant experience and We recognize that even this modifi¬ ed career opportunities in the Serv¬ proven aptitude in foreign affairs cation may not cover every con¬ ice, but has not been helpful to our should be the predominant consider¬ tingency (e.g., Mongolia, where not relations with our European allies. In ations, a full knowledge of the coun¬ only the indigenous language but this regard, we wish to point out that try to which an ambassador is being also the languages in diplomatic use lack of personal fortune should not assigned is essential. We would sug¬ are “hard” languages), but, as a be considered a factor. The United gest, however, several modifications guideline, we believe that the word¬ States should have the professionally to broaden the topics about which a ing we have proposed would suffice best qualified ambassadors in Lon¬ nominee should be knowledgeable, for almost all circumstances. don, Paris, Tokyo, etc., even if they and to make clear that a superficial Rule three: We agree with the pur¬ do not happen to be personally knowledge—which could be ac¬ pose of this rule. However, the word¬ wealthy. quired quickly—is not sufficient: ing of the final bracketed clause Rule two: AFSA supports the pur¬ 5. thorough understanding of the his¬ appears to be unduly restrictive. We poses of the six points under Rule tory, culture, international relations would suggest the following alterna¬ two. We recognize that the Senate and current political, economic and tive language: has constitutional prerogatives which social problems of the country to or unless a majority of the principal imply obligations to the Senate on which the nominee is to be ac¬ representatives of member or par¬ the part of any officer of the govern¬ credited; ticipating governments bearing similar ment, including ambassadors, in ad¬ Paragraph six: We strongly agree responsibilities are accorded the dition to his or her obligations to the with the Committee on the desirabili¬ title of Ambassador President. Nonetheless, ambassa¬ ty of emphasizing foreign languages In closing, let me repeat how dors abroad are the representatives in assessing the qualifications of any much we, as a professional associa¬ of the President. Their duty is to ambassadorial nominee, whether a tion, appreciate this effort on the execute foreign policy in keeping career or noncareer officer. However, Committee's part to improve the pro¬ with the decisions of duly elected the issue is a bit more complex than fessional caliber of American ambas¬ officials. Any requirements which the Committee’s proposal would indi¬ sadors abroad and to preclude the forced an ambassador to choose be¬ cate. In the first place, the so-called selling of ambassadorships. I have tween his loyalty to the President “hard languages” (such as Japanese, enclosed for your information a let¬ and his loyalty to the will of Con¬ Chinese and Arabic) are extraordi¬ ter which the Association has sent to gress would place the individual in narily difficult to learn, particularly Secretary Rogers on this subject. an untenable position. In our view, at the age of most ambassadorial ambassadors and career officials nominees. The current exacting lan¬ AFSA’s Scholarship Program should not be drawn into the inevi¬ guage requirements imposed on The American Foreign Service table constitutional struggles be¬ junior and middle-level officers in Association, through the gener¬ tween the Executive branch and the the Foreign Services of State and osity of your Foreign Service col¬ Congress concerning their respective USIA, and the ambitious training leagues and the Association of foreign policy roles, and, as officers programs in all three Agencies American Foreign ServiceWomen, of the Executive branch, they should should, over time, insure that there will be granting scholarships for carry out instructions in keeping is a sufficient pool of officers trained college, university and prepara¬ with whatever decisions result from in these languages from which the the interactions between the two (or President can make his nominations. tory school tuition for the school three) branches of the government. At present, however, this is not the year 1974-75. We have the following comments case, and the rule proposed by the Application forms and complete on the specific points in rule two: Committee might thus preclude oth¬ information are available from the Paragraph one: AFSA is confident erwise justifiable nominations. More¬ Committee on Education, AFSA, that all career officers understand over, in a few countries, for the 2101 E Street, N..W, Washington, the need to appear and testify before ambassador to learn one of the dom¬ D.C. 20037. The material will be the Committee upon request. The ob¬ inant local languages, but not oth¬ mailed promptly upon receipt of ligation to testify on certain sensitive ers, would give the impression of your request. The applications for security matters, however, raises taking sides in ethnic conflicts with¬ financial aid are similar to those constitutional issues which go be¬ in the host country. To avoid these yond AFSA's competence to address. problems, and place even greater furnished last year and require a Paragraph two: This paragraph emphasis on foreign languages as a Parents’ Confidential Statement raises similarly difficult constitution¬ qualification to hold the position of to be mailed to the College Schol¬ al issues. Ambassador, we would suggest the arship Service by February 15,

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 1974, with the Scholarship Appli¬ AFSA’s Treasurer Asst. Treasurer cation to be submitted to AFSA no later than March 1. Scholar¬ ships will again be awarded on the basis of need as determined by the College Scholarship Serv¬ ice. Since AFSA’s Scholarship Pro¬ gram is limited in the aid it can provide, the Committee on Edu¬ cation recommends that other avenues of financial assistance be explored. A list of other schol¬ arships specifically designed for Foreign Service youths will ap¬ pear in the November issue. The Committee on Education is chaired by Ann Thornburg, and the Raymond F. Smith Lois W. Roth members are: Honorable Arthur L. Richards, Christine Hugarth, BOOK FAIR ments, counseling, activities. Dr. Alan Lukens, James R. Vandivier Department of State Frank K. Johnson, Chairman of the and Clarke Slade. 10:004:00 October 15th-19th State Department Committee on Forty-one scholarships were 2201 C Street, N.W. Mental Health; Mr. Clark Slade, awarded for 1973-74 with a total The Association of American Director of the Foreign Service amount of $33,830 being ex¬ Foreign Service Women is pleased Educational and Counseling Cen¬ pended. to announce this year’s October ter; Bill Wight and Carol Sapper- stein, members of the Youth De¬ Kindergarten Allowance Book Fair. The theme “Harvest of Books” is most appropriate as velopment Team working with Dr. The State Department authori¬ generous donations of books, art Johnson, will take part. As the zation bill for FY-74 contains lan¬ objects and postage stamps have school year begins, we invite you guage establishing a kindergarten been the largest in the history of to come armed with questions allowance overseas. The bill has the Fair. Some very special items close to every Foreign Service not yet been signed by the Presi¬ parent's heart. We think you will dent, and may be vetoed because such as World War I posters do¬ nated by Mrs. Herbert Fales, a be encouraged and stimulated by of an unrelated controversial pro¬ the knowledge of the work in collection of ceremonial candles vision concerning the furnishing progress, the help available, and donated by Ambassador Eli Eliot of information requested by Con¬ the ideas put forth by this vitally Palmer and a Steuben glass owl gressional committees. If the bill interested group. Due to the na¬ donated by Ambassador Amory is vetoed, there is a possibility the ture of the discussion, the meet¬ Houghton, will be offered for sale Congress will resubmit it to the ing is open only to members and President without the undesirable at the Fair. eligible members, and their hus¬ provision, but with the kindergar¬ Open to the Public The stock bands. Eligible members are wel¬ ten allowance intact. The worst of books will be continuously re¬ come to join the AAFSW at our outcome from our point of view cycled. Every day we expect to add regular meetings generally held would be no bill at all, with the thousands of books to give you the on the second Tuesday of each Department of State riding out the largest possible selection. month. For information on joining, fiscal year on a continuing resolu¬ Proceeds will benefit the AAFSW please call Membership Chair¬ tion. This would effectively cancel Scholarship/Education Fund. man, Mrs. S. C. Kibble, at 488- the kindergarten allowance for AAFSW Meeting November 13— 9069, or write to her at AAFSW, this academic year as well as Panel on Foreign Service Youth P.O. Box 8068, Washington, D.C. other helpful provisions such as On Tuesday, November 13, from 20024. For information about res¬ special financial assistance for 10 to 12 noon on the eighth floor ervations for the coffee, call or employees assigned to USUN. If of the State Department, the As¬ visit the AAFSW Desk, Room 1248, you have a child in kindergarten sociation of American Foreign (53)2-3573. abroad this year, and you have Service Women will hold a coffee not already done so, AFSA recom¬ New Editorial Board Member and panel on “Foreign Service mends that you file an application Youth in Transition, Abroad and Larry Lesser (FSO-5) joined the for an allowance in order to be on at Home.” Dorothy Stansbury, Foreign Service in 1966. He has record when and if the allowance Chairman of the Workshop for served overseas at New Delhi and becomes law. Foreign Service Families at the Ouagadougou and is presently Foreign Service Institute, will Economic/Commercial Officer for JOIN AFSA moderate the discussion which Bangladesh in the Bureau of Near (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) will touch on exposure to drugs, Eastern and South Asian Affairs. DUES CHECKOFF MAKES IT EASIER educational and social adjust¬ Before joining State, Lesser’s

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 51 studies and work experience were and Hungary before his retire¬ SPECIAL SERVICES largely related to writing and edit¬ ment. The Journal has inaugurated a ing, including teaching stints at new service for its readers, a classi¬ the University of Minnesota and De Wolf. Francis Colt de Wolf, re¬ fied section. In order to be of maxi¬ in Nigeria (with the Peace Corps). tired State Department lawyer, mum assistance to AFSA members Lesser nowadays writes mostly died on September 9, in Washing¬ and Journal readers we are accept¬ cables, airgrams, and memos, but ton. Mr. De Wolf entered on duty ing these listings until the 15th of each month for publication in the is also the author of unpublished with the Department in 1922 and issue dated the following month. The stories, essays, and poetry. He is served until 1931 in the legal de¬ rate is 400 per word, less 2% for also an active, but not greatly partment. He then left to serve on payment in advance, minimum 10 feared, long distance runner. He the secretariat of the League of words. Mail copy for advertisement lives in Washington with his wife, Nations until 1934, returning to and check to: Classified Ads, For¬ Harriet, and children Rick and State that year. He retired in 1964 eign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, Nina. as chief of the telecommunica¬ N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. tions division. Mr. De Wolf is sur¬ Education vived by two sons, Francis, Jr., The Foreign Service Educational and 2333 Ashmead PI., N.W., and Brad¬ Counseling Center welcomes your ford C., 1149 Belleview Road, Mc¬ inquiries. A continuation of the serv¬ Lean, Va., and five grandchildren. New Careers ices available for 15 years by Holmes. Clyde E. Holmes, FSO-re- AFSA's Consultant in Education and Dr. Roy M. Melbourne began his tired, died on July 19, in Florida. Youth Concerns, sponsored by new career at the Department of He served with a number of gov¬ AAFSW and AFSA with additional Political Science at Newberry Col¬ ernment agencies, including FOA, expanded activities. Write FSECC, lege, Newberry, South Carolina, before entering the Foreign Serv¬ 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 or call (202) 338-4045. on September 1. Dr. Melbourne ice in 1954, serving at Tokyo, the served most recently as Chairman Department and Beirut before his Vacations for the Department of Interna¬ retirement in 1958. He is survived WINTER VACATION? Time to plan tional Relations and Area Studies by his wife, Mary B. Holmes, Box now. Luxurious, new, two-bedroom, at the National War College after 3117, Nalcrest, Florida 33856. two-bath condominimum in tranquil assignments at Kobe, Istanbul, setting on Charlotte Harbor, Punta Bucharest, Bern, Helsinki and Martin. June M. Martin, wife of Gorda, Florida. Access to all recre¬ Baghdad. Dr. Edwin L. Martin, AID, died on ational facilities. Available for sea¬ At Newberry, Dr. Melbourne August 4, in Washington. Mrs. sonal, monthly, or lesser periods at joins Dr. Fredric B. Irvin, who Martin was a member of the discounted rates subject to refer¬ ences. became President of the College AAFSW and PEO. She is survived Write D. G. MacDonald, 4101 Ingo- after service with USIA at Berlin, by her husband and two sons of Bonn, Rawalpindi and Hamburg. mar St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 3001 Veazey Terrace, N.W., Wash¬ 20015, or call 632-9118. Dr. Irvin expressed his pleasure at ington, D. C. giving Newberry students the op¬ Entertainment portunity to become involved with Nolan. Charles Paul Nolan, FSO- Have your next affair, foreign or courses in International Relations, retired, died on July 17, in Arling¬ domestic, at the FOREIGN SERVICE US Foreign Policy and Modern ton. He entered on duty in the De¬ CLUB. Open every weekday for Political Theory. partment of State in 1941 and was luncheon, special rooms available on reservation for private parties. appointed to the Foreign Service BIRTHS Inquiries invited for cocktail parties, in 1955. Mr. Nolan served at Bue¬ dinner parties, receptions, etc. Clark. A son, John Tyler, born to nos Aires and Seville before his Phone Chester Bryant, 338-5730. FSO and Mrs. John E. Clark, on retirement in 1969. He is survived September 7, in Washington. by his wife, Jean, 3230 N. Abing¬ Books & Publications don St., Arlington, Va. 22207, a 25% DISCOUNT ON NEW BOOKS. Klein. A daughter, Maia Margrete- daughter, five sisters, two broth¬ Mailing charge: 390 (domestic); 750 Odile, born to FSO and Mrs. ers, and two grandchildren. The (overseas). BOOKQUICK, B-5, Rose- Jacques Paul Klein, on August 28, family suggested memorial contri¬ land, N.J. 07068. in Bremerhaven. butions to DACOR in support of its BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS—all kinds, legislative efforts. tremendous bargains, also posters, stamps, artwork. Visit the AAFSW DEATHS Wilkins. Julia Owsley Wilkins, wife Book Fair in the Department of State, October 15-19. Davis. Nathaniel P. Davis, retired of retired Ambassador Fraser Wil¬ A few copies still available—“The Ambassador, died on September kins, died on August 20, in Wash¬ Doggerel Dip”—the late Wendell 12 in Winter Park, Florida. Ambas¬ ington. Mrs. Wilkins was the Blancke's inspired “rhymed and sador Davis entered the Foreign widow of FSO Jack Goodyear who scanning history of diplomatic twist- Service in 1919 and served at Ber¬ died in 1964. She is survived by ery.” 250 each from AFSA, 2101 lin, Pernambuco, London, Manila, her husband, 4332 Garfield Street, E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. and as Ambassador to Costa Rica N.W. and three sons. 20037.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, October, 1973 ANNOUNCES

CONTINUED ADDED COVERAGE FOR MEMBERS AND THEIR DEPENDENTS WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.

For this insurance year, March 1973 to March 1974, a basic $17,500 life insurance policy will pay $26,250 and includes ... $17,500 ACCIDENTAL DEATH AND DISMEMBERMENT THE COST: $100 per year to age 41; $125, 41 to 51; and $150, 51 thru 64 or to retire¬ ment, whichever is later (or up to age 65). Also, for active members only if desired, $10,000 Additional Group Life plus $10,000 Additional AD&D at an additional premium of $85 per year. DEPENDENT LIFE BENEFITS Spouse $3,000 Unmarried dependent: 2 wks. & less than 6 mos. 300 6 mos. & less than 2 yrs. 600 2 yrs. & less than 3 yrs. 1,200 3 yrs. & less than 4 yrs. 1,800 4 yrs. & less than 5 yrs. 2,400 5 yrs. to age 19 to age 21 3,000 if full-time student YOU ARE ELIGIBLE IF YOU ARE: ACTIVE FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER FOREIGN SERVICE INFORMATION OFFICER FOREIGN SERVICE RESERVE OFFICER FOREIGN SERVICE STAFF OFFICER OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE, USIA and AID under 60 (No Other Membership Requirements)

For full details write.-

The American Foreign Service Protective Association

c/o Department of State, Washington, D. C. 20520

or 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 1305, Washington, D. C. 20006 Telephone: 298-7570 Dodge Dart Swinger

Foreign Service personnel can qualify for special prices on Chrysler products! Every Chrysler product —from the Export Sales, Chrysler Corporation prestigious Imperial to a casual Dodge 9th floor, 1100 Connecticut Ave. N.W. Sportsman wagon to a low-priced Washington, D. C. 20036 compact —can be purchased through Send information on your Diplomatic Sales Chrysler Export’s Diplomatic Sales Program, and these Chrysler products: Program. PLYMOUTH DODGE All Foreign Service personnel □ Duster/Valiant □ Dart □ Barracuda □ Challenger can qualify! □ Satellite □ Coronet/Charger □ Fury □ Chrysler □ Polara/Monaco And we’ll arrange fast delivery here □ Chrysler Imperial or in other countries, through our local Name Washington, D. C. office. Return the coupon for full details. Add ress Or telephone: (202) 296-3500. City State Zip

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