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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1980 A study of practical and associate degree nursing education in Iowa from 1918 to 1978 Donna Ketchum Story Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Higher Education Commons, Medical Education Commons, Other Education Commons, and the Other History Commons Recommended Citation Story, Donna Ketchum, "A study of practical and associate degree nursing education in Iowa from 1918 to 1978" (1980). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7136. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7136 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistmct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8106061 STORY, DONNA KETCHUM A STUDY OF PRACTICAL AND ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING EDUCATION IN IOWA FROM 1918 TO 1978 lom State University PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms Intsrn sti 0 n si 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1980 by Story, Donna Ketclium All Rights Reserved A study of practical and associate degree nursing education in Iowa from 1918 to 1978 by Donna Ketchum Story A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department; Industrial Education Major: Industrial Education (Industrial Vocational-Technical Education) Approved: Members of the Committee: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Departmen Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gra College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1980 Copyright <c) Donna Ketchum Story, 1980. All rights reserved ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION 1 Justification for the Study 3 Purpose of the Study 11 Assumptions of the Study 11 Limitations of the Study 12 Terminology 12 Design of the Study 15 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS 25 The National Scene 25 Education in Iowa 30 The National Woman's Rights Movement 36 Women's Rights in Iowa 38 The Emergence of Nursing in America 40 Physician Influence 45 Early Nursing Care In Iowa 48 Early Practical Nursing in the United States 56 Practical Nursing in Iowa 58 CHAPTER THREE: NURSING EDUCATION FOR THE INDUSTRIAL 59 AND SCIENTIFIC AGE 1900-1918 The National Scene 59 Education in Iowa 61 The National Women's Rights Movement 63 Iowa Women's Rights 64 Nursing in the Nation 68 Nursing in Iowa 83 ill CHAPTER FOUR; THE ERA OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, ECONOMIC 97 PROSPERITY, DEPRESSION AND RECOVER 1918-1941 The National Scene 97 Education In Iowa 99 Women's Movement 104 Nursing in Prosperity, Depression and Recovery 105 Nursing in Iowa 135 CHAPTER FIVE: NURSING EDUCATION IN MID-TWENTIETH 159 CENTURY AMERICA 1941-1968 The National Scene 159 Education in Iowa 164 Nursing Education in the Nation 170 Iowa in 1941-1968 205 Nursing Education in Iowa 208 Summary 244 CHAPTER SIX: NURSING EDUCATION AMIDST SCIENTIFIC, 247 TECHNOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL CHANGES The National Scene 247 National Education 248 Education in Iowa 249 Nursing, The National Scene 252 Nursing in Iowa 262 CHAPTER SEVEN; SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 270 OF "A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL AND ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN IOWA FROM 1918-1978" Summary 270 Principal Conclusions 282 Conclusions 284 Limitations 285 Recommendations 288 REFERENCE NOTES 291 REFERENCES 293 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION The history of nursing education does not coincide with the history of nursing. Generally, nursing can be thought of as having four periods or phases of history. The first period was that of home nursing. It consisted of the function of women to provide comfort, care and assurance to the sick. Home nursing was an intuitive response to heal the sick, to bind up the broken of body or of spirit and to provide domestic care to children and the elderly. No formal attempt at education occurred. Home nursing has never really ended. It not only overlaps the succeeding phases of history, but it persists through them all and perhaps it will always persist. The second phase of nursing occurred when the practical nurse, usually a good neighbor or compassionate woman, assumed the role of pro­ viding care for those in the community. In the course of time with the growing complexity of society, an increasing number of women made a business of community nursing. Some 'nurses' were much more effective than others in coping with people and their personal and family crises. Nursing was not a role expected of all women; it was assumed by those who had the desire and ability to truly nurture. There was a time when no other kind of nurse was available for hire. The first nurses were independent practitioners who relied upon their experience and creativity to care for the sick. The third phase of nursing history coincides with nursing education and the beginning of the trained nurse. Florence Nightingale has always 2 been regarded as the prototype of the trained nurse group that had its evolution around 1854 (Cope, 1958, pp. 18-19). In the early 1900s, following the establishment of organized schools for the preparation of professional nurses, references were made in the literature with in­ creasing frequence to trained and untrained nurses. The trained nurse became known as the graduate, then the registered, and subsequently the professional nurse, while the untrained person was referred to first as the attendant. The fourth phase is that of the trained attendant or practical nurse. In written accounts of the establishment of the first schools of professional nursing there are statements such as "the practical nurse worked under the supervision of a registered nurse who gave on-the-job instruction in nursing care," or "practical nurses were assigned to cases of mild illness or chronic invalidism in the home," or "practical nurses were assigned in cases where the services of a graduate nurse was not required or could not be afforded" (Moore, 1954, p. 1). Working in the patient's home, the practical nurse or attendant carried out household duties which included housecleaning, meal prepara­ tion and laundry. The nursing duties included bathing, bedmaking, hair combing, and assisting a mildly ill or chronically ill patient with other daily personal needs. The practical nurses of this period were half domestic servants and half nurses. Only one school for the training of practical nurses was in existence in the United States before 1900. This was the Ballard School of New York established by the UWCA in 1897. The school or course for 3 "attendants of sick" consisted of forty lectures and some practice in caring for the chronic invalid in homes. Although this investigation focuses on the history of the develop­ ment of practical and associate degree nursing programs in Iowa, it is appropriate to include some discussion of selected forces within the framework of United States history which affected the course of nursing practice, general trends of nursing education, and the status of nursing practice and education in Iowa. Nursing history is founded in general history. It could not be otherwise; there exists the inextricable interweaving of nursing service with all other branches of human culture. Nursing must be seen on the panorama of all human history and any effort to research the history of nursing must in some measure attempt to frame that panorama. The intention of the author is not only to provide a background for the development of nursing education in America but to relate trends of each of these areas to the growth of practical and associate degree nursing programs in Iowa.

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