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Open Dissertation Growingupmormon1.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Humanities COMING OF AGE IN THE LATTER DAYS: ADOLESCENT FOLKLORE AND THE PARADOX OF MORMON IDENTITY A Dissertation in American Studies by Spencer L. Green 2015 Spencer L. Green Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 The dissertation of Spencer L. Green was reviewed and approved* by the following: Simon J. Bronner Distinguished Professor of American Studies and Folklore Head of the American Studies Program Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Charles D. Kupfer Associate Professor of American Studies and History Michael L. Barton Professor Emeritus of American Studies and Social Sciences Christopher S. Hollenbeak Associate Professor of Surgery and Public Health Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation looks at Mormon folklore during the adolescent stage of the life cycle. Using primarily folkloric sources, it examines how Mormon youth, primarily in the Mormon Cultural Region (MCR), negotiate the competing demands of being both Mormon and American while competing with being both insiders and outsiders in both of those communities during a time of life where peer affiliation and being “in” with one’s peers is particularly important. While Mormon youth have greater demands on and expectations for growing up than many adolescents in America, many aspects of folklore have helped ease the many stresses as they come of age. This dissertation looks at official discourse from biannual church-wide meetings (General Conference), outdoor disaster legends, the practice of toilet papering and creative dating, and folk interpretations of scientific and archaeological evidence connected with the Book of Mormon and Japanese heritage to show the many ways that adolescents create traditions to help them build community and ways of coping with the stresses of growing up as both Americans and Mormons. Mormon adolescent folklore becomes a useful tool to help Mormon youth cohere as a group and successfully negotiate the tempestuous teen years despite high and competing expectations and value systems. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 Coming of Age as a Mormon .................................................................................. 1 Adolescence ..................................................................................................................... 9 Mormon Adolescence ...................................................................................................... 14 Mormons as Insiders and Outsiders to American Culture ............................................... 20 Mormonism, Mormon Culture, and Mormon Youth Culture .......................................... 27 Mormons and Adolescents in Folklore ............................................................................ 35 Chapter 2 And a Child Shall Lead Them: The Wise Child Folk Motif in Mormon Discourse and the Distance between Youth and Maturity in Mormon Thought .............. 39 The Wise Child in Folklore .............................................................................................. 42 The Wise Child in Mormon Scripture and Tradition ....................................................... 48 The Child in Mormon and American Culture .................................................................. 54 The Wise Child in General Conference ........................................................................... 58 General Conference: The Authoritative/Exhortative Frame ............................................ 60 The Wise Child and the Distance between Children and Elders ...................................... 66 Chapter 3 Confronting Disaster: Canyons, Caves, Water, Imagination, and Growing Up ...... 72 Genre: Legends, Legend Trips, and Rumors.................................................................... 78 The Legend and Reality ................................................................................................... 81 Water: Cultural and Religious Marker ............................................................................. 84 Nutty Putty Caves ............................................................................................................ 90 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter 4 Saints of Subterfuge and Silliness: Toilet Papering among Mormon Youth .......... 98 What Does Pranking Mean?............................................................................................. 101 The Scholarship of Pranking ............................................................................................ 109 Toilet Papering in the MCR ............................................................................................. 115 Conclusions: TP and the Social Uses of Ambiguity ........................................................ 129 Chapter 5 Creative, Not Procreative, Dating among Mormon Youth and Singles .................. 133 What is Creative Dating? ................................................................................................. 134 From Courtship to Hooking Up: Dating in America........................................................ 138 Creative Dating as Cultural Arbitrage .............................................................................. 144 Planned ..................................................................................................................... 145 Positive ..................................................................................................................... 150 Inexpensive .............................................................................................................. 152 Get To Know Someone ............................................................................................ 154 v Chapter 6 A Sure Knowledge: Folk Archaeology among Members and Missionaries in Japan ................................................................................................................................ 157 Two Ways of Knowing: Sophic and Mantic, Science and Revelation ............................ 162 The Confluence of the Abstract/Spiritual and the Concrete/Physical .............................. 169 Science and Mormonism .................................................................................................. 171 The Scientific and the Supernatural among the LDS ....................................................... 174 Understanding Folk Archeology in Japan ........................................................................ 180 Folk Archeology in Japan ................................................................................................ 184 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 193 Chapter 7 In but Not Of ........................................................................................................... 197 Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 202 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In reflecting on the work that has gone into this project, I am indebted to many people. I would like to thank first my committee, Professors Simon J. Bronner, Charles D. Kupfer, Michael L. Barton, and Christopher S. Hollenbeak, for their help, questions, and feedback. They have provided invaluable insight and mentoring in helping develop and improve the ideas and presentation of this dissertation. I am grateful to the Children’s Folklore Section of the American Folklore Society for making an absolute neophyte their president which provided much of the impetus for writing and some outlets for presenting and publishing sections of this dissertation. If Trevor Blank had not taken me to my first meeting and Libby Tucker and Priscilla Ord encouraged my nomination, I would not have had the chance to explore this little-touched area of Mormon folklore. In view of that, I would also like to thank my fellow emerging voices in Mormon Folklore, Brant Ellsworth and Jared Rife. Our conversations and collaboration helped clarify and develop many of my ideas on Mormon adolescent folklore. My student researchers at Utah State University and Brigham Young University, Heidi Williams and Rick Curtiss respectively, were a tremendous help in combing through their excellent folklore archives for tales of pranks. I’m grateful for my many named and unnamed informants who were vital for the content and quality of many of my chapters. And finally, a big, big thank you to my family, Heather, Heidi, and Emmett, whose long-suffering support were essential in completing this project. This project took me away from home enough that Heidi was working on her own “dissertation” “on colors” before she was three. Her timely completion was a great example to me as I worked to complete my own. Chapter 1 Coming of Age as a Mormon Humor columnist Kelly Williams Brown’s Adulting: How to Become a Grown-up in 468 Easy(ish) Steps is marketed to “aspiring grown-ups of all ages.” The jacket asks “If you graduated from college but still feel like a student… if you wear a business suit to job interviews but pajamas to the grocery store… if you have your own apartment
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