THE SANDERS FAMILY of GRASS HILLS

By Anna Virginia Parker

The life of Lewis Sanders 1781-1861 with interesting historical events of that period also the genealogy of the Sanders family and all families closely allied.

Coleman Printing Company Madison, fudiana Copyright, 1966

by

ANNA VIRGINIA PARKER

Printed in U.S. A.

First Printing, January 1966 -- -- -_ - -- -~------=~_ _, ___ _ =-~ ,- =--I+- - -- - \ -----~\\'~- ' ,\ ~- --~-~

------I I

To The Memory Of My Mother

SUSAN F. SANDERS PARKER

and of my Aunt

ANNA J. SANDERS BROWN

Who were born at the Grass Hills home and spent a very happy childhood there.

CONTENTS

Introduction I Characters N Sanders Family Coat of Arms I The Sanders Family 1 II Starting into Business 7 III To~ci~~~ IB N First Cattle Show in Kentucky 19 V The Importation of 1817 22 VI The New Home in Gallatin County 25 VII The Death of Mrs. Ann Nicholas Sanders 29 The Nicholas Coat of Arms VIII Life at Grass Hills in the Early Thirties 32 IX The Sanders Children 37 X The Wedding of George N. Sanders 41 XI Items from the Diary 45 XII Horses and Horse Racing 51 XIII An Article Published in Farmer and Mechanic 54 XN The Orchard and Garden at Grass Hills 56 xv Important Meeting at Ghent, Kentucky, 1843 60 XVI Open Letter in the Louisville Journal Published 1843 62 XVII Hemp Agency in Kentucky 64 XVIII Views on Taxation 70 XIX The Grandchildren 72 xx Political Issues 76 XXI George N. Sanders, Consul to London, England 78 XXII Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1840-1855 80 XXIII Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1855-1860 88 XXN The Last Months of His Life 93 XXV John Sanders 95 XVI George N. Sanders 100 Notes 106 Genealogy of The Sanders Family 108 The Craig Family 132 The Hawkins Family 143 The Nicholas Family 145 The Smith Family of Maryland 156 The Cary Family 158 The Carter Family 162 The Armistead Family 164 Epilogue 165 Index 166

INTRODUCTION

This is a true story of Lewis Sanders and his family. It has been taken from his private papers, memorandums and correspondence. He lived, in perhaps what was the most peaceful and interesting period of our country's history. He was born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, August 9, 1781, just at the close of the Revolu­ tionary War, and died at his home in Kentucky, known as Grass Hills, April 15, 1861, just a few days after Fort Sumter had been fired upon, and at the beginning of the War Between the States. This was a period in the history of our country, when men were interested in making better homes for their families and them­ selves. They were moving into a new and undeveloped region across the mountains from their present home, and later would move on to the vast new territory, west of the Mississippi River. It was ape­ riod when the country was being developed, a period of expansion, when people were more interested in building and improving the nation, instead of hunting ways to destroy it. The early pioneer faced many dangers, but he was able most of the time, to protect both his family and himself. It was this spirit of more freedom and a better life for their families and also themselves that encouraged the early Virginians to make the long and dangerous journey .to Kentucky County, which lay on the other side of the mountains. The early explorers, who had visited the new country told many wonderful stories of it. They praised the rich, fertile soil, the vast forests and the great number of wild animals that were seen roaming in the grass lands. Other settlers, like the Craigs and their families and friends, who entered the new county together, which is known in Kentucky . History as "The Traveling Church", made the long journey in order that they could worship as they pleased, the same reason that had driven many Englishmen with their families to the American shores more than one hundred and fifty years earlier. The early settlers had a very busy and exciting life. While the necessary daily tasks were hard and tedious, still when they were over, there was time to enjoy their families and friends. The family, as a rule, was very large, and generally there were some relatives, their mother or father, or perhaps an unmarried sister or brother, aunts or uncles who lived with them. As there were so many in each family group, there was always some type of enter­ tainment within their own home, therefore they did not need the var­ ious modern inventions, which we feel are so necessary for our amusement today. Relatives and friends lived on nearby farms (in those days a mile or more was considered just a nice walk) and made daily visits. Then friends from town were always welcome, and often the entire family would go to the country for a few days, sometimes II for a week or more. As there was no intercourse between families except visiting as was in the case at Grass Hills, seldom a day pas­ sed without a caller. They often went to spend the day, and as one old lady expressed it, "they spent live-long day", meaning they would go as soon as they had breakfast and often staying for the evening meal. Sometimes neighbors would gather for an evening. There were many ways for all ages to be entertained. Some would roast apples and pop corn in the huge wood fireplaces, which not only furnished heat but also the greater part of the light. Coal-oil was unknown until 1859, when the first wells were drilled. Besides the light from the fireplace, there were candles and some small lamps in which whale oil was used. The young people entertained themselves with different games and dancing, the square dance being most popular. The old­ er people enjoyed conversation with each other, and they also played cards, whist being a very popular game at that time. Many of the men were good chess players, and backgammon was also played. It was also a period when good books were appreciated, and grown people, as well as children, spent many hours reading, just because they enjoyed reading. It was before public schools were started in the state, and the children were either taught in the home or in pri­ vate schools, except wealthy families who employed a tutor. However, much of their education was gained through their reading. Mr. Sanders was educated in private schools around Lexing­ ton, Kentucky. .He was also very fond of reading, where he gained much information. He collected a very fine library during his life time. Among his papers is a list of the books that he had in his pri­ vate library at Grass Hills in 1858, and many of the volumes are now in the libraries of his great grandchildren. He took a very great interest in the political issues of the day, and saved many clippings from the newspapers that he read, carefully pasting them in large scrapbooks. Not only did he save clippings of a political nature, but many of an historical importance. Perhaps the most valuable clippings at this time, are those giving the prevailing prices of many crops and articles for sale. At least several historians who have seen the scrapbooks are more impres­ sed with these and others of a financial nature than any of the other clippings. These scrapbooks are filled with clippings taken from newspapers published in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Louisville and London, England, covering some thirty or forty years, from around 1820 to 1860. Lewis Sanders lived a full and interesting life. He import­ ed from England the first Shorthorn cattle that were ever brought directly west of the Appalachian Mountains. He greatly improved the race horse by special breeding. It is said that his interest and work with the race horse was as important as the great improve­ ment he made in the breeding of beef cattle. Only a few years ago, a cattle breeder was heard to remark, "The American people of today owe credit to Lewis Sanders for the excellent quality of beef that they are now serving on their tables". III

Mr. Sanders not only played an important part in the improve­ ment of the race horse and beef cattle, but he was very much inter­ ested in all branches of Agriculture and Horticulture. He had a large orchard at his home near Lexington, known as Sanders' Garden, where he had many varieties of fruit, and when he moved to Carroll County the first thing he did after finishing the home for his family to move into, was to start an orchard. This was increased a few years later to twenty-five acres. While he raised every kind of fruit, most of the orchard was planted in apple trees. During the thirties much of the fruit was shipped to Louisiana by flatboat, as well as many kinds of vegetables. He would try out different grasses, grains and other farm crops, and would write up the results in lengthy articles for farm magazines, telling their virtues, or of their disadvantages, if he felt they did not come up to a certain standard. He was the leading figure in many mass meetings in North­ ern Kentucky, which were so common at that time. His home was the gathering place for many prominent and interesting people who visited in this section of Kentucky. The paragraph below is taken from the Biographical Ency­ clopedia, "In any circle of men or women, however accomplished, he was the recognized superior, without making any pretensions. His knowledge was various and valuable, reaching every interest in life, and always available for the edification of others. He was fond of discussing political matters, he was a Democrat in his creed, his discourse and intercourse; the same easy and attractive man in all companions. He expended large sums of money to develop Kentucky". This book, "The Sanders Family of Grass Hills", is not only the life of Lewis Sanders and his family, but it is also the story of the home life of Kentucky families in that period of our history. It gives a clear picture of the joys and sorrows, that the early Kentucky families shared with each other. Besides his personal papers, hundreds of letters from his private correspondence, as well as copies of letters he had written in answer to those received, have been preserved. Books, in which the accounts of the work at Grass Hills were kept, give the exact work each man did on the farm, and often the amount he earned. A Diary was also kept by some member of the family, giving an ac­ curate account of the affairs in the house, work being done, company who had been entertained and the movements and occupation of each member of the family. Much of the charm and romance of this per­ iod of our history are given in these diaries and many extracts taken from them are now included in this book "The Sanders Family of Grass Hills", and are being published for the first time. CHARACTERS

Lewis Sanders, the main character in the book.

Ann Nicholas Sanders, his first wife and the mother of his children.

Adeldia Dumesnil Sanders, his second wife, married December 1843.

1 - Mary Sanders Smith, his oldest child. Samuel Smith, her husband. Their children were - Margaretta (known as Mag), Mary Sanders, Cary, and Martin.

2 - John Sanders, the oldest son, graduated from West Point about 1835; Major in the Mexican War. He and his family lived in Pennsylvania. Maria Wilkins Sanders, his wife. Their children were - William (West Point 1860), Ann Nicholas, Matilda Dallas, Cary Nicholas, Dallas, Richard Hawes and Henrietta Wilkins.

3 - George N. Sanders, Consul to England, Agent for the Confed­ eracy, 1861-1865. Anna J. Reid Sanders, his wife. Their children were - Reid, Lewis, Virginia and George.

4 - Samuel Smith, enlisted under Colonel Fanning in the Texas Army in 1835. The entire Regiment was massacred on orders of Santa Anna, Palm Sunday 1836.

5 - Margaretta Fletcher Sanders was the youngest daughter. After she finished school she was hostess to the many guests who visited at Grass Hills until her marriage. William Buford Lindsay, her husband. Their children were - Ann, Anthony, William, Joseph Hawkins, Juliete, Mary Nicholas, Margaretta (called Peggy), Ben and Richard.

6 - Joseph Hawkins Sanders, the youngest son. Mary Eliza Lathrop Sanders, his wife. Their children were - Anna J., Lewis, Susan Ferguson, Hugh and Albert (twins), John, Charlie and Joseph Hawkins Sanders,Jr.

7 - Jane Craig Sanders, died when very young.

Lewis Sanders, Jr. was the son of Nathaniel, brother of Lewis. Margaret Price Sanders, his wife. V

Their children were - Eliza Jane, Lewis, Edward Johnson, Susan Gano, William Price, Laura Eldridge, Edith, Emma, John Price and Mary Wilson.

Samuel Sanders - an older brother of Lewis Sanders.

Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas - brother of Mrs. Ann Nicholas Sanders.

General Richard Hawes - brother-in-law of Mrs. Sanders.

Mrs. Maria Nicholas Hawes - wife of General Hawes, sister of Mrs. Ann Sanders.

George Trotter, George N. and Edmund St. John Hawkins - nephews of Mrs. Sanders.

Cary Nicholas- brother of Mrs. Sanders.

Robert Carter Nicholas- brother of Mrs. Sanders.

A. B. Barton - a Lexington businessman and Mr. Lewis Sanders' partner in the store.

Littleberry Hawkins - clerk in the Lexington store.

Joseph H. Hawkins - husband of Mrs. Sanders' sister, George Ann Nicholas.

Samuel Reid - brother of Mrs. George N. Sanders.

Anthony, Silas and John Anthony Gex - cousins and good friends of Lewis Sanders.

SLAVES AND FARM HANDS

Among the slaves owned by the Sanders family were - Georgi, Black John, Black Jim or Jem and old Christian. Slaves who were hired, some by the month, others by the year were - Zilla, Lottie and Manerva. Smith was a hired man; Mr. Enna or sometimes spelled Enney was the gardner. Lewis, a slave, was sent to New Orleans at one time. It seemed he thought the warmer climate would be better for his health (his price was $600. 00) but in a few months he was back at Grass Hills. Other men were hired when extra help was needed on the farm, and often the neighbors would help out for a few days. Fifteen dol­ lars a month seemed to be the standard wages, except in the winter, when it was only about half of that amount. Seventy-five cents was extra high pay for a days work.

CHAPTER ONE

THE SANDERS FAMILY

The Sanders Family has lived in America more than two hundred and fifty years. Their native land was Wales, and they immigrated to Virginia in the early part of the eighteenth century. The first time any member of the family is mentioned in the records of Vir­ ginia, is in the year 1728, when a court order states that Nathaniel Sanders patented 2, 200 acres of land in King and Queen County. Ac­ cording to family records, he had three brothers, Thomas, Philip, and John who lived in Carolina County and each of them were land owners. Nathaniel died in 1731, leaving four sons, Philip, Nathaniel, Hugh and John. It is also stated in the family records that John was a sea-faring man, and during his early life was a pirate, being as­ sociated with the noted Blackbeard. However, in later years he is said to have left his evil ways, married and raised a large family. His brothers, Philip, Nathaniel and Hugh, all cultivated large tracts of land that they owned, each married and raised a large family. The record of Hugh Sanders is more complete than those of his brothers, as he was the grandfather of Lewis Sanders. He mar­ ried Catherine Hoskins, whose father lived in Carolina County and was a man of "great wealth and respectability". Hugh and Catherine Sanders had twelve children. They were born in Virginia and all except the two younger girls married in Virginia and started their families while living there. Their children were John, Elizabeth, Sarah, Mildred, Nathaniel, Robert, Charles, Mary, Ann, Catherine, Rose and Abigail. Hugh Sanders owned much land in Spottsylvania County, Vir­ ginia, and a number of slaves. He, too, was engaged in agricultural pursuits, as was his father before him. His children were well ed­ ucated for that period. They were members of the Church of England, which was the prevailing religion in Virginia, in fact the only church that was recognized by the Laws of Virginia. Their oldest son John was born in 1738. After the death of Hugh Sanders, about 1781, his widow and two youngest daughters moved to Kentucky in 1782, with her son John and his family. John Sanders married Jane Craig, the daughter of Taliferro, better known as Toliver Craig and his wife who was Polly Hawkins. They were married in 1763 and lived in Spottsylvania County, Vir­ ginia where he was a land owner. He moved to Kentucky in 1782. He and Jane Craig Sanders had eight children - Polly, m. Joseph Bledsoe; Betsy, m. James Smith; Lydia, m. Hugh S. Gatewood; Nathaniel, m. Sally Sanders; John, m. Nancy Samuel; Samuel, m. Nancy Smith; Lewis, m. Ann Nicholas; and Catherine died when very young. 2 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Also living in Spottsylvania County at this time, was the family of Toliver (*1) and Polly Hawkins Craig. Of their twelve children, three of their sons were ordained preachers in the Bap­ tist Church. As only the ministers of the Church of England were allowed to preach in Virginia, without taking out a license, the three Craig brothers, Lewis, Elijah and Joseph and many of their friends who were also Baptist ministers, were often arrested and had to serve a term in jail for preaching in disobedience of the Law of Vir­ ginia. They refused to buy the required license, because they thought anyone should be allowed to preach the Gospel as they thought it should be taught, and did not think a state law should in­ terfer with this privilege. Lewis Craig was the pastor of the upper Spottsylvania (Bap­ tist) Church, and, as he wanted more religious freedom, he decided to move to the new land beyond the mountains. When the members of his congregation learned of his plans, most of them were anxious to make the move with him. One Sunday in September 1781, some six hundred men, wom­ en and children gathered at the church for a farewell sermon. Their wagons were loaded and waiting, as well as their slaves and the do­ mestic animals they were taking with them to the new country. They spent the night in the church yard and early the next morning they started on their long and tiresome journey. In order to cross over the mountain range that separated Virginia from Kentucky County, they had to travel many miles southwest to Cumberland Gap, which at that time was the only pass in the mountain range to the new country. They had to sell their wagons before reaching the Gap, for the rest of the journey they would only have a trail blazed (trees cut with an ax) to show them the direction to travel. Most of the wagon horses were provided with pack saddles, either bought on the way, from traders or made by the emigrants, themselves. All of the plunder from the wagons had to be packed upon the horses. Besides the bacon, meal and flour and other food that was needed for the trip, many farm implements were loaded on some of the horses, as well as hand mills, spinning wheels, skillets, kettles and other domestic articles. One member of the "Traveling Church" is given credit of bringing into Kentucky the first copper still. Many lighter objects were packed in baskets and carried by both the settlers and the slaves, they called it "toting". Only invalids and children had the luxury of riding horse back. The very young children were put in deep baskets, on either side of the horse to balance, something like the old fashioned sad­ dle bags. It took almost three months to make the journey, their first stop was at Craig's Station near Dix River, in the central part of Kentucky County. (Now the same journey can be made by air in a few hours, and by automobile in less than a day.) They were de­ layed about two weeks at the Gap, as they found out some Indians from across the Ohio River were hunting for their winter supply of meat in their path, and it would not have been wise to have risked an encounter with them. The Sanders Family 3

As regular church services were held on their long journey, this group is known in Kentucky History as "The Traveling Church". They were well supplied with preachers, besides Lewis Craig, there were his brother, Joseph, his brother-in-law, William Cave, and also, Joseph Bledsoe and William Waller, all five were ordained ministers of the Baptist Church. Their military leader was Captain William Ellis. The Sanders and Craig families were closely bound together by marriage. John had married Jane Craig, and her brother Lewis had married John's sister, Elizabeth. Lewis Sanders was named for his double uncle, Lewis Craig. Several members of the Craig family had come to Kentucky County and had established the Station that was named for them. This is where the Traveling Church members made their first stop. But early in the spring several of the families of the Craigs and some of their connections moved on to Bryan's Station that was near where the city of Lexington is located. Some time in the spring or early summer, John Sanders, his wife and younger children joined them at the Fort. There is no record of the families who made the trip with him, but it is thought that his mother, Mrs. Hugh Sanders and her two daughters, Rose and Abigail were in the party, and perhaps some of his married brothers, for in a very short time they were all living in the new country. It was in August 1782, that the Indians under Simon Girty, attacked Bryan Station. John Sanders and his family and many of the Craig families, including Toliver and Polly Hawkins Craig were at the Fort at the time of the attack. Captain John Craig, a brother of the preacher, was in command. The fort was well built, but one great disadvantage, the spring of water was on the outside of the fort, and in case of an attack it was necessary to have plenty of water with­ in the enclosure. One of the negroes first discovered the Indians in the woods back of the fort. It was explained to the women, as they were in the habit of carrying the water, the Indians would realize that they had been seen, if the men went for the water, and as run­ ners had been sent to some other forts for reinforcements, they wanted to delay the attack until their help arrived. So the older women took their buckets and went down the hill to the spring as if nothing was different, and the younger women followed them. They all made it back to the fort safely, but it is said that their steps were faster the nearer they got to the fort. The next day when the Indians attacked they were driven back with only the loss of one or two in the fort, but when more reinforce­ ments reached Bryan's Station the next day, they decided to follow the Indians. A very bloody battle was fought at Blue Lick, some miles east of the station. They were able to drive the Indians back to their land across the Ohio River, but it was a very disastrous battle for the settlers for they lost some seventy of their bravest men. However, it did free Kentucky County of Indian attacks on a large scale, and it enabled the settlers to leave the forts and sta­ tions and establish new homes for their families out in the new country. 4 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

John Sanders cleared two farms in what is now known as Fayette County. The first one he gave to his son, Nathaniel, who had married his cousin, Sallie Sanders, the daughter of Nathaniel and Sallie Pattie Sanders. The second farm that he cleared, he sold in 1795 and later that year moved his family north to the Ohio Valley, settling a farm between McCool's Creek and the Ohio River. Jane Craig Sanders died of the measles in 1786, and around 1791 John Sanders married a widow, a Mrs. Turman. All of his children, except Lewis, settled along the Ohio River, also several of his brothers and their families. John Sanders died in 1805 and was buried in the church yard of the Reform Church. After his death, his son Samuel, surveyed part of the land that he inherited from his father, and laid out the town, that is now known as Ghent. It was well planned for a small town or village, having very wide streets and a complete system of alley-ways. The town is well located, being on very high ground overlooking the Ohio River. It is perfectly level but too high to ever be reached by the floods, which are so disasterous on the Ohio. South of the town is a range of high hills that add to the attractive location. Between the hills and the town is McCool's Creek which flows through the pas­ tures back of the town, and empties into the Ohio River about three miles west of the town. In early years the town was known as McCool's Creek Settlement. Indiana is just across the river from Kentucky, and opposite the town of Ghent is Vevay, which was settled in 1812. It was settled by Swiss wine makers, under the leadership of John James Dufour. Mr. Dufour was an old friend of Lewis Sanders, having met him in Lexington, when he first arrived in Kentucky. They settled on the Kentucky River near Lexington, but the ground was not suitable for raising grapes, so, at Mr. Sanders' suggestion, they moved to the southern part of Indiana. The river hills were an ideal location for their vineyards, and Congress passed an act or law allowing the head of each family (there were at that time about twenty) to buy 160 acres of land from the government, for two dollars an acre and to have fourteen years to pay for it, without interest. Each was given a tract of land with a river frontage, running back into the hills and containing 160 acres. Indiana was divided into counties, and the Swiss named their new home for their old one, and the town was called Vevay, which at the present time is. the leading city in Switzerland County. It is known for its many lovely homes, some of them being copied from the old homes of New Orleans. They were very successful as wine makers for many years, and the excellent quality of their wine was soon well known and there was a great demand for it. Henry Clay of Lexington was a regular customer, riding horseback from Lexington with only a negro boy for company. In 1814, when on a trip to Vevay, he stopped for the night at the Tavern at the Kentucky village just across the river. When he was asked to suggest a suitable name, and as he was just home from Ghent, Belgium, where the Peace Treaty was signed, he named the town Ghent. The Sanders Family 5

Lewis Sanders describes his father, John, in the following words. "He was six feet tall, erect with a manly carriage. He was a great favorite among his relatives and friends". According to his account, in the lingo of today, he was a snappy dresser. "He always had the best beaver hat that could be procured, the crown fitting the head precisely, with a very broad brim, the price of such a hat was three pounds, when the price of a good cow and calf was two pounds and five shillings". In writing of some of his father's habits, some years later, he told of his fondness for smoking a pipe, but he was not willing to lend it, as was the custom of that time. "He always", he wrote, "wore a vest-coat made of the best quality of Genoa velvet, olive color. He had a fine silver chain by which his pipe (also trimmed in silver) was fastened to his vest-coat. His acquaintances were well appraised of his unwillingness to lend his pipe and the chain prevented strangers from asking to use it". Lewis Sanders' mother died when he was about five years of age, while the family were still living in Fayette County. It is not known who cared for the young Lewis, perhaps one of his married sisters. When he was seven years of age he was started to school. His first teacher was an old man by the name of Burns, who taught him to read and spell words up to two syllables. His next teacher was Robert Plumber, and then he attended a school in which Godfrey Ragsdale was the school master. His last teacher was Captain Henry Brock, the husband of his aunt, Caty Sanders. He had been an of­ ficer in the Revolutionary Army and was a well educated man. Under him, Lewis was taught reading, writing and arithmetic. His school books were Dillsworth's Speller and the Bible. They started with the first chapter of Genesis, reading the Old Testament and then the New. The rules of arithmetic were in the master's head, he would write down the principles by which each rule was governed and then give out problems or questions which the scholar was required to answer. Captain Brock is said to have been quite a good mathema­ tician and had a talent for imparting information. Lewis's brother, Nathaniel, was ten years older than he, and then as it is so often the case at the present time, the older brother was quite a hero to the younger one. This was true of these brothers, and as Nathaniel was one of the young Kentuckians who volunteered to go on a campaign against the Indians, he had an added attraction for young Lewis. Years later, he wrote out in detail how his brother was dressed and the equipment he was required to have. His de­ scription is as follows: "His dress was dark colored pantaloons and hunting shirt, with a cape of colored linen or linsey; a leather belt, buckled around his waist, on one side a scabbard for a knife, and on the other side a place for a tomahawk. A tin cup was swinging from behind, a shot pouch hung on the left side with the powder horn on the outside, a charger made of a buck's horn hung by a string. In the shot bag were a few loose flints, some bullets, bullet molds and wiper, bullet patches, tow for wiping the rifle, tobacco or anything else he wanted to carry, for the shot bag was the place for all odd things". 6 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

11 A stout horse, rather of the pony order, was preferred. Saddle and bridle were made of leather, and also a halter, so as to securely tie the horse up at night. A saddle blanket under the sad­ dle and a good thick blanket over the saddle fastened with a surcin­ gle. This blanket was to protect the rider from bad weather, by throwing it over his shoulders and fastening in front, and for added bedding at night. A wallet (knapsack) made of buckskin or linen, in which a few articles of necessary clothings were carried, such as shirts, and woolen socks were put in one end, and in the other end, about half a bushel of parched corn meal, a bit of middlings of bacon, dried beef or beef tongue. Then a short bag holding about five pecks of shelled corn for the horse. All of this and a good rifle were re­ quired in order to be received into the ranks as a volunteer or draft­ ed man for a campaign against the Indians". What ten year old boy would not have been fascinated by an older brother going out to fight the Indians with the equipment as described? The Kentucky troops were under the command of Major John Adair, who was later made a General, and in 1820 was elected Governor of Kentucky. During the winter of 1794, Lewis Sanders visited a camp of soldiers stationed just outside of Lexington. It was a squadron of U. S. Dragoons, consisting of two companies under the command of Major W. Winston. They spent the winter of 1793-1794 at this camp, which was on the farm of Colonel John Campbell, six miles south of Lexington. Of his visit, he wrote, "I visited this camp in March 1794, and remember it as a neat camp, well arranged for man and beast. This squadron was in battle with the Indians in the Territory of Ohio in 1794 under the command of General Anthony Wayne". CHAPTER TWO

STARTING IN BUSINESS

When John Sanders moved from Fayette County to northern Kentucky, Lewis Sanders was fourteen years old. In order for him to learn a trade, as was the custom at that time, his father placed him in a store in Lexington, owned by a Mr. Patrick McCullough. He was an Irishman, and though uneducated, was industrious, fru­ gal and honest. He was one of the leading merchants in Lexington at that time. His store was the kind that was found in many Kentucky settlements. He had dry goods, groceries, hard and queens ware, and other goods that were adapted to the wants of the early settlers. With the help of young Sanders, he was able to carry on his trade and improve his store. Accounts were kept in a very simple way and young Lewis's mathematical knowledge was brought into constant use. He was also required to do much writing and to improve his handwriting, he would copy in his spare time and also on Sunday, the invoices of goods bought in Philadelphia and New York City. He was also very fond of reading, history being one of his favorite subjects. In this way he was constantly improving his mind. It is said that Mr. McCullough grew very fond of his helper, and was very much pleased at the interest that he took in his work, and after a few years sold him an interest in the store. John Sanders had given each of his children, when they mar­ ried, a farm of around two hundred acres, two negro slaves, two horses, two cows and the necessary furniture to start housekeeping. As Lewis had not married and needed help to buy interest in the store, his father gave him his share in cash. The exact time is not known, but it was probably around 1800. Lewis Sanders made friends very easily, and being in the store he had the opportunity to meet many people. In his notes he wrote, "It was a time of emigration, when many people of Virginia were coming to Kentucky, also there were a number coming from Pennsylvania. The emigrants were people of much energy and pos­ sessed some property. Most of the Virginians had claim for land and they brought their families, negro slaves and livestock with them. Many of the Pennsylvania settlers had sold their homesteads, partly for money in hard cash, the remainder in gales (annual pay­ ments), and came determined to make a new home. Such were the people coming daily to obtain supplies from McCullough's store". "Remarks were made of the various settlements, as to the clearing, buildings and improvements in general. The orchards were frequently spoken of, and also of their value. Titles to land were conflicting and ve!"J annoying, governed by the Laws of Vir­ ginia. If a settler lost his land to someone who had an earlier title, 8 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS the successful claimant was bound to pay him for all valuable im­ provements, such as land cleared, fences, building and budding orchards, which were valued by commissioners appointed for that purpose. In these estimates every bearing fruit tree was valued at Twenty Shillings, about $3. 33 in Virginia currency at that time. This was about the price paid for an acre of extra good land". Among the early orchards and nurseries around Lexington he named the following: "John Lightfoot of Woodford County (now Anderson) owned the first public nursery, as far as he knew. Sev­ eral years later Francis Smith and James Munday, both gentlemen living near Bryan's Station, started nurseries of choice fruit". "Near the close of the eighteenth century a foreigner, John James Dufour came to Lexington. He was intelligent, ardent and zealous, introducing new and valuable fruits, however, his main interest seemed to be the grape. His views were demonstrated in several publications. He was from Switzerland where he had been a successful wine maker, but he was interested in all kinds of fruit. Through his exertions and influence, the Legislature of Kentucky passed an act at the session in 1799, incorporating the Kentucky Vineyard Society with sufficient funds to operate it. John Bradford was elected President and Dr. Samuel Brown, Secretary". The Vineyard Company purchased a large tract of land on the North side of the Kentucky River, just above Hickman Creek. Mr. Dufour was appointed manager and he immediately commenced work, clearing off the growth on the steep hillsides for the vineyards and building houses for the families who were coming over from Switzer­ land to work in the vineyards and make the wine. As soon as his work was completed, he wrote for his friends and relatives to come on to their new homes. They arrived in Pittsburgh in June 1801, and Lewis Sanders was there to meet them, and to make arrangements for their trip down the Ohio River to Limestone, now known as Maysville, Kentucky. From there he arranged for their transportation to their new home, some miles south of Lexington. There were ten or twelve families in the group. The records show that Lewis Sanders and a Mr. Barton bought Mr. McCullough's interest in the store around 1805. Little­ bury Hawkins was their chief clerk. From private papers it seems he made a cash payment, perhaps his part that he inherited from his father, as John Sanders died in 1805. Some historians have stated that Mr. McCullough willed the store to Mr. Sanders at his death, but this is not the truth. Mr. McCullough did not die until 1807, at least two years after Mr. Sanders and Mr. Barton had taken over the store. Also among the Sanders papers is an account of the money being sent to the heirs in Ireland. According to an article published some years ago in a Kentucky Historical Magazine, prepared by William Leavy, "Lewis Sanders built three or four large, three story stores and a dwelling on his property between Mill Street and Broadway, around 1805. It was about this time that he started a cotton spinning mill near his store, perhaps in one of these new buildings". Starting in Business 9

As Lexington was one of the largest towns west of the Appa­ lachian Mountains, the largest cities were Philadelphia and New York where dry goods and supplies for the store were purchased. Mr. Sanders or Mr. Barton made the trip once or twice a year. Mr. Sanders was preparing to go East in December 1806 when Aaron Burr made his second visit to Lexington. His first visit had been made in the summer of 1805 at that time Mr. Sanders wrote in his notes, "He seems to desire an acquaintance with military characters, and was introduced to them at all suitable occasions. It was sur­ mised that he had some grand scheme in view, of an underfine character". The main part of the American Army was then stationed at St. Louis under General James Wilkinson. In the fall of 1805, Colonel Burr went twice to St. Louis from Lexington. It was rumor­ ed that he contemplated some grand enterprise in settling a vast country of rich land, known as "Bastross's Grant", and wished the concurrence of General Wilkinson. "Towards the close of the year of 1805, or the beginning of 1806, there was some trouble with Spain as to our western boundary. The Army, with General Wilkinson at its head, was moved from St. Louis to the point of controversy. " In the summer of 1806 some angry correspondence took place between the Spanish authorities, and the Commander of the American Army, resulting in a temporary agreement of a dividing line between the countries, the Sabine River being selected. At that time it was thought to be a hasty conclusion. After this, the main body of the Army, with General Wilkinson at the head, was removed to New Orleans. In the early winter of 1806, Burr again visited Lexington, Kentucky. This time his daughter, Theodosia and her husband, Colonel Alston of South Carolina, and a Mr. Blennerhassett, an Irish gentleman and a friend of Colonel Burr's, who was said to be very wealthy, were with him. Mr. Blennerhassett was said to own an island in the Ohio, just above Marietta, Ohio, where he lived. It was again hinted that Burr had a grand enterprise in view, very grand, but no one knew what it was. He started it by securing some boats, men and supplies at Blennerhassat's Island. The main purpose of his trip to Lexington was to raise money. However, his plans still seemed to be undeveloped, at least he was not making them public. It was afterwards thought that his reason for bringing his beautiful daughter, her husband and Mr. Blennerhassett to Lexing­ ton, was to use them as a front. They were wined and dined by many of the most distinguished citizens of Lexington. His daughter was quite a favorite with the Lexington people. In writing of her, Mr. Sanders described her in these words, "Mrs. Alston was then in the prime of womanhood, a most beautiful lady, not of full height, but perfectly symetrical - a brunette". "Her husband" he wrote, "was of fair size and a fine looking man". When Colonel Burr heard that Mr. Sanders was leaving the last of December, 1806 for a trip to the eastern cities to buy sup­ plies for the store, he suggested that he would be glad to give him an order on his business house in New York City, for the currency 10 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS he was planning on taking with him. "At that time", wrote Mr. Sanders in his records, "Currency was mostly Spanish dollars, and it cost two and one half per cent to take them to Philadelphia by land". He bought ten thousand dollars of Burr's bills on his New York agent, Mr. George Odgen, endorsed by Mr. Blennerhasset and six thousand dollars that were not endorsed. Early in January he arrived in Philadelphia some days before the bills were due. On arriving in Philadelphia, he wrote to Mr. Barton, his associate in Lexington, "My friend, the principal merchant in Philadelphia, Alexander Henry, was furiously vexed and mad at me, for being so simple as to buy Burr's bills. He says they will not be paid. He has told me to go on and make my purchases and draw upon him for any amount that I want". He goes on to say that he is in a bad fix, with sixteen thousand dollars in Burr's bills and a responsible en­ dorser on only ten thousand dollars of that sum. He left Philadelphia in a few days and went on to New York City. After seeing Ogden he wrote to Mr. Barton, "I found Mr. Burr's agent, occupying a cramped office over a small grocery store on Water Street. He seemed a plain, straightforward young man. I told him my object in coming to see him was to ascertain the truth in relation to the puntual payment of his acceptance of Colonel Burr's bills. He replied that he had consented to become the Agent for Colonel Burr, when solicited so to act by the Colonels friends, a­ mong whom he mentioned General Dayton and Colonel Swartout. The friends of Colonel Burr had promised to place in Ogden's hands ample funds to pay all acceptance of Burr's bills falling due the first of February 1807. And funds were expected from New Orleans to pay on bills falling due after the first of February". No bills were paid. Colonel Burr is said to have collected between fifty and sixty thousand dollars around Lexington and other parts of Kentucky. What he collected was used in builcHng flatboats and enlisting and engaging men for some unknown purpose. Burr is known to have had some confidential agents, two of them being Dr. Bollam and Colonel Swartout, and letters in cipher to General Wilkinson. Lewis Sanders was not only worried about money tied up in Burr bills, but business in Lexington was not going too well. Be­ sides dealing in real estate, the store and the cotton mill, he and Mr. Barton were buying tobacco. Mr. Barton wrote to him in Feb­ ruary that he had, "contracted with Raye .Clark of Rhode Island for the delivery of one hundred and fifty hogsheads of tobacco at $325.00 per hogshead, to be delivered below the Falls (Louisville) by the first of March, if the water was at the proper height". He had re­ received $3, 000. 00 on bills on New York at 6%, and was to be paid the remainder on the delivery of the tobacco in bills at 120 days. But it was impossible to buy tobacco without money, and with six­ teen thousand dollars tied up in Burr bills, and with no credit, it was hard to get the money necessary to carry on the every day busi­ ness. In a letter written about this time, to Mr. Sanders who was in the East, Mr. Barton wrote; "T. Hart, Jr. assures me of every assistance in his power, and I have no doubt will afford it whenever Starting in Business 11 needed, which will be very often before your return, I apprehend. The reports circulating here with regard to the bills will be seri­ ously injurious to you as the current opinion is that they are not worth a cent and you are known to be deeply interested in them". Also in the same letter he gave the latest news of the move­ ments of Colonel Burr. He wrote, "Colonel Burr was in Nashville, Tennessee, from last accounts, preparing boats, as the militia are strung on the Ohio to intercept him, but I believe all except a few empty ones are afloat and out of their reach. 'Tis a mysterious business, but I can not believe, either that his views are inimical to the United States, or that he will turn out to be a swindler". It was also on this business trip that he learned of the death of his old friend and partner, Patrick McCullough. The letter was received while he was in Philadelphia, and was written by another old friend, John Bradford, who told him he was taking care of all of McCullough's private papers, but they had not been able to find his will. He asked that Mr. Sanders notify the relatives in Ireland, as he did not know their addresses. Traveling in the early days was quite tedious, and when one was in business, as was Lewis Sanders, their friends and customers asked many favors of them. The following is an example of the chores asked. In a letter written by Mr. Barton on the 12th of Jan­ uary 1807, he wrote, "Mr. Fisher wishes you to procure for him the following articles viz. - ten pounds of red clover seed; one case of bottles of good quality, and he says you will oblige him very much if you will try to procure for him a young man or a man of small family that can be well reccommended as a good brick-maker, for which he will give generous wages and keep him constantly employed. He agrees to pay his expenses to this place rather than not to get one". And in the same letter, "David Williams wishes you, if you please to call on the gentleman that you have to pay money to, on his account, for a barrel of Port Wine and forward with your goods". Early in January two of the Lexington ladies had Mr. Barton write Mr. Sanders the description of Easter Bonnets that they wanted him to select for them. Mr. Barton's account was as follows: "Mrs. T. Hart, Jr. wishes you to bring her a plain handsome bonnet, fash­ ionable in shape and of the finest split straw. Mrs. Bibbs wants a bonnet as nearly as may be, like the one I brought her last spring, 'twas a Gipsey hat of the fine split straw' ". A very amusing letter was written by a Mr. John Harris:

Lexington, Kentucky, 25th of January 1807

Dear Sir-

I have just received a letter by Mr. Wiggleworth from a relation near Falmouth in England, who advises me of hav­ ing sent on a box of books and a letter last May, directed to the care of Messrs. Potter and Page of Philadelphia, name of the ship and Captain not mentioned. You will particularly 12 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

oblige me by calling on Potter and Page to inquire respecting it and if in their hands to pay the expenses and bring it with you. If it is not with them it may probably be in the custom house store, but Messrs. Potter and Page will certainly be able to give you information respecting it some way or other. If they are in the custom house store, do with them as if they were your own. The books have been read. If you do not find them by the above, you may have some account of them from the owners or Captain of the ship, in so doing you'll much oblige,

Your Obed't Serv't. John Harris.

To - Lewis Sanders.

Mr. Sanders returned to Lexington in the early spring of 1807. During his absence, Mr. Barton and his clerk, Littlebury Hawkins had taken care of the different business as well as possible, under the circumstances. In the meantime, Colonel Burr had been arrested and taken to Richmond, Virginia for trial. The last of May, Mr. Barton went to Richmond to be on the ground and see how much of the bills he could collect. Part of his letter is very amusing, as he has changed his opinion of Burr completely.

Richmond, Virginia 27th of May, 1807

Dear Sir-

I arrived at this place the 25th. , having been delayed by high water. Had an interview with Colonel Burr the 26th., can do nothing with him. He says he has neither the money or the means; that he does not suppose he could give security for one hundred dollars, and if he could, he would not, in his position ask any man to become his security, I have ordered suits in all the claims in my possession, shall ascertain in the course of a day whether he will not be more fortunate in obtaining bail. I am informed that he will be bailed without hestitation. I shall bring the $10, 000. 00 dollars endorsed by Blennerhassett to you, out with me as they will not be wanted here before October or March of next year. All that I could get from Burr amounted to this only; If I and the other claiments on the bills, of which there are several here, would agree to let him remain unmolested for six months, he would pledge his honor or give his obligation to give bail at the end of that time, in any place to be agreed upon to suit, provided he did not pay the money which he states he thought he could do. To induce me to agree to this prop­ osition, he stated that if freed now it would be impossible for him to pay a cent in the pound, as the person from whom he expected the resources was distant from here, the name of, Starting in Business 13

or, the place of residence he would not state, but that he would die in jail before he would write him a letter on the subject and unless he could go to him, there was no hope for pay. That the laws of this state (Virginia) were as liberal to debtors as those of any place and if it was the intention of the bill holders to perplex him with law suits, this place of all others suited him best. He hinted he had taken a house with the expectations of being obliged to fix residence here. His authorities for drawing were mere engagements of honor, one was written but not in legal shape, from prudential mo­ tives he has destroyed it and so astonishingly squeamish is this gentleman of honor, that he declares not even death it­ self could wrest the name from him. Mr. Hart's papers have not arrived. I shall stay here four or five days, I expect. Will write Mr. Hart in a day or two. Burr is now arraigned before the Federal Dis­ trict Court on a charge of High Treason and they are exam­ ining testimony. If the district attorney succeeds in estab­ lishing his statements they will go near hanging the honest little fellow. I do not expect they will be able to make it out. The Overt Act attempted is the assembling armed men say thirty or forty on Blennerhassett Island for the purpose of descending to attack New Orleans. He is ably defended by his council and is in himself as host. He has spoken several times since his trial commenced. No testimony has gone be­ fore the Grand Jury. They have been settling forms and rules and trying to fix the crime of treason on him. For my part, I believe the best thing they could do for him, would be to hang him at once, as I have little doubt he will merit it, if he does not already. The District Attorney, George Hay, Esq. declared yesterday in open court that the full and perfect proof to his mind of a traitorous design in Burr and of the Overt Act in pursuance of that design. Wilkerson has not arrived. It is stated here that the Secretary of the Navy has dispatched one of the armed ships of the U. S. Navy to bring him here, others say that he is coming by land and others swear he will never come, the last, I suppose are right.

Yours in a hurry,

A. L. Barton

To - Lewis Sanders.

A. Parton in his Life of Aaron Burr, wrote, "General Wilkin­ son arrived in Richmond, June 13th. , in time to appear before the jury. The Grand Jury did not adjourn until June 13th, when Burr was indicted. The trail was ,;;et for August 3rd. and lasted until the 31st, when the jury after receiving instructions from the Judge, retired for a few minutes, returned with the verdict, 'Not Guilty' ". 14 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

General James Wilkinson died in Mexico City in December, 1826. Colonel Robert Carter Nicholas, a brother-in-law of Lewis Sanders' was with him at the time of his death. Colonel Nicholas reported to Mr. Sanders, that General Wilkinson told him a few minutes before he died that papers explaining his connection and transaction with Colonel Burr were safe in the care of his wife or their son, then living in New Orleans. However, these papers were not made public during Mr. Sanders's life. CHAPTER THREE

YEARS OF EXPANSION

The years from 1807 to 1814 were prosperous ones for Lewis Sanders. Around 1800, he and a Mr. Higgins bought a large tract of land from Colonel Robert Patterson, one of the settlers of Lex­ ington, who moved on to Dayton, Ohio, after selling his property at Lexington. Around 1814 Mr. Sanders and Mr. Higgins opened up a street through their property, and laid off a number of building lots. The land was in the southwest part of the city and the new street was named Merino Street. The lots sold at a very high price at that time, bringing from three to four hundred dollars an acre. Another parcel of land, also purchased from Colonel Patterson was sold to Transylvania University for additional buildings. The cotton mill and the store were both bringing in a good income, in fact it seemed that all of his many business undertakings were successful. In 1805 he had built a nice home between Mill and Broadway. He was married to Miss Ann Nicholas, on April 5th, 1807. She was the attractive daughter of the late Colonel George Nicholas and his wife, who had been Mary Smith of Baltimore, Maryland. As Ann was an orphan, the wedding took place at the home of her sister, Maria, who a few years earlier had married Thomas Dye Oweing of Owingsville, Kentucky. Mrs. Sanders's father had been an officer in the Revolutionary Army, and according to the historian, Bancroft, "had fired the first shot in the Revolutionary War, fired in Virginia". Colonel Nicholas met his wife, Mary Smith, at a ball given in Baltimore, Maryland during the War. Her father, John Smith, was a wealthy merchant in that city, her mother had been Molly Bohanan of Maryland, her two brothers, Samuel and Robert, were prominent during the War, and held important offices in the United States Government in later years. Colonel Nicholas left the Army soon after his marriage and located at Charlottesville, Virginia, where he practiced law. He was a prominent and influential member of the Virginia Convention, called to consider the new Federal Constitution, the adoption of which, he advocated very ably and zealously. He moved to Kentucky on 1788, settling near Danville, later moving to Lexington. He is credited with being the author of the first Constitution of Kentucky, written in 1792, when she was admitted as a state. He was the first Attorney-General of Kentucky, and in 1799 established the first Law School in the state, at Transylvania University. Lewis Sanders and his wife were very happily married. Lexington, at that time was the leading city in Kentucky. It had been settled by people of culture, who were well educated and of an aristocratic background. The city was known as the "Athens of 16 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

the West". The Sanders family was very prominent and belonged with the first families of the town, and at that time were well sup­ plied with worldly goods. Money was plentiful in Kentucky. In Lex­ ington there were some seventy factories and industries, and all were doing well. Louisville, although not as large a city had a great many factories. Mr. Sanders in 1812 decided to build a very spacious home out in the country. He bought a tract of land containing some five hundred acres of land and extending some three miles out the Lex­ ington and Georgetown Pike. The house was built on the right side of the road about two and one half miles from Lexington. A full ac­ count of the house as it was planned, is given in a Lexington paper of that date (the papers are on file in the Lexington Library). The following plan was given: in center front was an oval room twenty­ five by thirty feet, with a dome ceiling, two octagon rooms, con­ nected with the oval rooms by saloons; extending to the back of the oval room, was a two story brick house fifty-five by fifty-eight with a ten foot hall, having six rooms on each floor. There was a base­ ment under the entire back of the house, built of stone. The front of the house was built above ground, with several convenient rooms and passages as above, also cellars under the entire front of the house. Mr. Sanders, like most of the early settlers, had a large orchard of choice fruits. There were apples, many different kinds, peaches, pears, plums, dwarf apples, quinces and grapes of many varieties. At the same time that the house was being built, he started work on a very large cotton and woolen mill, about half a mile from the main road on the opposite side of the road from the house. A branch road was built from the main road that went by the factory, and connected with a road running between Frankfort and Lexington. Besides building his home and the factory, he also built a small town or village, so the workers could live near their work. It consisted of four large brick houses, large enough for several families in each of them, twenty frame houses and two large brick residences, a church and a school. When the factory was running at its height, three hundred workers were employed. The factory site now belongs to the Hillenmyer's Nurseries, the old factory building has been lowered to a two story building and is now the packing house for the Nursery. The old office building has been enlarged and is now the office for the Nursery. The well where the flax was seasoned was near the office. The main factory building was one hundred and ten feet long and forty feet wide, and five stories high. The basement under the factory was built of stone. There was an ell wing for picking and lap-machines containing 1, 860 throstles, spindles, etc. A machine shop, dye and sizing house and a grist mill, made up the group of buildings. According to a newspaper account of that time, it was the first Kentucky factory to be run by steam. They used about eighty bales of cotton a month and had room to store around 1, 000 in the large store room. This settlement, town and factory were known as Sandersville, and the branch road from the main road is still known by that name. Years of Expansion 1 7

The following are the types of material that were woven at Sandersville Woolen and Cotton Factory. Among the woolen goods woven were, woolen yarn, broadcloth, cassimeres, blankets and flannels. In the cotton line were yarns, sheeting, shirting, bed­ ticking, table linen, counterpanes, chambrays and satinets. Ac­ cording to an article published in the Lexington Herald, November 9th, 1812, there was also a steam paper mill connected with the factory, which was said, produced a paper of fine quality. The story of the art used in dyeing the yarn before it was woven is very interesting. The directions for dyeing different colors and the different kinds of materials, were sold to the factory owners, The directions were sent out in the form of a letter, one lesson in each letter, with directions for the different colors and materials. There was a code in connection with the directions, and without the key, the letter of directions was useless. In this way it was thought that the secrets of dyeing could be better protected. Mr. John Raunch of Switzerland was the teacher of this system. He was an expert in the use of dyes, and spent much time in the United States giving di­ rections, or rather selling them, for the lessons with the key to the code were sold for $100. 00. He is said to have had many clients through the New England States. There were some in Kentucky, Lewis Sanders being one of them. Today we would think the system quite complicated and slow. In dyeing some colors the yarn had to be boiled for several hours in a tank containing a hundred gallons of water, to which the dye had been added. The amount of the different coloring substances to be used is the part that was in code. In coloring linen and cotton warp, a hogshead full of blue dye with Spanish Indigo and an amount of copperas and some limestone were used for dyeing yarn blue, but again the quantity of each that was used was the part in code. As soon as the factory was completed, the following adver­ tisement appeared in a Lexington newspaper:

Steam Mill Cotton Factory

Lewis Sanders and Company have re-commenced their Cotton Spinning Factory, by steam at Sanders­ ville, two and one half miles west of Lexington. The Steam Engine, built and constructed by Daniel Large, engineer, Philadelphia, upon the Watts and Bolton' plan, with some of his own improvements.

Cotton Yarn will be sold at the old prices at the factory and at the store of John Scott, Jr. in town.

Kentucky Gazette - May 16, 1814. 18 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

fu the same paper the following January was this advertisement-

To Spinners

Families in want of employment can have wool, ready combed, to spin at my steam factory near Lexington. (signed) Lewis Sanders. Sandersville, 2 1/2 miles N. W. of Lexington.

- Notice -

There will be wanted during the winter and spring at Sandersville, a thriving little village, two and one half miles N. W. of Lexington a constant sup­ ply of Corn, Meal, Lard, Butter, Bacon, etc. for which Cotton Yarn of the best quality will be given, at as low prices as it can be had in the state.

Lewis Sanders.

N. B. I will offer one dollar per gallon for Cow or Horse-foot Oil.

Kentucky Gazette, January 29, 1816.

Also in the same paper a few months later was the following:

Andrew Stanton, having rented Mr. Sanders' Steam Mill at the lower end of Water Street - he is in want of wheat and shelled corn.

(signed) Andrew Stanton, Comission Merchant.

fu April 1815, Mr. Sanders found it would be impossible to finish his handsome home as he had planned, owing to financial dif­ ficulties, partly due to the lowering of tariffs on manufactured goods. This was a great hardship on the American manufacturers and many of them went broke, Lewis Sanders being among the number. He advertised in the Lexington Gazette, the unfinished house for sale, but stated all the necessary material for completing the residence was on the ground, and that it could be finished in about four months. Colonel James Morrison, a friend of the family, and the man whom George Nicholas had named as guardian for the Nicholas children, when he died in 1799, bought the house and completed the work up­ on it. He also allowed the family to make it their home until 1823 when they moved to Gallatin County. CHAPTER FOUR

THE FIRST FAIR AND CATTLE SHOW IN KENTUCKY

One of the most interesting undertakings of Mr. Sanders, was the First Cattle Show and Fair, which he planned and held at his farm, Sanders Garden, on the 25th day of July, 1816. For several years he had been reading English Farm Magazines, and had been much interested in the accounts of the Shows and Fairs that were being held in the rural communities of England. He thought a livestock show would be of great value to the farmers and cattle breeders of Kentucky. As he was a man of action, he decided to arrange one at his farm, Sanders Garden, during the coming summer. The following advertisement appeared in the Kentucky Gazette, May 27th, 1816:

Cattle Show

On Thursday, the 25th day of July next (1816) there will be exhibited at Sanders Gardens, Sandersville, two and one half miles northwest of Lexington, fine cattle, sheep, hogs and horses. Premiums will be given to the owner of the best stock, etc.

Lewis Sanders

P. S. - Silver Cups will be given as prizes, valued at $15. 00 each.

The most reliable account of this show was written by Mr. Sanders, which was published some years later in the Western Farm Journal. "It was a novelty", he wrote, "bringing together citizens of the neighboring counties. The finest cattle in the state were shown. Among these were Capt. Smith's famous bull, Buzzard (named for the English horse of great celebrity)". There were also many noted bulls as well as a number of cows and heifers. Many of these were of the Patton breed. There were also sheep, a good display of them, for at that time wool was of great importance. And there were some hogs. "This Cattle Show", he wrote, "was the first one to be given west of the Appalachian Mountains, that I have any knowledge of, and it was gotten up by me, individually. I selected and appointed the Judges, and the citizens of Lexington on my personal application contributed the funds to pay for the Silver Cups. As far as I can remember, about fifteen cups were awarded as prizes". 20 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

The five judges whom he selected, he described as follows: "Harry Ilmes of Franklin County. A Judge of the Federal Court, a most amiable and accomplished gentleman, a good farmer and an excellent judge of livestock. Mr. Nathaniel Hart of Woodford County. A man of good business habits and great energy of character. Mr. Hart was a good judge of cattle of which he handled some very superior ones. Capt. John Fowler of Lexington, a true gentleman of the old Virginia school. Colonel Hubbard Taylor of Clark County, a very good farmer, a highly esteemed and much respected gentleman and a distinguished politician. Capt. John Jouett of Bath County, one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky. Capt. Jouett was a good judge of men and animals. He made his mark in the War of the Revolution. The Legislature of Virginia voted him a sword for the important service he rendered the state by giving timely notice to the General Assembly (then in session at Charlottesville) of Tarlton's forced march with the in­ tention of taking all the members prisoners. As the members were leaving town on one side, Tarleton's Dragoons were entering on the other side. Only seven of the members fell into the hands of the British." These five judges were carefully chosen, each man was from a different county and each was a leading citizen of his com­ munity. There were several noted men present at the First Fair, according to the records, Henry Clay of Lexington, Governor Poindexter of Tennessee, Dr. Samuel Brown were among the many who attended. Immediately after the judging and after the Silver Cups had been presented to the winners in the competion of the various classes, "a gathering took place under some umbrageous white oaks, where a large crowd assembled, and Mr. Clay addressed them on the po­ litical topics of the day". Henry Clay at that time was running for Congress against John Pope. There was considerable political excitement through­ out the United States, with Kentucky being no exception. The main discussion growing from a bill that was presented the year before by Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky and made into a law. It was the Compensation Bill, which raised the pay of the Congress­ men. (It was enacted in March 1816 and repealed the following January). Mr. Pope was a powerful antagonist, having much polit­ ical knowledge and experience, an admirable debator, and he was on the popular side of the question. However, when the votes were counted after the election, which took place later in the year, Mr. Clay won by 600 votes. Mr. Sanders, in his account of the Fair wrote, "The next year, I caused to be advertised that in July another Cattle Show and Fair would come off at the same place and under similar arrange­ ments to the one that had taken place the year before. A very large concourse of people assembled expressing satisfaction at the results. It was determined by the gentlemen present at the Fair, that a State The First Fair and Cattle Show in Kentucky 21

Agricultural Organization should be formed. They agreed to meet in Lexington at a named time and place for forming the Society. Such a meeting took place and a constitution was adopted. Officers were elected for one year, Governor Isaac Shelby was elected Presi­ dent of the Society and Thomas T. Barr, Secretary and Treasurer." "Under this organization a Cattle Show and Fair took place in 1818 in the city of Lexington, Governor Shelby officiating as President. It was well attended by the principal agriculturist and stock breeders from the neighboring counties. 11 (Mr. Sanders moved from Fayette County the following year, and was not for a time able to keep up with the activities around Lexington. ) These Fairs were held at Fowler's Gardens, a favorite place for different kinds of entertainments around Lexington. These fairs were conducted by the same capable officers. One of the great attractions and one that was common at all the fairs in Kentucky for many years, was the dinners served on the green, in other words, the wonderful basket dinners, which were prepared in the homes and taken to the Fairground for the family, their friends and often the strangers from a distance. Baskets of well prepared food con­ sisting of baked ham, leg of lamb, fried chicken, pickles, stacks of pies and many varieties of cakes. In a few years the different counties started to have fairs of their own. Bourbon County was the first to break off from the state organization, then Franklin, Mercer, Jefferson, and others followed. All of the Cattle Shows and Fairs in Kentucky and Ohio as well as the Agricultural Societies, prior to 1840, are said to have originated from the First Fair and Cattle Show held at Sanders Gardens near Lexington in 1816 and again in 1817, and the others which followed and were sponsored by the Agricultural Society and held annually at Fowler's Garden for several years. It is also interesting to note that the present Kentucky State Fair held each September in Louisville from ten to eleven days is the outgrowth of the First Fair planned and held by Lewis Sanders on his farm, Sanders Gardens, July 25th, 1816 and again in 1817. CHAPTER FIVE

THE IMPORTATION OF 1817

While Mr. Sanders had been engaged in many kinds of business undertakings, he was always most interested in agriculture and the many branches stemming from it. He was particularly concerned with the breed of cattle that was found on most of the Kentucky farms. In his travels throughout the eastern states, he realized their cattle were of a much better quality than the ones in Kentucky. In an arti­ cle written for a Farm Magazine more than a hundred years ago, he expresses it in this manner, "The general characteristics of the cat­ tle in the costal states of the Unites States were the same as the com­ mon cattle of Devonshire and the adjoining districts in England. Plymouth, a seaport of considerable size, lies in Doretshire, and was a convenient point for the early emigrants to the American Colonies to ship such livestock and supplies generally, as would be thought useful to them in their new homes". "I had observed the cattle of the New England States, and in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, in my travels through these states and they seemed to have a common orgin. The first settlers to Kentucky brought with them the blooded horse and the common cattle of Virginia, their state. The first attempt to improve the breed of cattle in Virginia was made by Matthew Patton, then living on the South Branch of the Potomac, when he imported some cattle from England. Soon afterwards, Mr. Patton, his son, and his son-in-law, a Mr. Gay moved to Kentucky bringing with them their fine English cattle". "Capt. Smith was a very successful cattle breeder, imme­ diately after Mr. Patton's time. Up to the year 1817 all of the English Cattle in Kentucky were derived from the Patton and Miller stock and Capt. William Smith's herd was made up of these two". Cattle records show that as early as 1783, a Mr. Gough of Baltimore and a Mr. Miller of Virginia imported from England two different breeds of cattle, one was known, that is locally, as the milk breed and the other as the beef type. There seems to be no record as to the number imported. For many years, Mr. Sanders had been reading different English publications on agricultural subjects. He was greatly in­ terested in the many improvements they were making in agricultural methods as well as the great development that they had made in their livestock, especially cattle. He was surprised at the prices paid at a sale held by a Mr. Collins in 1810. Comet, a bull six years old brought 1,000 guineas, Lady, a fourteen year old cow, sold for 200 guineas and the Countess, nine years old, brought 400 guineas. As soon as trade was resumed with England, after the War of 1812, he decided to send an order for some cattle. Of this order The Importation of 1817 23 in later years he wrote, "I sent an order for six head of young cat­ tle for breeding purposes, to be selected from the Districts I named, and they were to be bought without regard to price. I was fortunate in having my order ably filled. Mr. Etches of Liverpool was em­ ployed to go to the cattle districts and make the purchases as I had directed". He sent a draft for $1, 500. 00 to be used for the purchase of the cattle, and had stated that he wanted three bulls and three heifers. The price was very much cheaper than he had expected, and Mr. Etches was able to buy four bulls and four heifers of the "Shorthorn" breed, and two bulls and two heifers of the "Longhorn" breed. They were shipped to Baltimore, Maryland on the sailing vessel, "The Mohawk". Among his private papers is the Bill of Lading which states that they were shipped from Liverpool, March 20, 1817. There was a severe storm at sea during the crossing and one of the heifers was thrown against the manger and died shortly after they were landed at Baltimore. Mr. Sanders' nephew, Abraham Smith, lived near Baltimore and arranged for them to be put on good pasture and well rested from their trip across the ocean, before starting out on the long trip to Kentucky. In a letter written by Mr. Smith to his Uncle Lewis, dated July 27, 1817, he advised his uncle that, "John the keeper of the Imported Cattle will set out tomorrow for your country in company with Mr. Harrison, who has charge of the Clay cattle". Henry Clay purchased in England several head of Hereford cattle about the same time that Lewis Sanders bought his, and they were all shipped over on the same vessel. Before leaving Maryland, the cattle were shod the same as a horse, so they could make the long trip over the mountains to the head waters of the Ohio River, where they were loaded on a flat-boat and shipped to Limestone (now Maysville, Kentucky), the closest town to Lexington. From there they were driven to Lexington, a distance of about fifty-four miles. Business was not as good as it had been a few years earlier. Prices were much lower on manufactured goods, and with the build­ ing program he had for several years, all of his ready cash had been used and credit was hard to obtain. In 1816 he had rented his "Grist Mill" on Water Street to Mr. Andrew Stanton, and in 1817, accord­ ing to an advertisement appearing in the Reporter, July 30, the fac­ tory (that is, the Cotton and Woolen Factory) at Sandersville had been rented to William McRobb and "is now in full operation, the machinery in complete order". Before the cattle left Maryland, Mr. Sanders was compelled to sell one third interest to Dr. William T. Tegarden and another third to Capt. William Smith, in order to get some much needed cash in his hands. Before the cattle reached Kentucky, he mort­ gaged the remaining third to Mr. James Munday. In his notes he writes that Mr. Munday, "was an honest and good man". The ex­ pense of bringing the cattle to Baltimore, Maryland from England amounted to $1, 530. 00, thirty dollars more than the original cost, 24 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

and there was no charge for the two months they were on pasture in Maryland, before being brought on to Kentucky. It has been mentioned that the new home he was building, Sanders Gardens, had been sold to Colonel James Morrison, before it was finished. On July 11, 1817, all of his household furnishings were sold at public auction, and as it is often the case, most items offered for sale brought less than their value. Among his private papers is the list of items put up for sale, the purchaser and the price paid. The total amount of the sale of July 11, 1817 was $3, 661. 47. Amount of articles sold previously was $1,332.41. The library was sold separately for $921. 32, and the liquors amounted to $1, 132. 56. The whole amount being $7, 047. 76. Besides the articles sold at the sale, he had given two val­ uable paintings and two smaller oil paintings, to Major Dallam for money that he had borrowed from him. The two large paintings were portraits of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, the work of Gilbert Stuart. Major Dallam's daughters inherited these portraits, one of Thomas Jefferson was sold in Washington for $1000 dollars and now is said to be hanging in the White House, and also that it is now valued at $200, 000, as there were very few paint­ ed of Jefferson. The one of Washington was sold to a New York deal­ er, and is now said to be owned in Philadelphia. It is said to have been sold for $12, 000. 00. The two small paintings, landscapes, are now hanging in the hall at Winton, a few miles out of Lexington on the Newton Road, the home of Mr. and Mrs. Howard Evans, Mrs. Evans being a direct descendant of Major Dallam's. CHAPTER SIX

THE NEW HOME IN GALLA TIN COUNTY

It was sometime during the year of 1819, that Lewis Sanders, with a nephew for a companion and several trusted workmen, left Fayette County to make a new home in the northern part of Kentucky. Colonel George Nicholas, like many men of wealth in the last part of the eighteenth century, invested very heavily in land. At that time it was selling very cheap, and at the time of his death in 1788 he owned 17,000 acres in the southern part of Gallatin, now Carroll, County. It laid between McCool's Creek and Eagle Creek, the last named being the boundary between Carroll and Owen Counties. It was on part of this tract, which his wife, Ann Nicholas Sanders, had inherited from her father that Mr. Sanders planned to establish a large farm and build a new home. Most of the land had to be cleared, but as the house, barn and outbuildings had to be built of logs, it was necessary for many trees to be cut for this purpose. Then all extra material needed for the buildings had to be cut from the logs, that is the shingles, floor­ ing, rafters, etc. All of this work, cutting the trees, shaping the logs and notching them to fit one on top of another, as well as trim­ ming out the flooring and all lumber used in building a house, had to be done by hand. There were no saw mills in the neighborhood at that time. It is said that the first thing that Mr. Sanders had the workmen do, was to make a large pond, and when the flooring was cut out, it was put in the pond and left for a year or more, until it was well seasoned. The floors are all of white oak and at the pres­ ent time are in perfect condition, although the house was built more than one hundred and forty years ago and has been in constant use. As it was built before nails were in common use, wooden pegs or pins were made to hold the parts together. Unlike most log houses of that period, there was a basement under the entire house, which was divided into rooms. The house was built on high ground, a very pretty location overlooking acres of fertile ground, with the hills of Eagle Creek forming a picturesque background. The house was also much larger than the usual log houses built in that period. There are two large front rooms, about twenty feet square, with a wide hall, about fifteen feet wide, between them. At the far end of the hall is the dining room, a large kitchen being at the right side of it. The kitchen opens upon a large porch with a good sized storage room at one end. Back of the front room on the left are two small bedrooms, and in the right hand chimney corner, is a door leading onto a narrow corridor upon which three small bedrooms opened, which were used for guests. At one end of this corridor was a stairway leading to the basement. The wine cellar was close to the stairs. When two families occupied the 26 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS house, which was much of the time, one of the basement rooms served as Mr. Sanders' kitchen. There were two large rooms on the second floor with the wide hall between them, and as customary at that time, each room had a private stairway. The stairs to the room on the right went around the chimney, being very steep with narrow steps, the one to the other room went out of the dining room to the upper hall. There is no connection between the two upper rooms. Bookcases were built at each end of the large hall, and a large veranda was in front of the hall with a small porch at the back, at the dining room door. Large wood fireplaces were in the two front rooms. Mrs. Sanders and the children did not move to their new home until January 1823, and even then the house was not completely finished. From the accounts in the old diaries, it seems that the work was continued for several years. The hall and the large room on the left, which was the one always occupied by Mr. Sanders, were, and still are, finished in the native logs. The rest of the house is plastered, this was part of the work that was finished after the fam­ ily started living there. Houses for the slaves and servants were built at one side of the yard, which was very large. These houses were likely built first, so Mr. Sanders and his workmen had a place to live while working on the large house. It seems that the brothers of Mrs. Sanders felt that a log house was not a suitable home for their sister, but it is said that she never complained, she worked to make a pleasant home for her husband and children. It seemed that she was as happy and content­ ed, as she had been at Sanders Gardens. Mr. Sanders opened up around seven hundred and fifty acres of the Nicholas tract of land for his farm. However, it was many years before it was cleared and fenced, for it was all a virgin forest, as was most of Kentucky when he started his home there. Lewis and Ann Sanders had nine children; all but two of them were born in Fayette County. Mary was born in 1808 and John in 1810, while the family were living in the city of Lexington. George N. was born in 1812 after they moved to Sanders Gardens, as were John Barlett and James Weir, who died before they were a year old and were buried at the Gardens. Samuel Smith in 1817 and Margaretta in 1819, were born at the Gardens. Joseph Hawkins and Jane Craig Sanders were born after the family moved to Gallatin County. The year of their births were 1824 and 1827. Jane Craig died of scarlet fever when only a few years of age and is buried at the family cem­ etery at Grass Hills. No doubt Lewis Sanders found it very hard to make enough money in the early years at Grass Hills to supply his family and servants with the necessary food and clothing. In a letter written to his brother-in-law, Joseph Hawkins, he tells him of the great expense it had been to open up a new farm, to build the necessary The New Home in Gallatin County 27 buildings for the family, slaves and livestock, and to move his fam­ ily from Fayette County to their new home. Around 1825, Captain William Smith, who had bought a third interest in the imported cattle, died. In order to make life easier for the entire family at Grass Hills, Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas of Louisville, a brother of Mrs. Sanders; Mr. Richard Hawes of Winchester, her brother-in-law; Dr. William H. Richardson and Mr. Robert Scott, of Lexington, who were special friends of the Sanders family; bought for Mr. Sanders the imported cattle that Captain Smith had owned. They also bought several head of young cattle which were the off-spring of the imported ones, besides some other cattle and a flock of valuable sheep. It was from these cattle and from the stock he had owned, previous to the Importation of 1817, that he built his herd of later years. He kept a very neat and correct herd book, perhaps the only one now in existence that was kept of the Cattle Imported in 181 7. Shorthorn breeders of the present time are often able to trace, by this book, the blood lines of cattle they now own to the shorthorns of 1817. In writing of Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas, Mr. Sanders expressed his great appreciation for the many times he had helped him and his family. Helping to buy some of the imported cattle, so Mr. Sanders could provide better for his family, was only one in­ stance of the help Judge Nicholas gave during the years. In 1831, when in Baltimore, Lewis Sanders was talking to General Samuel Smith (a relative of Ann Nicholas Sanders) and in the conversation, wrote that he remarked "that Judge Nicholas manners were forbid­ ding, if not repulsive, to strangers". The General answered, "Never mind, Sam's heart is in the right place. I have always found it so". Grass Hills was like most country estates at that time; many of the needs of the family were supplied on the land. Sheep were raised mainly for the wool, and everyone owned a few head, even if the farm was small and only had pasture for a few cows and the work animals. The wool was very necessary to provide warm cloth­ ing during winter season. However, it required much work after the sheep were sheared before it was made into a garment. First, the wool had to be washed through many waters to get out the dirt and grease, then rinsed and dried. The next step was to card the wool; then it was spun into yarn, using the spinning wheel. If colored ma­ terial was wanted the yarn was dyed, and the desired color was ob­ tained by the use of different tree barks or hulls from native nuts. Each lady of the house knew how it should be done, and while she did not do the actual work, she did see that it was done properly. The yarn was then woven into cloth, each family had large looms which were worked by hand, and after the cloth was finished, cloth­ ing had to be made for the family and slaves or servants. These, too, had to be made by hand. So the days of the mistress of the home were very busy ones, instead of the picture often given today. The surplus of food and other farm produce was shipped South on flat-boats. Sugar, coffee, and other items of food, not produced on the farm, was purchased in large quantitites at whole- 28 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS sale prices. This was shipped up the Mississippi to Louisville by boat, then reloaded on an Ohio River boat and shipped to Ghent, Kentucky, which was only a little over six miles from Grass Hills. The following entries from an old diary gives some idea of the life of the early settlers in Kentucky:

1824 - Feb. 24 - Windy and cold. Georgi, Sam and Alex making shoes. Feb. 27 - Cold. Shoes finished; new shoes for all of the families. Feb. 29 - Fine, sunshiny day. Snow disappearing rapidly. Opened a heap (mound) of turnips, much sprouted. Mar. 1 - This has been a fine week for making sugar (maple), to and but little of other work done. Collected Mar. 6 thirty (30) barrels of sugar water the first three days of the week and made ninety (90) pounds of maple sugar. On Friday, got three (3) barrels for syrup. 1 Mar. 8 - Fine day, Georgi, Alex and Sam worked in the plant patch (vegetable garden), planted four rows of early potatoes, radishes, lettuce and sowed some cabbage seed. Mar. 9 - Fair day. Georgi, Sam and Alex making rails.

CHAPTER SEVEN

THE DEATH OF MRS. ANN NICHOLAS SANDERS

The greatest sorrow of Mr. Sanders' life, was when his wife, Ann, died on June 27, 1830. The following remarks were prepared by Mr. Sanders and were read at the burial of Mrs. Sanders, in the new family graveyard, just a short distance from the home:

Mrs. Ann Nicholas Sanders

"Relatives, friends and neighbors, we are about to entomb our departed friend, the wife, the mother and the kind friend. But few have passed through so many scenes and severe trials in so short a life - just cut off in her ripe age and prime of her usefulness. She was the second daughter of the late Colonel George Nicholas, born and reared with all the flattering prospects of hap­ piness, comfort and distinction in this world, with such hopes and anticipations. Her childhood, her youth glided on as smooth as a placid stream, without a ripple, until she attained her sixteenth year, possessing the nicest, most delicate and exquisite feelings, which were easily aroused and most powerfully acted upon when any cord was touched by considerations affecting those near and dear to her. At this eventful period of her life, she had to mourn the loss of her Father, he too, was cut off in the prime of his life, in mature manhood, about the age of forty-five. His country mourned him with his family, for the irreparable loss. The truly broken hearted widowed mother looked forward to a time when a highly and favorite son would in part supply the loss of her husband, all of the family had high hopes of him. But, alas they were but the hopes of man. In a far and distant land and sickly clime, in pursuits of his com­ merical affairs, this youth of such high promise was cut off in the twenty-second year of his life. This affliction on this devoted fam­ ily occurred when our friend, whose loss we now mourn, was in her nineteenth year of her age. At the age of twenty-two, death deprived her of her mother, a woman of rare and exalted virtues. This ca­ lamity appeared to be insupportable, it made a deep and lasting im­ pression on her tender heart. At the age of twenty-four, she was united in marriage to her husband, which was with the consent and approval of her departed mother. A few years afterwards she lost a younger brother, a youth of high promise, then a mid-shipman in the U. S. Navy. These hopes and trials disciplined her heart, at all times submitting with calm resignation to the will of an all wise God. 30 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

"For about ten years after her marriage, she lived in com­ fort and affluence in Lexington, Kentucky, possessing all that was desirable in this life - health, wealth and an exalted position in society. During this happy period of her life, her four younger sisters were married and settled. Now a very important change takes place in the fortunes of her husband. All of his capital and credit had been staked in the establishment of an extensive manufacture by which all was loss. One piece of property after another was given up until she was stripped of all - three times have hers and the children's beds and her lmives and forks been sold by the sheriff. All of which she cheerfully surrendered, in no instance keeping back the hundredth part of a cent. In this reduced condition, her friends (such a being will always have friends), proposed giving her an establishment something like what she had been accustomed to, all of which she unhesitatingly declined, saying her altered condition comported only with the plainest furniture of absolute necessaries. Such was pro­ cured for her. This reverse of fortune caused no reverse of character or feeling in our friend. The same placid temper and cheerful submis­ sion were distinguishable in all of her actions. She freely signed away and relinguished her dower to many highly valued estates, for which she could have extorted large sums by refusing to do so. The very day before she signed away her dower in the factory, one of the purchasers was heard to say, the company would give her ten thousand dollars for her right of dower in that property alone, sup­ posing she would refuse !mowing they had not fairly come into pos­ session. But on application she relinguished without any stipulation never receiving one cent. She considered herself honor bound to confirm all contracts made by her husband. She !mew no distinction between his fair fame, her own and her children - to her they were all one. Having to mourn the loss of two sweet babes, she clings to her husband, and settles with him in the green beechwoods on the land belonging to her father's estate, moving to her new home in an inclement season, January 1823, in a common wagon. See her now in her log cabin assiduously attending to the wants and comforts of her family, rubing and cleaning her pewter spoons with as much care as ever she did those of the best plate. Always striving and endeavoring to raise her children to independence and comfort, set­ ting them a noble example by her own exertions of industry, frugal­ ity and economy. Her conduct since she has been in this county is !mown to most now present. She has had to mourn the loss of four sisters, and two brothers, besides those before mentioned, and a brother-in-law, all of whom she was dearly attached. Her children growing up, the farm gradually improving, she was settling down in mature age with a fair prospect in a few years of comfort and a reasonable share of happiness for herself and fam­ ily. But there is no stability in human calculations. All are now ended. In February, last she was taken with a severe cold, it at­ tacked most violently her lungs. At an early stage of the disease, The Death of Mrs. Ann Nicholas Sanders 31

"Dr. Partlow was called in, he very skillfully and ably treated her case, warding off for a time - the fell destroyer, but a never ceas­ ing fever had taken such a hold as not to be loosened, she was sen­ sible of her approaching dissolution. She made her peace with her God, the cords that tied her to this world were broken. All was resigned, her mind was composed, firm as a rock, calm and serene. She died the death of the righteous in the firm belief that Jesus Christ, the son of Mary was the son of God, sent to this world to save sinners. It was her belief that all adult persons ought to be members of some Christian Society, and that baptism by immersion was the right way of joining such societies. She has left one sister and two brothers. She was the mother of nine children, seven of whom are living. Her sister and six of her children (two of them are very young - three and five years old) were present at her death, her eyes were closed by a near and very dear friend. Her relations and friends were kind and attentive. It is a comfort to know that all was done for her that our limited knowledge permitted us to know. The conduct of her physician in treating her case was approved by Dr. Martin, who was present at her death, having been called in once before. From particular in­ formation of her case related to Dr. Richardson and Dr. Dudley (Lexington) they thought the treatment of Dr. Partlow proper. Pas­ sing through so many scenes of such trials, upward of twenty-three years, in a married state, no harsh angry words or offensive ex­ pressions ever passed between herself and husband, each enjoying the full confidence and the most ardent and tender affection for the other. Such a noble character, so much divested of self and selfish considerations ought not to be entombed in silence, her rare and exalted virtues should be made known. " CHAPTER EIGHT

LIFE AT GRASS HILLS IN THE EARLY THIRTIES

Life at Grass Hills went on as usual. Ground was plowed in the early spring, crops were started, cultivated during the summer months and harvested in the fall. When the harvesting was over, the surplus was shipped to market, either to Louisville or New Orleans. In later years there was a good market at Cincinnati, Ohio. If there was enough to fill a flat-boat it was sent to New Orleans, and Mr. Sanders or some member of the family made the trip to sell their produce and buy supplies that were needed. The summer months were busy ones on the farm. Besides cultivating the growing crops, there were acres of grain - oats, wheat and barley - to be harvested. Unlike today, all of the work had to be done by hand. All grain was harvested with a cradle and a man had to be very strong in order to swing a cradle all day. Another man had to follow up and tie the bundles. After drying it out, the grain was separated from the straw by beating the bundles on a heavy cloth or carpet. Later on, a treadmill was used to which several horses or oxen were hitched. Harvesting was extra hard work and in one of the old account books around 1834, it tells of several men in the neighborhood helping harvest the oat crop, and as it was harder work than the usual run, they were paid extra high wages - seventy-five cents a day. The hay crop had to be cut with a scythe, and raked by hand rakes, in later years a wooden rake, pulled by horses was used. The hay, when cured, was hauled to the barns in carts or wagons. On a farm the size of the one at Grass Hills with so many horses and cattle to winter, it took a very large quantity of hay to last dur­ ing the winter months. Mr. Sanders owned several families of slaves. He also hired workers, some by the month, others by the year. Sometimes he would pay the owner of a slave so much for the services of the man or woman for a year. The amount paid seemed to depend on the age of the slave, and men usually were higher than the women workers. Besides the pay given to their master, they had to be fed and generally clothed. Many of his neighbors would work when they were not busy on their own farms. There were always men wanting work by the month or year. The usual pay seemed to be around twelve dollars a month. When they applied for work and during a slack season, they were only paid around six dollars a month. Food was very cheap; for many years the standard price for a fore-quarter of beef was $3. 00, while the hind-quarter sold for four cents a pound. A jug of whiskey was always sent to the field in harvest time. It was thought unwise for the men to drink water when working in the Life at Grass Hills in the Early Thirties 33 sun, as it would likely cause illness. Whiskey was made on almost every farm and sold from fifteen to twenty-five cents a gallon.

1833 - Feb. 22 - George N. Sanders was twenty-one years old. Feb. 23 - A group of friends were here today to help him celebrate the happy event. The guests were, General Lindsay and his wife, Captain Lindsay and his wife, Miss Fetitice Baker, Miss Harriet Duval, Miss Susan Lindsay, Miss Nancy Craig and Mr. Nathaniel Sanders. It was the first time that George N. Sanders had ever danced. Feb. 28 - Garland Coker, Nathaniel Sanders, George N. Sanders, and Georgi, Adams - rolled the logs in the lot next the stable, made some nails and hauled wood. Snowed today. This evening Mary (Smith) made two gallons of eggnog. With several neighbors a very pleasant evening was spent. Mar. 1 - Samuel Montgomery here on a visit. Meeting to­ night at General Lindsay's. Mar. 19 - Rained a little this morning. Mr. Lewis Sanders arrived this morning in Ghent from New Orleans, came up on the boat, Henry Clay (steamboat). Mr. Shipp came this morning to run off the John May line, the six thousand acre survey. Adam went to Ghent for grass seed in the horse cart. Mar. 20--' Mr. Sanders came home this morning and brought with him oranges, pineapples and coconuts and let us eat our fill. Mr. Shipp's surveying com­ menced at the ash tree, the upper corner of May's ten acre survey and run 1287 poles, then at right angles to Adams line. Mar. 29 - Mr. Lewis Sanders and Miss Margaretta left this morning for Winchester and Owingsville by way of Mr. Theobald. Margaretta rode Cricket and Mr. Sanders rode Mr. Smith's sorrel mare. Apr. 14 - Richard M. Johnson of Scott County, and Major Richmond were here to dinner. Colonel Dougherty came in the evening. Apr. 15 - Colonel Johnson, Colonel Dougherty, John Sanders, Lewis Sanders, Jr. left here this morning for court. Samuel Smith Sanders started to Winchester, by way of Mr. Theobald's. He rode Lewis Sanders, Jr.'s brown mare. He is to go on from Winchester to Mr. Ayres to attend school.

Many country homes were free hotels or stopping places for friends after traveling and sometimes for strangers. Roads were merely worn down buffalo traces, and the only means of travel was by horseback, road wagon or ox cart. The distance between Grass Hills and Lexington was about eighty miles. It took two long days to 34 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS make the trip. Mr. Theobald lived in Owen County, about half way to Lexington. The Colonel Johnson referred to in one of the preceding paragraphs was an officer in the U. S. Army. He is said to have killed the Indian Chief, Tecumseh, in the Battle of the Thames. Lewis Sanders, Jr. was the nephew and ward of Lewis Sanders. His father was Nathaniel Sanders who married Sallie Sanders. Lewis, Jr. married a Miss Price of Franklin County. When their children were about grown, they moved to California. Their two older daughters were married while living there, the oldest to J. B. Haggin*II and a younger sister to Lloyd Tevis*III. Both men were native Kentuck­ ians who had gone as young men to California to make their fortune. Being more fortunate than most, each accumulated a very large fortune and were very influential men. During the spring before his wife's death in 1830, Mr. Sanders had planned to buy goods valued from nine to ten thousand dollars on an extensive trip to New York City and Philadelphia. He thought he would be able to sell it to stores in this part of the state at a good profit. He did make the trip a year later, but was unable to get the necessary backing for such an extensive program. However, he did make arrangements for buying hemp in Kentucky and shipping it to eastern cities along the Atlantic Coast. Hemp at that time was in great demand, and Kentucky was one of the principal states producing the quantity and quality that was needed. Before going east, he had arranged with his old friend, Mr. Andrew Stanton of Lexington, to start buying as soon as he gave him notice. His letter to Mr. Stanton is as follows: New York, 28th of March, 1831

Mr. Stanton - At my instance Messers Nicoll and Aymar, merchants of this city have consented to receive and sell, all of the hemp and hemp yarn, you may send them via Louisville, Kentucky and New Orleans. I have stipulated that the best only is to be sent, the hemp to be clean and bright, well baled and covered with tow linen, the yarn the same. Upon forwarding the bill of lading to Nicoll and Aymar with the certificate of insurance from Louisville to New Orleans. That will be your authority to draw on Nicoll and Aymar at 4 months after sight for $80. 00 a ton and 5 cents a pound on the yarn. It is understood to be consigned to Yorke, McAlsister and Co. of New Orleans, subject to the order of Nicholl and Aymar of this city. I wish you would give this your particular attention.

Your obt. serv't,

Lewis Sanders.

In the same book of letters is one from Nicoll and Aymar to Andrew Stanton confirming Mr. Sanders's letter. In a letter written to Mr. Stanton about this time he tells his friend how delighted he is that his oldest son, John, had been ap­ pointed to attend West Point. Life at Grass Hills in the Early Thirties 35

On July 14, 1832 a crowd of men interested in horse racing met at the Old Mill on Eagle Creek to arrange a Jockey Club. Lewis Sanders was chosen as President and Mr. Philip Turpin, Secretary­ Treasurer. Sixteen members enrolled that day. Horse racing was a sport enjoyed by most of the men in those days, and very few coun­ try gentlemen were without a stable of racers. Lewis Sanders and his son, George N. , owned several well known race horses. Little Turtle, named for the Indian Chief, was perhaps the best known. Not only was he a good racer, but a very smart horse. One night the family was awakened by a horse in the yard. Some of the men went out to see what was the cause of the noise and found Little Turtle sick with the colic. They gave him the proper medicine for colic and put him back in his stall. The next morning he was as good as ever, but they wondered what might have been the results if he had not had the proper medicine the night before. However, it was always a mystery how he opened the door to his stall. There was a race track at Grass Hills, just beyond the front yard fence. Many of the country homes had race tracks. There were also tracks at many of the towns in this section of the state. New Liberty, in Owen County, had an extra good track and many races were run there, also Warsaw in Gallatin County. Of the larger and more important tracks where purses were paid, were Lexington, Louisville and Carthage, Ohio.

1833 - May 9 - Warm dry weather. John Houghman and John McCoy went to General Lindsay's for seed corn. - Georgi, laying off the Ridge field. Adam plowing in the North field. Curtis Bullock and Tom Hawkins planting corn in Ridge field. Benjamin Martin and R. W. Searcy working in the dining room. William H. Turpin and Mr. Flurnoy of Virginia on a visit. Their horses got out and went off. Black Locust in full bloom. Major Winslow and Mr. David Owen called to stay all night on their way from Owen County Court. May 11 - Warm dry weather. Finished planting corn in the Ridge field. Started to clearing the North field. Georgi and Adams plowing N. field. Mrs. Athea Smith, Miss Sarah Ellis and Miss Adeline Faunt on a visit. May 14 - The candidates for the Legislature here. Mr. Flurney of Virginia and William H. Turpin called to go with me to Lexington Races, to start by sunrise in the morning. June 24- George N. Sanders, David Porter, Buck Litteral, John McCoy, Napoleon Sanders and Samuel S. Sanders - hoeing and thinning corn in the North field. Georgi and Adams - plowing in Marathon. Mr. Lewis Sanders (?) hoeing pumpkins. Raining this morning. 36 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

July 4 - A remarkably fine season, frequent showers. Wheat harvest nearly over - most flattering pros­ pects for the corn crop - orchard grass seed over­ ripe. The business of the farm suffering for the want of sufficient work hands. Barbecue at the Little Lick, a great many people there. The troops mustered and shot for a metal. Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Flurney came here from the Barbecue. 1833 - Oct. 24 - Races at James Smith. Vespusius, Joel Ellis' Tiger and Palmer's mare run the two mile heat, won by Palmer in two heats in good time. Oct. 24 - Little Turtle and Mr. Turpin's colt run mile heats today. Little Turtle beat him easy. All hands at the races. Oct. 26 - Mile race today, entries Palmer, Mustang and Jane. Jane distanced the first heat and Mustang the second. All hands came home broke. CHAPTER NINE

THE SANDERS CHILDREN

Many changes had taken place at Grass Hills between the years of 1833 and 1845. To a stranger, life there seemed normal, for the same chores had to be taken care of each day, regardless of any­ thing that had occurred in the family. Mary, the oldest daughter, had married Mr. Samuel Smith in 1825, five years before her mother's death. She was given a farm of two hundred acres from the homeplace, as was the custom at that time. She and her hus­ band built a comfortable home in walking distance from her old home. While it was perhaps a mile from her father's home, very few days passed without visits being exchanged. Mary lost her first babies, Margaretta Elizabeth was the oldest living child. She was born in 1831, and was always known by the name of Mag. The next child was Cary, born in 1833; Jane Sanders in 1836; Martin in 1839 and Lewis Sanders in 1841. Mrs. Smith died a few hours after the birth of her last son, and he lived only a short time. They were buried in the family cemetery at Grass Hills. Jane Sanders' name was changed to Mary after her mother's death. Several years later, Mr. Smith married Savilla McDole. She was a devoted mother to his children, and seemed to fit into the Sanders family very well. John, the oldest son of Lewis and Ann Nicholas Sanders, after attending private schools, received an appointment to West Point. At the end of his four years in engineering, he was grad­ uated. He married Miss Maria Wilkins of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was stationed at a number of Army Posts. He was in the Mexican War where he fought with distinction and was made a Major. George N., the second son, was educated in private schools. At one time he was a student in Dr. Joseph Buchanon's Select School for a few boys on the Pestalozzian plan. Later he attended George­ town College in Kentucky. He was interested in the cattle and horses at Grass Hills, and lived there some years after his marriage to Miss Anna J. Reid of New York City, November 25, 1836. Three of his children were born at Grass Hills. In the early part of 1836 the family was saddened by the un­ timely death of Samuel Smith Sanders. He and two of his cousins had joined the Army of Texas, when Texas was fighting for her in­ dependence from Mexico. They were all members of Colonel Fannin's command who was forced to surrender to the Mexicans under the leadership of Santa Anna. They were promised that the3, would be sent home as soon as a ship could be secured. At dawn on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, they were awakened early in the morning by a Mexican officer, who ordered them to form a line, saying they 38 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS wanted to count them. Instead they were lined up and shot at the order of Santa Anna. Sam Sanders*IV was only nineteen years of age at the time. Margaretta, who was the youngest girl, was only eleven years of age when her mother died. She was educated at private schools, staying with her aunt, Mrs. Richard Hawes, of Winchester during vacations and holidays. She attended the St. Catherine School for Young Women, which was located in Lexington. Ann Spaulding was in charge of the school. In a letter written to Mr. Sanders in June 1831 - she tells him his daughter is making good progress, and invites him to their "annual examination that will take place on Wednesday the 27th of June". She added that they would be happy if he could attend. She also enclosed the bill for Margaretta's years schooling, as follows:

Mr. Lewis Sanders To School of St. Catherine Dr.

June 31st 1831 - To year board and tuition of daughter, Margaretta $ 88. 00

To paper, canvas and silk . 75

Total $ 88. 75

After Margaretta finished school she acted as hostess at Grass Hills, and as there were guests most of the time, she must have led a very busy life. Her father took her on several very nice trips, one being to New Orleans by boat. She gives an interesting account of her trip in her diary. In 1843, she was married to William Buford Lindsay of New Liberty, Kentucky. She was given a farm of around two hundred acres from the farm that Mr. Sanders had settled, the original tract of land that Ann Nicholas Sanders had inherited from her father's estate. The Lindsay's built a large liome about a mile from the house at Grass Hills. Their children were: Ann Sanders, born 1844; Anthony, 1846; John Sanders, 1847; William, 1849; Joseph Hawkins, 1851; Juliet, 1853; Mary Nicholas, 1855; Margaretta, 1857; Ben, 1861; Richard, 1862. Mrs. Lindsay and her son, Richard died of the measles in 1862. She is buried in the Odd Fellow Cemetery at Ghent, Kentucky. Joseph Hawkins Sanders, the youngest son, was born at Grass Hills in 1824. He was educated at private schools and later attended Bacon College at Georgetown, Kentucky. He was always interested in agricultural pursuits, and lived at Grass Hills until his father's death and the farm was sold. In 1848 he was married to Miss Mary Elisa Lathrop, the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Albert Lathrop of Carrollton, Kentucky. They kept separate house at Grass Hills, as had George N. Sanders and his wife while they were there. They had eight children - Anna J., 1849; Lewis, 1851; Susan Ferguson, 1853; Twin boys - Albert and Hugh, 1856; John, 1859 and Charles Lathrop, 1862; Joseph Hawkins, Jr., 1870. As Mrs. Sanders The Sanders Children 39 was not very strong, it was thought best that she only had the care of one of the twins, so Mrs. Salvisa Smith took over the care of Hugh when he was a baby and cared for him until he was five or six years of age. Another wedding in the early forties was a great surprise to all of the family and friends. That was the second marriage of Lewis Sanders. Mr. Sanders is said to have opposed the marriage of his youngest daughter. It was thought his main objection being it would disturb his way of living, as she had been the head of his house for many years. The last of November or the first of December, he went to Louisville on one of his frequent business trips, so the fam­ ily thought, until he returned just before Christmas with his bride. She was, before her marriage, Miss Adeldia Dumesnil, a lady he had known for a number of years, even before his first marriage. Her father, Antonie Dumesnil, was a native of France, but had come to America during the time of Robespiere, had first settled in Boston, coming to Lexington, Kentucky several years later. He was one of the early silversmiths in Kentucky. He is also said to have had a dancing school in Lexington. A sister of Mrs. Sanders had mar- ried Littlebury Hawkins, who was in Mr. Sanders' store in Lexington for many years. The following letter was written by John Sanders to his sis­ ter, Margaretta:

Pittsburgh, 31st of December, 1843

My dear Mag; - Why have none of you written to me ? It is hard that I should be left to hear from strangers such an interesting event as my own father's marriage. I was astonished and surprised, you may be assured, when I heard at a ball from a Miss Ormsby, who once lived in Louisville, that a gentleman of my name, a relative of Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas, was lately married in Louisville to a Miss Dumesnil. She assured me it was the case and that he was from Grass Hills, and that I would find it announced in the Louisville Journal. I have awaited ever since to hear from you before I set down to write. You are doubtless distressed and unhappy at our father's marriage, but I am by no means disposed either to blame or find fault with the step he has taken. I most sincerely pray that he may find a good constant and attentive friend in his wife, and that they may both enjoy a full share of the happiness of this life. Your position is now changed, but you must never forget that you will always find a home with Maria and me. If you think you will now be unhappy or uncomfortable at Grass Hills, write fully, openly and with a sister's frankness to me at once, and I shall make the necessary arrangements to bring you up here in the spring. You must receive father and his new wife with kindness and cordiality. She is a lady fully entitled to our respect, having long been known to our family. And if he had to marry, he could not have picked out anyone who could have been more acceptably. Marie sends you her warmest love. The other day when Mr. Boorom was returning to Carroll, she was anxious to send you a nice Christmas 40 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS present, and the time being so short to get anything, so she selec­ ted a dress she had only worn to church the day before. The streets are so dirty that the skirt was a little soiled, but that could not be helped. I think it was the handsomest dress Maria has had made this year. Give our love and congratulations to father and his wife. You must write to me fully, frankly and soon.

Your Affectional brother,

John Sanders.

To - Miss Margaretta Sanders, Grass Hills.

Unknown to her brother, John, Margaretta was married the 27th of December, four days before his letter was written. CHAPTER TEN

THE WEDDING OF GEORGE N. SANDERS

IN NEW YORK CITY

Several years before the marriage of Lewis Sanders and Miss Dumesnil, he was very much surprised to learn that his son, George N., after an interesting correspondence with a young lady in New York City, had asked her to marry him. The date for the wedding had been set, before Mr. Sanders was told anything about his son's plans. A letter written to his daughter, Margaretta, who was at the time visiting her aunt, Mrs. Richard Hawes, in Winchester, gives an interesting account of the reasons for the trip to New York, and of the bride, her family and the wedding. It was written from Baltimore, where he and the bride and groom had stopped to visit some members of the Smith family on their way back to Kentucky.

Baltimore, 10th of December, 1836

My dear Daughter -

Previous to my knowledge of the correspondence between your brother and a Miss Reid, he had pledged himself to marry her, his honor being thus pledge, left me nothing to say, when he first exhibited to me some letters from her. I returned them without com­ ment, on a second time the same, I could not advise him to take a wife whom he had never seen, whose habits and edu­ cation so dissimilar to his own, on the other hand, I could not see his honor impugned, so I had nothing to say. I felt much concerned, my son taking a wife was of great consid­ eration to me, of the first and most important consequence to him and to my whole family. I finally told him, I would accompany him to New York City. I had some experience in traveling, such a companion would at least be useful. I intended to be personally informed of the family and its position in society into which my son was about to marry, being satisfied upon that point, I would have no grounds to oppose my son's wishes. These considerations induced me to set out for New York, at great inconvenience and of considerable det­ riment to the interests of the farm. Nothing out of the usual way occur­ red on our travels. We got to New York about midnight, Saturday. After J went to bed, George, in company with his friend, Captain Allen of Texas, took a hack, and went a mile 42 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

and a half to Captain Reid's. After a tumbling search he found the house. He slipped his card under the door, rang the bell, then returned early Sunday morning, having eaten no breakfast. And for the first time, beheld his Anna. On Sunday I employed myself seek­ ing information of the standing and character of our new friends. Being satisfied, the next day, Monday, I went to see them. On Tuesday evening, 29th of December, they were married. But very few friends were invited owing to a sad and very distressing occurrence in Captain Reid's family, the very day George first saw them. A fine and very interesting little boy about five years old, their young­ est child, in playing with his brother, jumped from a press in a room on the floor, broke a blook vessel or some in­ ternal hurt, caused instanteous death. I think at first George was disap­ pointed in not seeing so perfect a beauty as his imagination had pictured, but that soon wore off. She is not beautiful, her eyes are too large and of not a pretty color or expres­ sion. She is rather below medium size, but of perfect sym­ etry and form. She is very sprightly and will suit you to a T. She has good sense, well educated and highly accom­ plished. Plays and sings with good judgement and fine taste. Converses with great ease in the Italian, Spanish and French languages. I think her a great treasure. She is a favorite of all of her friends, which are numerous and is highly respected. We got here (Baltimore) night be­ fore last. George's kinfolks here have treated him with marked politeness and attention. Your brother, John, got to Baltimore this morning. In a day or two we go to Wash­ ington City, will stay there a week and then for home. If the weather is suitable, I would be pleased to see you at home about New Years Day. Your Cousin Nat could, and I have no doubt will, accompany you with pleasure.

Your father,

Lewis Sanders

A letter was recently found at the University of Kentucky, among the Henry Clay papers, that is most interesting. It was written by Captain Reid of New York City, wanting information on George N. Sanders and something of his family. Mr. Clay replied as follows: Ashland 8th of October, 1836

Dear Sir - I received your letter making an inquiry respecting Mr. George N. Sanders. I am acquainted with him, but I do not know him sufficiently well to offer any ad- The Wedding of George N. Sanders 43

vice as to the propriety of the delicate commission to which you refer. His connections are respectable. On his mother's side he is allied to the Nicholas's of Virginia and the Smiths (General Samuel Smith) of Baltimore. I presume he has not much property, but I have supposed him a young gentleman of enterprise and energy. His grandfather, the late George Nicholas was the most eminent lawyer in Kentucky. His uncle, Samuel Smith Nicholas of Louisville, was until re­ cently, one of the Judges of the highest Court of Kentucky, and is a gentleman of high respectability.

I am with great respect,

Your obe'serv't,

H. Clay To- S. C. Reid, Esq., New York City.

The story of the courtship of George N. Sanders and his New York bride is most interesting. Early in the 1830's, Mr. Lewis Sanders came across a tiny book or magazine, known as the "Passion Flower". It was a very small book, only three inches wide and a scant four and one half inches in length. It was issued on the 15th day of each month, and the subscription price was five dollars a year, paid in advance. Every issue was said to contain two flowers and ninety-six printed pages. The flowers were said to be for cray­ on sketches or desultory thoughts. The publication, "Passion Flower", was published by Samuel C. Reid, who was assisted by his daughter, Miss Anna J. Reid, and the Agency was at Shepards, 189 Broadway. The names of all of the subscribers were listed in the back of the book. In the list were some eight hundred names and many of them were very important people in government, society and education. Among them were William Neilson, President of the American Insurance Company; Mrs. Albert Gallatin; William A. Duer, President of Columbia University; William M. Price, U. S. District Attorney; Hon. J. Trotter, Mayor of Brooklyn; Hon. Edward Everett, Governor of Massachusetts; Judge S. Nelson, N. Y. Supreme Judge; James Dundas, President of the Commercial Bank; Lewis Sanders, Jr., Frankfort, Ky.; Miss Eliza Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio; Lewis Sanders, Ghent, Ky. George N. Sanders read the issues that were received at Grass Hills and wrote to Miss Reid to tell her how much he enjoyed her work. A correspondence was started between them, and as they did not have pictures to exchange, he sent her a fancy vest­ coat, and she in return sent him one of her slippers. This was all long before his father even knew that he was corresponding with her. Lewis Sanders, no doubt, was able to investigate the Reid family with very little trouble. Mr. Samuel Reid was a captain during the War of 1812. It is said that it was due to his influence 44 THE SANDERS FAl\HLY OF GRASS HILLS and foresight that the U. S. Flag is designed as it is. After the thirteen states were admitted, the flag showed thirteen stripes and thirteen stars. When the next two states were added, two more stripes and two stars were added. Captain Reid is said to have realized that the flag would be too large and unsightly if a stripe was added each time a new state was admitted into the Union. It was through his influence that the stars were added for each state and the stripes left to honor the thirteen states that had originally been the thirteen colonies. According to a recent issue of the Sat­ urday Evening Post, his wife had the honor of making the first flag as designed by her husband. When they returned to Kentucky after their wedding, they made their home at Grass Hills, keeping house in one half of the home. Mrs. Sanders soon made many warm friends in the com­ munity. She was always a great favorite with the relatives and there were a great number of them. Mr. Lewis Sanders grew very fond of his daughter-in-law and the feeling must have been mutual, for in a letter to him writ­ ten in November 1858, she writes, "Twenty-two years ago, about half of my present life, we commenced our journey together and from that time I can recall no hour when you were unmindful of my comfort, or that of my children in after years. We have had many pleasant hours of intellectual communion. I learned many valuable things from you, particularly in history and politics, which I have endeavored to communicate to my children, and I believe you will find no fault in their democracy. The remark has been made more than once by strangers, that George Sanders's family was the only consistent democratic family the speaker had ever met". George N. Sanders was always interested in the farm, cat­ tle and horses. In 1835 his father sold his interest in the herd of cattle to him. For a number of years he was very successful with them. In order to obtain higher prices than were paid in the neigh­ borhood, he would have large public sales, sometimes at Grass Hills. These sales were advertised over a large area, buyers com­ ing from adjoining states. At other times the cattle for sale were driven to Cincinnati, or to other towns in southern Ohio, where a Public Auction would be held. A very successful sale was held at Grass Hills on the 4th of August 1839. Twenty-two head were sold for breeding stock, both cows and bulls. This sale amounted to $4,473. 00 and the stock held in reserve for future breeding was valued at $7, 300. 00. Mrs. Sanders' brother, Samuel Reid, spent much of his time at Grass Hills. He seemed to make himself very useful, ready to do whatever he could. He was married in 1865 to Miss Josephine Rowan, the daughter of Judge John Rowan of Bardstown, Kentucky, the owner of "My Old Kentucky Home" which was made famous by Stephen Foster's song. CHAPTER ELEVEN

ITEMS TAKEN FROM THE DIARIES

1837 - 1840

1837 - Jan. 20th - Mr. Smith returned from Lexington, brought to Robert Sanders' last evening our three full blooded heifers from Suttons. Joseph H. Sanders set out for Winchester today, to accompany his sister, Margaretta home. John Shadrick went to mill. Jan. 24th - We, the undersigned, agree to become equally interested in the two year old race to be run at Carthage (Ohio) for Five Hundred Silver Plate, fall of 1837 and the two year race to be run at Newport (Kentucky), fall of 1837. Each party to pay an equal proposition of training, entries, clothing and every expense. Signed - George N. Sanders E. S. Reville Feb. 18th - "Three thousand acres of land to be divided be­ tween the Nicholas Heirs, namely: Oweings; Hawkins; Hawes Trotter - (the children of the four daughters of George Nicholas), and his sons; Wilson Cary Nicholas, Nelson and Samuel Smith Nicholas. (The land agent who had charge of the estate before Lewis Sanders moved to the county, was said to have sold off many acres and kept the money. As the original grant or tract of land is said to have contained 17,000 acres, and when it was divided, less than four thou­ sand acres remained, counting the part given to Mrs. Sanders as her share of her father's estate, it would seem that some­ one had taken advantage of the estate, before the family mov­ ed to the county). Mar. 29th - Mr. Lewis Sanders and his daughter, Margaretta, left for New Orleans this morning. Georgi threshing wheat. Mar. 31st - Andy, Jake, Charles and Georgi - threshing wheat. Apr. 1st - Received this morning, by Tom Hayes, a note from Mr. Blanton Harrison. Sent a note by mail saying that Mr. George N. Sanders was absent, was at Lexington, would probably return by Frankfort. Today a letter from General Harrison to Mr. George N. Sanders. At a few minutes after 7:00 a. m. , thermometer stood at 28, four degrees below freezing. William Allen here to see Captain Allen and his wife. Jack Shadrick went to Ghent. Andy to Ghent for Captain Allen's baggage, to return tomorrow morning. 46 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Apr. 3rd - John Shadrick ran away yesterday. Rain with some snow at night. Apr. 4th - This morning ground covered with snow about two inches deep. Ther. 34. Principal work - feeding the stock, Georgi, Andy and Tom Hayes. Jack went to mill. Mr. Samuel Smith took a note for Lewis Sanders, Jr. to Port William this afternoon. Mail boat had to have some repair work, no letters for two days. John Shadrick has kept our saddle and bridle. Apr. 7th - Ther. 58 degrees, five minutes past six a. m. Moderating since yesterday. The frost and snow have not injured the May Duke Cherries. The blossoms not yet open. Nathaniel Gatewood says that a "wet freeze" as he calls it, does not injure fruit blossoms. That the cups of the blossom have been filled with ice and fruit not hurt. May 2nd - Georgi ploughing the turnip patch. Andy firing logs. Wash Davis started to George Trotter (Lexington) with Montaque, - Joseph Sanders attending the cows. Tom Hayes attending Little Turtle. George N. Sanders started to Newport to the races. May 23rd - George Sharp, Martin Minor, John McCoy and Andy planting corn. Mr. Minor and Georgi breaking up ground (plowing). Wash Davis went to Ghent for father's trunk. They (Father and Margaretta) got home last night. May 24th - Leroy Minor, Georgi breaking up ground. George Sharp and Wash Davis cutting briers, George Sanders, John McCoy, Martin Minor and Tom Hayes - shearing sheep. Andy harrowing the Boone field. Fine warm rain. Cut the tails of the lambs. June 1st - Georgi, Leroy Minor, Paschal Tandy, George Sharp, Tom Hayes, Wash Davis, Joseph H. Sanders and Andy - finished planting corn. June 3rd - Father came home this evening, leading Cricket and the sorrel, Bertrand mare. Rained very hard both in the morning and evening. July 4th - A very pleasant day. Guests were: Captain Allen and lady, Mr. Smith and Mary, Mr. Sam Sanders and Nathaniel Gatewood, Mr. John and Samuel Duvall, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Isaac Smith, Mr. Ed Bacon, Captain Lindsay, Miss Elizabeth and Edward Lindsay and Mr. William Allen. July 7th - Rain, rained - morning, noon and night. Mr. Phelps and Mr. Southgate called and dined. Mr. Troye came from Louisville and Lewis Sanders, Jr. of Frankfort on his way home from Court. July 10th - A shower today. Martin Minor, George Tharp and Georgi cutting orchard grass seed. Andy went to Ghent with Captain Allen's trunk. Captain Allen and lady started to Cincinnati. (On July 17th the diary stated that "they finished cutting grass seed and started cutting rye". Never a dull moment.) Items From The Diary 47

Grass Hills, near Ghent, Kentucky, 5th of Aug. 1837

To Mr. Norment-

"lt is my intention to take two flat-boats, loaded with stock and produce to Alexandria (Louisiana) this fall, to be there as early as the season permits. Apples, pota­ toes and some vegetables do not mature before several frosts occur in the fall. I shall have a good selection of stock, such as will be well calculated to improve the breeds you already have, cattle, sheep and hogs. The main object of this letter is to ask a favor of you, to write to me as soon as your convenience will permit, a Jetter containing sugges­ tions of such animals and articles that would be most likely to be in demand. Please let me know the condition of your corn crop and quantity of fodder I can procure".

He listed the following livestock and farm products he intended to bring down on the flatboats. He listed whiskey, different kinds of cloth, rope, etc. Most of these articles must have been bought ready for sale. Whiskey was made at Port William, the county seat of the county at that time. Also jeans, linsey and different kinds of cloth, and at Ghent there was a rope walk. Whiskey was also made by the farm­ ers throughout the neighborhood. In some of the account books, entries are made of whiskey bought for fifty cents a gallon. Of the stock and crops raised at Grass Hills there were listed: Good cattle - male and female; sheep; hogs. Choice apples, potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, celery, flour, butter, dried apples, cider, oats for seed, corn on the ear or shell in sacks, hay, rye, cotton bagging, bales of rope, negro clothing, socks, bacon and old hams. He goes on to explain that he will have to have flat­ boats made to order to bring all the different produce, espe­ cially the livestock. He explains that they will have to be built extra strong, and he wonders if it will be possible to sell them to some cotton farmer, after they are unloaded, to be used to haul his cotton to New Orleans, as they will be large enough to carry six hundred bales. He also in­ quired of the cattle that he had sold there last year. The letter was signed, Lewis Sanders. As Grass Hills was six or seven miles from the Ohio River, the task of hauling the produce to the river was very hard, as they depended at that time mainly on oxen carts. 1837 - Dec. 14th - The flatboat got off last night. George N. came home this morning, looked as if he had not slept for a week. Mr. Coffin came here today, to take Lascasses and train and run him in consideration of which he is to receive half of the colt. Joe had left Demoida with Bill Davis to winter, 48 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

he, Davis, brought her over this morning for Mr. Coffin to take; he keeps her and runs her free of all expense to any­ one but himself. Joe went with the flatboat. I suppose he is Captain. Dec. 15th - George started to Louisville this morning to see if Father would be glad to see him or not. Dec. 20th - Very cold, the thermometer 12 below freezing. Sister (Mrs. Smith), Sister Anna, Zilla and Rose cooking for Christmas. I guess we will have plenty of good things to eat. Georgi cutting wood. 1838 - Jan. 3rd - George N. went to Ghent and Sister went to Capt. Lindsay's. Mr. Campbell and William O'Neal came out and spent the evening. Mr. Turpin called, all of the men stayed all night. Georgi getting up wood. Jan. 4th - Mr. Campbell, Mr. O'Neal and Mr. Turpin left here this morning. Georgi feeding. Uncle Sam (Sanders) predicts that we shall have a warm, wet moon this month. There has been little rain and very warm weather. Jan. 14th - John and Georgi cutting timber on the Boone Road. Jim feeding, Sam Reid and Jim drove fifteen of the cattle to Whitakers. Hauled a load of straw from Captain Lindsay's this morning. Wash Minor and Mr. Cox brought the cart after a pair of pigs and a pair of sheep for Lewis Sanders, Jr. (Frankfort). George N. looking for stock corn, says he has found out that it cannot be bought without money. Mar. 26th - Nat Sanders, William Jones, John Spicer and Black John - rolling and burning logs. Georgi and Black Jim, ploughing. George N. , Miss Margaretta and Miss Liz Lindsay went to Squire Hamilton's. George left the ladies there and went to Warsaw to show the horses, this being Court Day. Boliver was said to be the best formed horse on the ground, seven being in the ring. Sam and Thomas came home with the horses after dark. Mar. 28th - Fine weather, very warm. Grass growing fine. Mr. Virginus Turpin came home with Miss Margaretta last evening and left this morning. Mar. 29th - Joseph H. Sanders got back from the South (New Orleans) last evening. Met father on his way to New Orleans. Astonishing weather for this month, twelve days of warm, dry weathers. Tuesday the thermometer was at 88. (In the fall of 1838 another flatboat was shipped south, perhaps two. The diary was not kept for several months, but a later entry tells of Mr. Sanders' return from the South). Dec. 5th - Mr. Lewis Sanders came home today after an absence of seventeen weeks. He brought one barrel of flour, 1/2 barrel of sugar, one box of raisins, some dried currants, mace, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, cranberries, a sack of coffee (Java), Isinglass - 2 bits worth, a stove for the dining room, 2 brass kettles, a potato masher (made of wood) a rolling pin, four patter pans, four small pans and a stripped Items From The Diary 49

carpet. Also a French-Merino dress for little Mag (Smith), five baskets with handles, a cloak for Aunt Christian*V, three loaves of sugar, lemons, crackers, a piece of linsey, some jeans, 16 pounds of buckwheat and a box of Spermaceti Candles, a pair of shoes for little Mag and a piece of cheese. 1839 - Jan. 19th - The Journal has not been kept for sometime. We have had spring like weather for two weeks. Now it is chang­ ing. Today after one o'clock p. m. the thermometer stood at 35. Nat Sanders has been here for sometime. The other day he went to Ghent, hurt himself and has had a lame arm since. Miss M. G. S. came home the 19th of December. Joe Sanders came home from Georgetown College, and spent the holidays at home. At present we are expecting father from Franklin (County). Mrs. George N. Sanders went to Tennessee. May 27th - George N. Sanders started Friday with some cat- tle to Louisville, Felix, Tamar, old Muley and some heifers. William Jones went with him, also Jim Spicer. On Friday night there was a hard storm, blew down several plum and cherry trees and a large oak that nearly fell on Aunt Christian's house. Will Carr, Zilla and Dick Jett planting corn in the north field. Georgi and Lewis ploughing, Hampton fixing brush fence. Saturday all hands righting up the fences after the storm. A very hard rain before breakfast, and cloudy all this morning. July 28th - Lewis Sanders, Jr. and family from Franklin are here for a visit. His brother Nat and Mr. and Mrs. Ellis have been here to see them. Joseph H. set out for Louisville, rode Horatia, let her throw him in Ghent. Sent Bud Gardner for her the next day. July 31st - Joe H. returned this morning from Louisville, walked out from Ghent. Disbursed as follows: Pair of boots - $6. 00; Expenses on Steamer - $4. 00; Candy and breakfast at the Galt House - $1. 00; 4 glasses of lemonade - 50¢; Toll - 12 1/2¢; and watermelon - 12 1/2¢. Aug. 3rd - Very dry, the earth is freer from moisture than ever before known. Lewis Sanders, Jr. and family left this morning for Frankfort via Drennon Springs, (Henry County). Being the head of a large family and having many guests throughout the year, it took great quantities of food to supply the needs of the family. The following bill of goods is fairly typical of orders Mr. Sanders often had sent up on the boat to Ghent when he would be in Louisville for a few days. The bill is most interesting when you compare the prices of that time with our prices today.

Coleman and Ward Louisville 8th of June 1835 Mr. Lewis Sanders, Sr. 1/2 bbl of best Gin 15 gal @$1. 25 $26. 75 1/2 bbl of best Champagne Brandy 15 gal @ 3. 50 53.00 50 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

1 Bag of Rio Coffee 1141 lbs @ $0. 15 1/4 $17. 67 1 Bbl of Brown Sugar 217 lbs. @ • 09 1/2 20. 86 1 Box of G. P. Tea 13 lbs. @ 1. 00 13. 00 1 Cask of Wine 17 1/2 gal @ 1. 00 17. 50 1/2 Bbl Cog. Brandy 15 gal @ 1.50 23.00 1 Bbl of Old Whiskey 33 gal @ . 80 26. 40 1 Bbl of New Whiskey 36 gal @ • 40 14. 40 2 Barrels of Flour 5.25 10.50 Drayage . 50 Total $223. 58

As it was the custom of that time, whiskey was kept on the sideboard and when there were gentlemen visiting in the family, they were free to help themselves, so long as they stayed sober. It is said that very few ever took more than they could manage. If they did, they were not invited back to the house. The barrel of new whiskey was likely ordered for the slaves and work hands, as has been stated, it was thought to be very dangerous to drink water when working in the hot sun, and a jug of whiskey was always taken to the harvest field, or other work fields. CHAPTER TWELVE

HORSES AND HORSE RACING

Mr. Sanders was most anxious that the horse breeders of Kentucky would organize, similar to the cattle breeders, in order that the breeding records would be preserved for future generations. In a letter sent to several prominent breeders, he expresses his views as follows:

Grass Hills, Carroll County, Dec. 20, 1838

Dear Sir - It seems to be conceded by all intelligent breeders of good stock, that the pedigree of such should be preserved, saving from oblivion all that we now have, by recording them in a book, thereby placing them in a position to remove all doubt and silent disputation. A number of gentlemen entertaining these views, met at Lexington in July 1837 for the purpose of determing upon a plan to carry them out. The undersigned was appointed chairman of this meeting. After some deliberation it was determined to publish a Stock Book. Four Committees were appointed to whom was assigned the labor of collecting the material for the work-engagement that were being then made ready for the publication, and other prepara­ tory steps taken to insure its early completion. The committee on cattle through the untiring zeal and indus­ try of their highly and competent and praise worthy chairman, Dr. Martin of Clark County, have procured and arranged the pedigrees of the blooded cattle in Kentucky. The cattle department of this work is now ready for the press. It is much regretted that the same can not be said of the committee on the horses. No efficient steps have been taken by them to carry out the views of the subscribers interested in the horse stock, many of whom feel and take interest in preserving the pedigrees of the BLOOD HORSE. If the committees on the horses were as well prepared, as the committee is on the cat­ tle, the work could go to the press at once. In order to expedite this laudable undertaking, I ask the favor of you to forward the pedigrees of all blooded horses you have know­ ledge of, particularly brood mares and their produce. Appended is the pedigree in full of a brood mare, (Diamond, the property of George N. Sanders and her produce), as a concise specimen of par­ ticulars desirable to possess. After collecting all of the material we can, they will be properly arranged by a competent hand. We not only ask this aid of you, but further solicit your personal co­ operation by obtaining and writing down all the facts you are able to get from your neighbors pertaining to their stock, which you will forward with your own, to George N. Sanders, Grass Hills, Carroll 52 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

County, Kentucky. The publisher, Mr. T. Campbell, has already made considerable progress with the plates, having already finish- ed thirty-four and has others on hand in a state of forwardness. Mr. Campbell takes correct lithographic likeness from paintings and drawings sent to him for that purpose, specimens of which may be seen at the office of the Franklin Farmer, Frankfort, and at Brennan's Hotel, Lexington. Fifty or more of these portraits will be inserted in each copy of the Stock Book. Gentlemen desiring to have the por­ traits of animals inserted in this work, can have it done at fifteen dollars for each portrait.

Resp'ly y'r ob'dt serv't, Lewis Sanders.

The Pedigree of Diamond

Diamond (brown) the property of George N. Sanders, bred by John Shortridge, Scott County in 1819, got by Turpin's Florizel; dam (bred on the farm of the late Colonel Robert Sanders), by Lewis's Eclipse; g. d. Minerva (bred by Colonel Sanders) by Malzar; gr. g. dam the Union mare (bred by the same) by Union; gr. gr. g. dam the Kirtly mare, (bred by Colonel J. Burnly of Orange County, Virginia) by Milo (Madison's); gr. gr. gr. g. dam by Fearnought; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. dam said by Ben Wharton to be a throughbred mare.

At least once each year an invoice was made of the stock at Grass Hills. Such an invoice was made on January 1, 1835. At that time the entire number of horses were valued at $6, 916. 00. At the same date, a valuation was placed upon the bulls, cows and young stock, and their value was placed at $15, 260. 00. Making the value of the livestock at Grass Hills at $22, 591. 00.

1836 - Jan. 24th - Major Reville is taking Toliva to train for the spring races, to charge six dollars for one month keeping, which is all that we are to pay. When the spring races are over, Toliva is to be sent home. It is agreed between Major Reville and George N. Sanders as follows: The Major takes Little Turtle and Toliva to train for the races next fall, to be run at Louisville and Lexington, in partnership, each par­ ty to pay half of all expenses of training and entries, one dol­ lar per day for training and running. All expenses for cloth­ ing and shoeing to be added, each party to pay an equal half of all charges. The Major to take charge of the horses in time to prepare them for the races. June 11th - Joseph H. Sanders returned home in company with his cousins, Morrison and Nicholas Hawes, who are here for a visit. There was a fine rain last night. June 23rd - Nat H. Sanders starts to Lexington this morning with Ophelia and Texian, and Tom Hates with Little Turtle. They are taking them to· Bill Stewart who will train them for Horses and Horse Racing 53

the races. Morrison and Nicholas Hawes started home this morning, they have been here on a two weeks visit. 1837 - July 16th - Sent to Major Reville to be put in training for the fall races, Yolvia, Demorda, Countess Bertrands and Little Turtle. Tom Hayes goes to Major Reville at $8. 00 or $10. 00 per month for the remainder of the season. July 23rd - Warm, disagreeable day. Brother John left here for Louisville, after paying us a flying visit. Mr. Marshall stayed here all night. July 27th - Most of the hands are working on the cow shed. Mrs. Joel Ellis, Miss Mary Harrison and Mr. Lewis Smith dined here today. July 29th - Post Office Accounts for April, May and June made up and directed. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Mills of Louisville arrived before dinner. Mr. Minor sowing turnip seed. Most of the workhands are working in the corn field, ploughing and hoeing. Mr. Si Craig took supper and slept here last night. CHAPTER THIRTEEN

AN ARTICLE PUBLISHED IN FARMER AND MECHANIC

BY LEWIS SANDERS

An article published December 5, 1832 in the "The Farmer and Mechanic", Cincinnati, written by Mr. Lewis Sanders of Grass Hills, Kentucky, gives in detail the history of the cattle imported in 1817. Mr. Sanders wrote: "In some of the early volumes of the "American Farmer", (I think the second) will be found a minute account of the cattle im­ ported from England in the year 1817, by Sanders, Tegarden and Smith, being a republication of a pamphlet on the subject of the English cattle, from papers prepared and arranged by me. These cattle were imported by myself individually; the selection and pur­ chase were made under my orders and instruction, previous to Smith and Tegarden having any interest or concern in the matter; neither of them had any agency or instrumentality whatever in mak­ ing the selection. My orders were to select the best stock for breeders without limit as to price. Soon after the cattle were pur­ chased, I became much pressed and preplexed to meet my money engagements, previous to the arrival of the cattle to Baltimore, I sold one third interest in the importation to the late Captain William Smith, and one third to Dr. William T. Tegarden, and before their arrival in Kentucky, I was compelled to mortgage and afterwards sell my remaining third to James Munday. Mr. Henry Clay imported at the same time a Herefordshire bull, cow and heifer. The succeeding winter, James Prentiss im­ ported two bulls of the Durham breed, which were subsequently owned by Mr. Nathaniel Hart of Woodford County. The above and the old stock of Patton and Miller, are, I believe, the basis of all the English cattle in Kentucky. Captain Smith was extremely anx- ious to obtain a longhorn bull, greatly preferring that breed; his lot was the largest two shorthorn cows and two longhorn bulls. Tegarden's was one longhorn and one shorthorn bull, and a longhorn cow. My lot, which was turned over to Mr. Munday, was the shorthorn bull, Tecumseh, the shorthorn bull, San Martin and two cow, the short­ horn, Mrs. Motte and the longhorn, George Ann. I purchased Tegarden's longhorn cow and sold her to Captain Smith. There was a shorthorn bull undivided; he was sold to Captain Fowler, who sold him to General Fletcher of Bath County. Captain Smith was a gentleman of great liberality, an intel­ ligent agriculturist and breeder, his stock during his lifetime, were very fine and profitable to the owner. I had invested all of my capital, and all of my credit, in an endeavor to establish an extensive woolen and cotton manufactory, An Article Published in Farmer and Mechanic 55 in which I did not succeed. Mr. Madison, then President of the United States, recommended to Congress a repeal of the law, fixing double duties on foreign merchandise; on its going into effect, the country was filled with foreign goods, widespread ruin to manufac­ tures followed - I did not escape the general wreck. In consequence of my failure, and the death of Captain Smith, being owner of all the imported females, the stock became dispersed, my share went into the hands of Mr. Munday, who was an honest and good man, but he had only a small farm and not otherwise in a situ­ ation to turn the stock to the best advantages. A few years after I settled where I now reside, my friends, Mr. Richard Hawes of Winchester, Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas of Louisville, Dr. William H. Richardson and Mr. Robert Scott, the last two named, from Lexington, procured for the benefit of my fam­ ily, some very valuable stock - sheep, cattle and among them were imported Durham and the imported longhorn cows, purchased at Captain Smith's sale; and from Mr. Munday, the imported longhorn, George Ann and her heifer calf by Tecumseh; a heifer out of Mrs. Motte by San Martin, and a heifer calf out of his Tecumseh's heifer, also by San Martin. To these cattle and their progeny, I have per­ sonally given my particular attention. I have been permitted to seil some young cattle, a portion of the sheep and the wool, whereby I have supported my family, and gradually improved the land, which promises, in a few years to make a good grass farm. But in no in­ stance have we parted with a full-blooded female, since I have been in the county, except the old Durham cow, sold in Cincinnati. Which is the best breed of cattle? Is a question often asked, and has long been debated, both in this country and in England. Mr. Clay was advised to select the Hereford; Captain Smith preferred the longhorn; myself, the shorthorn Durham. By our efforts, the breeders have had an opportunity to test the relative qualities of each, and a variety of crosses to push their researches, and in­ quiries still farther. 11

Lewis Sanders CHAPTER FOURTEEN

THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN AT GRASS HILLS

Mr. Sanders had always been interested in both horticulture and agriculture, even when a very young man, before he became a land owner in Fayette County. It was while he was a clerk in the McCul­ lough Store that he met Mr. John James Dufour, a native of Switzer­ land, who was looking for a place for a colony to settle in Kentucky. He was, also, the one who recommended the river hills and Ohio Valley in southern Indiana, when their first location proved unsat­ isfactory. The colony was very satisfactory in their location north of the Ohio River; their wine was well advertised and their business was quite profitable. As Mr. Dufour was interested in all varieties and kinds of fruit, he brought in many new varieties and started a well stocked nursery at Vevay. When Mr. Sanders moved to Grass Hills, he was able to obtain good fruit trees as well as grapevines for his orchard that was started in 1823. Among his papers is the following bill, the trees that were put in his first orchard.

Vevay, 22nd of March 1823

Lewis Sanders, Esq. Sir - the following is what contains the bundle of trees we made for you and shall deposit according to your orders at Mr. at Ghent. A pear tree, the Sickle, one of the best summer pears, ripens in August. 2 - No. 30 - Apples of Mr. Turner; 2- No. 31- Striped and flat. 2 - No. 32 - Variety of Tom Craig; 2- No. 7- McFee's Oct. Apple of J. Brown, Frankfort. 1 - No. 17 - Flat red of Morerod; 1 - No. 19 - Greengage of Colonel Patterson, Dayton, Ohio. 1 - No. 20 - Lether Coat and one of the following varieties from C. Brown's Orchard in Kentucky, below North Bend: they are, Rhode Island Greenen, Golden Pippen, Bellflower and Pound Pippin.

J. J. Dufour

Around the turn of the century (1800), there were many large orchards around Lexington and Mr. Sanders was quite familiar with them. The best known were the large orchards of Colonel Patterson and Judge Jnnes's in Franklin County. Mr. Nathaniel Hart was noted for the superior grapes he raised. During this period the Jennet Apple was a general favorite, especially good for cider. The Orchard and Garden at Grass Hills 57

Mr. Robert Clemmens of Lexington had a small orchard and improved his trees by grafting and inoculation, and as a result had very choice fruit. Mr. Sanders also mentioned the grapes that Mr. Clemmens raised. He wrote, "they were the first cultivated grapes that I had ever tasted. They were small berries, very pleasant for dessert". He said he got the vines from an island in the Ohio River. Mr. Clemmens also raised plums, nectarines, fine peaches and pears. In the orchard that Mr. Sanders started at Grass Hills in 1823, besides the trees he got from his old friend, John James Dufour at Vevay, Indiana, he purchased some trees from Isaac Bledsoe who had a nursery near Warsaw, eight miles east of Ghent, also on the Ohio River. According to his notes he set out more trees in 1824, making his orchard cover twelve acres. It is not known how many trees were set out between 1824 and 1842, but among his papers is a list of the trees that he set out in 1842, and he added that at that time he had twenty-five acres in orchard. Many of the trees planted at this time were obtained from the George Graham Nursery of Cincinnati, Ohio. In a separate list, he named the varieties that he thinks are most suitable for a small home orchard. So many of the varieties being so far superior to the new varieties we have today. However, a few of the old favorites are still found in the orchards of today, The Rambo, The Winesap and the Maiden Blush. Mr. Sanders suggests the following for a home orchard: 5 trees each, Yellow Harvest, Bohanan, Yellow Bellflower, White Bellflower. 5 trees each, New Ark, Pippins, Bough Apple Queen, Roxbury Russets. 3 trees each, Early Margaret, Maiden Blush, Wine Apple, Harts White, Rambo, Cathead. 10 trees of Newton Pippins and Jennett (were used for cider). In an article he wrote for a farm magazine in 1843 is the following paragraph which is interesting. "I recollect seeing a short time ago in some paper, an article about peach trees, recommending to cut them down or dig them up when they were affected with the 'Yellows'. Instead of giving directions to remove the cause, they are to destroy. It is like cutting the throat of a sick animal, fear­ ing lest it die of the disease. The only enemy that the peach tree has, as I believe, is a small whitish worm with a brown head, about an inch and a quarter long, operating about and just below the sur­ face, destroy them in any way you may, and your tree is restored. I have some Heath peach trees obtained from Mr. William Morton of Lexington, Kentucky that are now more than twenty years old, that from neglect have had occasionally the yellows, but destroy the worm, and the health of the tree is restored. Scoop the earth from about the roots of the tree so as to form a bowl, eight or nine inches, the tree in the center, the outer edges of the bowl eighteen or twenty-four inches from the tree. Do 58 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS this about the first of September - let it remain so until the first of December, then fill the bowl with wood ashes, I have used leeched ashes, only and with invariable success. I believe time will do as well, by the exposure of the roots to the sun and air, the propaga­ tion of the worm is stopped - it gives birds, particularly a kind of woodpecker or sapsucker, a change to get at them. If the first operation does not clean the trees, repeat it. Search for the worms and destroy them or the tree can not flourish. My old trees, at this time, are as healthy as any young tree. If the next is a favorable season, fruit will no doubt yield abundantly".

His Views on a Garden

"Every farmer can spare one acre for a garden, lay it off near the house, combining ornamental with utility. The plan here­ with sent is a good one, it admits the free use of the plow, the great labor saving implement in tillage. The main walk, wide enough for a wagon or cart, for hauling manure and removing crop. Two prac­ tical bed, one for cabbage, the other for potatoes, alternating every year. Ten feet border all around the garden for peas, beans and esculent plants. Half way up the main walk, in the two and half feet border, plant flowering shrubs (on each side) of all varieties, six feet apart, plant annual flowers between the shrubs. On the other half (fruit border) plant gooseberries and currants alternately, five feet apart. Make an Asparagus Bed - Any common laborer can make a bed sufficient for a family in two days. Select the spot - a slight declivity to the south is best. Get eight locust or oak stakes, two feet long and one and one half inches square. Sharpen one end, drive two inches in the ground, two feet from the fence and as far apart as you wish to have your bed. Stretch a line from stake to stake, mark the whole line plainly with a spade. Then put down two more stakes three feet from the first, forming a parallel line to the first. Stretch the line and mark off plainly, as before. You have now the space marked off for one bed, which must be trenched as follows: dig as deep as a man can send the spade down, throwing all of the soil or earth on one side, shoveling out all of the loose earth to the same side, as deep as the spade has been, this ought to be about twelve inches. Then go twelve inches deeper, throwing the earth on the opposite side, cleaning all the loose earth out with the shovel as at first. You now have a trench two feet deep, three wide and of the length to suit the family. First, good stable manure, evenly and regularly put in, the whole space being moderately tramped in, leav­ ing it one foot thick of good manure. Rotten wood is very good if mix­ ed with the manure. Then upon the manure throw on the top soil or first spading. The last spading or the bottom of the trench is now put on top of the bed. Finish with a few cart loads of well rotted manure, thoroughly mixed and well raked in, leaving the beds three feet wide, and ready for the asparagus plants or roots. The stakes are to re­ main permanently, nine inches above the common level of the ground, The Orchard and Garden at Grass Hills 59 the beds to be dressed every spring by the line from the stakes. Set out onions and sow radishes or any other vegetable on the new asparagus beds the first year, giving time to settle and mix the bottom earth with the manure on the bed. To raise plants, sow the seed early in the spring in drills, as you do beets and cultivate the same. This will give you good plants for your bed the next spring. The beds should be covered with manure every fall. Such a bed will be productive for twenty years or more". In his notes on gardening are the following thoughts, "The comfort and economy of a good garden is not, I think, sufficiently appreciated by the farmers in general. When once laid out, it is permanent". Besides the large apple and peach orchard, all other vari­ eties of fruit were grown. CHAPTER FIFTEEN

IMPORTANT MEETING AT GHENT, KENTUCKY

1843

A meeting that is said to have had an important part in changing the History of the United States took place in Ghent, Kentucky, November 1843. After Texas had won her independence from Mexico, many American citizens thought it would be desirable to have this vast territory annexed to the United States as a new state. Many from the northern states opposed this move, for they did not want to increase the slave states. However, others realized the great benefit it would be as a state. It consisted of a great ter­ ritory with "broad and fertile acres", and with countless herds of self-sustaining cattle, which they thought, made it a most desirable acquisition to the United States. Lewis Sanders and his son, George N., shared this belief. After talking it over with some of their friends, they called a meeting at Ghent. The names of the men were not made public for many years after it took place, and there was no publicity given out in the county. The meeting was held in a small, one story building that was a tailor shop. Lewis Sanders was appointed chairman and George N. was made secretary. A resolution*6 was offered approving the annexa­ tion of Texas, which was passed. The Secretary was instructed to write to each of the prospective candidates for the Presidency, send­ ing them a copy of the resolution. He was also instructed to send copies of the resolution to each of the states, so the voters would be informed upon the subject. George N. Sanders is said to have written to Henry Clay*7, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Lewis Case, William 0. Butler and others who were said to be ready to enter the race. James K. Polk was the only one to reply to Mr. Sanders' letter and he was in favor of the annexation. Henry Clay was touring the Southern States, busy with his campaign for the nomination of Presidency at the Con­ vention the following summer. He wanted to consult friends in Lexington before replying, but when he returned home it was too late to write. Democracy was not harmonious at that time. Polk was hardly known outside of his home state, Tennessee, yet making it known that he was in favor of bringing Texas into the Union, he won the election. The only publicity given to the meeting was a short "write­ up" in a New York City newspaper, printed a week or ten days after the meeting took place. The article was copied by a Louisville pa­ per. Captain Roman Browinski, a resident of Ghent at that time, happened to be in Louisville on a business trip when the account of Important Meeting at Ghent, Kentucky, 1873 61 the meeting appeared in the city paper. It was the first that he had heard of the meeting, and he could not believe so important an event could have taken place in his hometown without knowing of it. Captain Browinski was a native of Poland and had been banished from his homeland some years before, when the Russians had taken it over. He was bitterly opposed to war, and he thought if Texas was annexed, a war with Mexico would follow; so he hastened to send out denials that any such meeting had been held in Ghent. "But the seed had been sown, and the harvest was ripening for coming years". Captain. Browniski, to the day of his death, contended that George N. Sanders was responsible for the Mexican War, and, but for this secret meeting, one chapter in the history of our nation might never have been written. Not only was Texas a very valuable addition to the United States, but it seemed that several European countries were also in­ terested in her. The citizens of the United States were not willing for any foreign country to gain control of land in North America. When Texas consented to become one of the states of the United States, it is said that Great Britian and France used every effort to prevent the consumation. Protests, protocol and all that diplo­ macy could effect - everything in their power was done to prevent her from coming a part of the United States. Polk was greatly censured for the Mexican War, but like his predeceesors, he desired an extention of the territories to the Republic. Washington manifested this spirit in his Indian conquests; Jefferson in his purchase of the Louisiana Territory, and Monroe in the purchase of Florida, and later in the purchase of Alaska. They have all proven to have been very wise investments. War did follow the annexation of Texas and many brave American soldiers were killed. Still the loss of Texas would have been a great tragedy. Not only would we have lost the great wealth of this state, but also we might have had an unfriendly neighbor in our midst. CHAPTER SIXTEEN

OPEN LETTER IN THE LOUISVILLE JOURNAL

PUBLISHED IN 1843

This was an open letter published in the Louisville Journal, in which Mr. Sanders gave his views of the day and told of last ambi­ tions. Grass Hills, Nov. 20, 1843

After my failure in 1819, caused by establishing a large Manufactory for cotton and woolen goods, I entertained serious thoughts of settling in Missouri, and upon the subject, a very old citizen of Lexington and myself had many conservations. He was Mr. Robert Barr (the father of Thomas Barr, much of a politician in his day), a man of good judgement, of great experience and strong common sense. Robert Barr was the breeder of mules on a large scale; among the first drivers of that sort of stock to the Southern States; in his old days, he had visited Missouri and was greatly pleased with the prospect of making money there. He wished me to go. We had often talked upon agricultural subjects, mostly touching upon agricultural improvements. He was of the opinion that breeding of mules, fattening them for the market, and growing wheat were the principle branches leading to wealth. We talked about plowing and· satisfied ourselves that it was feasible to attach forty head of oxen to a frame of ploughs, break- ing up fifty acres of land in a day. However, Mr. Barr was too old, and myself too bare of means and it all ended in talk. Very different, however, might have been the results of those speculations had it been in our power to apply steam, in lien of oxen, for breaking up the prairies. The foregoing hasty sketch of bygone fantasies is elicted by seeing in a newspaper the remarks touching a steam plough. If the plough can be used over a morass, surely it can be used on the Western prairies. You may have seen it also, but it may not have made the impression on you that it has on me. Let the Yankees get the idea, they can make a plough to suit. I cut the piece out and send it for observation. Anything said or done inducing the common farmer to apply manures, leads to benefits. Small farmers, with such remarks as you can append may call attention of many that do not give the sub­ ject consideration. Getting them to manure well their gardens is something. Open Letter in the Louisville Journal Published, 1843 63

The improvement in wool carding, within the last fifteen years, may astonish anyone in this astonishing age.

Your ob't servant,

Lewis Sanders

Mr. Sanders was always well in advance of his generation. In a letter written in the thirties, he wrote, "I believe consumption to be contagious and that one having the disease should live in the open air as much as possible". CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

UNITED STATES HEMP AGENCY IN KENTUCKY

There were many changes at Grass Hills during the forties. Mary Sanders Smith had died in 1841, leaving four young children. Then in December 1843, just a few weeks before the marriage of his younger daughter, Margaretta, to William B. Lindsay, Mr. Sanders had surprised his family and friends by bringing home a bride. In the later part of 1847, George N. Sanders, his wife, Anna, and their three children, Reid, Virginia and Lewis, left Grass Hills which had been their home since marriage in 1836 and went to New York City to make their home. George's youngest brother, Joseph Hawkins, was now manager at Grass Hills, and when he married Miss Mary Eliza Lathrop of Carrollton in 1848, Grass Hills was their home for many years. Hemp was one of the principal money crops raised in Ken­ tucky at that time. The rich soil of the state seemed to suit the crop better than most states. In fact it was raised in some sections of the state as late as the first World War. Mr. Sanders had been interested in the cultivation of it, as he was in the different types of grasses, clovers and crops in general. As early as 1827, he had written to Henry Clay, as the following letter shows:

Washington, D. C. , 21 Sept. 1827

Dear Sir - I received your letter this morning. On the subject to which you refer, water-rotted hemp, Mr. Southard will, I presume, write you in regard to it. He mentioned to me the other day his having a letter from you. He is out of the city just now. If you will prepare your hemp by water rot­ ting and put it up neatly, you need have no fear of not being able to get the price of the best Russian hemp. And as the latter is subject to duty, the American article will have a decided advantage in the competition. I am sorry I cannot supply you with the ram you want. Mine was killed last winter, and when I left home, I had to depend upon getting one from Mr. Price of Clark (County). I am respectfully, your obedient servant, H. Clay To Lewis Sanders, Esq.

The usual method of preparing the hemp was to leave it out in the field until the stems started to rot or soften. Aften being out in the rain, dew and freezing weather, it could be broken and pre­ pared for shipment. Much of the rope and burlap used in America Hemp Agency in Kentucky 65 was manufactured from native grown hemp. One of the earliest in­ dustries in Kentucky towns, large and small, were the rope walks, where hemp was made into rope. Mr. Sanders was appointed agent of the United States Hemp Agency of Kentucky, April 1845. He received his appointment from Mr. Bancroft, Secretary of the U. S. Navy, and he accepted on the 14th day of April. The office of the agency had been located in Lexington, Kentucky. Mr. Sanders had it moved to Louisville. He went to Louisville on the 24th of April to take charge. On his arrival in Louisville, he found two packages of machinery and two boxes (supposed to contain hemp) stored away in a steam­ boat warehouse, marked for the Hemp Agent, although they had been there for six months, they had not been delivered. He entered into an agreement with James Anderson and Company for the use of a part of their counting room, and for space and room to put up the Test Apparatus, for trying the strength of hemp. He wrote his wife, "for these ample sufficient accommodations I have agreed to pay them twenty-five dollars per quarter, or at the rate of one hundred dol­ lars per annual". On the 20th of May he went to Lexington to interview the growers and look over the prospects. Among the growers, whom he interviewed were, Peter Gatewood, Charles Buford, James K. Duke, Colonel William Buford, a Mr. Vaugh and others. "These men", he wrote, "represented the largest growers around Lexington and most of them were inclined to water rot their growing crops". He was encouraged by his trip, and thought that he would be able to procure a sufficiency of water rotted hemp for the use of the Navy. The agent would have to be industrious and obtain from the Depart­ ment of the Navy such a modification of his instructions as would Authorize purchase at both Lexington and Louisville. In an "Open Letter", published in the Louisville Democrat in, December 1858, Mr. Sanders gives the history of the Hemp in­ dustry in Kentucky. His letter was:

Grass Hills, December 10, 1858

To Whom it may concern - A joint resolution was passed in Congress in 1841 authorizing the establishment of Hemp Agencies in Kentucky and Missouri for the avowed object of encouraging and fos­ tering the production of American rotted Hemp. The Kentucky Agency was in that year established in Lexington. Mr. James Hamilton, a hemp dealer, was ap­ pointed the Agent, a very suitable appointment. I succeed­ ed Mr. Hamilton in 1845 as the agent for Kentucky. He told me that he had not been able to buy any water rotted Hemp, oweing to the impossibility of complying with the instructions and orders of the Department. Mr. Bancroft, the Secretary of the Navy, moved the agency from Lexington to Louisville. As Agent, I com- 66 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

menced immediately writing to such gentlemen as I thought would feel willing to engage in water rotting Hemp, keep­ ing up this correspondence and frequent personal inter­ course with the farmers. Success ensued and in 1848 as good Hemp for cordage was forwarded from this Agency to Charlestown, Massachusetts as ever came from Russia. Mr. Garnett Duncan, a talented and highly influential member of Congress in 1848 representing the Louisville District, was very active and took special interest in the production of Hemp in Kentucky. He told me that he had carefully examined the accounts of the purchase of Russian Hemp by the U. S. Government for the last five years, that the average price paid was upward of $241. 00 per ton. The Secretary of the Navy, although thus sustained, having the sanction of a patriotic Congress, took no new measures calculated to encourage the production of water rotted Hemp for which these resolutions were the avowed object. The passage of these resolutions were gratifying and pleasing to the Hemp growers, but still there was not a cor­ responding action on the part of the Secretary of the Navy.

(Signed) Lewis Sanders

While he was agent for the U. S. Hemp Agency of Kentucky, Mr. Sanders made a trip to the Eastern States in July 1847, in order to visit the different Rope Walks, and have a personal inter­ view with their managers. He visited the National Rope Walk at Charlestown, Massachusetts; one at Paterson, New Jersey; at Troy and New York City, New York, and several around Philadelphia. The trip required forty-five days, counting the entire time he was away from home. He arranged for Mr. James Anderson to accompany him, as he had been experimenting for several years in the best ways to han­ dle Hemp most successfully. Mr. Sanders wrote that, "Mr. Anderson was clearly of the opinion that cordage made from Russian Hemp was of greater durability than that made of American Hemp, either dew or water cured. He said unequivocally that American Hemp can be prepared at a very small expense so as to make cordage more dur­ abel than that made from Russian Hemp". He added that he felt, "the discoveries that Mr. Anderson had made were valuable, and that he wanted the Managers of the Walks and the Secretary of the Navy to see for themselves the tests that proved the increased strength and durability given the cordage". Most of the Hemp bought in Kentucky was shipped from Louisville, a small amount was sent from Maysville (formerly known as Limestone), a city on the Ohio River, east of Cincinnati. It was all sent down to New Orleans by steamboat, then across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Atlantic Coast to one of the National Rope Walks, which have been mentioned. It was baled and wrapped in a Hemp Agency in Kentucky 67 coarse cloth known as towcloth. The price paid the farmer was around $200. 00 a ton. The freight from Louisville to Boston in 1846 was $19. 00 a ton. Mr. Sanders thought early in the year that more than 100 tons would be shipped from Kentucky before July. At the Bourbon County Agricultural Society, March 24, 1846, prizes were awarded for the best samples of Hemp submitted to be judged. Each exhibit was numbered, so as to be perfectly fair, and it was judged as to color, smell, condition and strength. A Com­ mittee of well qualified men were selected to serve as judges, and the prizes were awarded by Lewis Sanders. The first premium, a Silver Mug was won by William Bryan, the second, a Silver Cup valued at $10. 00, was won by James A. Matson, and the third prize, a Silver Spoon valued at $5. 00, was won by the Hon. Henry Clay. Before Mr. Sanders went to Boston to visit the Rope Walks in 1847, Mr. Henry Clay wrote a letter introducing him to Mr. Samuel Appleton, a personal friend.

Ashland, 12 July 1847

My dear Sir- Allow me to introduce to your acquaintance Lewis Sanders, Esq. who will present this letter, and who being agent of th~ Government of the U. S. for the purchase of hemp in Kentucky, visits Boston on objects connected with his agency. I have long known and esteemed Mr. Sanders as a highly intelligent and respectable gentleman. I understand he will be accompanied by a Mr. James Anderson whom I also beg leave to introduce to you as a most worthy and respectable gentleman, very conversant with the preparation of Hemp. I am with great respect, Your friend and obt. serv't. H. Clay Samuel Appleton, Esq.

Mr. Sanders, it seemed, arranged his trip East, so as to be in Boston at the time of the exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. His wife accompanied him as far as New York City, where she visited friends and also spent some time with the George N. Sanders family, who had recently moved there, while her husband was on his inspection trip. A letter to his wife gives a good account of this part of his trip.

Boston, Saturday 1st of August 1847

Dear Wife- Yesterday afternoon, I went to Cambridge, had no difficulty in finding Mr. Sales, he is a fine old gentleman. He much regretted the illness of his wife, she could not be seen, the daughter had a headache, so I did not see her. I 68 THE SANDERS FAMILY AT GRASS HILLS

was anxious to see them. I have had a pretty fair time of it - health good - eyes well. Have seen a deal of Boston, been to Nahant, fishing at sea - got very sick, visited Lowell, also, Mount Auburn, a splendid City of the Dead, to Roxbury, to Lynn, to East Boston, to the monument at Bunkers Hill, the Navy Yards, to the great Depots of the railroads and a number of other places that I will tell you about when we meet. I have been to the Horticultural Exhibition of Flowers and Rare Fruits. The grapes looked most luscious, the most extraordinary size imaginable, from Perkin's Garden, but no one was allowed to touch. I wanted a bunch for you. Tomorrow I go to Brighton, the place you know (hav­ ing long been a reader of that good Democratic Paper, "The Boston Statesman"), where beast are sold for slaughter. I wish to see the New England stock, and their manner of doing business. Once a week, (every Monday) the stock in­ tended for the Boston Market is offered for sale at Brighton. Cattle, that is the beef type, cows and calves, some oxen (work), sheep and hogs are sold, they are brought in from all sections. On Monday evening I take the car for Albany. I may go to Troy and perhaps Saratoga. I think I will be in New York on Friday, sometime of the day or night. Having for­ gotten Mr. McJ. C. number, I will have to go to Anna's to find it. I think you had better meet me there.

Ever yours,

Lewis Sanders

1847 - October 4th - Father and Mother got back today from New York. Father went on to Louisville, his wife came out with Will Lindsay. Miss Hawkins, Mag Smith and myself got back today from Cincinnati. Disappointed in not meeting Father there. October 9th - Father arrived home from Louisville after an absence of three months. October 13th - Mrs. Lewis Sanders and Miss Hawkins left here this evening, Miss Hawkins on her way to the South and Mrs. Sanders accompanied her as far as Louisville. I went to Ghent with them, there they were met by Father, who went to Louisville with them.

Mr. Sanders was very much interested in his work as U. S. Hemp Agent in Kentucky and was disturbed that the Secretary of the Navy took so little interest in the Kentucky Agency. He complained that he did not even answer his letters. However, early in 1849, he did receive a letter from the Department, " to discontinue the pur­ chase of water rotted hemp". Thus this important business of gen- Hemp Agency in Kentucky 69 eral interest in the state, which had been built up with so much care and anxiety, was strangled in its infancy - a death blow to the rais- ing of hemp, which was proving to be a very valuable crop in Kentucky. Mr. Sanders held the position of United States Hemp Agent in Kentucky for five years and six months, the salary being $1, 000. a year, with expenses for traveling when necessary. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

VIEWS ON TAXATION

These two memorandums were found among Mr. Sanders' private papers. The exact date that they were written is not known. They are most interesting when compared with our National Debt at the present time. The first one reads - "American history seems to have been more or less the history of taxation. While taxes are a necessary evil, (so thinks most citizens) never-the-less they must be paid, for the government is and has always been a very expensive big business to run. The Revolutionary War was brought on partly by taxes, the people did not like to be taxed when they had no voice in the affairs of government, that is as much as they thought they should have. When the tax was levied on tea, which was considered by them a necessary item of food, the 'Boston Tea Party' resulted". "Society requires rules for good government. Agents and officials become necessary. They must be supported at public ex­ pense, hence the necessity for taxation. This ought to be uniform, to bear on person and property as equally as possible. The collect­ ion of taxes through our system of Custom Houses, is less expen­ sive than a direct tax. We wish the system continued, carefully revised, so as to raise no more money than may be required for the frugal administration of public affairs. Iron, is of so much im­ portance that we wish the tariff on it to remain as it now stands, and to be considered permanent, so that dealers and capitalists in­ terested in the iron business may have this assurance of our views. All taxes are paid by people in one way or another. No tax should be levied so as to benefit one class or Community over another. " fu the second memorandum, written perhaps at a later date, he wrote, "The alarming proposition of assuming the States' War debts seems to be spreading. Persons heretofore looked upon as possessing sane minds are advocating it. There is a class of luna­ tics that can only be controlled by fear and terror. They must not only see but feel the red. It is time that this foolish scheme should be taken in hand and dealt with as it deserves. Apply the straight jacket before more mischief is done. William Cooper Johnson, a distinguished Whig member of the last Congress, proposes that the United States voluntarily create a debt of two hundred million dol­ lars and distribute it among the several states to bear three per cent interest, intended to be paid annually or semi-annually, the debt to be paid by posterity. The grounds to sustain this unright­ eous scheme, as alleged, are to relieve some of the states from their debts and give to others a fund to be used as they may think proper". Views on Taxation 71

"All of the resources of the Government are not sufficient, nor have they been so, for the last three years to pay the appropri­ ations made by Congress. A national debt is rapidly accumulating, admitted now to be thirty million dollars, at the lowest. The prof­ its arising from agricultural pursuits; from the mechanical arts and from trade are at the lowest point. Individual indebtedness from one to another prevades the land. At no time since the Revo­ lutionary War have times been worse. " What do you suppose he would have said if he could have for­ seen the amount our National Debt would amount to in 1965? CHAPTER NINETEEN

THE GRANDCHILDREN

Lewis Sanders was very proud of his grandchildren and spent many happy hours with them. At the time of his death in 1861, they num­ bered thirty. The Smith and Lindsay children lived near enough to visit him almost every day, sometimes spending the night with their cousins who lived at Grass Hills. George N. Sanders brought his bride to Grass Hills when he first married and they lived there un­ til 1847. Three of their children were born there. After they moved to New York City the children spent many summers in Kentucky visiting their grandfather and other relatives. Also the older child­ ren from the John Sanders family, who lived near Philadelphia, were frequent summer visitors. When they were young, their mother, Maria, often spent several weeks during the summer visiting her husband's family. In 1848 Joseph Hawkins Sanders, the youngest son was married and with his bride, lived at Grass Hills. Six of their children, two of them being twin boys, were born before Lewis Sanders' death. So he always had grandchildren with him and loved and enjoyed them very much. The following entry is taken from Mrs. Margaretta Sanders Lindsay's Diary: Sept. 6th, 1847- There dined at Grass Hills today the grand­ children of Lewis and Ann Nicholas Sanders (who died in 1830). They are listed in the order of their parents age: Children of Mary Sanders Smith (died in 1841) - Margaretta, Cary, Mary and Martin Children of Major John Sanders - Willie, Ann, Matilda and Cary Children of George N. Sanders - Reid, Virginia and Lewis Children of Margaretta Sanders Lindsay - Ann Sanders and Anthony (nine months old) The children had a grand dinner, no one at the table but them and their grandfather, and his wife, Aunt Addie (as we all called her). Anna, Maria and Margaretta waited upon the table. Each of the boys and their grandfather had a flag, each of the girls, a basket. After dinner, they all marched around the house and in the yard, while t~ workmen and negroes looked on with open mouths. Anthony was said to be the prettiest child in the procession. He was carried by his mother and held his own flag with his name on it, as high as any of the boys. All of father's children were represented at the table except, Joseph Hawkins Sanders, who had gone to Ghent on farm business. While Lewis Sanders was very fond and proud of his grand­ children, he did not spoil them. He expected them to be well man­ nered, polite and to obey their elders. One of his granddaughters, The Grandchildren 73

Anna, the oldest child of Joseph's, wrote her recollections of her grandfather some years before her death. She was born at Grass Hills, and as she was about twelve years of age at the time of his death, she remembered him quite well. "Grandfather would never repeat what he had said. He spoke very distinctly and no one had any excuse to ask him to re­ peat his remark. If you did and you were an adult, he would say, 'I never repeat, Sir or Madam', as it might be. If a child should ask him to repeat a question or an answer, he would only say, 'Bah!' and scare you nearly to death". "Still we felt perfectly free to talk to him, and he always praised us for anything we had done well. I remember he bought me a silver thimble, when I was about seven years old, and how he would praise me as I sat by him and hemmed tops for peach baskets. And how he would say, when he would have me write a letter to put in with his, to some of my eastern cousins, 'What a smart grand­ daughter I have here in Kentucky. No New Yorker or Pennsylvanian could do that well' ". "I recollect very well that whenever a gentleman came to visit with grandfather, the first thing he did after shaking hands with his host, was to walk over to the sideboard, and take a drink of liquor. I also remember how courteous grandfather was to the ladies. No one has the stately politeness today that he had".

Written by Mrs. Anna Sanders Brown, about 1914.

A letter was received during the winter of 1860 and 1861, which must have pleased Mr. Sanders very much. It was from his grandson, William W. Sanders, the oldest son of John's, who had graduated the June before from West Point. His letter was most interesting and must have delighted Mr. Sanders when he read it, but if he could have looked into the future, he would have been quite grieved at what the next few years would bring. When the War be­ tween the States separated the citizens from the Northern States from those living in the South, William W. Sanders was an officer in the Northern or Union Army. Two of his cousins, also the grand­ sons of Lewis Sanders, fought with the Confederate Army. The letter follows: Fort Churchill, U. S.

Dear Grandfather - I am decidedly ashamed of myself for not having written. My excuse is, I have ever since the 23rd of June, the date I received my appointment of 2nd Lieutenant in the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, been on a constant go and very busy, with my new profession, which I· am so far, very much pleased with though the life appears to be a hard one. When I received my appointment, I was ordered to Governor's Island, remained there until the 22nd of October, when I re­ ceived orders to come out here. 74 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

"We started from New York, the morning of the 22nd of October, 11 officers and 250 recruits. The steamer was very crowded, so that it was rather uncomfortable. We had though, very pleasant weather, it took eight days to get to a small town in Panama, which had a pretty good harbor. We then took the cars to cross the Isthmus of Panama*7, which only took five hours. The road is very good, though crook­ ed. The first part runs through very low, wet land. The rest of it is up and down the mountains, not much scenery about it. Panama is an old fashioned Spanish town, not much of a place. The trip on the ocean, up on this side was more comfortable, there being more room, though it was much rougher. We stopped at a small Mexican town, on the way up called Acapulco. It was night though, so we did not think much of it. We got into San Francisco about ten o'clock in the morning. I was rather disappointed in the place, it has a splendid harbor, but the town is built, that is part of it, on made land, and the rest is scattered around the hills that partly surround it. The expense of building the place has been immense. We started the same day for Benica, a small town thirty miles above San Francisco. It is the head­ quarters of the 6th. I only remained there two or three days, when I started for this place with two other Lieutenants and forty men. We came part of the way on a steamboat, part by cars, the rest, a distance of 135 miles, we had to march. It took us a little over five days. It was rather a disagreeable march as we had a very hard set of men with us. They went by the name of "The Forty Thieves", on the march. I have now gotten into a very desolate place, a small village about twenty-five miles from here is called Virginia City, and they are the nearest inhabitants. We are nearly sur­ rounded by mountains, the soil is nothing but sand, so that the only vegetation we have are a few sage bushes and wil­ lows that grow on the banks of the Carson River, which is a small stream about twenty-five feet wide. We are living in tents, a very cold place for this time of the year. I have one by myself, the furniture is very sim­ ple, a stove, a mattress on the ground, with a couple of blan­ kets, a trunk and two boxes, one of which I am now using for a writing table and the other as a chair. Ask that Hoosier (Martin Smith) if he would like to share these comforts. We have eight officers and nearly three hundred men. This post is on the great emigrant road to California. We are placed here to protect them from the Utah and Digger Indians, the ones that massacred so many emigrants last spring. They are quiet now. We have mail here twice a week from the states by overland route. This is also the end of the telegraph line from California. So that we get news here from St. Louis in eleven days, it is still not quick enough for us during The Grandchildren 75 these exciting times, though I believe we have all made up our minds that the union is still safe, though Lincoln is elected. Give my love to all. Ask Cousin Mag and Mary if they will not waste a little of their time by writing to me, or anyone else that you can get. As for the Hoosier*, I am afraid I will have to give him up, though tell him if he does write that I will condes­ cend to answer it.

Your affectionate grandson,

W. W. Sanders CHAPTER TWENTY

POLITICAL ISSUES

While Lewis Sanders was always interested in politics, but, accord·· ing to his notes, he was a candidate only one time, representing Carroll and Gallatin Counties at the Convention in 1849 that was being formed to rewrite the Constitution of Kentucky. Some of the citizens wanted a new Constitution, but Mr. Sanders thought a few changes were all that were needed. He wrote, "Our present Con­ stitution is the work of venerated sages. I greatly admire most of its provisions. The amendments I propose are but few, they are:

Restore to the people the right to elect all of their officers, and for a limited time. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature. Reorganization of the Courts, from the lowest to the highest. To hold election one day only. Restrict the Legislature from contracting debts in the name and by the authority of the state for any sum of money over one hundred dollars. 11

"I am willing to adopt most of the remaining provisions of the old Constitution. I had objected to the 9th Article - the mode of revising the Constitution, but the great agitation growing out of the present discussion, has led me to believe that it is a wise pro­ vision, preventing hasty action, and I feel free to re-adopt it". But several weeks before the election, he had handbills, or broadsides as they were often called at that time, printed and sent over the two counties, Carroll and Gallatin, which formed the Dis­ trict. It read as follows:

TO THE FREEMEN OF CARROLL AND GALLATIN COUNTIES

11 I was the first citizen of the two counties that publicly call­ ed attention of the voters to the consideration of the Constitutional reform - publishing my views early in April, and following it up with two subsequent publications of a like character." 11 1 have upon all suitable occasions, publicly and in private conversation urged the policy of selecting a candidate, with the view of carrying into effect the amendments I had proposed. 11 "An attempt was made to bring out a candidate through a Convention organized in the usual manner. Failing in this goal, after two meetings, I announced myself as an independent candidate, soliciting the votes of Democrats and Whigs." Political Issues 77

"Recent occurrences convince me my pretentions will not be sustained by a vote strong enough to elect. I therefore decline being a candidate for a seat in the Convention." "I am most grateful to my friends, Democrats and Whigs, (I am proud in being able to say, that they compose a strong minority in the two counties), for their kind expression in my favor. I trust that they will not blame me for taking this step." "I cannot vote for Mr. Abbot, because he advocates the open clause, Agitation, Agitation, Agitation." "I cannot vote for John P. Tandy. He is opposed to the elec­ tion of judges, by the people, and he is in favor of the monstrous mode of selecting Circuit Judges by the Judges of the Court of Appeals." "I cannot vote for Dr. Shirall, because he is willing to com­ prise on the judge question." "I cannot vote for John T. Robinson, because he is willing to incorporate the law of 1833 in the New Constitution. Then his easy virtue on the Judge question, would alone prevent me from sustaining him." Lewis Sanders Grass Hills, 4th of August, 1849

According to Collin's History of Kentucky, John T. Robinson was elected to represent Carroll and Gallatin Counties at the State Convention to re-write the Constitution. CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE

GEORGE N. SANDERS, CONSUL TO LONDON

George N. Sanders had always taken a very active part in all polit­ ical issues, but after he moved to New York City in 1847, he took great interest in national political campaigns, having a very prom­ inent part in the next two presidential elections. He was consider­ ed extra good in organization and in making friends, but he was not a eloquent speaker. In the summer of 1853, following the inaugu­ ration of Franklin Pierce as President of the United States, Mr. Sanders was appointed Consul to London in appreciation of the work he had given to Mr. Pierce during the Convention and in the cam­ paign. In the fall of that year, Mr. Sanders with his wife and four children left their home in New York City for their new home in London, England. He also took his nephew, Cary Smith, to serve as his sec­ retary in his new position. Cary was a very brilliant young man and soon learned the details of his new assignment. He wrote quite newsy letters to his grandfather at Grass Hills, and it is through his letters that an interesting account of London life in 1853 and 1854 is given. In a letter written June 20th, 1854 he tells of the excitement in London during the Ascot Races, also of happenings in the office and life in general. He wrote, "The city was in another state of bustle last week, caused by the great excitement about the Ascot Races. It wasn't so bad as on Derby Day, but it was wonderful to see the number of people leaving town in spite of the rain that came down in torrents. Uncle George hired a carriage and took Aunt Anna, Virginia, Kossuth and his wife and daughter. Lewis and George were left with Mr. Kingsley, who has charge of them now, Reid was left in charge of the house and I of the office." "Uncle wanted me to go to the races but the carriage wouldn't hold us all, and I would have had to gone in the cars out to Windsor and walked from there to the race course, a distance of eight miles through the rain. I thought that wouldn't pay me, so I didn't go. The Queen, Prince Albert and some of the Royal Family were there, also the King of Portugal. Uncle got their seats next to the Queen's and they viewed them to their hearts content. You will see everything in regard to the Queen, the races, the King of Portugal and things of Europe in general, by the papers I send you...... " "Uncle sent out a number of circulars by the last mail that he thinks will have a good effect, but I am afraid the people will think he meddles too much with politics, and will not look at it in the light that he thinks they will. And another thing, Kossuth now is too unpopular with the Americans, for Uncle to wish both of their names to appear in the same article." George N. Sanders, Consul to London, England 79

"I believe Kossuth is one of the greatest men of his age, and is engaged in a good cause, and from a high and mighty principle, but the Americans, in general, will never be for Kossuth till, he lets it be known what he did with the hundred thousand dollars they raised for him. No doubt he has put it all, or most of that money, out for the benefit of Hungary." "Uncle is on most intimate terms with him, and he says he is satisfied that not one dollar of that money has been foolishly spent, but all for the good of Hungary. Kossuth says himself that he knows it is the only complaint the Americans ever bring against him, but the time will come, he says and not long hence when he will not only let the Americans know what he has done with it, but will proclaim to the world, for what the money was spent, but he can not do it now, for it would expose his plans and the success in Hungary would be hopeless. He must be a kind and good man, for the Hungarians, Italians and Polish exiles, all adore him. . . . 11 "Reid and I went to Hempstead yesterday. We thought that Uncle and Aunt and the children had gone out to Kew to meet Mr. and Mrs. Pulski, but soon after we got to Hempstead, whom should we see but Aunt and the children. We walked out and they rode. They remained out there about an hour and then came home, Reid and I stayed until dark...... 11 "We had three Kentuckians call upon us today, two of them are here now, the other one has gone to the Crystal Palace. The two here are a Mr. Allen and a Mr. Higgins of Lexington, they both bring letters of recommendations from John C. Breckinridge. They say the Ward trial has politically killed Crittenden and injured Preston Wolfe and others who used to be great men. It was a sad affair but from what I can catch, I think Ward ought to have been hung. The Boston riot has given the English people a great sub­ ject to discuss. They use it freely, too. I see a characteristic of it in Punch today. I think the Editor of the Tribune should be taken up for treason, there is no news in his paper, it is all filled up with the fugative slave cases in Boston." "Love to all at home, Aunt Mag, Uncle Joe, etc. My kind regards to Mrs. Fitch and family." Your devoted grandson, Cary George N. Sanders' appointment, as Consul to London, did not last very long. His nephew, who was also his secretary, had written several months earlier to Lewis Sanders, his grandfather, that Uncle George took too much interest in politics for his own good. Early in the fall of 1854 he was recalled. He was also, so the story goes, too critical of the English. At a dinner he gave in London in honor of Kossuth and Garibaldi a short time before he was recalled, the guests and the host too, had enjoyed too many cocktails, and the toasts that each proposed grew a little stronger at each round. At last Mr. Sanders proposed one that was much stronger than any of the others, and no doubt was the principal reason that President Pierce recalled him, and had him come back to Washington at once. His toast was, "To do away with the Crown Heads of Europe". CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

LETTERS AND ITEMS FROM THE DIARIES

1840 to 1855

The following letters have been selected from several hundred, as each of them give some interesting event in the life of Lewis Sanders. The items from an old diary tell of the daily work that was necessary on a farm the size of Grass Hills, and something of the social life that was enjoyed in some parts of Kentucky years before the War between the States. The prices that were paid for farm produce shows the lack of money during that period. 1840 - March 14th - Rain in the morning. Father started for Cin­ cinnati. George Enny working in the garden. Blue Bond and John Samuel working at the stables. Joe Sanders and Smith hauling rails. Georgi and Lewis ploughing. March 16th - John Samuel went to Warsaw with Little Turtle. George Enny at work in the garden. Georgi and Lewis ploughing, finished the Marsh field. Joe Sanders went to Ghent for a plough. Smith at work at the stables. Walton Craig and Lady, Mrs. Brooking and William O'Neal spent the day here. March 17th - Father got back from Cincinnati. George Enny working in the garden. Georgi and Lewis ploughing in Joe's field. Smith cleaning up in front of the plough. George and Mag went to Mr. Gex's to a party. March 20th - Father with Bob Lowery, Scott's Bill, Charlie and Smith rolling logs in the north field. Georgi and Lewis ploughing. Blue Bond and Samuel at the stables and George Enny hauling manure in the garden. May 11th - Father in the north field clearing the ground with Bob, Jacob, Smith and the oxen. Wash Davis and Fredrick sawing with the cross-cut saw. Georgi and Lewis ploughing. Mr. Enny planting beet seed. Mr. Joe Thompson came here this afternoon. May 12th - Father and Mr. Thompson went to New Liberty. Wash Davis and Joe Sanders helped old Charlie plant corn after dinner (noon time meal). Fredrick and Smith working at the clearing. Georgi and Lewis ploughing. Mr. Enny planted beet seed. Joe Thompson and Dr. Taylor here for dinner. June 3rd - James Spicer and Charlie Lindsay laying off corn ground both ways. Joe Sanders dropping corn. Mary drop­ ping pumpkin seed. Lewis and Smith covering corn with the harrow. Wash Davis following with the hoe. Mr. Enny working garden. Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1840-1855 81

June 19th - John Samuel, Wash Davis, Fredrick Metbz, Smith and Zillah re-planting the corn in the South field. Mr. Enny working in the garden. George N. Sanders shearing sheep. Blue Bond at the stables. Clear, and fine summer weather. June 23rd - Father, Mr. Enny and Fredrick planted 300 hills of sweet potatoes. Smith harrowing corn. Joe Sanders hoeing corn, thinks it mighty hard work and slow progress. Sept. 11th - Mr. Enny gathering apples. John Samuel at­ tending to the stock. Smith jobbing. Georgi and Lewis made a pen to stack hay on. Samuel Davis, Joe Sanders and Charlie fanned wheat. Frost last night. Sept. 15th - Smith hauled to Ghent 2 barrels of apples, 5 bushels of Heath peaches, 4 bu. of orchard grass seed, 5 bu. of dried apples. Father started to Louisville, he is going to take all of the things that Smith hauled to Ghent on the steamboat to Louisville. Dec. 11th - Sent Lewis (black) to Ward and Moffett, Louis­ ville with the instructions for them to send him to New Orleans, to be hired out until the first of April, and if he elects to remain in New Orleans, to be sold for $650. 00. 1841 - Jan. 13th - Snowed last night - a wet snow. Killed the re­ mainder of the fatted hogs, 27 - total wieght 5, 275 pounds. The hogs were fed on corn, part of which was damaged by the frost. Feb. 3rd - Mr. Lewis Sanders was appointed as Postmaster at Grass Hills, by the Postmaster of the United States. Charles A. Wickliffe. The mail for the neighborhood has been brought to Grass Hills almost every day for years, so it seems the main difference in being postmaster is the privilege of mailing his letters free. This seems to be a privilege that is given to all postmasters. Aug. 20th - Marshall Gardner and Daniel Bowling, cutting rail timber. Sam Davis and Robert Fishner, sprouting the entrance field. Charles Davis and Lewis, working on the road to Ghent. George and Wyatt making rails. Fine rain today. Sept. 2nd - Mr. Woods and Rollins, building fence; Sam Davis and Wyatt cleaning the barn floor to fan the wheat out. Charles Davis and Georgi finished the foundation for the horse walk. Lewis went to Ghent with the wagon, took down a pair of Berkshire pigs to be shipped to Ward and Moffett, Louisville. Brought out a barrel of salt and the wheat fan. Oct. 26th - Jim Duncan, Zack Olds, Georgi and Wyatt - cutting up corn. Mrs. George N. Sanders started for New York City in company with her son Reid and daughter, Virginia. Father to go as far as Cincinnati with them. Lewis went to Ghent to haul their baggage. Nov. 6th - Six of the men cutting corn. Father went to Mr. Josh Thompson's sale and bought the following: 82 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

1 cracked ten gallon kettle $ .50 2 large jars . 37 Bottles and sausage stuffer . 25 Bee stand (poor bargain) 4.00 27 sheep (a good bargain) 14.00 6 shoats - 1/2 blooded Berkshire 18.50 Young cow (had a calf the next day) 46.00 Red heifer (white in face) 11.00 Red heifer 8.00 Muley red cow 14.50 A red heifer - one year old 8. 75 Boar - Berkshire pig 10.00 Total $135.00

According to a note given on this entry, Mr. Sanders paid by giving Mr. Thompson the following: Two horses, White Nose and Ditto; and two geldings, a three year old and one two year old, Old Gray's colts. 1842 - Mar. 13th - Fine weather. Georgi hauled to Ghent 15 bar­ rels of orchard grass seed, containing 60 bushels to be ship­ ped to Louisville. (Two other shipments were made the same week, making a total of 200 bu. of Orchard grass seed to be shipped to Louisville for sale. ) 1846 - In August, Mr. Sanders had a letter from the Rev. W. L. Breckinridge, who was a very prominent preacher in the Presbyterian Church in Louisville.

Louisville, August 1st, 1846

My Dear Sir - I regret that I had not the pleasure of seeing you when you were here. I believe I was out of the city at that time. Mr. Lapping has informed me that you named the first Sunday in September as a time convenient to you, for me to preach at your place. It will afford me pleasure to visit you at that time, if Pro­ vidence permits. I will make my arrangements accordingly. Will you do me the favor of a line, saying what will be my best way of reaching you, as I am a stranger to the localities in your region. With my respect to your lady, I am, very respectfully, W. L. Breckinridge.

Louisville, September 14, 1846

My Dear Sir - In my late visit to Grass Hills, I formed so pleasant an acquaintance with your grandchildren, that I feel un­ willing to be forgotten by them. Will you do me the favor to present to them the little books accompanying this note. You perceive the estimate I set upon Reid's taste and understanding by sending him Bunyan, which is a good book for a man. I trust it will interest him and be more than a remembrance. Their mother, will, I hope, ex­ cuse the liberty I take. Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1840-1855 83

May I request as an additional favor, that you will accept the "Way of Life". I cannot doubt that you will will be interested in its clear statement of the great doctrine of the Christian reli­ gion. Allow me to express the sincere wish that you may find in the hope and comfort of true piety and that your evently life may be beautifully closed in the practice of them. With my kind regard to each member of your family, I am very truly, W. L. Breckinridge.

1846 - June 1st - Hired of R. T. Lindsay, a negro man named Tom, the property of Joel Ellis, for the year at $85. 00. Gave a note with William B. Lindsay, security. 1847 - Jan 2nd - Hired Zillah, property of Mrs. Turpin at $50. 00 for a year. Gave a note for same. Jan 5th - Beautiful day, preparing to gather corn and haul in fodder. Jan 6th - Still fair weather. Gathering corn, got in two loads. Father and his wife started to Louisville to spend a week. Contracted with James Duncan to work the ensuing month at $8. 00. Jan 7th - Light snow this morning exceedingly cold. Ther­ mometer six degrees below zero. Keeping up good fires and feeding stock was all that was done. Jan 8th - Clear and cold, thermometer ten degrees below zero. Georgi milked, Tom fed the stock and hauled wood. Jan 9th - Weather moderating. I went to Ghent, got 33 nails made to hang the barn doors. They cost a cent apiece. Georgi and Tom feeding and hauling wood. Jan 11th - Snow about four inches deep, clear and cold. Georgi and Tom feeding and hauling wood. Jan 22nd - Friday very cold but moderating. Father and his wife got home today, after an absence of two weeks and two days. Jim Duncan, Georgi and Tom feeding the stock and hauling wood.

Louisville, 16th November 1847

Dear Joe: I sold the cow and calf without taking her from the boat for twenty dollars, which I herewith send to you. I know you will be pleased to pay the small demands against you. I recommend having as few such, as possible. Here is another fine day for the work on the pond. I made known my views to John Bowling. I hope you will have them carried out, so as to have a good embarkment. I have sold the hides, the dry one for $1. 25, the green one at 3 1/2¢ a lb., it weighed 58 lbs., the sheepskins not sold. I have not made a sale of the apples, prospects not flattering. 84 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

I will get John Bowling a pair of boots, but not as cheap as Armstrong would have made them, he is sick and had not commenced them. You will have to take it upon yourself to see James Craig off. If his other friends will not advance the money to pay his expenses, I wish you would give him $12. 00, and put him under the care of Mr. Hawkins, who had better take charge of the money as long as they are in company. Get him a black handkerchief to tie about his neck. Your father, Lewis Sanders.

The letter does not tell who James Craig was, but a letter from Mr. Hawkins, who was probably visiting around Lexington, wrote to the Sanders that he was returning to Illinois at a certain date. He was expecting to go to Frankfort by train and take a Kentucky Riverboat, and he wanted them to have Mr. Craig at the Carrollton wharf without fail. He gave the name of the boat and the exact time it was due at Carrollton. 1847 - Dec. 21st - 0. White, Joseph H. Sanders, Georgi and Tom killed 10 fat hogs. Mosby went to Ghent for the mail. Dec. 22nd - Weight of the hogs was 1688, net. 0. White and Tom feeding. Mosby went to mill. Georgi cut out the meat and salted it. Dec. 29th - John Bowling, Jim Duncan, 0. White, Bob and Smith killed and cleaned 27 hogs. Dec. 30th - John Bowling, Jim Duncan, 0. White, Georgi and Mosby cut out the hogs and salted the meat. They weigh­ ed 6, 318 pounds, net. Dec. 31st - Father, Mother and Mag Smith started to Frank­ fort by the way of Louisville. John Bowling started to Louis­ ville with five beef cattle. Georgi drove the wagon to town. Jim Duncan feeding. Joe Sanders and Bob rendering lard. 1848 - Jan. 4th - Mr. Rollins fixed the barn doors. Mark Davis, Jim Duncan, 0. White, Bob, Philis and Zillah killed and cleaned 23 hogs. Then weighed and cut them out. They weighed 3, 969 pounds, net. Mosby and Frank feeding. Georgi got his foot hurt about a week ago, and has not been able to do anything since.

Louisville, 13th of May 1848

Dear Wife- I have done all the hemp business there was to be done here, and will go up in the morning on the Pike. I have purchased for you a pair of strong shoes, if they are too heavy for you - sell them. I sent up a roll of tow linen to make wool sack, five yards makes one sack. I sent up five gallon can of Linseed Oil, a pair of very Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1840-1855 85

stout shoes for Georgi and my old boots, I bought a pair of shoes at $1. 50, fits me well and I will wear them. I had the fancy lining taken out of my coat and replaced with black silk, so I will not buy a new coat. I had a lock put on the trunk and will send back the old lock. Your husband, Lewis Sanders.

(A note was added to his son) Dear Joe: I think the wool ought to be bagged as fast as it is sheared, have it done neatly and cleanly. Send it to Mr. George Anderson. The market is overstocked with bacon everywhere. The hams can be sold to the Steamboats at five cents a pound,. the sides at three cents a pound, and the shoulders at two and one half cents a pound. I think prices will be bet­ ter later in the summer. Captain Bacon says it will not do to send any to New Orleans at this time, thinks we had better keep it longer. Use the shoulders on the family and sell as many as you can. The wagon will be done in two weeks. Mr. Anderson will send it up. Do not be over anxious to sell your wethers. I think that Old Sal's mule is worth $40. 00 and the other two at $25. 00 each, $90. 00 for the three. Yours truly, Lewis Sanders. P. S. All well at the Bend by last reports. Mrs. Dumesnil is expected here the middle of next month.

Mr. Sanders was on his way East to visit his son, John and his family, as he expected to be away from home for several weeks, he was giving instructions for the farm work during his absence. His next letter was written from Pennsylvania.

Fort Delaware, Tuesday, 30th of May 1848

Dear Wife - I left Baltimore on Saturday morning, arriv­ ing at Philadelphia in time for dinner, remained there till Monday at 8 o'clock (these people do not travel on Sunday). I spent the day talking to old acquaintances from a distance. I came down the Delaware River to Delaware City, this Fort (that is to be), is on the Pea Patch Island in the Delaware River, at the head of the Delaware Bay oppo­ site Delaware City. So I have written Delaware often enough. The island contains eighty acres, flat surface. Many years ago arrangements were to build the Fort on an extensive scale, being suddenly stopped by action of Congress, much waste and loss of property resulted. The Fort will command the passage of vessels on the Delaware River. 86 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

I arrived here yesterday to dinner, found all well. Maria looks thin but is in good health. Her baby is a very handsome and fine looking child in perfect health. Willie, Anne, Matilda and Cary have each grown since you saw them, and look to be in better health. The house is of a cottage style, neat and con­ venient, better calculated for a summer, than a winter res­ idence. Sail vessels are never out of sight, large ships passing close to the house. I intend going to New York (City) tomorrow. Your husband, Lewis Sanders.

(Note to Joe) Dear Joe - I wish you to have the peach trees last planted well attended to, by having them hoed over at least once. A great number of voluntary peaches up at the upper end of the garden, save them all. If you can, have such apple trees in the orchard pruned, as may require it.

Your father, Lewis Sanders.

1848 - Oct. 7th - Received of J. Welsh $100. 00 for my hogs at $2. 40 gross per hundred pounds. They are to be weighed here the first cold weather and delivered in Warsaw. Oct. 25th - Sold the work oxen to Griffith for $30. 00 in cash and two steers worth $26. 00. Nov. 20th - Received the balance for my hogs - $219. 00. 1849 - Jan. 26th Sold to John Thompkins of Boone County, 80 sheep for $80. 00. Sold 15 sheep to John Bowling for $15. 00. Sold 35 sheep to two men from Boone County for $30. 00. In all 130 sheep for $125. 00. Jan. 27th - Hired of Blackmore a negro man, Jack for $80.00, and Alice, a negro woman for $50. 00, for the ensuing year. 1850 - Mar. 30th - Last Friday took 39 hogs to Cincinnati on the steamboat, Diana: Freight, 30¢ a head $11. 70 Passage, both ways 3.00 Tavern Bill 2. 50 Total expenses $17. 20 Sold the hogs for $260. 00 At Grass Hills, as was the custom at most country homes, some supplies were kept on hand to sell to the men working on the place. Very few of them had any way to go to town for bulky groceries. The prices are interesting: 1848 - June 23rd To George Rollins 1 plug of tobacco 20¢ 5 lbs of coffee; 21 lbs sugar 90¢ Half gal. of whiskey 25¢ Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1840-1855 87

To John Bowling 1 gal. of molasses 50¢ June 24th To Jim Duncan 10 lbs of coffee 1. 00 1 plug of tobacco 20¢ 1850 - Oct. 22nd To Jim Duncan 1 quarter of beef 3.00 1851 - July 10th To Jim Duncan Leg of lamb 30¢ 1855 - Mar. 25th To Jim Duncan 20 lbs. of bacon 1. 50 1/2 bu. of meal and 2 lbs. of coffee 1. 30 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE

LETTERS AND ITEMS FROM THE DIARIES

1855 - 1860

In 1855, Mr. Sanders received a very cordial invitation to attend the Exhibition of the Illinois State Fair at Chicago. His answer (which is among his private papers), is given in full, as it gives a review of much of his long and useful life.

Grass Hills, Kentucky, 20th of Sept. 1855

Mr. John A. Kennicott Illinois State Agricultural Society

Dear Sir: - Previous to the receipt of your polite and complimentary invitation to be at the Fair of the Illinois State Agricultural Society to be held in Chicago next month, I had accepted an invitation to be present and aid (in a very limited way) the meeting of the Louisville Agricultural Society, which comes off the same week as yours does, de­ priving me of the pleasure and gratification of visiting your great state upon so interesting an occasion and under such favorable conditions - much to my regret. I am now quite an old man, but feel the same ardor for Horticultural and Agricultural improvements, that stimulated me in my youth. It is said that old men are quite egotistical - but as your invitation and this reply (touching on Fairs) may be used as an apology for me in giving you the history of, and the origin of Cattle Shows and Fairs in the West. In the year 1816, I was extensively engaged in business transactions in Lexington, Kentucky. In the month of July of that year, I caused a Cattle Show and Fair to come off on one of my farms near town. Previous adver­ tisement had made it well known throughout the state. I got this meeting up myself, individually. I alone appointed the Judges to award the premiums. I procured twenty-five sil­ ver cups, valued at $12. 50 each. (I levied contributions up­ on the liberal part of the citizens of Lexington to pay for the cups). The show came off as advertised, a very large as­ semblage of people. A grand exhibition of the finest stock ever seen in the West - horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. I appointed five Judges, my selection were - 1st. Harry Innes, Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1855-1860 89

Judge of the U. S. Court, Frankfort; 2nd, Nathaniel Hart, a wealthy farmer of Woodford County; 3rd. Captain John Fowler of Lexington, a most excellent man, universally loved; 4th. Colonel Hubbard Taylor of Clark County; 5th. Captain John Jouett of Bath County, a hero in the Revolu­ tionary War, being voted a sword by the Virginia Legislature for warning the members that Tarleton with the British Dragoons were entering the town, giving them time to es­ cape. The Judges awarded the premiums, the show went off with great eclat. The next year, 1817, I got up an­ other show at the same place in like style. At this meeting it was determined to have a State Society, an organization took place - Gov. Isaac Shelby was elected President and Thomas L. Barr, Secretary. The next year, 1818, the Fair was held in Lexington, Gov. Shelby, presiding. A great display of stock of all kinds. From this beginning emanated all Cattle Shows and Fairs subsequently held throughout Kentucky and Ohio. I put the ball in motion. If there were any cattle shows or fairs held West of the Alle­ gheny Mountains prior to 1816 it has escaped my notice. When I commenced this letter, the intention only, was to thank you for the invitation and to say I could not come - what followed may, or may not, be of interest, but it is the history of the Cattle Shows. If old (I don't feel old), I am not idle or an indifferent spectator. Week before last I was at the grand Fair at Lexington, Kentucky. Last week I attended the Fair held in Switzerland County, Indiana. This week I will be at the great races at Lexington and the following, I will attend Eminence Fair, a fair held jointly by Shelby and Henry Counties, Kentucky. On Friday, October 3rd, will attend the great Mass meeting of Democrats and the anti-Know­ Nothings at Lexington and then close with the Louisville Fair, and then lay by for the season.

I am with great esteem, Dear Sir, Your friend and servant, Lewis Sanders. In the early fall of 1856, while on a trip to Louisville, he received a telegram from his son, George N., which was sent to his hotel, "The Galt House". In a letter to his wife, he wrote that he would not be home for several days, for his son had asked in the telegram that he purchase at once, "a good span of mules for the Navy Yards at Boston, the best saddle horse in Kentucky for the Secretary of the Army, and the best milch cow that could be bought, for the President of the United States". And in the letter to his wife he added that he would have to go to Lexington the following morn­ ing to fill the order. 90 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Often he was asked to serve as a Judge, sometimes in the Horticultural Department, but often in the Cattle Division, as he was remembered as one of the early cattle breeders. On the 1st of September 1856, he received a letter informing him that he had been selected as one of the Judges at an Exhibition to be held in Philadelphia, October 7th to 12th. The Exhibition was to be given by the United States Agricultural Society, and he was asked to serve as a judge in the Durham Cow and Heifer Class. The letter reads, "please honor the Society with your acceptance of this appointment, and on your arrival, report at the President's tent, where you will be waited upon by the Committee of Reception, and furnished with tickets for each day, and Cards of Admission to all the Departments of the Exhibition. (signed) John McGowan, Ass't Sec'y" It is doubtful if he attended, for it was about this time that he was in Lexington looking for the best milch cow in Kentucky to buy for the President of the United States.

From a Diary That Was Kept by Mrs. Joseph Hawkins Sanders:

1855 - Dec. 31st - Father (Lewis Sanders) has given me this book to write down the occurences of the day, business transac­ tions, etc. I find that such an account should be kept by someone, and as Joe is not disposed to do it, I had better undertake it. Yesterday we were all invited over to Mrs. Smith's to dinner, but could not take the children, and would not leave them, so Brother George and his family, who are visiting here from New York City, were the only ones who went. Today we were invited to Mag Lindsay's, but the ladies of the family, except Virginia, stayed with the children and Brother George, Joe, George, Jr. , Lewis and Virginia went by themselves. Joe went to New Liberty yesterday. Will Lindsay spent the evening here and the gentlemen played cards until one o'clock. Jan. 12th - Brother George, Will Lindsay and Joe went to Vevay today to see how Brother George would get to the railroad, as the river is frozen up and no telling when it will open, the weather continues very cold. Mag Smith goes with him as far as Covington and will spend two or three weeks with Cousin Nancy Barlett and will go from there to Paris (Kentucky), to be present at Morry Hawes' wedding and will then visit a few weeks with Clara (Hawes). Jan. 13th - Brother George and Mag Smith started at last. Will Lindsay took them to Ghent on a two horse slide. They went in fine style. Joe went on to Vevay with them, and came home at 11 o'clock, almost frozen.

The Gathering Storm

Mr. George N. Sanders made frequent visits to see his father and relatives and friends at Grass Hills. They, like many Letters and Items from the Diaries, 1855-1860 91

Kentuckians, were able as early as in the fifties to detect the signs of the gathering storm that was growing nearer each year. From the very first, they both labored with all of their might to avert the struggle, and to preserve the Union. Lewis Sanders was seventy­ six years of age, and while he was as interested as much as his son, he was not able to travel around over the country like his son, George N. did. He had to be contented to a large degree in writing to men, living in different sections of the country, whom he thought would have an influence on the citizens, and in having "Open Letters" published in various newspapers. One of their joint efforts was the calling of a mass meeting to take place in Ghent, on the 5th of November 1859 - just sixteen years after the meeting endorsing the Annexation of Texas, and in the same building. The purpose of this meeting was to take meas­ ures to prepare for the conflict that they felt would start in a short time, and to assert the principles of States Rights. William B. Lindsay was elected the presiding officer of the meeting, and Lewis Sanders, Dr. S. S. Scott and Captain Jack Leathers were the prin­ cipal speakers. Resolutions asserting the principles of States Rights, free trade, low taxes and hard money were adopted and published. This organization was known as the "New Mississippi Valley Movement". The main results of this meeting were to bring into nearer relation­ ship the southern states with the western ones. But it was only a partial success and Lewis Sanders and his son, George N. , were not slow to forsee the final outcome. After South Carolina seceded from the Union, George N. did what he thought was the patriotic and advisable course to take, in trying to save his native state from the trials of physical force. He went to Frankfort where the Legislature was in session and tried to prevail upon it to have Kentucky secede with the rest of the Southern States and by so doing would prevent making the state the battleground, if war should come. He thought such a course would make a war less eminent than if Kentucky re­ mained passive. George N. Sanders counted on Lincoln, himself a Kentuck­ ian, throwing his great influence against the War, if Kentucky should go with the South. But there were too many Union men in the Kentucky Legislature at that time. They refused to act, and Kentucky was destined to become the battleground in the War be­ tween the States.

1858 - Nov. 29th - Brother George came this morning about 10 o'clock. Nat Rudd brought him out in a buggy. We were all delighted to see him, he looks remarkably well. Father gets better, slowly. George eats with me. Mag Lindsay came to see him a little while this evening. Bro. George sat up until 12 o'clock with father, then Mag Smith from then until daylight. Nov. 30th - Father seems to be considerably better today. Mag Smith went hc.,me and let Savilla come over to dinner 92 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

to see George. Mag and Will Lindsay and children, Ann, Juliet and Mary, and Mary Smith and Savilla took dinner with me. Dec. 1st - All the clan were here today to see George, they dined with me. Mag, Will and Peggy stayed all night. Father has been up playing cards today, he seems much better. Dec. 2nd - Brother George left us today after dinner. We packed a packing box full of preserves for Sister Anna and the children (we three families). I had a nice saddle of lamb for dinner and brandy peaches. The company dined with me. George rode to town horse-back and Georgi took his trunk in the buggy. 1859 - March 10th - Have had a favorable winter. Weather mild and pleasant from the last of February to this time. Verney Sanders came out last night with the view of working on the farm for Uncle Joe. (written by Mag Smith) March 12th - Planted early corn for roasting ears. Aspen tree in bloom. March 17th - Planted potatoes in square 3. Got the seed from Anthony Gex, quite small, mixed, some pink eyes, price - 60 cents a bushel. Sound good seed of that class. March 18th - Grandpa went out in the rain to superintend the arrangement of the pear trees. Mrs. Joe, Miss Ann Lindsay, Mag and Mary Smith quilted a lounge quilt in an hour-question, How? Verney tried to work in the garden in spite of the rain. John went to mill. Letters from Virginia and Anne (Sanders), both just eighteen. Virginia had been to a grand ball (in New York City). Our warm spring-like weather has taken a sudden break and the rain, snow and hail are dancing a fantastic jig to the music of the north wind. Whilst even the twins run in and say, "Oh, Grandpa, will we have any peaches ? 11 Thoughtful youngsters. Sept. 24th - Joseph H. Sanders left today for New York City to see his brother, George N., on business. George is about ready to sail to England on a business trip. Joe will be away about two weeks. CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR

THE LAST MONTHS OF HIS LIFE

Mr. Sanders recovered from his illness during the winter of 1858 and 1859, and was able to enjoy several months visiting his son and family in New York City during the last of 1859 and until the spring of 1860. But the following winter his health was again very bad, and the family were most anxious about him. For weeks some member of the family was with him day and night. Instead of improving, he grew worse. However, there were days that he was able to be up but they grew fewer and fewer. On February 1, 1861, the entry in the diary stated - "Father has been very feeble today, he rested badly last night. He looks very badly, indeed". April 12 - No change in father, only he is weaker. Some member of the family stays with him all of the time". April 15 - On this day, our dear, noble father left us for another and better country". He was buried in the family cemetery at Grass Hills beside his be­ loved wife, Ann Nicholas Sanders. In a letter written by W. M. Corry of the Cincinnati Enquirer to Joseph Sanders as soon as he heard of the death of Lewis Sanders is this paragraph, "He was one of the few men I have known of the old school - men who found the wilderness and dangers of the fron­ tiers all around them, but soon subdued them and always showed the same superiority with which their lives begun. A noble and great race, men who have left but few like themselves. He was conspicious among his own generation and ours, also. A leader by nature without effort or art. I envied him of his cheerfulness, his manners and conversation and think myself fortunate to have known him long and well".

Conclusion

After Mr. Sanders' death, his widow, who was his second wife, Mrs. Adelaide Dumesnil Sanders, left Grass Hills in a short time and went to Louisville to live with her relatives. Mr. Joseph H. Sanders and his family lived there until April 1862, when the farm was sold to Mr. James Frank of Ghent. It was necessary to sell, as George N. Sanders was at this time taking a very prominent part in the Confederacy, and there was talk of the United States Government taking over the farm on that account. When Sam Sanders was shot in Texas in March 1836 with his entire company, at the orders of Santa Anna, his family, as were the families of the other soldiers, given some 2, 560 acres of land in Texas. In 1848 Major John Sanders, who at that time was in 94 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Texas, offered to take the Texas grant as his inheritance, leaving Grass Hills to be divided between his brothers George N. and Joseph H. The two daughters Mary Sanders Smith and Margaretta Sanders Lindsay had been given their part of the estate when they married. At that time Texas land was selling very cheap, only a few cents an acre, so it is doubtful if he received as much for the tract as they did for their share of Grass Hills. However, Grass Hills was sold for $26. 00 per acre. Mr. Frank sold it in 1883 to Mr. John Montgomery as an investment. He died in about a month after the deal, and his son, Curtis Mont­ gomery inherited the farm. He lived there for many years. He still is the owner of the farm, but moved to Ghent some years ago, where he now lives. The house has been occupied all of these years, but no one in the neighborhood can recall a single death in the house, since that of Lewis Sanders, April 15, 1861. CHAPTER TWENTY- FIVE

JOHN SANDERS

John Sanders was the second child of Lewis and Ann Nicholas Sanders. He was born in Lexington, Kentucky, March 12, 1810. The years that the Sanders lived in Lexington were the most pros­ perous of their married life. They were living in a very nice home which he had built just a short time before their marriage. Money during those years was quite plentiful, as he was engaged in sev­ eral different types of business, and each one was very prosperous. His wife was a lovely young woman, well educated and from one of the most prominent families in Lexington. They had many friends who were quite congenial, and as Lexington was compared with other Western cities, it was known as the "Athens of the West", due to the education and culture of its citizens. Young John had the advantage of being raised in a home with these benefits, as well as the great love of his parents for each other, and for their children. Little is known of his life as a young boy. He was well educated, having teachers in the home, and being sent later to private schools. He, with his older sister and younger brother, attended a school at Owingsville, where the headmaster was Nathaniel Brewer. Several of his cousins, the Owings and the Hawkins also attended this school. In 1823, his father arranged for him to attend the St. Joseph Academy at Bardstown, Kentucky. This school was established in 1819, and at the present date, ranks very high as a preparatory school for boys. The enrollment then was around 100, now it is 350. In writing to one of the Hawkins boys, who was a cousin, John told him of the prospect of attending a Cath­ olic School. He wrote, "I would like to go to Bardstown, as for the Catholic religion, I wouldn't mind it, if it wasn't for Lent". It is not known how many years he attended St. Joseph, but in 1828 at the age of eighteen he made a trip to Florida to visit his uncle, Cary Nicholas, a younger brother of his mother's. The ac­ count of his trip is most interesting when compared with a trip to Florida at the present time. In those days the trip had to be made by water, or horseback. John Sanders chose to go by water. He started by boat at Ghent, and at Louisville transferred to a Missis­ sippi River boat. The trip is given in full in a letter he wrote to Mr. Andrew Stanton, a business associate of his father's and a family friend, living in Lexington, Kentucky. The letter follows:

Tallahassee, 20th of Sept. 1828

Dear Sir - I know you will be very much surprised at receiving a letter from me, but still flatter myself that it 96 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

will be somewhat gratifying to you. I suppose the cause and manner of my coming here is unknown to you, and will give a short account of it. Having seen flattering statements of this Territory, also very favorable accounts of Uncle Cary Nicholas' business, a previous invitation to come here from him, and also having a native desire for roaming, with my parents consent, a tolerable stock of clothes and a small one of money, I set off for this by way of New Orleans, where I arrived about the middle of June, and after waiting about three weeks (which time I spent very pleasantly looking at the wonders of that great city), I engaged passage on a small schooner which landed me in a week at the Old Spanish Fort, St. Mark, about twenty miles from here. I have traveled the whole of two thousand miles since I left Kentucky, and the expense of the whole trip was something like fifty dollars. This is a beautiful village about twenty miles from the sea-board, with a population of near a thousand souls, the buildings generally temporary frames and quite indiffer­ ent. Two very good Taverns and several private boarding houses where you can get very good living for fifteen to twenty dollars a month, which is considered cheap by the Southern people, there are also about a dozen stores, which are well supplied with merchandise and generally do good business. ------The country adjacent to this is beautiful, neither level or hilly but just sufficiently undulating to look agree­ able. The emigration for the last two winters was consid­ erable, it is thought will still be greater this winter than ever before. Tallahassee is the seat of government for the Ter­ ritory, the Governor and the Secretary of State reside here and a council of thirteen members elected from the differ­ ent counties. The Assembly is here every winter to pass laws for the internal government of the Territory, which are subject to the revision of Congress. There are four individual districts for the Territory which answer the pur­ pose as the District Courts of the United States and our Circuit Courts, the judges of the whole of them make a Court of Appeals. All these officers are paid by the general government. ------Give my best respects to Mrs. Stanton and family. And Believe me to be your most obt. ser't and friend, Mr. Andrew Stanton John Sanders Lexington, Kentucky

It is not known how long young Sanders stayed in Florida, but he was still there in 1829. · However, on April 15th, Lewis John Sanders 97

Sanders wrote to his friend, Mr. Stanton, that John has obtained admission to attend West Point to complete his education. He is very much pleased, and added "He will, I think make a useful man". Nothing is known of his life while at West Point, except he majored in engineering and was graduated as Second Lieutenant. He was married to Miss Mary Wilkins of Pittsburgh, Pa. on December 27, 1838. She was the daughter of Judge William Wilkins, who at one time had been the United States Minister to Russia. They belonged to a very prominent Pittsburgh family, being known for their culture as well as means. Lewis Sanders in a letter to his youngest son, Joseph H., who was attending school at Bacon College, Georgetown, Kentucky, wrote of the approaching marriage of John, his oldest son. He wrote, "The family were all invited, but from the appearances, none of us can go, the ice and low water has stopped navigation. I was anxious that Margaretta should go up, but now see it will be inconvenient for either, George or myself, to go with her, even if the steamboats could get up". John Sanders often visited his father and relatives in Ken­ tucky, one of these short visits was made in December, 1839, when he stopped over for a few days on his way to Louisville on a business trip. He and his wife often spent a week or so at his old home, and when the children arrived she would often bring them to visit their grandfather and become acquainted with their many Kentucky cousins, even if her husband was unable to leave on account of his military duties. The children seemed to enjoy being in the country, for when they were old enough to make the trip by themselves, they spent a part of every summer at Grass Hills. He served in the Mexican War. He was a Captain when it started, but was given the rank of Major during the War. After his death in 1858, an army officer, John J. Peck of New York State, wrote to George N. Sanders, giving some interesting facts in the War. The letter is as follows:

Syracuse, Sept. 13th, 1858

Hon. George N. Sanders - Dear Sir - I trust you will excuse this intrusion from a compa­ rative stranger when I say that your lamented brother, Major John Sanders was a warm and reliable friend of mine. Be­ longing as I did to Duncans Battery and messing with him much of the War, I was in almost daily intercourse with the Major from our landing at Corpus Christe until he left us at Vera Cruz. His openness of heart and manner early attract­ ed me, while his clear and masterly views of professional and other matters commanded my admiration. Although many years my senior, we found many points of sympathy, and our friendship remained undisturbed by the lapse of time and change of circumstances. 98 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Having had a delightful interview with him at Washing­ ton about a year ago, and not knowing of his illness, the news of his death came with peculiar force and feeling. When Worth, Duncan and Mason were taken away, their mantle seemed to fall upon your brother, and I have often congrat­ ulated myself that he was spared to vindicate their memories and the truth of history. But alas, he is gone also. In my judgement your brother's services were not properly recognized by the government. He should at least have received the Brevet of Lieutenant Colonel, dating from Vera Cruz. His labors were in the highest degree responsible and honorable from the outset of the campaign. At Monterey he was in his element. We were greatly indebted for his cool and quick perception. He was every ready to share our hardships and dangers. His name is indissolubly connected with those bold and brilliant operations of Worth's Division. He accompanied Worth to Saltillo. Being the chief Engineer at this exposed point, his position was a trying one. But he was more than himself. He applied for an officer (Mccoon) and an armed party to make a complete reconnais­ sance of the country, exterior to the city and the suburbs. At the same time he applied for my detail as his assistant, and as such I made an accurate survey and ~map of the city and its approaches with a view to a system of defenses. He proposed several small redoubts extending across the valley, along the crest above the city. We decided upon the plan of one of them, and I commenced its construction with 100 men. We also loop-holed some of the houses that were to form part of the system. We were progressing finely, when the order came from General Scott for our march to the Rio Grande on the succeeding morning. General Butler did not carry out the system and con­ sequence, General Minon was enabled to move his cavalry from the valley north of Saltillo along the base of the moun­ tains for the purpose of cutting communication of the main body of our Army, at Angostura with the city of Saltillo. Had your brother's theory been carried out by the successor of General Worth, General Minon would not have attempted his feat, or if he had, he would have been cut to pieces. It is not probably that Santa Anna would have fought at Buena Vista in case Taylor's communications were pro­ tected by such a system of armed works. The moral effect of them would have been equal to three or four thousand men additional for Taylor. No one has ever given credit for that grand system of defense which would have proved the key to the Buena Vista affair, nor even for the partial development of which played an important part in that action. John Sanders 99

In a letter of your brother's he says, "Yes, our little fort was something in the Buena Vista affair. If all redoubts I proposed had been built, the line of battle formed in them would never have been turned".

Very respectfully, Your obt. servt, John J. Peck.

The Major John Sanders and his family lived at several of the army posts. It seems that they were at Fort Delaware more than any of the others. It was while Major Sanders was located at this station that he worked, by experimenting, until he perfected to a large degree, the safe loading for a common wooden pile. His experimenting was in the mud along the Delaware River. While this is not used at the present time, it was very valuable information at that time (1851), and for some years later the theory was taught in engineering courses in many colleges and universities. Major Sanders died at Fort Delaware on July 29, 1858. He was survived by his widow and seven children and several grand­ children. His children were, Colonel William W. Sanders, U.S. A., Anna Nicholas; Matilda Dallas; Cary Nicholas; Dallas; Richard Hawes and Henrietta Wilkins Sanders. After her husband's death Mrs. Maria Sanders and several of the children moved to Philadelphia where they lived. Richard Hawes Sanders and his two sisters lived at the family home all their lives, as they were not married. Mrs. Sanders died at Bar Harbor, Maine, August 1. 1898. CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX

GEORGE N. SANDERS

George N. Sanders, the third child of Lewis and Ann Nicholas Sanders, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, February 12, 1812. He was educated in private schools and attended school in Owings­ ville with his older sister and brother, Nathaniel Brewer being the headmaster. When he was eleven years of age, the family moved to their new home in Gallatin (now Carroll) County. The new farm was opened on land that Ann Sanders had inherited from her father, Colonel George Nicholas, and the house was built from logs which had been cut from the land. Mr. Sanders with a crew of workers had been in the county several years before the family moved, pre­ paring a home for them. It was far different from the lovely home they had left on the Georgetown Road, near Lexington, but they seemed quite contented. George N. enjoyed living on the large farm, and took a great interest in the livestock. When he was still quite a young man, he arranged auction sales for the registered shorthorn cattle, some­ times at Grass Hills, the name they chose for their farm, and at other times he would take the cattle to different sections of the country. From the old sale bills, it shows that several sales were held in different parts of Ohio, and in 1839 one sale bill advertises the registered shorthorn cattle to be sold at auction at Laurel, Iowa. In 1835, Lewis Sanders sold to his son, George N., his in­ terest in the shorthorn cattle, and during the remainder of his life at Grass Hills George had control of them. He, as well as his father, Lewis, were interested in the race horse. According to some writers of that period, "Lewis Sanders spent an immense amount of money on the breeding of the throughbred horses in Kentucky". He established a race course at Grass Hills and bred and trained many famous sires and sons of the turf. Kentucky owes much of her unrivaled fame for the best race horses in the world to the early interest and work that was done by Lewis Sanders and his son, George N. From different entries in the diaries, it seems that George N. attended many of the races, more than a younger brother thought necessary for he wrote, "that is all he wants to do". In those days it seemed that large purses were given only at the Louisville and Lexington races. In the smaller races which were held in most every town and village as well as some private tracks, wagers were put up by the owners of the horses, and often by their friends as to which horse would win, each thinking his would be the fastest. So, it was often a very expensive sport. In 1836, George N. Sanders was married to Miss Anna J. Reid of New York City. He brought her to live at Grass Hills with George N. Sanders 101

his father and younger brother and sister. She found her life very different to what she had known, but she was able to quickly adapt herself to her new and strange surroundings, and from all accounts was very happy. She was a young lady of splendid background, was quite well educated, speaking several foreign languages. She was a wonderful companion and teacher for his younger sister, Margaretta. While they were living at Grass Hills, three of their four children were born, Reid - October 4, 1837; Virginia Nicholas - March 1, 1841; Lewis - April 23, 1843; and George N. , Jr. was born June 24, 1848, after they moved to New York City. George N. took a great interest in the community during the years he was living at Grass Hills. Carroll County was formed in 1838, taken mainly from what had been Gallatin County, and the county seat, formerly known as Port William, was changed to Car­ rollton. He was appointed as a surveyor of the McCool's Creek Road, which was the road traveled from Grass Hills to Ghent. It was his duty to see that each man living along this road, worked so many days each year to keep it in good shape, however, he could work one of his slaves or pay someone to do the work for him. W. M. Corry of the Cincinnati Enquirer, who was a very close friend, wrote the following of George N. Sanders: "Mr. Sanders became attracted by the power and splendor of politics, and turned his mind to the machinery employed by partisans, and at once took a leading place among the ablest men of the day as manager and organizer, ------. Nothing has been known in the history of our politics like the vigorous skill and self control with which in­ dividual influence was brought to bear on delegates at several con­ ventions, including the one at Charleston, South Carolina. There are living hundreds who saw with all the activities, sleepless vigi­ lance with which Mr. Sanders united his knowledge of men to his logical powers in these vital assemblies". George N. Sanders was better as an organizer than a speaker or writer. However, it is said in his earlier life, that for a short time he was a brilliant speaker. Around 1852, a few years after moving to New York City, he established the Democratic Review, and the first number was issued in January 1853. The prime object of the Review was to infuse new and young blood into the Democratic Party. General Taylor, General W. O. Butler, Marcy and others he considered "old men of the sea" in their relation to the Demo­ cratic Party, and expressed a fear that anyone of them, "if allowed to mount would ride the party to death". He favored Douglas for President, but the Baltimore Convention by some strange freak, nominated Franklin Pierce, who was elected President in November. President Pierce, in recognition to the great service that Mr. Sanders had given the Democratic Party, appointed him consul to London, England. He made many friends while he was in England, although he only held the post two years. Mr. Buchanan was the minister to England at that time, and it was at a dinner given by Mr. Sanders at his home in London, in honor of Mr. Buchanan, that was indirectly the cause of his recall back to the United States. It 102 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS seems he tried to persuade Mr. Buchanan and Piere Soule, who was in Europe working on the Ostend Manifesto, "to work with a strong determination to take over Cuba at all hazards, regardless of In­ ternational Law, Monroe Doctrine or anything that might appear in their way". As the dinner progressed and more wine was consumed, the toasts grew stronger with each round. The result being, as soon as the news reached Washington of the now famous dinner party, President Pierce ordered George N. Sanders back to the United States. In 1856 he was appointed to the office of Navy Agent at New York City, but this was not a post to his liking, and he occupied it only a short time. Though living in the North, George N. Sanders was a South­ erner and all of his sympathies were with the Southern States. It is said that he was among the first to detect the signs of the gathering storm. He labored with all of the energy of his mighty intelligence to avert the struggle and preserve the Union, Failing in this, and being disgusted with the northern aboltionist, he threw himself - soul and body - on the side of the South. It was mainly through his interest in the cause of the South that a meeting was called in Ghent on the 5th of November 1859. From there he went to Frankfort, where the Legislature was in session, to try and persuade them that it would be to the best interest of the state for Kentucky to unite with her sister states of the South. But the legislature refused to take any action. Mr. Sanders realized that Kentucky, being one of the states between the Northern and Southern group, would suffer from many battles, while, if the Ohio River was made the line be­ tween the two sections, much of the fighting would be north of the river. This theory is often discussed today, and several writers and lecturers agree, it would have kept Kentucky from being the battleground in the War between the States. Months before the War really started, Mr. Sanders went South to do what he could to help. His family joined him after spending several months at Grass Hills. Mr. Sanders was appointed as an agent for the South, and in that capacity made several trips to Europe for the Confederate Government. Clippings found in an old scrap book taken from the New York Post, and dated September 1, 1962, give a unique account of his trip over the bridge into Canada after passing through the Union held states. The story as it was written, told of an old man, who a few days earlier, had approached the Provost Marshall on the United States side of the Suspension Bridge. He was dressed as a coal miner; his clothes were not only well worn but were quite dirty. He said he wanted to go across the river, but as he did not know a pass would be needed, he did not have one. He said he was an English- man from Cornwall and had been working in the mines in Pennsylvania, but his brother over on the Canadian side had written for him to come over to help him harvest his crop. The miner is said to have carried his tools in one hand, and in the other, he carried an old carpetbag of black glaze style in George N. Sanders 103

common use in those days. However, on this one the glazing had come off, and the outside was spotted and dirty. (The contents of the bag were most valuable, as it contained official papers, dis­ patches and a large roll of money. ) The Marshall thought it over and as the poor fellow had given such a consistent story and seemed so disappointed at his unexpected trouble he gave in and gave him the required pass. Then the toll man demanded a quarter of a dollar toll. "Two shillings", said the miner, "why I can't give it, I have only got one shilling". It is said this plea of poverty completely disarmed whatever shadow of suspicion may have existed in regard to the poor working man, and he was allowed to cross over for half fare. When he reached the Canadian shore, he jumped into the Clifton House Omnibus, and was quickly driven to the Hotel. The clerk at the desk refused to let him have a room, saying they were all occupied. Mr. Sanders pulled a large roll of greenbacks from his pocket and asked the clerk to put it in the safe for him, and in­ sisted that he had to have a room at once. The clerk was beginning to realize that things were not as they seemed, allowed him to reg­ ister, which he did quickly with just his initials in reverse, S. N. G. When a guest of the Hotel told ex-governor Morehead of Kentucky that the queerest looking old man had just registered, and only used his initials, it is said that Mr. Morehead jumped to his feet exclaiming, "Goo::! God, he has come", and rushed to be shown to the room of the new arrival. Soon, other Successionists were also shown to the room of "the old miner". They outfitted him properly for his trip to Europe. He had made very good time as he did not leave Richmond, Virginia until the 11th of July. Another Northern paper stated in their account that George N. Sanders passing through the Union States and crossing into Canada was a great blow to the Union Cause. "We regard this as one of the most important movements made by the Confederates to injure the Union cause in Europe. They have heretofore, sent men of aristocratic sympathies and associations, and their influence has been powerful at every court they have visited. Our only friends are among what are known as the liberals, and it is their organs of the press that have published constantly articles against the Confed­ eracy and in favor of the Union. George N. Sanders is just the man to work with the liberal leaders. Indeed, we may say he is intimate with them, no man enjoys their confidences in a greater degree than he does. While Consul at London he was an intimate friend and co­ worker of Victor Hugo; of Kossuth; of Mazzini and other European revolutionists. With the British Radicals, he was always at home. Mr. Sanders is remarkably well adapted for a mission to that class, not only from his well-known acquaintances and sympathy with them, but also from his tact as a diplomat and excellent judge of human nature. He has a large head well-stocked with brains; has no mod­ esty to interfere with a great project; is cool headed and even tem­ pered; understands thoroughly the strong, as well as the weak points of the Confederacy cause and has great persuasive powers of con­ servatism. He is well calculated to do our cause mischief with 104 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS the class of Europeans who are and have been our staunchest friends. We should have agents, by all means in Europe, who can counteract his influence". The purpose of Mr. Sanders' trip to Europe was to order six iron-clad ships to be built in England, but the Confederate Govern­ ment cancelled the order later, and Mr. Sanders returned to Canada. It is not known how many trips he made through the enemy's line, but from a newspaper clipping was the following statement, "Sanders was in frequent consultation with the Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, and Benjamin, who was a member of the cabinet. He was generally accompanied by Beverly Tucker, a native of Virginia". When President Lincoln was assassinated by Booth, a Proc­ lamation was issued by President Johnson accusing several Confed­ erate men, who at that time were living in Canada, as being instru­ mental in planning the assassination. One hundred thousand dollars was offered for the arrest of Jefferson Davis, and twenty-five thou­ sand dollars each for some five or six Southerners, George N. San­ ders being one of them. Due to this and other causes, Mr. Sanders was an exile from his native country for some years. In a letter written to his brother, Joseph H. , on November 3, 1865 from Montreal, Canada, is the fol­ lowing: "I seem forced either to go to Europe or starve, this is the only logic which could have prevailed upon me to go. The trip is painful to me at best, and doubly so as I am obliged to leave Anna (his wife) sick in bed, and Virginia (his daughter, who had married a Dr. Contri during the War), herself not very well.------­ Today I leave at five o'clock for England. ------

Your brother, George N. Sanders.

Not much is known of his life in Europe, except he was in France during the War with the Prussians and helped devise plans for the defense against the enemy. In appreciation they gave him a popular ovation at the Hotel de Ville, and his carriage was drawn through the streets by enthusiastic friends, said to have been res­ idents of the most democratic quarters in the city. In a letter written to his brother, Joseph H. , June 14, 1872, he was back in his old home in New York City. He wrote, "I reach­ ed here on Monday after an absence of eleven years". After he re­ turned to New York, he was engaged in business with his two sons, Lewis and George N., Jr. The following paragraph is copies from the Biographical Encyclopedia: "At home and abroad, he was recognized, without dissent, as the possessor of eminent and powerful qualities, which he carried with such a manly modesty and independence as to make him an influential figure wherever he appeared. His ways were as winning as his unostentatious talents were remarkable; and no one has acquired more friends or retained them so warmly and univer­ sally. Politically his life was hardly a success; as, to a great George N. Sanders 105 extent, the dogmas he labored to establish went down with the Southern Confederacy. Still it is doubtful if any man of his caliber can be shown who made greater sacrifices, encountered more ca­ lamity, and was more careless of his defense. He was a votary of Jefferson, and held with him to the Doctrines of States Rights, Fed­ eral subordination, low taxes, hard money and free trade". George N. Sanders died on the 13th of August, 1873, at his New York home. His death was quite sudden; he died during the night of a heart attack. He was planning a trip to Kentucky, and with his brother, Joseph H., was expecting to go on West on a busi­ ness trip. He was only sixty-two years of age. He was buried in the Greenwood Cemetery, New York City. He was survived by his wife and two sons, Lewis and George N., Jr. The two older chil­ dren, Reid and Virginia, had died several years before their father. NOTES

*I - Note - See Chapter 8, page 34. There are many stories among the different branches of Craigs as to the origin of the family. Among my file of papers, I have four of these stories. Take your choice. Mrs. Virginia Webb Howard, in "Heroes and Heroines" writes, "About 1703, a John Craig of Scotland married Jane Taliffero. He died shortly afterwards, and his widow started to America with two of his brothers. On board the ship in 1704 or 1705 a son was born to Jane Taliferro Craig and she named him Taliferro Craig. She died soon after the birth of this child, so Taliferro Craig, an orphan, grew up in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, with his mother's brothers. The name Taliferro came to be called "Toliver" and as Toliver, he was known throughout his long and active life". Another version copied from a letter written by Mrs. John C. Sherley to my aunt, Mrs. Anna Sanders Brown in 1898, explains it this way, "Taliferro Craig was the "Posthumus" son of Joseph Craig and Jane Taliferro, who was a relative of Robert Taliferro, with whom she came to Virginia, having buried her husband in Scot­ land. A younger brother of her first husband, Rev. John Craig, emigrated later to Virginia and settled in Augusta County, Virginia". Another story goes this way, John Craig from Scotland went to Italy on account of ill health, fell in love with an Italian girl named Jane Taliferro, and they were married. He died in a short time, and Toliver was their son. Among Lewis Sanders' papers is another story which Francis Craig of Boone County acknowledges to be the true origin. This story is, two brothers named Taliferro, supposed to be Italians, came to Virginia in the beginning of the eighteenth century. One of the brothers was a seafaring man engaged in trade from Virginia to Scotland. This brother brought over on one of his trips from Scot­ land a woman and two brothers named Craig. This young woman had a son by Captain Taliferro, which she named Taliferro Craig. He is generally referred to as "Toliver". Lewis Sanders wrote to a cousin living in Boone County, Kentucky, and in answer Francis Craig writes: "Your inquiry in relation to the origin of the Craig Family is a somewhat delicate matter, but your statements are facts with this addition, that my grandfather's mother through life sustained an unblemished character". Signed, Francis Craig. Francis Craig was the ninth son of John and Sally Page Craig. He was born 1776. He was a minister in the Baptist Church. NOTES

*I - James B. Haggin was a native Kentuckian raised at Harrodsburg. He was married to Eliza Jane Sanders in Mississippi and in a few years moved to California, where he amassed a fortune of fifty mil­ lion dollars or more. In his later years he returned to Kentucky and bought five thousand acres of land in Fayette County, built a home at the cost of more than one-half of a million, and for years raised race horses. The farm was known as Elmendorf. About the time he re­ turned to Kentucky, he was married to his first wife's niece, Margaret Voorhies, who was known as Pearl. She died in June, 1965, at an advanced age.

*II - Lloyd Tevis was a Kentuckian, being raised at Shelbyville. He like Mr. Haggin, went to California around 1849, and also made a fortune. His father-in-law, Lewis Sanders, wrote to relatives that he believed Tevis had made more money than Haggin. His wife was Susan Gano Sanders.

*III - After the Mexican War, families whose sons were killed were given a tract of land in Texas. Lewis Sanders' allotment amounted to two thousand five hundred and sixty acres. His daughters, Mary and Margaretta, had been given farms off of the Grass Hills tract, so the remainder was to go to the three sons. But John Sanders of­ fered to take the Texas land in place of his share of Grass Hills. At that time Texas land was worth but very little.

*IV - Aunt Christian was one of the Sanders' slaves, a woman well­ liked by all of the family.

*V - In a letter written to her niece, Anna Sanders, April 17, 1884, Mrs. George N. Sanders writes, "I am sifting and filing the corres­ pondence of some forty years. I found the original draft of the res­ olution your Uncle George drew up in the historical log house at Grass Hills for the first meeting held in the United States for the admission of Texas". He was truly the first actor in that drama on the National Stage.

*VI - "While Henry Clay was a guest of Kenneth Ryner in North Carolina in 1844, he wrote the letter to the National Intelligencer, which, because of its treatment of the question of admitting Texas to the Union as a slave state, was a factor in his defeat for the Presidency". Copied from the Summer edition of "The Kentucky Magazine", 1942.

*VII - In 1846, the United States signed a treaty with Nueva Granda, now Columbia, to obtain transportation rights across the Isthmus and the Province of Panama. (From Louisville Courier-Journal, January 1964. GENEALOGY OF THE SANDERS FAMILY

First Generation - Nathaniel Sanders(!), who emigrated from Wales to the colony in Virginia, in the early part of the eighteenth century, is the first Sanders to be mentioned in the family records in America. According to a deed now in the Virginia files, it shows that he pat­ ented 2, 200 acres of land in King and Queen County in 1728. Thomas, Philips, and John Sanders also were living in Virginia at that time, and are thought to have been his brothers.

Second Generation - Nathaniel Sanders(!) and his wife (name unknown) had four sons and several daughters. Only the names of the sons are in the early records. They were - Philip(2), Nathaniel(2), Hugh(2) and John(2).

Third Generation - Hugh Sanders(2) married Catherine Hoskin about 1737. Catherine's family lived in Caroline County, Virginia, and were "a family of wealth and respectability". Hugh and Catherine lived in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. Hugh inherited a large tract of land from his father, Nathaniel. In the 1780's, he and his wife sold several large tracts of land in Spotsylvania County, according to the records of that time. Also a copy of his will is given, which tells of his death in 1781. The will was probated August 5, 1781. There were twelve children in the family and all except the two younger daughters were married at the time of their father's death. In 1782, Catherine with Abigail and Rosie, her younger daughters, moved to what was then known as Kentucky County. It is thought that they made the trip in the spring of 1782 in the same group with her oldest son, John, his wife (who was Jane Craig) and their younger children. It is npt on record how many of John Sanders' brothers and sisters who had married in Virginia had moved to Kentucky. It is thought that a number of them entered at this time, for in August 1782, several families were living at Bryan's Station when it was attacked by the Indians. In those days large groups traveled to­ gether for safety. The children of Hugh Sanders(2) (Nathaniel(l)) and his wife, Catherine Hoskin. 1 - John Sanders (3) (Hugh (2), Nathaniel(l) ) born 1738, died 1805, married Jane Craig about 1762. 2 - Sally(3) married Peter Gatewood 3 - Elizabeth (3) married Lewis Craig 4 - Molly(3) married Francis W. Lea 5 - Nathaniel(3), born 1741, died 1826, married Sally Pattie, born ~. died 1841. 6 - Milley(3) married James Jones 7 - Anna(3) married John Pattie 8 - Robert(3) · married Nancy WhaTton Genealogy of the Sanders Family 109

9 - Catherine(3) married Henry Brock 10 - Charles(3) married Nancy Blunt 11 - Abigail(3) married Peter Hargate 12 - Rosie(3) married (1) Constant Perkins (2) Charles Hammond Fourth Generation - The children of John Sanders(3), (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) ) and Jane Craig Sanders. 1 - Polly Sanders(4) born 1763, married Joseph Bledsoe 2 - Betty Sanders(4) born 1765, married James Smith 3 - Lydia Sanders(4) born 1768, married Hugh Sanders Gatewood 4 - Nathaniel Sanders(4) born 1771, married Sally Sanders 5 - John Sanders(4) born 1774, married Nancy Samuel 6 - Samuel Sanders(4) born 1777, married Nancy Smith (married December 1804) 7 - Lewis Sanders(4) born 1781, died 1861, married (1) Anne Nicholas (married Apr. 1807) (2) Adelaide Dumesnil (married Dec. 1843) 8 - Catherine Sanders(4) born 1784 - died when very young.

The children of Sally Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) ) and Peter Gatewood. 1 - John Gatewood(4) married Polly Vawter 2 - Caty Gatewood(4) married Richmond Deadman 3 - Hugh Sanders Gatewood(4) married Lydia Sanders 4 - James Gatewood(4) never married 5 - Henry Gatewood(4) married Sally Highbee 6 - Peter Gatewood(4) married Fanny Wharton 7 - Betsy Gatewood(4) married Thomas Gatewood 8 - Dudley Gatewood(4) never married 9 - Lewis Gatewood(4) never married 10 - Larkins Gatewood(4) never married 11 - Thomas Gatewood(4) married Miss Limkhorn 12 - Sally Gatewood(4) never married

The children of Molly Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) ) and Francis Wainwright Lea. They were living at Bryan's Station when it was attacked by the Indians, August 1782. Their oldest son, Hugh, was grazing one or two horses, within sight of the station, when he was killed by the Indians. Mrs. Lea, with the other women in the fort, helped to mold bullets during the siege. 1 - Hugh Lea(4) killed by the Indians 2 - Milly Lea(4) married John Searcy 3 - Nancy Lea(4) married Mr. Carpenter 4 - Polly Lea(4) married Mr. Shouse 5 - John Lea(4) married Suckey Arnett 6 - Lewis Lea(4) married Caty Jones 7 - Elijah Lea(4) married Miss Wright 8 - Francis Lea(4) died in Frankfort 9 - Rosana Wainwright Laa(4) married Edward Long 10 - Caty Lea(4) married (1) Harris Hicks (2) John Jones 110 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

The children of Nathaniel Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) and Sally Pattie. Nathaniel Sanders, born in Virginia 1741, died in 1826. He is described as being, "five feet and ten inches long (five feet and ten inches tall), very stout and strong, of great muscular power, being equal to two men in a fight". At an early age he ran away from home and lived with the Cherokee Indians for seven years. Soon after he returned to his home; he married Sally Pattie, the daughter of John Pattie, who belonged to a very prominent Virginia family. Nathaniel Sanders served in the Revolutionary Army as a private, living at that time in Caroline County, Virginia. He was at the Siege of Yorktown and the capture of Cornwallis. He also served as an Indian Spy in the western part of Virginia. In 1781, Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, deeded to him 6,000 acres of land, the tract being located between Floyd Fork and Eagle Creek, then Jefferson County. He located on Eagle Creek, in or near, where the town of Sanders now stands. He died at the age of eighty-five in 1826, while his wife lived until 1841, being eighty-three when she died. Nathaniel Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Sallie Pattie 1 - Hugh Sanders(4) married Nancy Moxley 2 - Caty Sanders(4) married Thomas O"Neal 3 - Sally Sanders(4) married Nathaniel Sanders (1st cousin) 4 - Robert Sanders(4) married Nancy Blanton 5 - James Sanders(4) married Sally Moxley 6 - John Sanders(4) married Betsy Moxley 7 - Nathaniel Sanders(4) married Polly Craigmiles 8 - George Washington Sanders married (1) Caty O'Neal (2) Elinor Hixon

Milley Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married James Jones 1 - Hugh Jones(4) 2 - Nancy Jones(4) married 3 - James Jones(4) 4 - Caty Jones(4) married Lewis Lea 5 - Betsy Jones(4) married George Butcher

Anna Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l) ), married John Pattie. "Mr. Pattie was a large man, six feet tall and robust. He was an agreeable man and was highly esteemed". By trade he was a house joiner. His wife was known as an excellent woman, a great favorite, and there was always quiet and peace in her family. 1 - Franky Pattie(4) married Richard Thomas 2 - Caty Pattie(4) married John Craig 3 - Sallie Pattie(4) married Thomas Howard 4 - Sylvester(4) married 5 - Polly Pattie(4) married Andrew Riggs (Riguez) 6 - John Pattie(4) 7 - Leland Pattie(4) married (1) Judith E.astin (2) Judith Wilson 8 - Betsy Pattie(4) married Isaac Collins Genealogy of the Sanders Family 111

Robert Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Nancy "Wharton. "He was six feet tall, straight, walked with his head up, as if he was looking at the sun. He was one of the early settlers in Kentucky, and an enterprising man of great public spirit". He served as Ad­ jutant to the Kentucky Militia on General Harmar's expedition a­ gainst the Indians in 1792. It was during this campaign that Colonel Sanders was wounded in the knee, causing a slight limp during the remainder of his life. He settled between Lexington and Georgetown in Scott County. He is said to have been the first man to be granted a tavern license in the Kentucky County. There was a race track close by his tavern which, in the 1790 's, was very popular and many of the guests attending the races were entertained at the tavern. He also bred race horses, having several which were well known at that time. He died in 1805. 1 - Tolliver Sanders(4) never married 2 - Valentine Long Wharton Sanders(4) never married 3 - Thomas Livingston Sanders(4) never married 4 - Benjamin "Wharton Sanders(4) married Miss Flumoy 5 - Lucy Sanders(4) died young 6 - Nancy Sanders (4) married Edward B. Bartlett 7 - Walter Sanders(4) married Louise Flumoy

Catherine Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Henry Brock. Mr. Brock was a Captain in the Revolutionary Army. After the war he was a school master. He was well educated and is said to have had a talent for imparting information. Lewis Sanders and several of his brothers attended the school taught by their aunt's husband. 1 - Hugh Brook never married 2 - Harry Brock(4) married Nancy Claiboure Howard

Charles Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Nancy Blunt in Virginia. He is said to have been smaller than his brothers, was very industrious and a good business man. He settled on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Mc Cools Creek, on a farm now known as the Cook farm. · 1 - Hugh Sanders(4) never married 2 - Abner Sanders(4) never married 3 - Betsy Sanders(4) married John Sanders Bledsoe 4 - Gabriel Madison Sanders(4) never married 5 - John Lewis Sanders(4) married Sally Remy (Ramey) 6 - Sally Sanders(4) married Jacob Shank 7 - Nancy Sanders(4) married William Russell 8 - Robert Sanders(4) never married 9 - Charles Sanders(4) married Miss Whitehead

Abigail(Abby) Sanders (3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Peter Hargate. 1 - Catherine Hargate(4) married Elijah Craig 2 - Nancy Hargate(4) married David McGhee 112 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Rosie Sanders(3) (Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) married (1) Constant Perkins (2) Charles Hammond 1 - Asa C. Perkins(4) married Rachel Kendall 2 - Hardin Perkins(4) moved to Cape Girsanda, where he is thought to have married and left a family.

Fifth Generation - Polly Sanders(4) (John(3),Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Joseph Bledsoe, at her home on Gilbert Creek near Lexington. Joseph Bledsoe was the son of William Bledsoe. He was born about 1758, Polly was born in 1763, and they were married in 1785. When her father, John Sanders, moved to McCools Creek Settlement around 1792 he gave her a farm of 200 acres. "It was his custom to give his children a start, which included a good farm, two young negroes (hers being Molly, the sister of Christian; and Gabrial, the son of old Mary). He also gave to each child one or two good work horses, a cow and calf and necessary household furniture". 1 - Zacheriah(5), born in Fayette County, married Miss Shelton 2 - Rice Bledsoe(5) 3 - John Sanders Bledsoe(5), married Betsy Sanders (his cousin) 4 - Aaron Bledsoe(5) married Ellinor Bond 5 - Moses Bledsoe(5) never married 6 - Daniel Bledsoe(5) married Georgeann Craig

Betty Sanders (4) (John (3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married James Smith. She was also married in Fayette County but moved to a farm given her by her father, along the Ohio River, east of the town of Ghent. She no doubt received the same gift given to her sister Polly. 1 - Jane Smith(5) married James Blanton 2 - Polly Smith(5) married Joel Ellis 3 - Isaiah Smith(5) never married 4 - Lewis Smith(5) 5 - Samuel Smith(5) 6 - James Smith(5) 7 - Betsy Smith(5) 8 - Hugh Gatewood Smith(5) married Mis-s Ross

Lydia Sanders(4) (John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Hugh Sanders Gatewood. His father, Peter Gatewood is said to have brought the first copper still into Kentucky. Mrs. Gatewood was also given a farm on the Ohio River, her sisters Uving on either side. 1 - Nathaniel Gatewood(5) never married 2 - Rowena Gatewood(5), married her cousin, Claiborne Gatewood (no issue) After the death of Lydia Gatewood, Hugh Sanders Gatewood married Polly Craig, the daughter of Elijah Craig and his wife, who was a Miss Smith. They moved to Indiana, and according to reports, there Genealogy of the Sanders Family 113 were several children by his second wife. Last reports, they were living in Indiana.

Nathaniel Sanders(4) ( John (3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) was born in 1771. He married Sally Sanders, his cousin. He fought in the Indian Wars under the command of Major Adair, later General Adair. (A sketch of this Nathaniel Sanders is given in Chapter One on The Sanders Family). 1 - Lewis Sanders (5), born 1796 at the Forks of the Elkhorn, married Margaret Price, the daughter of John Price of Franklin County. 2 - Bennett Sanders(5) 3 - Barizilla Sanders(5) died at the age of sixteen 4 - Samuel Sanders(5) 5 - Nathaniel Sanders(5)

John Sanders(4) (John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Nancy Samuel. He also moved to the Ohio Valley in northern Kentucky near where the town of Ghent now is located. He died when his son was a small child. 1 - Smauel Sanders(5), born 1801, died 1873. He married Felicie Gex, the daughter of Anthony Gex, who was of French descent. Samuel Sanders(4) ( John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) was born in 1775 and died 18 . He married Nancy Smith. It is thought that he inher­ ited the partof his father's farm which laid where the town of Ghent is now, as he laid out the town about 1795. They had no children.

Lewis Sanders(4) ( John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) was born in Virginia, August 1781, and died at his home, Grass Hills, Carroll County, Kentucky, April 1861. On April 5, 1807, he was married to Anne Nicholas, the daughter of Colonel George Nicholas and his wife, who was Mary Smith of Baltimore, Maryland. 1 - Mary Nicholas Sanders(5), born at Lexington in 1808, died, 1841, married Samuel Smith 2 - John Sanders(5), born at Lexington in 1810, died, 1858, married Maria Dallas Wilkins 3 - George Nicholas Sanders(5), born in 1873, died, 1873, married Anna J. Reid, 1836 4 - John Barlett Sanders(5), born May, 1814, died, Dec. 1814 5 - James Wier Sanders(5), born 1815, died, 1816 6 - Samuel Sanders(5), born Sanders Garden, Fayette County in 1817, died in 1836 7 - Margaretta Galbraith Sanders(5), born at Sanders Garden in 1819, died in 1862, married W. B. Lindsay 8 - Joseph Hawkins Sanders(5), born in 1824, died in 1892, married Mary Eliza Lathrop, both buried in Grass Hills 9 - Jane Craig Sanders(5), born in 1827, died in 1831. Buried at Grass Hills Cemetery. 114 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Sixth Generation - Zacheriah Bledsoe(5) ( Polly(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married a Miss Shelton. 1 - Joseph Bledsoe(6)

John Sanders Bledsoe(5) ( Polly(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Betsy Sanders (his cousin). 1 - Polly Bledsoe(6) married Mr. Edwards 2 - Jesse Bledsoe(6) married Ellen Welsh 3 - Sally Bledsoe(6) married Mr. Grant

Aaron Bledsoe(5) ( Polly(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Elinor Bond. 1 - Ann Bledsoe(6) born 1834, married Dr. Rufus Craft of Appanoose County, Iowa

Daniel Bledsoe(5) (Polly(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married George Ann Craig. 1 - Mary Ann Bledsoe(6) married Mr. Pepper 2 - Lewis Bledsoe(6), born 1815 married Margaret Irwin 3 - Jane(6) 4 - Nathaniel(6) 5 - Frank(6) 6 - Silas(6) 7 - Milaredy(6)

Jane Smith(5) ( Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married James Blanton. 1 - Betsy Blanton(6) married Willis Tandy 2 - Nancy Blanton(6) married Greenup Owens 3 - Thompson Blanton(6) married Miss Davis, daughter of Hardin Davis 4 - Mary Blanton(6) married Joel Ellis

Polly Smith(5) ( Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Joel Ellis. 1 - Jane Ellis(6) married Levi McCann, son of Joseph and Nancy O'Neal McCann Lewis Sanders(5) (Nathaniel, John, Hugh, Nathaniel) married Margaret Price, February 1821. 1 - Eliza Jane Sanders(6), born Feb. 23, 1823, married J.B. Haggin 2 - John Price Sanders(6), born Nov. 27, 1825 3 - Lewis Sanders, Jr. (6), born Nov. 7, 1826, died 1871 4 - Edward Johnson Sanders(6), Nov. 1828, married Miss Elizabeth Swingle ~11 Gano Sanders(6), Feb. 1831, married Lloyd Tevis, 1852 Price Sanders(6), Sept. 1833 rs(6), Jan. 11; 1840, married Abner Caufield Hunter Genealogy of the Sanders Family 115

8 - Morton Wilson Sanders(6), July 2, 1842 9 - Laura Eldridge Sanders(6), Nov. 18, 1844, married (1) George Voorhies (2) James P. Amsden 10 - Emma Ezra Sanders(6), (called Ezza), 1847-1920, married Isham Railey

Samuel Sanders(5) (John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!), mar­ ried Felicie Gex, Aug. 23, 1822. 1 - Verney Sanders(6), born 1823, died 1873, never married. 2 - Theodore Sanders(6), born 1825, died 1885, married Juliet Frances Shortridge, April 1855. 3 - Lucille Sanders(6), born 1827, died 1830. 4 - John Sanders(6), born Feb. 1830, died Oct. 12, 1830. 5 - Helvetia Sanders(6), born Oct. 28, 1834, died March 14, 1837. 6 - Nancy Sanders(6), born 1831 7 - Alice Sanders(6)*, married William A. Johnson, May 13, 1839. *born Dec. 31, 1838. 8 - Rowena Sanders(6)*, married J. J. Orr, Dec. 10, 1857. 9 - Bennett Sanders(6), born Oct. 4, 1840, died Oct. 8, 1888, married Ella Montgo;rnery. After the death of his wife, Felicie Gex Sanders, Samuel Sanders(5) married Mrs. John Whitehead (Mary Elizabeth Hill). Their child was Anna Taliferro Sanders(6), she married Dr. R. N. Williams. 1 - Cad Porter Williams(7), married (1) Myrtle Deatherage a son - Clarence Reno Williams(8) (2) Margaret Adams(8) 1-son, Exedus Williams(8) 2- Carl Williams(8) 2 - Dora Williams(7), married C. B. Jenkins (no issue)

Mary Nicholas Sanders(5) (Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Samuel Smith, May 10, 1825. 1 - Joseph Hawkins Smith(6), born 1826, died 1827 2 - Ann Maria Smith(6), born 1828, died 1832 3 - Margaretta Elizabeth Smith(6), born 1831, married Rev. J. C. Walden 4 - Cary Smith(6), born 1833, died 1855, never married. Secretary to George N. Sanders, while Consul to London. Buried at the Grass Hills Cemetery. 5 - Jane Sanders Smith(6), born 1836, died 1897, married Captain John Scott of the Confederate Army. After her mother's death in 1841, her name was changed to Mary Sanders Smith 6 - Martin Smith(6), born 1839, died 1916, married (1) Emily Tandy (2) Elisa (Dean) utterback 7 - Lewis Sanders Smith(6), born 1841, died in a few months 116 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

John Sanders(5) (Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), was born in Lexington, Kentucky, March 12, 1810. He was a graduate of West Point, and served as an Engineer in the Mexican War with great distinction. He married Maria Dallas Wilkins at Homewood, near Pittsburgh. 1 - William Wilkins Sanders(6), born Oct. 8, 1839, died Jan. 26, 1883, married Helen Swinston 2 - Anne Nicholas Sanders (6), born Mar. 4, 1841, died Dec. 12, 1904, never married 3 - Matilda Dallas Sanders(6), born June 16, 1845, died 1889 4 - Cary Nicholas Sanders(6), born Dec. 16, 1844, died Nov. 25, 1877, lost on wreck of Huron. 5 - Dallas Sanders(6), born June 15, 1848, died May 27, 1907, married Anita Merchant of Philadelphia. 6 - Richard Sanders(6), born May 14, 1850, died after 1926, never married. 7 - Henrietta Wilkins Sanders(6), born Nov. 12, 1855, died after 1926.

George Nicholas Sanders(5) (Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) was born at Lexington, Kentucky, Feb. 21, 1812. He was married to Miss Anna J. Reid of New York City, Nov. 29, 1836, He died in 1873. 1 - Reid Sanders(6), was born at Grass Hills, Ky., Oct. 4, 1837 2 - Virginia Sanders(6), was born at Grass Hills, Mar. 1, 1841, died in 1866, married Dr. Contri. 3 - Lewis Sanders(6), born at Grass Hills, April 23, 1843, married Florence Randolph. 4 - George N. Sanders(6), born in New York City, June 24, 1848.

Margaretta Galbraith Sanders(5) (Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married William B. Lindsay. 1 - Ann Sanders Lindsay(6), born at Grass Hills, Oct. 21, 1844, married Dr. Grigson of Illinois. 2 - Anthony Lindsay(6), born 1846, married Mrs. Mary Diuguid Gaines. 3 - John Lindsay(6), born 1847, married Margaret Rice 4 - William Lindsay(6), born 1849, died 1903, married Louise Tomlison of Owenton, Kentucky. 5 - Joseph Hawkins Lindsay(6), born 1851, married Ella Wise of Ghent, Kentucky 6 - Juliette Lindsay(6), born 1853, died 1928, married John Scott Lindsay, Confederate soldier. 7 - Mary Nicholas Lindsay(6), born 1855, died 1919, married Bascom Baird, lived in Tennessee 8 - Margaretta (Peggy) Lindsay(6), born 1857, married Roger Martin Tandy 9 - Benjamin Lindsay(6), born 1860, never married 10 - Richard Lindsay(6), born 1862, died when very young Genealogy of the Sanders Family 117

Joseph Hawkins Sanders(5) (Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Mary Eliza Lathrop. 1 - Anna Johnson Sanders(6), born 1849, died 1918, married Dr. N. C. Brown (no issue) 2 - Lewis Sanders(6), born 1851, died about 1936, married Ollie Kessler, Aug. 30, 1883, Missouri. 3 - Susan Ferguson Sanders(6), born Oct. 16, 1853, died Dec. 1927, married Belvierd D. Parker in 1887. 4 - Albert Sanders(6)*, died 1928, never married. *born 1856 5 - Hugh Sanders(6)*, died 1934, never married. 6 - John C. Sanders(6), born 1859, died 1937, married Loulie McDowel, 1883. Both buried in San Diego, Calif. 7 - Charles Lathrop Sanders(6), born 1862, died 1898, married Anne Berry of Bath County, Ky. 8 - Joseph Hawkins Sanders(6), born Feb. 28, 1870, died 1899 in California, buried in San Diego

Seventh Generation

Nancy Blanton(6) (Jane Smith(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), (Nathaniel(!)) married Greenup Owens. 1 - Luke Owens(7), married Ella Davis

Eliza Jane Sanders(6) (Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) married J. B. Haggin, Feb. 23, 1823. 1 - Margaret (called Rita) Haggin(7), never married 2 - Ben Ali Haggin(7), married Lee 3 - Louis Terah Haggin(7), married Blanche Butterworth 4 - Lena Haggin(7), married Carl McAffee 5 - Edith Haggin(7), married Richard Lounsberry

Susan Gano Sanders(6) (Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!) married Lloyd Tevis in California. 1 - Margaret Tevis (7) 2 - Harry Tevis(7) 3 - Hugh Tevis(7) 4 - William Tevis (7) 5 - Louise Tevis (7)

Edith Sanders(6) (Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Abner Canfield Hunter. 1 - Margaret Sanders Hunter(7) (called Daisy), born 1858, died 1929, married E. C. Platt - 4 children. 2 - Catherine Mary Hunter(7), born 1860, died 1929, married Dr. J. W. Crenshaw of Versailles, Kentucky. 3 - William Stewart Hunter(7), born 1864, died 1936 4 - Lewis Stewart Hunter(7), born 1864, died 1936, married Frances Nuckols, no children. 5 - Jennie Haggin Hunter(7), born 1866, died 1908, married Henry Nuckols, 7 children 118 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

6 - Abner Canfield Hunter(7), born 1868, died 1939, married Blanche Ferguson, 3 children 7 - Lloyd Tevis Hunter(7), born 1870, died 1938, married Blanche Blakely, 4 children 8 - Swift Darneal Hunter(7), born 1875, married Jessie Grant, 4 children 9 - William Stuart Hunter(7), born 1877, died 1947, married Lillian Lisle, no children 10 - Hugh Sanders Hunter(7), born 1880, never married

Laura Eldridge Sanders(6), born 1844, died 1929, married (1) George Voorhies (1st mar.) 1 - Margaret Voorhies(7) (called Pearl) died June 1965, married J. B. Haggin (2) James P. Amsden (2nd mar.) 2 - John Sanders Amsden(7), born 1883, died 1899 3 - Jean Amsden(7), married W. M. Haupt

Emma Ezra Sanders (called Ezza)(6), died 1920, married Isham Railey. 1 - Margaret Sanders Railey(7) (called Margie) 2 - Morton Sanders Railey(7) 3 - Mary Stuart Railey(7) 4 - Sue Tevis Railey(7) 5 - Louise Breckinridge Railey(7) 6 - Edith Hunter Railey(7) 7 - Laurie Ansden Railey(7)

Theodore Sanders(6) (Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Juliette Shortridge in 1855. 1 - Shortridge Sanders(7) 2 - George Sanders(7) 3 - Robert Sanders(7) 4 - Felicia Sanders(7)

Rowena Sanders(6), born 1838, married J. J. Orr, Dec. 10, 1857. 1 - Emmett Orr(7), born 1858, married Daisy Cogswell 2 - Felicie Orr(7), born 1860, married George Lee 3 - Sanders Orr(7), married Grace Priticard 4 - Lucille Orr(7), married W. E. Cleff

Bennett Sanders(6) (Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Ella Montgomery. 1 - Mary Sanders(7), never married 2 - Verney Sanders(7), married Rose

Margaretta Elizabeth Smith(6) (Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Rev. J. C. Walden. 1 - George Nicholas Walden(7), married Annie Vance McDowell, in 1898, Nashville, Tennessee. Genealogy of the Sanders Family 119

Martin Smith(6) (Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Emily Tandy. 1 - Dolly Smith(7), born 1866, died 1899, married R. C. Smith

William Wilkins Sanders(6) (John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Helen Swinston, New York. 1 - Helen Swinston Sanders(7), born 1878, married Hugh Davids Scott in 1898, Philadelphia

Matilda Dallas Sanders(6) (John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Thomas Scott, Pittsburgh. 1 - Major William Sanders Scott(7), born 1865, married Martha Morris of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2 - J. Hutcheson Scott(7), born 1868, married Edith Graham of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3 - Maria Dallas Scott(7), born 1871, married Rudolph Agassiz

Dallas Sanders(6) (John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Anita Merchant of Philadelphia. 1 - Anita Merchant Sanders (7) 2 - Estella Dallas Sanders(7) - born Aug. 26 , 1893.

Virginia Sanders(6) (George(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), born 1841, married a Dr. Contri. 1 - Virginia Sanders Contri(7), died at her child's birth

Lewis Sanders(6) married Florence Randolph, London, E. 1 - Florence Randolph Sanders(7), married Dr. Herbert Wright Wooten 2 - Dorthory Carter Sanders(7), married Kendal Banning

Jane Ellis(6) (Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l))" married Levi Mccann. 1 - Dora McCann(7), married Andrew Price 2 - Lon McCann(7), married Ella Day 3 - Lewellyn McCann(7), married Fanny Gaines 4 - Lucy McCann(7), married Mr. Meeks 5 - Molly McCann(7), married Mr. Barbee 6 - Lydia McCann(7), married Mr. Foster

Ann Sanders Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Dr. R. J. Grigson. 1 - Emily Grigson(7), married Samuel Pickens 2 - Willie Lindsay Grigson(7), married James Sidney Yates

John Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Margaret Rice. 1 - Horace Lindsay(7), married Grace Newhall 2 - Anne Lindsay(7), married William J. Kale 3 - Dorsey Lindsay(7), married Marion Cox (no children) 120 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

4 - Nell Lindsay(7), never married 5 - Jean Lindsay(7), married Lee Develle (no children)

William Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), N athaniel(J \ ), married Lou Tom is on. 1 - Joseph Sanders Lindsay(7), born 1877, died 1958, married (1) Mattie Price Hunt, 1900 2 - Elizabeth Lindsay(7), born 1879, married Frank Greene, October 17, 1899 3 - William Buford Lindsay(7), born 1886, died 1955, married Ethel Holbrook

Joseph Hawkins Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!), married Ella Wise. 1 - Perry Lindsay(7), born 1885, died 1909, never married 2 - Buford Lindsay(7), born 1898, died 1955, married Martha Bond Gex

Juliette Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married John Scott Lindsay. 1 - Florence Lindsay(7), born 1876, died 1888, never married 2 - Katherine Lindsay(7), born 1878, married Antonie Gex 3 - William Buford Lindsay(7), born 1881, died 1932, married (1) Ilione Woodbury (2) Daisy Cole 4 - Scottie Lindsay(7), born 1883, married Edward Schumacher

Mary Nicholas Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Bascom Baird. 1 - Margaretta Baird(7), born 1880, never married 2 - Charles Baird(7), born 1881, died 1945, married Nell Jmes, Jellico, Tennessee 3 - Lillian Baird(7), born 1884, married J. T. Bradley in 1903 4 - Harry Baird(7), born 1887, married Corinne Errett of Cincinnati. (no children) 5 - Rowland Price Baird(7), born 1894, died 1946, never married

Margaretta Lindsay(6) (Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Roger Martin Tandy. 1 - Samuel Tandy(7), born 1880, married Josie Stout 2 - Mary D. Tandy(7), born 1887, died 1949, married James Diuguid 3 - Florence Tandy(7), married (1) Maurice Scott (2) Emmett Montgomery

Lewis Sanders(6) (Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Ollie Kessler. 1 - Chloe Sanders(7), married Mr. Ziesel 2 - Grace Sanders(7), married Mr. Beckman Genealogy of the Sanders Family 121

Susan Ferguson Sanders(6) (Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Belvierd D. Parker. 1 - Anna Virginia Parker(7), born 1889, never married 2 - Paul Parker(7) 3 - Joseph Sanders Parker(7), married (1) Anna May (Maxwell) Foster (2) Helen (Truesdale) Bruster 4 - William Howard Parker(7), never married

John C. Sanders(6) (Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Loulie McDowel in 1883. 1 - Mary Elisa Sanders(7), born 1884, married Charles B. Schirmer in 1907 2 - Hugh Albert Sanders(7), born in 1890, died in 1941, married Jessie M. Colvert

Charles Lathrop Sanders(6) (Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Anna Berry 1 - Frances Sanders(7), married George Hancock

Eighth Generation

Ben Ali Haggin(7) (Eliza Jane(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Lee __. 1 - Ben Ali Haggin(8), Artist of note in New York City 2 - Louis Lee Haggin(8), married Emma Jackson 3 - A daughter(8), died in infancy

Louis Terah Haggin(7) (Eliza Jane(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Blanche Butterworth. 1 - Ella Haggin(8)

Lena Haggin(7) (Eliza Jane(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Carol McAfee. 1 - Ben Ali McAfee(8) 2 - Mabel McAfee(S)

Edith Haggin(7) (Eliza Jane(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Richard Loundsberry. 1 - Ben Ali Loundsberry(8) 2 - Edith Loundsberry(8) 3 - Richard Loundsberry(8)

Louise Tevis(7) (Susan Gano(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Owen Breckinridge, who was the son of John C. Breckinridge, a General in C. S. A. 1 - Lloyd Tevis Breckinridge(8), committed suicide at his home in California 122 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Emmett Orr(7) (Rowena(6), Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) 1 - John Orr(8), never married 2 - Emmett Orr, Jr. (8), married Mary Rice 3 - Daisy Orr(8), married Arthur Lewis

Felicie Orr(7) (Rowena(6), Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married George Lee. 1 - Bertha Lee(8), married Lemuel Bledsoe, had one son, 2 - Jake Lee(8), married Nellie Lois Miller, no children 3 - Sommers Lee(8), married Gertrude Hoffman, no children 4 - Theresa Lee(8), never married, died 1955

Sanders Orr(7) (Rowena(6), Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Grace Priticard. 1 - Jack Plendleton Orr(8) 2 - Charollette Orr(8)

Verney Sanders(7) (Bennett(6), Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Rose 1 - Rowena Sanders(8), married (1) Alexander Beattie (2) Mr. Homans 2 - Joe Bennett Sanders(8), married, has two children

Luke Owens(7) (Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Ella Davis. 1 - Mattie Owens(8), married Dudley P. Craig 2 - Nannie Owens(8), married George Harris 3 - John Owens(8), married 4 - Albert Owens(8), married Nina Brightwell 5 - George Owens (8)

George Nicholas Walden(7) (Margaretta(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Anne Vance McDowell. 1 - Margaret Walden(8), born 1899 2 - Sara Walden(8), born 1902

Dolly Smith(7) (Martin(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married R. C. Smith. 1 - Martin Tandy Smith(8), born April 24, 1890, married Nannie Coleman, no children 2 - Albert Smith(8), born June 11, 1891, married Lillie Wood 3 - Joseph Sanders Smith(8), born May 21, 1894, died Dec. 1952, married Ellen Jump 4 - Howard Smith(8), born April 4, 1896, married Emma Crawford, Nov. 1, 1916.

Helen Swinston Sanders(7) (Wm. Wilkins(6), John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Hugh David Scott of Philadelphia, July 6, 1898. 1 - Hugh Scott(8), born May 1899, died June 1901 Genealogy of the Sanders Family 123

2 - William Sanders Scott(S), born 1901 3 - Helen Swinston Scott(S), born 1903 4 - Richard Sanders Scott(S), born 1904 5 - Robert S. Scott(S), born 1908

Major William S. Scott(7) (Matilda(6), John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Martha Morris of Philadelphia. 1 - J. Hutchison Scott(S), married Rosalind Mitchell 2 - Ann Preston Scott(S) 3 - Arrebella Scott(S) 4 - John Sanders Scott(S) 5 - Martha Morris Scott(S)

J. Hutchison Scott(7) (Matilda(6), John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Edith Graham. 1 - Elizabeth Dupuy Scott(S) 2 - William S. Scott(S) 3 - Dallas Sanders Scott(S)

Maria Dallas Scott(7) (Matilda(6), John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Rudolph Agassiz. 1 - Maria Dallas Agassiz(S) 2 - Ann Agassiz(S)

Florence Randolph Sanders(7) (Lewis(6), G€orge(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Dr. Herbert Wright Wooten. 1 - Anne Wooten(S)

Dora McCann(7) (Jane(6), Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l), married Andrew Price. 1 - Birdie Price(S), married Mr. Chamberlain

Leonidas McCann(7) (Jane(6), Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Ella Day. 1 - Geraldine McCann(S), married Walter Lancaster

Lewellyn McCann(7) (Jane(6), Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Fanny Gaines. Two daughters, do not know names

Molly McCann(7) (Jane(6), Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Mr. Barbee. 1 - William Barbee(S), married Anne Messink 2 - Charlie Barbee(S), never married

Lydia McCann(7) (Jane(6), Polly(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)), married Mr. Foster. 124 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Emily Grigson(7) (Ann(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Samuel Pickens. 1 - Samuel Pickens(8), married, no children 2 - Buford Pickens(8), married, lives in St. Louis, Mo., three children 3 - John Pickens(8), married, lives in Downers Grove, Illinois

Willie Grigson(7) (Ann(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married James Sidney Yates. 1 - Richard Yates(8), deceased, married Dorothy Cartmell 2 - William Yates(8), married Bernice Sharon 3 - David Yates(8), deceased, never married 4 - Joseph Yates(8), never married

Anne Lindsay(7) (John(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married William J. Kale. 1 - Margaret Kale (8), married Anthony Eddy

Joseph Sanders Lindsay(7) (William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married (1) Mattie Hunt. 1 - Lou Barrow Lindsay(8), born 1906, married Edward Anthony Pruett, born 1906, died 1965 2 - Mattie Hunt Lindsay(8), born 1909, married Oscar Ray King, born 1906 married (2) Jane McClellan Gaitskill on May 31, 1911. 1 - Joseph Edmund Lindsay(8), born 1912, died 1960, married Fenton Bruce Boxley, Nov. 25, 1934 2 - William Buford Lindsay(8), born 1917, married Mildred Wilson, July 25, 1941 3 - Eleanor Gatewood Lindsay(8), born 1919, married Paul Edwin Mace, Oct. 17, 1942 4 - Lee Lindsay(8), born 1922, died 1926

Elizabeth Lindsay(7) (William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married (1) Frank C. Greene. 1 - John Lindsay Greene(8), born 1901, died 1940, married Helen Weller, born 1907, married June 1926 married (2) Ripley Clark Bowden, born 1874, died 1958, married in January 6, 1949.

William Buford Lindsay(7) (William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Ethel Holbrook. 1 - Ruth Elizabeth Lindsay(8), born 1910, died 1959, married W. Paul Deckard, on May 4, 1932 2 - Buford Sanders Lindsay(8), born 1918, married Dier Puckett on July 18, 1940

Kate Lindsay(7) (Juliette(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Antonie Gex. Genealogy of the Sanders Family 125

1 - Anthony Gex(8), born 1902, married Grace Jones 2 - Louis Perry Gex(8), born 1904, never married 3 - Nora Mariam Gex(8), born 1906, married Robert Lindsay Graham

Scottie Lindsay(7) (Juliette(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Edward Schumacher. 1 - Joseph Edward Schumacker(8), married Marjorie Fitzwater

Charlie Baird(7) (Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married Nell Jones 1904. 1 - James Richard(8), born 1910, never married 2 - Charles O'Connor(8), born 1922, never married

Lillian Baird(7) (Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)), married J. T. Bradley in 1903. 1 - Mary Lindsay Bradley(8), born 1909, married William Joseph Mcinturff in 1938 2 - Jane Bradley(8), born in 1913, married E. L. Mcclurkan, 1936 3 - John Todd Bradley, Jr. (8), born 1922, married Luella Ruth Reist in 1946, no children

Samuel Tandy(7) (Margaretta(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Josie Stout. 1 - Charles Roger Tandy(8), married Lillian Tingle 2 - Margaret Elizabeth Tandy(8), born 1904, died 1929, married Herbert L. Searcy 3 - Mary Lindsay Tandy(8), died 1932, married Walter Raisor

Mary Elisa Sanders(7) (John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Charles Schirmer. 1 - Anna Louise Schirmer(8), born 1908, married Dellford Boyce, lives in San Diego, California 2 - Elizabeth Schirmer(8), born 1911, married Roland G. Landeer, lives in San Diego, California 3 - John L. Schirmer(8), born 1913, married Mae , lives in Vermont --- 4 - Robert Hansel Schirmer(8), born 1924, married Katherine McDonald March 3, 1945

Hugh Albert Sanders(7) (John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Jessie M. Colvert. 1 - Robert H. Sanders(8), born Sept. 7, 1915, married Evelyn L. Meloan

Frances Sanders(7) (Charlie(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married George Hancock. 1:... Anna Mary Hancock(8), married Robert Edwin Cravens, no children 2 - Georgia Hancock(8), married Jack W. Fay in 1951 126 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Ninth Generation

Nannie Owens(8) (Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married George Harris. 1 - Oscar Harris(9), married Mariam Tompkins 2 - Lewis Harris(9), married Harriett Moreland

Emmett Orr, Jr. (8) (Emmett(7), Rowena(6), Samuel(5), John(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Mary Rice. 1 - Jacqueline Orr(9), married Mr. McKenzie 2 - Emmett Orr III

Jane Bradley(8) (Lillian(7), Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married E. L. McClurkan, 1936. 1 - Corinne McClurkan(9) 2 - Michael McClurkan(9)

Mary Lindsay Bradley(8) (Lillian(7), Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married William Joseph Mcinturff in 1938. 1 - Bradley Mclnturff(9) 2 - Thomas Mclnturff(9)

Louis Lee Haggin 11(8) (Ben Ali(7), Eliza Jane(6), Lewis(5), Nathaniel(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married EmmaJackson. 1 - Elizabeth Haggin(9), married James M. Mollory 2 - Louis Lee Haggin III (9), married Alma Headley 3 - Emma Haggin(9), married Douglas Parrish

Albert Smith(8) (Dolly(7), Martin(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Lillie Wood. 1 - Peggy Ann Smith(9), married Carl Lyndell

Howard Smith(8) (Dolly(7), Martin(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Emma Crawford. 1 - Dolly Jean Smith(9), born June 17, 1918, married Doresy Wilson, lives in Woodford Co. 2 - Martin Smith III (9), born Aug. 4, 1931

J. Hutchison Scott(8) (Major Wm. S. (7), Matilda(6), John(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Rosalind Mitchell. 1 - Ann Mason Scott(9), born Nov. 1915

Margaret Kale(8) (Ann~(7), John(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Manton Eddy. 1 - David Eddy(9) 2 - William(9)

John Lindsay Greene(8) (Elizabeth(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Helen Wells June 26, 1926. Genealogy of the Sanders Family 127

1 - Frank Greene(9), born Oct. 5, 1932, married Jean Hopkins, Dec. 31, 1955 2 - Jon Weller Greene(9), born Feb. 6, 1935, married Dorothy Black, May 29, 1954 3 - Carole Ann Greene(9), born Aug. 15, 1939, married Henry Doyle Marshall, April 12, 1963

Lou Barrow Lindsay(8) (Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Edward Anthony Pruett, June 6, 1928. 1 - Edward Clay Pruett(9), born Sept. 7, 1936, married Dorrie Mae Leighton, June 12, 1964 2 - James Hunt Pruett(9), born March 10, 1941, married Linda Annette Quisenberry, July 3, 1961

Mattie Hunt Lindsay(8) (Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Oscar Ray King, November 1, 1930. 1 - Joe Lindsay King(9), born April 28, 1935, married Gracie Hudson, September 29, 1955 2 - Lou Ray King(9), born November 12, 1939, never married

Joseph Edmund Lindsay(8) (Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Fenton Bruce Boxley November 25, 1934. 1 - Jane Moncure. Lindsay(9), born April 9, 1939, married Kenneth Lewis Chemrout in 1957

Eleanor Gatewood Lindsay(8) (Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Paul Edwin Mace, in October 17, 1942. 1 - Jennings Ray Mace(9) 2 - Paul Edwin Mace, Jr. (9) 3 - Evelyn Lindsay Mace(9)

Ruth Elizabeth Lindsay(8) (William(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel·(l)) married W. Paul Deckard, May 4, 1932. 1 - Ruth Ann Deckard(9), born July 12, 1933, married (1) Douglas Vance, September 1954 (2) James William Thompson, Jr., December 31, 1963

Buford Sanders Lindsay(8) (William(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Dier Puckett, July 18, 1940. 1 - Susan Sanders Lindsay(9), born 1942, married Edward Kelman, October 1962 2 - William Buford Lindsay II (9), born 1946

Edward Gex Lindsay(8) (Buford(7), Joseph(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) mar. Marcia Jones, England. 128 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

1 - Marcia Lindsay(9), married Clarence Barnes in 1964 2 - Edward Buford Lindsay(9) 3 - Gareth David Lindsay(9) 4 - Janette Lindsay(9) 5 - Mary Katherine Lindsay(9)

Mary Joe Lindsay(8) (Buford(7), Joseph(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Gayle O'Neil. 1 - Gail Lindsay O'Neil(9) 2 - Barbara Lindsay O'Neil(9)

Anthony Gex(8) (Kate(7), Juliette(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Grace Jones. 1 - John Anthony Gex(9), married Judith Coppock 2 - Joyce Ann Gex(9), not married

Joseph Edward Schumacher(8) (Scottie(7), Juliette(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)). 1 - Joseph Edwin Schumacher(9), born 1934, married Katherine Anne Holcombe, May 18, 1956 2 - Carol Sue Schumacher(9), born 1937 3 - Lindsay Scott Schumacher(9), born 1944

Mary Lindsay Bradley(8) (Lillian(7), Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married William Joseph Mcinturff. 1 - Bradley Mclntruff(9), born 1947 2 - Thomas Mclnturff(9), born 1949

Jane Bradley(8) (Lillian(7), Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married E. L. Mcclurkan, Jr., 1936. 1 - Corinne McClurkan(9), born 1938 2 - Michael McClurkan(9), born 1942

John Todd Bradley, Jr. (8) (Lillian(7), Mary(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Luella Ruth Reist of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. (No children)

Charles Roger Tandy(8) (Samuel(7), Margaretta(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Lillian Tingle. 1 - Margaret Jean Tandy(9), born July 1, 1930 2 - Joe Stout Tandy(9), born May 5, 1932

Mary Lindsay Tandy(8) (Samuel(7), Margaretta(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Walter Raisor, in 1929. 1 - Joan Raisor(9), born 1930, married R. V. Riley in 1947 2 - Mary Lindsay Raisor(9), born 1931, married Liter Lawrence Genealogy of the Sanders Family 129

Anna Louise Schirmer(8) (Mary(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Dellford Boyce of San Diego, California. 1 - Donna Lee Boyce(9), born in 1938, married George L. Boyd, San Diego, California 2 - Linda Ann Boyce(9), born in 1943, married John C. Thompson, San Diego, California

Robert Hansel Schirmer(8) (Mary(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Katherine McDonald. 1 - Robert Hansel Schirmer, Jr. (9), born Nov. 24, 1947 2 - Richard Charles Schirmer(9), born April 22, 1949

Elizabeth Schirmer(8) (Mary(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Roland Landeer. 1 - Ronald David Landeer(9), born September 22, 1941

Robert H. Sanders(8) (Hugh(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Evelyn L. Meloan. 1 - Fred Harley Sanders(9), born June 7, 1946 2 - Jerald Robert Sanders(9), born March 24, 1949 3 - Thomas Mastenton Sanders(9), born Dec. 21, 1952

Georgia Hancock(8) (Frances(7), Charles(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Jack W. Fay 1951. 1 - Jack Sanders Fay(9), born Jan. 20, 1952

Tenth Generation

Oscar Harris(9) (Nannie(8), Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Mariam Tompkins. 1 - Hubert Tompkins Harris(lO), married Henrietta Beashear

Lewis Harris(9) (Nannie(8), Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Harriett Moreland. 1 - George Moreland Harris(l0), born Dec. 22, 1910, married Veda Burnside 2 - Thomas Oscar Harris(lO), born Nov. 1918, married Sarah Katherine Fothergill

Dolly Jean Smith(9) (Howard(8), Dolly(7), Martin(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married florsey Wilson. 1 - Jane Martin Wilson(lO) 2 - James Wilson(lO) 3 - Eugene Wilson(lO) 4 - John Wilson(lO)

Max Martin Smith(9) (Howard(8), Dolly(7), Martin(6), Mary(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married (1) Martha Ford. 1 - Martin Thomas(l0) 2 - Sally Gaines Smith(lO) 130 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS married (2) Joyce Kemper. 3 - Cary Kemper Smith(lO)

James Hunt Pruett(9) (Lou(8), Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Annette Quisenberry. 1 - Lindsay Mildred Pruett(lO), born April 26, 1962

Joe Lindsay King(9) (Mattie(S), Joseph(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Gracie Hudson, September 29, 1955. 1 - Joe Lindsay King, Jr. (10), born August 15, 1958 2 - Margaret Ravae King(lO), born October 15, 1960

Frank Lindsay Greene(9) (John Lindsay(S), Elizabeth(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Jean Hopkins. 1 - Carrie Elizabeth Greene(l0), born October 27, 1957 2 - Pamela Lee Greene(l0), born September 10, 1958 3 - Helen Teresa Greene(lO), born April 13, 1960

Jon W. Greene(9) (John(8), Elizabeth(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Dorothy Black, January 31, 1933. 1 - Kathy Annette Greene(l0), born March 30, 1958 2 - Jennifer Lynn Greene(l0), born February 19, 1970 3 - David Matthew Greene(lO), born November 1, 1961 4 - Lisa Brooks Greene(l0), born January 30, 1964

Carole A. Greene{9) (John(8), Elizabeth(7), William(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Henry Doyle Marshall, April 12, 1963. 1 - Lindsay Lea Marshall(lO)

Joan Raisor(9) (Mary(S), Samuel(7), Margaretta(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married R. V. Riley. 1 - Deborah Riley(lO) 2 - Robert Vanderen Riley(lO)

Mary Lindsay Raisor(9) (Mary(8), Samuel(7), Margaretta(6), Margaretta(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married Liter Lawrence. 1 - Walter Patrick Lawrence(lO)

Donna Lee Boyce(9) (Anna Louise(S), Mary(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married George L. Boyd. 1 - Phyllis Leslie Boyd(lO)

Linda Ann Boyce(9) (Anna Louise(S), Mary(7), John(6), Joseph(5), Lewis(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(!)) married John C. Thompson. 1 - Barrie Lee Thompson Genealogy of the Sanders Family 131

Eleventh Generation

George Moreland Harris(lO) (Lewis(9), Nannie(8), Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Veda Burnside. 1 - Patrica Louise Harris(ll), married John Walters 2 - Linda Sue Harris(ll)

Thomas Oscar Harris(lO) (Lewis(9), Nannie(8), Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married Sarah Katherine Fothergill. 1 - Luther OWens Harris(ll), born December 22, 1942 2 - James Thomas Harris(ll), born January 7, 1949 3 - David George Harris(ll), born February 1953

Twelfth Generation

Patrica Louise Harris(ll) (George(lO), Lewis(9), Nannie(S), Luke(7), Nancy(6), Jane(5), Betsy(4), John(3), Hugh(2), Nathaniel(l)) married John Walters. 1 - Lisa Beth Walters(12) THE CRAIG FAMILY

Taliferro Craig(8), or Toliver, as he "'."as generally known, was born in Virginia around 1700. He married Mary (Polly) Hawkins, the daughter of John and Mary Long Hawkins about 1730. Most of their married life was spent in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. They raised eleven children and all of them made very suitable marriages and raised large families. Polly lived to see eighty­ four of her grandchildren. They moved to Kentucky in 1781, com­ ing in with the "Traveling Church". At that time, Polly Hawkins was almost seventy years old. Three of their sons were ordained ministers in the Baptist Church. They were: Lewis, Joseph and Elijah. At the time they were living in Virginia, the Church of England was the only recognized church in the state, and a minister of any other denomination was required to obtain a state license in order to preach. The Craig brothers and their friends thought this law was very unjust; thought they should be allowed to preach the "Words of God" without having a state license. They and their preacher friends were often arrested and placed in the jail for not obeying this law. They would preach through the bars of the jail to anyone who would listen. Lewis Craig was the pastor of the Upper Spotsylvania Church, and after much prayerful thought, decided to move to the new country, west of Virginia, known as Kentucky County. It was in September 1781, that he planned to start on this long journey, and when the time came, most of the members of his church with their families and their slaves and livestock joined him on his ex­ pedition to the new land. It took almost three months to make the trip, and it is the only one on record where the pastor and his mem­ bers made the trip to a new location, as a constituted church, hold­ ing services on the long journey every Sunday, and taking care of the church business. In the spring of 1780, John Craig, with his oldest son, Toliver, and his brother, Jeremiah, had made a trip into the new land. They had made a camp on Dix River, which they named Craig's Station, and this was the first stopping point for Lewis Craig and his members when they reached Kentucky in December. Counting the slaves and other families who joined the group in order to safely make the trip, there is said to have been around six hun­ dred in the party. They remained at this station until the next spring, when part of them moved on to Bryan's Station (near pres­ ent day Lexington). In August 1782, the Station was attacked by the Indians, under the command of Simon Girty. John Craig, who was a military man, had taken charge of the Fort at Bryan's Station. It was explained to the women, when the Indians were discovered, that as the well or spring was outside of the fort, that they would have to go for water, as usual, for the Indians knew of their habit, and if the men started to carry the water, which was most necessary in case The Craig Family 133

of a long siege, they would attack at once. Runners had been sent to other forts, and they were anxious to delay the attack until re­ inforcements had arrived. So the women, with their buckets, start­ ed for the spring, but it said as they approached the fort on their return, their steps got quicker. Some historians claim that Polly Hawkins, around seventy years of age, led the way. fu 1783, Lewis Craig is said to have established the first Baptist Church in Kentucky. It was built on the South Elkhorn a­ bout six miles from the present city of Lexington, and for forty years was one of the most prosperous churches in Kentucky. Lewis Craig was the pastor of the church for several years. fu 1789 he assisted in the organization of the Baptist Church at Great Cross­ ing, Scott County. Later that year he moved to Mason County, to a farm he had purchased. He was a stone mason as well as a preacher, and in 1794 he built the first Court House in Kentucky, at Washington, the county seat of Mason County. On October 30, 192 , "The Lewis Craig Memorial", was unveiled on the Tobin Farm, near Minerva, Maysville, Kentucky. The celebration was held at the site of an early burying ground, where the body of the pious Baptist minister lies. Elijah Craig is said to have been the most gifted of Toliver's sons. Besides being a minister in the Baptist Church, he has the distinction of erecting the first grist mill, and saw mill on the North Elkhorn, and he and a Mr. Parker had the first paper mill west of the Allegheny Mountains, and started the first rope walk. He also established the first fulling mill in Kentucky, and according to Collin's History of Kentucky, the first Bourbon whiskey was made in 1789 at Georgetown at the fulling mill, and the water from the Royal Springs there was used. As Elijah Craig was the owner of the fulling mill, he must have also made the first Bourbon in Ken­ tucky. There is also an account of the school that he opened at Lebanon Station, now Georgetown. Part of his advertisement reads: "December 27, 1787. Elijah Craig advertises a school to be opened in Lebanon (Georgetown) next January, in a building large enough to accommodate fifty or sixty scholars. They will be taught Greek and Latin languages, together with such branches of the sciences as are usually taught in the public seminaries. Each scholar will pay 25 shillings each quarter, half of payment to be made in cash, the other half in produce at cash price.------For diet, wash­ ing and house room for a year, each scholar will pay three pounds cash, or 500 pounds of pork, on entrance. ------It is desired as many as can would furnish themselves with beds; a few can be fur­ nished here for thirty-five shillings.------" He names Messrs. Jones and Worley as the teachers in charge. This school is said to have been the start of the present day Georgetown College. Elijah Craig owned a large tract of land in what is now Scott County, and he laid out the town of Georgetown, Kentucky. As be­ fore stated, it was first known as Lebanon. Benjamin Craig, the eighth child of Toliver and Polly Craig, with Martin Hawkins, a kinsman, bought some six hundred acres 134 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS from Colonel William Peachy, from a tract of 2,000 acres that was awarded to him for services in the French and Indian War by the Governor of Virginia. The land that was purchased by Craig and Hawkins was bounded on the north by the Ohio River, and on the west by the Kentucky. This is where the town of Port William was laid out. In 1838, when Carroll County was formed from neighbor­ ing counties, the name of the town was changed to Carrollton.

The Children of Toliver(l) and Mary (Polly) Hawkins Craig

Second Generation

1 - John Craig(2), married Miss Sarah Page 2 - Joyce Craig(2), married John Falkner 3 - Lewis Craig(2), married Elizabeth Sanders 4 - Taliferro Craig(2), married Miss Johnson 5 - Elijah Craig(2), married Miss Smith 6 - Jane Craig(2), married John Sanders 7 - Joseph Craig(2), married Miss Wisdom 8 - Sally Craig(2), married Manoah Singleton 9 - Benjamin Craig(2), married Nancy Stuman 10 - Jeremiah Craig(2), married (1) Lucy Hawkins (2) Miss Woods 11 - Betsy Craig(2), married Richard Cave

Third Generation

John Craig(2) (Toliver(l)) married Sally Page, born 1738 - 1835, Boone County. 1 - John Hawkins Craig(3), married Miss Snelling 2 - Betsy Craig(3), married Cave Johnson 3 - Elijah Craig(3), married Miss McAfee 4 - Sally Craig(3), married John Rush 5 - Benjamin Craig(3), married (1) Miss Cave (2) Miss McBee 6 - Lewis Craig(3) 7 - Nancy Craig(3), married (1) Barthelumue (2) T. M. Prentice 8 - Philip Craig(3), married Miss Perciville 9 - Francis Craig(3), married (1) Miss Kirthy (2) Miss Ryle Sons - 10, 11, 12 and 13 died when young

Joyce Craig(2) (Toliver(l)) married John Falkner 1 - Joseph Falkner(3), married Miss Nelson 2 - Polly Falkner(3), married Andrew Hampton 3 - Martha Falkner(3), married John Stevens 4 - John Falkner(3), married Miss Nutall 5 - Anne Falkner(3), married William Dewitt 6 - Lewis Falkner(3), married Miss Nelson 7 - Sally Falkner(3), married Mr. Wilcox 8 - Franky Falkner(3), married Henry Wilson 9 - Jane Falkner(3), married Dr. Johnson 10 - William Falkner(3), married Miss Johnson The Craig Family 135

Lewis Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married Elizabeth Sanders, lived in Mason County after 1790. 1 - Whitfield Craig(3), married Charlotte Lampton 2 - John Craig(3), married Katherine Pattie 3 - Lewis Craig(3), married Dorcas Noble 4 - Elijah Craig(3), married Polly Hargate 5 - Elizabeth Craig(3), married Bledsoe 6 - Sally Craig(3), married Davis 7 - Katherine Hawkins Craig(3), married Rev. John King 8 - Polly Craig(5), married General Philemon Hawkins 9 - John Lewis Craig(3), died in infancy 10 - Frances Craig(3), married General David Chiles

Taliferro Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married Miss Johnson. 1 - John Craig(3), married Miss Todd 2 - William Craig(3), married Sally Davis 3 - Nathaniel Craig(3), married Polly Ely 4 - Toliver Craig(3) 5 - Elijah Craig(3), married Miss Hawkins 6 - Betsy Craig(3), married Frank Gholson 7 - Nancy Craig(3), married James Ball

Elijah Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married Miss Smith. 1 - married (1) Sam Grant - he was killed by Indians (2) Mr. Herndon 2 - Joel Craig(3), married Miss Putman 3 - Lucy Craig(3), married Josiah Pitts 4 - John D. Craig(3), married Miss Tarltan 5 - Polly Craig(3), married Hugh Sanders Gatewood

Jane Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married John Sanders. Children listed under Sanders Genealogy.

Joseph Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married Miss Wisdom. 1 - Reuben Craig(3), married Miss Twyman 2 - Jane Craig(3), married Robert Ashurst 3 - Thomas Craig(3), married Miss Wisdom(a cousin) 4 - James Craig(3), married Miss Mitchen 5 - Sally Craig(3), married Joseph Allen 6 - Samuel Craig(3), married Patsy Singleton 7 - Joseph Craig(3), married Miss Parker 8 - Elijah Craig(3), married Alsire Grovesnor 9 - Lucy Craig(3), married Joel Dupy 10 - Polly Craig(3), married James Mitchen

Sally Craig(2) (Toliver(!)) married Manoah Singleton. 1 - Jackonia Singleton(3), married Jane Taylor, 3 children 2 - Elizabeth Singleton(3), married George O'Neal, 12 children 3 - Susan Singleton(3), born 1769, died of cholera in 1833 136 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

4 - Sarah Singleton(3), born 1771, married Moses Martin 5 - Mason Singleton(3), born 1773, married Fannie Garnett, 9 children 6 - Mary Singleton(3), born 1776, died in infancy 7 - Hannah Singleton(3), born 1778, married John Lancaster, 4 children 8 - Anna Singleton(3), born 1781, married James Hiter 9 - Mary Singleton(3), born 1785, married a "Mr. Barkley" 10 - Jane Singleton(3), born 1787, married Samuel Barkley, six children 11 - Martha Singleton(3), born 1789, married Hawkins Craig, 3 children 12 - Joannah Singleton(3), born 1790, no issue 13 - Sasanah or Susan Singleton(3), born 1792, married Joseph Hughey, 5 children

Fourth Generation

Rev. Francis Craig(3l (John(2), Toliver(l)) married Matilda Kirtley. 1 - William Craig(4), born 1808, died 1853 2 - Matilda Craig(4), born 1816, died 1866, married Richard Manly 3 - Sally Ann Craig(4), born 1817, died 1891, married (1) Rev. James Brooking (2) James H. Aiken 4 - Elizabeth Craig(4), born 1819, died 1850, never married 5 - John Page Craig(4), born 1822, died 1895, married Jane Torrence Miller 6 - Oscar Francis Craig(4), born 1832, died 1916, married Mary Lou Wilson in 1866

Betsy Craig(3) (John(2), Toliver(l)) married Cave Johnson, Feb. 1784, what is now Woodford Co. 1 - John Johnson(4), married Catherine Suggett 2 - Sally Johnson(4) 3 - Benjamin Johnson(4) 4 - Younger Johnson(4) 5 - Nancy Johnson(4) 6 - Cave Johnson(4) 7 - Betsy Johnson(4) 8 - Catherine Johnson(4) 9 - Julia Ann Johnson(4) 10 - Harriet Johnson(4) 11 - Jane Johnson(4) 12 - Lucinda Johnson(4) 13 - Polly Johnson(4)

Whitfield Craig(3) (Lewis Craig(2), Toliver(l)) married Charlotte Lampton. 1 - Maria Craig(4), married George Baker 2 - William Craig(4), married Martha Worthington The Craig Family 137

John Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Katherine Pattie, daughter of Anne Sanders Pattie. 1 - Asentha Craig(4), married Dr. William Bryant Johnston, November 1731 2 - Sanders Walker Craig(4), never married 3 - John Craig(4), never married 4 - Whitfield Craig(4), married Elizabeth Hawkins 5 - Elizabeth Bledsoe Craig(4), married Lewis Craig Chiles 6 - Francis Marion Craig(4), married Elizabeth Lindsay

Lewis Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Doras Noble, no children.

Elijah Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married (1) Polly Hargate, 1 - Polly Craig(4), never married 2 - John Hargate Craig(4), married Rachel Kendall married (2) Mary Davis 3 - Elizabeth Craig(4), married James Kemp 4 - Frances Chiles Craig(4), married John McCoy 5 - Oliver Craig(4), never married 6 - Jane Craig(4), married Nicholas Worthington 7 - Malvina Craig(4), married Rev. Larue

Elizabeth Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Bledsoe. 1 - Jessie Bledsoe(4), the famous lawyer

Sally Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Davis.

Katherine Hawkins Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Rev. John King. 1 - Katherine King(4), married Moore 2 - Philip King(4), married, had one son

Polly Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married General Philemon Thomas of Louisiana.

Frances Craig(3) (Lewis(2), Toliver(l)) married General David Chiles. 1 - James Chiles(4), married Dolly Payne, no children 2 - David Chiles (4), never married 3 - Lewis Craig Chiles(4), married Elizabeth Bledsoe Craig (cousin) 4 - Elizabeth Chiles(4), married Alfred Soward

Polly Craig(3} (Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married William O'Neal. 1 - John 0'Neal(4), married (1) Miss Miller (2) Miss Litrell 2 - James O'Neal(4), married (1) Miss Easterday (2) Miss North 3 - Nancy O'Neal(4), married Joseph Mccann 4 - William 0'Neal(4), married Leonora D. Russell of New York 5 - Mary 0'Neal(4), married Daniel Mason, D. D. 138 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Benjamin Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married Elizabeth Morris. 1 - Robert Craig(4), married Melissa Price 2 - Walton Craig(4), married Laurinda Peak 3 - Albert Gallatin Craig, married Virginia Brooking 4 - Anderson Craig(4), married Sue Cave 5 - Joshua Craig(4), married Betty O'Conner 6 - Silas Craig(4), never married 7 - Benjamin Craig(4), married Carolyn Gex

George Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married Elisa Marten. 1 - Elisa Craig(4), married Captain Tom Wright 2 - Mary Jane Craig(4), married Joseph Cary Eggleston 3 - Tabitha 0. Craig(4), married Harry Kile

Sally Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married John M. Price. 1 - Cyrene Price(4), married Anthony Gex 2 - Malissa Price(4), married Robert Craig (cousin) 3 - Nannie Price(4), married Robert Scanland 4 - Sarah Price(4), married Adam Carson 5 - John M. Price(4), married Louisa Woodburn 6 - Silas Price(4), never married 7 - Jane Price(4), married James Brown 8 - Esther Price(4), married Mr. Lathrop 9 - Elizabeth Price(4), married Daniel Shaffer

Lewis Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married Milly Smith, daughter of Samuel Smith. 1 - George Ann Craig(4), married Daniel Bledsoe 2 - Samuel Craig(4), married Elizabeth Welsh 3 - Isiah Craig(4), married Nancy Ellis 4 - Silas Craig(4), married Jane Easterday 5 - William Craig(4), married Martha Elliot 6 - Nancy Craig(4), married Albert G. Hanks 7 - Sarah Craig(4), married Robert Russell 8 - Dorcas Craig(4), married Melton Hanks

Silas Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married Pauline Peak. 1 - Levi Craig(4), died young 2 - Madison Craig(4), never married 3 - Leland Craig(4), married Lucy Craig, daughter of Elijah (granddaughter of Joseph) 4-.s - Leonidas(4) and Silas(4), died at the ages of 20 and 15 years 6 - ,Juniu~(4) (born 1836 - twins, died when very young) 7 - Erne 1me(4 )

Stuman Craig(3) (Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married Elizabeth Easterday. 1 - Elizabeth Craig(4), married Dr. Hicks 2 - Joseph Craig(4), married (1) Emily Tandy (2) Nancy Tandy The Craig Family 139

3 - Lewis Easterday Craig(4), married Lutitia Tandy 4 - Susan Craig(4), never married

Fifth Generation

Asenath Craig(4) (John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Dr. William Bryant Johnston, November 1731. 1 - John Lewis Craig Johnston(5), married Mildred Hopson 2 - James William Johnston(5), died when young 3 - Sanders Walker Johnston(5), married (1) Malvina Hamer (2) Sarah Brown Hall 4 - Katherine Margaret Johnston(5), married General Thomas Lyons Hamer of Ohio 5 - William Willshire Johnston(5), died young 6 - Anderson Doniphan Johnston(5), married Frances A Benjamin 7 - Elizabeth Bryant Johnston(5), Never married 8 - Mary Eliza Johnston(5), Never married 9 - Amanda Frances Johnston(5, died young 10 - Henry Clay Johnston(5), died in infancy

Whitfield Craig(4) (John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Elizabeth Hawkins.

Elizabeth Bledsoe Craig(4) (John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(l)) married Lewis Craig Chiles. 1 - David Chiles(5), never married 2 - John Lewis Childs(5), married (1) Elizabeth Morgan (2) Amanda Patton

Francis Marion Craig(4) (John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Elizabeth Lindsay. 1 - Francis Fairfax Craig(5), died in infancy 2 - David Lindsay Craig(5), married

William 0'Neal(4) (Polly(3), Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married Leonora D. Russell of New York City. 1 - Sarah 0'Neal(5), married Samuel E. Pleasants, Vevay, Ind. 2 - Mary 0'Neal(5), married John J. McCann 3 - Russell 0'Neal(5), married Ella Shouse 4 - Emma 0'Neal(5), married Frank McMakin 5 - Anna 0'Neal(5), married Dr. Sam Howard 6 - Leonora 0'Neal(5), married Charles Dufour 7 - Florence 0'Neal(5), never married

Nancy 0'Neal(4) (Polly(3), Benjamin(2), Toliver(l)) married Joseph Mccann. 1 - Levi McCann(5), married Jane Ellis 2 - William McCann(5), never married 3 - Simeon McCann(5), married Polly Foe Scruggs, daughter of John Scruggs 140 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

4 - John T. McCann(5), married Elizabeth Duval 5 - James McCann(5), married Polly Ann Duval 6 - Mary Elizabeth McCann(5), married Robert Bond 7 - Benjamin McCann(5), married Josephine Ellis, daughter of John Ellis

Walton Craig(4} (Benjamin(3), Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married Laura Peak. 1 - Evelyn Craig(5), married James B. Frank 2 - Elizabeth Craig(5), married James M. Fisher 3 - Dudley Peak Craig(5), married (1) Emma Schenk, (2) Mariam Gex, (3) Mattie Owens 4 - Walton Craig(5), married Emma Mitchell 5 - Albert G. Craig(5), married Laura Houston 6 - Benjamin Craig(5), married Sally Thomson 7 - Leonidas Craig(5), married Mary Talbot

Albert Gallatin Craig(4} (Benjamin(3), Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married Virginia Brooking. 1 - Elizabeth Craig(5), married Littleton Finley 2 - Mary Judith Craig(5), married Joseph Collins 3 - Robert E. Craig(5), married Elizabeth Kearney 4 - Sarah Craig(5), never married 5 - Virginia Craig(5), never married 6 - Silas Crai~(5), ~arried Annie CoUin~_,,1 . 1 7 - ~ Morris Cra1g(5),r ~-vVU.<.J ;Ct.-L-,i,,1,..,1...1 8 - Anderson Craig(5), married Mary Still 9 - Albert Gallatin Craig(5), married Chloe Labus 10 - Laura Brooking Craig(5), never married 11 - Virginius Throckmorton Craig(5), married Carrie Gaines

Matilda Craig(4} (Rev. Francis(3), John(2), Toliver(!)) born 1816, died 1866, married Richard Manly. 1 - Laura Manly(5), born December 20, 1848

John Page Craig(4) (Francis(3), John(2), Toliver(!)) born 1822, died 1895, married Jane Torrence. 1 - Frank Craig(5) 2 - Katherine Miller Craig(5) 3 - Nellie G. Craig(5) 4 - Fannie Belle Craig(5) 5 - Susan R. Craig(5) 6 - Matilda Craig(5)

Mary Jane Craig(4) (George(3), Benjamin(2), Toliver(!)) married Joseph Cary Eggleston. 1 - Dr. Joseph Eggleston(5), married (1) Elizabeth Snider (2) Frances Good 2 - George Cary Eggleston(5) 3 - Jane Lowrey Eggleston(5), married Dr. Charles Zimmerman 4 - William Eggleston(5) The Craig Family 141

Elizabeth Chiles(4) (Frances(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Alfred Soward. 1 - Anna Frances Soward(5), married Samuel Forman 2 - Maria Chiles Soward(5), married John McCarty 3 - Elizabeth Soward(5), married Dr. Nicholas Taliferro Marshall

Sixth Generation John Lewis Craig Johnston(5) (Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Mildred Hopson. 1 - Morgan Hopson Johnston(6), married Mary Washington Smith 2 - William Bryant Johnston(6), married Margaret Havard 3 - Anna Katherine Johnston(6), married Melvile Vincent 4 - Mary Elizabeth Johnston(6), married John Robert Willis

Sanders Walker Johnston(5) (Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Malvina Hamer. 1 - Ophelia(6), died in infancy 2 - Thomas Hamer Johnston(6), married Caroline Dorsey(no issue) 3 - William Craig Johnston(6), never married 4 - Mary Sanders Johnston(6), married Charles Macauley Smith

Anderson Doniphan Johnston(5) (Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Frances A. Benjamin. 1 - Katherine Joanette(6), died in infancy 2 - Joanette Clark Johnston(6), died in infancy 3 - Frances Benjamin Johnston(6), never married

Margaret Ann Craig(5) (John Hargate(4), Elijah(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married James Collins. 1 - Thomas Collins(6), lives near Dover, Kentucky

Seventh Generation

William Bryant Johnston(6) (John Lewis(5), Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Margaret Haverd. 1 - Albert Sidney Johnston(7)

Mary Elizabeth Johnston(6) (John Lewis(5), Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married John Robert Willis. 1 - Louis Willis (7) 2 - Lawrence Willis(7) 3 - Louise Willis(7) 4 - Robert Willis(7) 5 - Ralph Willis (7) 6 - Gretchen Willis(7) 7 - Mildred Willis(7)

Mary Sanders Johnston(6) (Sanders Walker(5), Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Charles M. Smith. 1 - Marguerite Marchesi Smith(7) 142 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Morgan Hopson Johnston(6) (John Lewis(5), Asenath(4), John(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Mary Washington Smith. 1 - Gray Washington Smith(7)

Fannie Forman(6) (Anna Frances(5), Elizabeth(4), Frances(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Dr. J. A. Reed. 1 - Stanley Forman Reed(7)

Maria Chiles Soward(6) (Anna Frances(5), Elizabeth(4), Frances(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married (1) John McCarty 1 - Anna McCarty(7), married William F. Pinkard, lives in Covington, Kentucky married (2) Dr. Nicholas Taliferro Marshall 2 - Mattie(7), never married 3 - Anna Campbell Marshall(7), married Robert Lee Cochran, Denver, Colorado

Stanley Forman Reed(7) (Fannie(6), Anna Frances(5), Elizabeth(4), Frances(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Winnie Davis Elgin on May 11, 1908. 1 - Stanley Forman Reed II (8), married Harriet Dyer

Eighth Generation

Stanley Forman Reed Il (8) (Stanley Forman(7), Fannie(6), Anna Frances(5), Elizabeth(4), Frances(3), Lewis(2), Toliver(!)) married Harriet Dyer in New York City, March 19, 1949. 1 - Stanley Forman Reed Ill (9), born April 12, 1950 THE HAWKINS FAMILY

There were several Hawkins families in the early Virginia Colony, and two of them were headed by John Hawkins. The exact kinship between these men is not known, but both are said to be of the same family as Sir John Hawkins 1532-1592, but that relationship has not been fully established. In the "Hawkins Family" by General John Parker Hawkins is the following statement, "While it has not to my knowledge been proven, it is thought that John Hawkins of King William County, Virginia, is the great, grandson of Sir Richard Hawkins of England". John Hawkins of King William County, Virginia emigrated to America around 1720. His wife's name was Mary, and according to several authorities she was Mary Long before her marriage. In Deed Book A, page 136, it shows the record of a deed for 400 acres of land on the Pamunky on both sides of Terry Run or Gigging River. This John Hawkins is again mentioned as recently deceased, in Deed Book D, page 17, Spotsylvania County, Virginia, November 16, 1742. Their children were: 1 - Joseph Hawkins, married Jane Nicholas 2 - Philemon Hawkins, married Sarah Smith 3 - Elizabeth Hawkins, married George Smith 4 - Phoebe Hawkins, married Charles Smith 5 - Mary Hawkins, married Taliferro (Toliver) Craig, (see Craig Genealogy) Sarah, George and Charles were of the same family, their father being Samuel Smith. The other John Hawkins mentioned, was born in England around 1718 and came to America about 1742, settling in Virginia. He served as Commissary of the Virginia Army, and during the Revolutionary War was appointed as Commissionary General of the then regular army. He married Mary Langford, the daughter of Colonel Langford of the Royal Navy. Their children were: 1 - Thomas Hawkins, born 1745 2 - Martin Hawkins, born 1747, married (1) Elizabeth Thompson (2) Margaret McNair 3 - James Hawkins, born 1750, married Lucy ----c,-- 4 - John Hawkins, born 1752, married (1) Mary Duke (2) Mary Garland Duke 5 - Edmund Hawkins, born 1754, married Mary Mosely 6 - Lucy Hawkins, born 1757 7 - Jane Hawkins, born 1760, married (1) Capt. John Todd, killed by Indians in 1782. (2) Thomas Irvine 8 - Mildred Hawkins, born 1763, married Percival Butler, lived in Carroll County, Kentucky

Edmund Hawkins (John and Mary(Langford) Hawkins), married Mary Mosely. Their children were: 144 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

1 - Joseph Hawkins, married Georgann Nicholas (turn to Nicholas Genealogy) 2 - Littlebury Hawkins, married Mary Dumesnil (see note*)

Children:

1 - Edmonia Hawkins, born in Lexington, September 19, 1817 2 - Joseph Hawkins, born in Lexington, November 18, 1819 3 - Emily Adelaide Hawkins, born in Lexington, November 14, 1823 4 - Aystin Rose Hawkins, born in Lexington, January 2, 1825 5 - Antonie Dumesnil Hawkins, born in Lexington, 1827 6 - Reginald Hawkins, born in Lexington, September 17, 1829 7 - Generieve Dumesnil Hawkins, born in Lexington, April 4, 1833 8 - Catherine Hawkins, born in Louisville, September 17, 1834

*Mary Dumesnil Hawkins (Mrs. Littlebury Hawkins) died in Louisville, Kentucky, October 19, 1834. Littebury Hawkins died in Texas about 1840. THE NICHOLAS FAMILY

First Generation

Dr. George Nicholas of Lancaster County, England, emigrated to Virginia at an early date in the eighteenth century. He was a suc­ cessful physician in England, and continued his profession in Vir­ ginia. About 1722 he married Elizabeth (Carter) Burwell, the daughter of Robert Carter and the widow of Major Nathaniel Burwell. At the time of her first marriage, her father gave her many acres of land, and the beautiful home, Carter's Grove. This, her son, Carter Burwell, inherited.

Second Generation

Children of Dr. George Nicholas and wife Elizabeth: 1 - Robert Carter Nicholas (George), born about 1723, married Ann Cary 2 - John Nicholas (George), married Elizabeth Fry, daughter of Colonel Joshua Fry 3 - George Nicholas (George), perhaps the father of Colonel John Nicholas, Clerk of Dinwiddle

Third Generation

Robert Carter Nicholas(2) (Dr. George(l)) and his wife, Ann Cary Nicholas. 1 - Sarah Nicholas(3), born 1752, married in 1772, John Norton 2 - Elizabeth Nicholas(3), born 1753, died 1810, married Edmund Randolph, was Governor of Virginia 3 - George Nicholas(3), born 1754, died 1799, married Mary Smith of Baltimore 4 - John Nicholas(3), married Anne Lawson and moved to Geneva, New York 5 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(3), born 1761, died 1820, married Margaret Smith of Baltimore 6 - Judith Nicholas(3), born 1765, died young 7 - Lewis Nicholas(3), born 1766, died 1840, married a Miss Harris 8 - Robert Nicholas(3), born 1768, died young 9 - Philip Norbonne Nicholas(3), born 1775, died 1849, married (1) Mary Spear (2) Maria Carter Byrd

John Nicholas(2) (Dr. George(l)) married Elizabeth Fry, daughter of Colonel Joshua Fry. 1 - Colonel John Nicholas(3), married Louise Carter 2 - Elizabeth Nicholas(3), never married 3 - George Nicholas(3), married Nannie Scott 4 - RobertCarterNicholas(3), married Martha, widow of Daniel Scott 146 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Fourth Generation

Sarah Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)), married John H. Norton. 1 - Courtnay Norton(4), married (1) Warner Lewis (2) Landon Carter 2 - Anne Norton(4), married General Armistead 3 - Rev. J. H. Norton(4) of New York, married a Miss Gray

Elizabeth Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)), married Edmund Randolph, once governor of Virginia. 1 - Peyton Randolph(4), married Maria Ward 2 - Susan Randolph(4), married Bennett Taylor 3 - Edmonia Randolph(4), married John L. Preston 4 - Lucy Randolph(4), married Judge Peter V. Daniel

George Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)), married Mary Smith of Baltimore. 1 - Robert Carter Nicholas(4), Lieutenant, 7th Inf. 1809; resigned in 1821 2 - Major Cary Nicholas(4) 3 - Smith Nicholas(4) 4 - Nelson Nicholas(4), killed in a duel 5 - Captain George Nicholas(4), U. S. Navy 6 - Samuel Smith Nicholas(4), married (1) Matilda Prather, (2) Mary Smith, daughter of Samuel Smith 7 - Maria Nicholas(4), married Colonel Dye Owings of Bath County, Kentucky 8 - Ann Nicholas(4), married Lewis Sanders of Lexington, Kentucky 9 - Georgeann Nicholas(4), died 1828, married Joseph H. Hawkins, died 1823 - New Orleans 10 - Margaretta Nicholas(4), died 1819, married (1) General J. C. Bartlett (2) Governor Thomas Fletcher 11 - Elizabeth Randolph Nicholas(4), married James Gabriel Trotter of Lexington, Kentucky 12 - Henrietta Nicholas(4), married Richard Hawes 13 - Clara Nicholas(4), never married

John Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)), married Anne Lawson, lived at Geneva, New York. 1 - Gavin Lawson Nicholas(4) 2 - Anne Cary Nicholas(4), married Abraham Dox 3 - Susan Rose Nicholas(4), married Rev. Orin Clark 4 - George Wilson Nicholas(4) 5 - Jane Lawson Nicholas(4) 6 - Robert Carter Nicholas(4), married Mary Selden Rose 7 - Elizabeth Randolph Nicholas(4) 8 - Sarah Norton Nicholas(4) 9 - Margaret Carolina Nicholas(4), married Dr. F. B. Leonard of Lansingburgh, New York The Nicholas Family 147

10 - Mary Blair Nicholas(4) 11 - John Nicholas(4), married Virginia Gallagher

Wilson Cary Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Margaret (Peggy) Smith of Baltimore. 1 - Robert Carter Nicholas(4), married Susan Vincent of New Orleans 2 - John Smith Nicholas(4), born 1800, died 1864, married (1) Miss Hollins (2) Esther Stevenson 3 - Margaret Nicholas(4), never married 4 - Mary Bohanon Nicholas(4), married John Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland · 5 - Sarah Nicholas(4) 6 - Jane Nicholas(4), married Thomas Jefferson Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson 7 - Sidney Nicholas(4), married Dabney Carr 8 - Cary Ann Nicholas(4), married John Spear Smith

Philip Narbonne Nicholas(3) (Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married (1) Mary Spear, 1 - John Spear Nicholas(4), married Mary Gilmore 2 - Wilson Narbonne Nicholas(4), married Jane Hollins 3 - Robert Carter Nicholas(4), married Elizabeth Bush Ambler, daughter of Colonel John Ambler married (2) Maria Carter Byrd 4 - Jane Nicholas(4) 5 - Philip Cary Nicholas(4), efficient librarian of the State of Virginia 6 - Elizabeth Byrd Nicholas(4), born 1830, died 1901 7 - Sidney Nicholas(4), married Selma Hudgins

Fifth Generation

Rev. John Norton(4) (Sarah(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Miss Gray of New York. 1 - Rev. John Norton(5), of Kentucky, married Mary Sutton

Susan Rose Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Rev. Orin Clark. 1 - Susan L. Clark(5), married George Dox

Anne Cary Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(!)) married Abraham Dox. 1 - Peter M. Dox(5), married (1) Matilda Pope (2) Margaret Simpson 2- John N. Dox(5), deceased 3 - George N. Dox(5), married (1) Susan Clark (2) Mary Delandy 4 - Susan L. Dox(5), married Peter G. Dox 5 - Mary B. Dox(5), married Rev. F. Wardwell 6 - Dudley W. Dox(5), married Martha Hazard 148 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

7 - A Daughter(5) 8 - Anne N. Dox(5), lived in Geneva, New York

Robert Carter Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l)) married Mary Selden Rose (a cousin). 1 - John Cary Nicholas(5), married Kate Rench 2 - George Wilson Nicholas(5), married Olicia M. Gallagher 3 - Robert Rose Nicholas(5), married Mary Sutton, Santa Fe, N. M. 4 - Jane R. Nicholas(5), born 1836, died 1903, married Zachriah S. Claggett, born 1821, died 1890

Margaret Caroline Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l)) married Dr. R. B. Leonard. 1 - Mary Leonard(5) 2 - Betty Leonard(5) 3 - Annie T. Leonard(5) 4 - Cornelia Leonard(5) 5 - John Leonard(5)

John Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l)) married Virginia Gallagher. 1 - Mary Murray Nicholas(5), of Geneva, New York 2 - Philip Norborne Nicholas(5), married Emily Jackson, of Geneva, New York 3 - Charles G. Nicholas(5), married Sarah Fitch 4 - Wilson C. Nicholas(5), deceased 5 - Anna Nicholas(5) 6 - Robert C. Nicholas(5), of Warner, Texas 7 - Virginia Nicholas(5), deceased

Jane R. Nicholas(4) (John(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l)) married Zachariah S. Claggett, born 1821, died 1890. 1 - Robert Carter N. Claggett(5), married Ella Hall, Creesco, Iowa (no issue) 2 - Eliza Clagget(5), deceased 3 - Mary Claggett(5), deceased 4 - Gavin Lawson B. Claggett(5), now in Mexico 5 - George Claggett(5), deceased 6 - Samuel Claggett(5), married Mrs. Nannie L. Budwell 7 - Susan Claggett(5), deceased 8 - John Cary Claggett(5), now in Mexico 9 - Dudley Claggett(5), deceased 10 - Jennie N. Claggett(5), died in 1904, unmarried 11 - Zachariah Claggett(5), now in Atlanta, Georgia 12 - Frederick Dorsey Claggett(5), married Mabel Gill, live in Cincinnati, Ohio 13 - Walter M. Claggett(5)

Robert Carter Nicholas(4) (Wilson Cary(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l) married Susan Vincent of Louisiana. The Nicholas Family 149

1 - Caroline Nicholas(5) 2 - Margaret Nicholas(5) 3 - Mary Nicholas(5) 4 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(5)

John Smith Nicholas(4) (Wilson Cary(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(!)) married Esther Goodwin Stevenson. 1 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(5), married Augusta Moale 2 - John S. Nicholas(5), married Mary Stuart Lawlor 3 - George Stevenson Nicholas(5), married Elizabeth Purdy 4 - Henry Ingersoll Nicholas(5), married Alice Hollins 5 - Augusta Campbell Nicholas(5), married Edward de Russy in 1868 6 - Cary Ann Nicholas(5), died in New Brunswick, New J·ersey in 1901 7 - Robert Carter Nicholas(5), died in childhood 8 - Elsie Nicholas(5), married Henry Potter

Samuel Smith Nicholas(4) (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) Married 1 - Mathilda Prather 2 - Married Mary Smith. Issue by first wife - 1 - Mary Jane Nicholas(5), married ___Graves 2 - Matilda Nicholas(5), married 1 - B. Spratt 2 - Hon. P. Barrett of Missouri 3 - Margaret Nicholas(5), married ____Thomas 4 - Julia Nicholas(5), married Major James Johnson C. S. A. 5 - George Nicholas(5), married 1 - Emma Hawes 2 - Mary A. Pope 6 - Col. John Nicholas(5), U.S. N. 1805 7 - Catherine Rudolph Nicholas(5), married Rudolph Fink

Maria Nicholas(4) (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Colonel Thomas Dye Owings. 1 - B. Owings (5) 2 - Robert Owings(5) 3 - John Owings(5) 4 - Mary Owings(5) 5 - Margaret Owings(5) 6 - Ann Owings(5), married Hon. Mason, Member of Congress Ann Nicholas(4) (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Lewis Sanders of Lexington, April 18. (Given under the Sanders Genealogy)

George Ann Nicholas(4) (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Joseph H. Hawkins. 1 - Mary Jane Hawkins(5) married William Victor 2 - George Hawkins(5) 3 - Edmund St. John Hawkins(5) 150 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Margaretta Nicholas(4} (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married 1 - General J. C. Bartlett 2 - Governor Thomas Fletcher.

Elizabeth R. Nicholas(4} (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married James Gabriel Trotter. 1 - George R. Trotter(5) married Amanada Gallaway 2 - Cary Ann Trotter(5) married Edward Hawes 3 - Margaret Trotter(5) married John Fowler Leary

Henrietta Nicholas(4} (George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Richard Hawes. 1 - James Morrison Hawes(5), General C. S. A., married Maria Southgate 2 - Cary Hawes(5), physician, died in St. Louis 3 - George Nicholas Hawes(5) 4 - Samuel Hawes(5), killed at Missionary Ridge 5 - Henrietta Hawes(5), married Rev. Davis 6 - Clara Hawes(5), never married

Sidney Nicholas(4) (Wilson Cary(3), Robert(2), Dr. George(l)) married Dabney Carr. 1 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(5), married Sue Henderson 2 - Cary Ann Nicholas(5), married Major Thomas C. Peyton 3 - Samuel Southgate Nicholas(5) 4 - Margaret Nicholas(5) 5 - Dabney Nicholas(5), married Anne Dean

Sixth Generation

James Morrison Hawes(5) (Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Maria Southgate of Covington, Kentucky. 1 - Maria Hawes(6), married James Ellis 2 - Hetty Hawes(6), never married. Taught at Science Hills, Shelbyville, Kentucky 3 - Albert Hawes(6), married Mattie Butler 4 - Mary Hawes(6), never married, a physician, died in Denver, Colorado 5 - Clara Hawes(6), never married 6 - Ann Hawes(6), never married 7 - Frances Hawes(6), never married 8 - Lee Hawes(6), married (1) Grace Murry (2) Ida Mae Thompson

Rev. John Norton(5} (John(4), Sarah(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Mary Sutton. 1 - Juliette Norton(6) 2 - Rev. George Norton(6), of Alexandria, Virginia, married Nannie Marshall The Nicholas Family 151

Julia Nicholas(5) (Samuel Smith(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Major James Johnson C. S. A. 1 - Mary Johnson(6) 2 - James C. Johnson(6) 3 - Matilda Johnson(6)

George Nicholas(5) (Samuel Smith(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married (1) Emma Hawes (2) Mary A. Pope. Issue by first wife - 1 - Emma J. Nicholas(6), married John Churchill Issue by second wife - 2 - Werden Nicholas(6), married Lula Cherry 3 - George Nicholas(6), married Evelyn Thompson 4 - Sarah Nicholas(6) 5 - Lawrence Nicholas(6) 6 - Prather Nicholas(6) 7 - Cary Nicholas(6) 8 - Matilda Nicholas(6) 9 - Mary Nicholas(6)

Catherine Rudolph Nicholas(5) (Samuel Smith(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Rudolph Fink. 1 - Albert Fink(6) 2 - Mary Fink(6) 3 - Margaretta Fink(6) 4 - Henry Fink(6) 5 - Cargetta Fink(6)

George N. Dox(5) (A. Cary Nicholas(4), John(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married (1) Susan Clark (2) Mary Delandy. Issue by first wife - 1 - Alice Dox(6) 2 - Susan Dox(6), married _____ Issue by second wife - 3 - George Dox(6)

Cary Ann Nicholas(5) (Sidney(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Major Thomas C. Peyton. 1 - Sidney Peyton(6), married Rt. Rev. William Lloyd Gravatt 2 - Bernard Peyton(6), married Louisa Ramsay 3 - Randolph Peyton(6)

Margaret Smith(5) (Cary Ann Nicholas(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Robert Carter of Virginia. 1 - Polly Coles Carter(6) 2 - Sarah Nicholas Carter(6) 3 - Margaret Carter(6) 4 - Robert Carter(6), an Episcopal minister (1906) 152 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Maria Smith(5) (C. A. Nicholas(4), Wilson C. (3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married John L. Williams. 1 - John Williams(6), married Lela Leach 2 - Cary Ann Williams(6), married B. L. Bermis 3 - Lancaster Williams(6) 4 - Charlotte Williams(6) 5 - Edmund R. Williams(6) 6 - Langbourn Williams (6) 7 - Eunice Williams (6) 8 - William B. Williams(6) 9 - Maria W. Williams(6)

Margaret Trotter(5) (Elizabeth Nicholas(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married John Fowler Leary. 1 - James Trotter Leary(6), married Madge Williams of Washington, D. C. 2 - Eleanor Leary(6), married Richard Woolsey Tyler, Major in U. S. Army 3 - Cary Ann Leary(6), married Wallace G. Bone

Mary Jane Hawkins(5) (George Ann(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married William Victor. 1 - Marie Victor(6), married Edward J. Burke at Carrollton, Ky. 2 - Norbourne B. Victor(6), died when young. (1869 3 - Anna Victor(6), married Fred Prescott Bullock.

Colonel Wilson Cary Nicholas(5) (John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Augusta Moale, daughter of Colonel Sam Moale of Baltimore, Maryland. 1 - John Patterson Nicholas(6), married Daisy Fraser 2 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(6) 3 - Samuel Moale Nicholas(6) 4 - Thomas Jefferson Nicholas(6) 5 - Randolph Nicholas(6) 6 - Mary Nicholas(6) 7 - Nancy Nicholas(6) 8 - Cary Anne Nicholas (6)

John Smith Nicholas(5) (John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Mary Stewart Lawlor in 1873. 1 - Esther Stevenson Nicholas(6), born in 1874, married Drury W. Cooper in 1898 2 - Eleanor Lawlor Nicholas(6), born 1877 3 - Robert Carter Nicholas(6), born in 1875, married Roberta Johnson in 1904, New Jersey 4 - John Burke Nicholas(6), born 1879 5 - Mary Lawlor Nicholas(6), born 1881 6 - Elizabeth Ridgely Nicholas(6) 7 - Wilson Cary Nicholas(6) 8 - William Stuart Nicholas(6) The Nicholas Family 153

George Stevenson Nicholas(5) (John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Elizabeth Purdy of New York in 1869. He was born November 7, 1840. 1 - Mary Nicholas(6), deceased 2 - John Nicholas(6), deceased 3 - Elizabeth Teackle Nicholas(6) 4 - George Nicholas(6) 5 - Grosvenor Nicholas(6) 6 - Ridgely Nicholas(6) 7 - Virginia Nicholas(6)

Augusta Campbell Nicholas(5) (John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)). In 1868 she was married to Edward de Russy. 1 - John Jay de Russy(6) 2 - Charles Amedes de Russy(6) 3 - Julia Wells de Russy(6)

Harry Ingersoll Nicholas(5) (John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Alice Hollins. 1 - Nina Nicholas(6) 2 - Alice Nicholas(6) 3 - Daisy Nicholas(6) 4 - Maud Nicholas(6), married Captain Niles of Boston 5 - Elsie Nichols(6), married Alonzo Potter, son of Bishop Potter 6 - Harry Ingersoll Nicholas(6) 7 - Beatrice Nicholas(6) 8 - Marguerite Nicholas(6) 9 - Evalina Nicholas(6)

Seventh Generation

Bernard Peyton(6) (Cary Ann(5), Sidney(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Louisa Ramsay. 1 - Ashton Peyton(7) 2 - Bernard Peyton(7) 3 - Thomas Peyton(7)

Cary Ann Williams(6) (Maria Smith(5), Cary Ann(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married B. L. Bermis. 1 - Charlotte Bermis(7) 2 - Francis Bermis( 7) 3 - Samuel Bermis(7) 4 - John W. Bermis(7)

James Trotter Leary(6) (Margaret(5), Elizabeth(4), Ge::>rge(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married Madge Williams of Washington, D. C. 1 - Madge Leary(7) 154 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Eleanor Leary(6) (Margaret(5), Elizabeth(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Richard Woolsey Tyler, Major in U. S. Army. 1 - Richard Knickerbocker Tyler(7) 2 - Margaret Knickerbocker Tyler(7), married J. H. Churchill Clark of Kentucky 3 - Eleanor Leary Tyler(7), married James Walter Pilling of Washington, D. C.

Cary Ann Leary(6) (Margaret(5), Elizabeth(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Wallace G. Bone. 1 - Richard Wallace Bone(7)

Maria Victor(6) (Mary Jane(5), George Ann(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Edward J. Burke. 1 - Victor Burke(7), born 1870 in Carrollton, Ky. 2 - Norbourne Burke(7), born 1872 in Cincinnati, Ohio. 3 - Edward Burke(7), born 1873.

Esther Stevenson Nicholas(6) (John(5), John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Drury W. Cooper 1898. She was born in 1874. 1 - Drury W. Cooper(7) 2 - Esther Stevenson Nicholas Cooper(7) 3 - Mary Cooper(7) 4 - Elizabeth Cooper(7), born August 11, 1906

Robert Carter Nicholas(6) (John(5), John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Roberta Johnson of New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1904.

Elsie Nicholas(6) (Harry Ingersoll(5), John(4), Wilson Cary(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Alonzo Potter, son of Bishop Potter. 1 - Henry C. Potter(7)

Maria Hawes(6) (Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married James Ellis. 1 - James Ellis(7), born about 1890, died 1949, married Louisa Bergman of Germany 2 - Mary Ellis(7), born about 1893, died 1964

Albert Hawes(6) (Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Mattie Butler. 1 - Alex Butler Hawes(7), deceased 2 - James Cary Hawes(7), deceased 3 - Albert Cary Hawes(7), married, 2 children The Nicholas Family 155

Lee Hawes(6) (Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George (1)) married (1) Grace Murry, 1 - Grace Hawes(7) married (2) Ida Mae Thompson 2 - Mary Thompson Hawes(7), married Charles Wood, 1 child

Eighth Generation

Margaret Knickerbocker Tyler(7) (Eleanor Leary(6), Margaret Trotter(5), Elizabeth Nicholas(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(l)) married J. H. Churchill Clark of Kentucky. 1 - Margaret Knickerbocker Clark(8)

Albert Hawes, Jr. (8) (Albert Cary(7), Albert(6), Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Cathy Casey, no children.

Anne Hawes(8) (Albert Cary(7), Albert(6), Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married John Edmiston. 1 - John Edmiston, Jr. (9) 2 - Nancy Anne Edmiston(9)

Sally Wood(8) (Mary Thompson(7), Lee(6), Morrison(5), Henrietta(4), George(3), Robert Carter(2), Dr. George(!)) married Alexander Thomson. 1 - Douglas Thomson(9) 2 - Betsy Thomson(9) THE SMITH FAMILY OF MARYLAND

John Smith was born at Strabane, Ireland, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. In 1728, when a small child, his parents moved to America, settling near Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He married Mary (Molly) Bohanon of Lancaster, Pennsylvania around 1850. Ten years later he moved with his wife and children to Baltimore, where he entered the merchandise business, becoming one of the wealthiest merchants in the city of Baltimore. He was very active in politics, and while he was too old to serve in the army, he helped during the Revolution­ ary War in other ways. Their oldest son, Samuel Smith, was born July 27, 1752 and died April 22, 1839. He was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and was eight years of age when his family moved to Baltimore. He mar­ ried Margaret Spears in 1778. Her sister, Doras, was the wife of Jerome Bonaparte. Samuel Smith was a Colonel in the Revolutionary Army. He was a statesman as well as a soldier. In 1792, he was elected to Congress, also re-elected four times. In 1803 he was elected to the U. S. Senate from Maryland. In 1816 he was return­ ed to the House and served by re-elections until December 1828. A painting of him by Peale hangs in the Philadelphia Art Gallery. He served as Secretary of the Nayy for a period of time. He was the largest ship owner on the Atlantic Coast. Their son, John Spears Smith, married his cousin, Ann Cary Nicholas, the daughter of Wilson Cary and wife, Margaret Smith Nicholas. Samuel Smith's daughter, Mary, was the second wife of her cousin, Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas of Louisville, Kentucky. Judge Nicholas being the son of George and Mary Smith Nicholas. - Issue is given under the Nicholas Genealogy - Mary Smith, their oldest daughter, met Colonel George Nicholas at a ball given in Baltimore in honor of the American Of­ ficers in the Revolutionary War. It was love at first sight, as he returned in a short time, and they were married. They had thir­ teen children. Robert Smith, the third child of John and Mary Bohanon Smith, was a lawyer, but not as successful a business man as his brother Samuel. He was made Secretary of the Nayy under President Jefferson and Secretary of State under Madison, but was dismissed for incompetency to fill the place. Henry Adams in writ­ ing of him said, "Robert Smith was an amiable and respectable per­ son but not much weight, except through his connection by blood and/or marriage". Margaret Smith (John) married Wilson Carey Nicholas, (a brother of George Nicholas). Their oldest son, Robert Carter Nicholas was born about 1783, and died December 24, 1857. He served in the War of 1812, was a Captain in the Twentieth Infantry, Major in 1813, and Lieutenant Colonel in 1814 when he retired. Charge d'Affaires at Naples and when he returned to the States, he moved to Louisiana to make his home. He served as Secretary of The Smith Family of Maryland 157

State of Louisiana, and also as United States Senator from 1836 - 1841. The Richmond Standard in their Genealogical Records of the Nicholas Family, gives his wife as Miss Butler, of the "fighting Butlers", but other records say he married Miss Susan Vincent of New Orleans.

Genealogy of the John Smith Family of Baltimore

John Smith married Mary (Molly) Bohanon, of Lancaster, Penn­ sylvania, about 1750. 1 - Samuel Smith (John), married Margaret Spears (1) John Spears Smith, married Ann Cary Nicholas (2) Mary Smith, married Judge Samuel Smith Nicholas of Louisville, Kentucky 2 - Mary Smith (John), married Colonel George Nicholas, (See Nicholas Genealogy) 3 - Robert Smith (John), married a Miss Williams (1) Samuel Smith 3 - Margaret (Peggy) Smith (John), married Wilson Cary Nicholas, brother of George N. (See Nicholas Genealogy). THE CARY FAMILY

Miles Cary emigrated to Virginia in the 1620's. His son - Miles Cary, II, born 1623, died 1667, married Ann Taylor in 1646. Their son - Miles Cary, ill, born about 1655, and married Ann Randolph. Their son - Colonel Wilson Cary, born 1702, died 1772, married Sarah Pate in 1728. The Cary Family were living in England before the Four­ teenth Century. It was about this time that they dropped the parti­ ciple "de Cary", and became plain Carys. They married prudently into the Norman families and after two centuries had by that means established themselves in possession of a large collection of the best manors in Devon. Colonel Miles Cary emigrated to Virginia in the 1620's, as the King's Attorney General. He is head of the Cary Family in Vir­ ginia, who several generations later married into the Nicholas Fam­ ily, also a prominent family of that state. Other Carys are said to emigrated to Virginia after the Civil Wars of Charles the First. Some of these settled in Virginia, while others settled in the New England States. Alice and Phoebe Cary, the religious song writers, are said to be descendants of one of these. In his book, "The Virginia Carys", Fairfax Harrison writes, "In all respects, the Carys were a typical Virginia family". From Tyler's Quarterly Magazine is this statement, "There are few fam­ ilies in Virginia History more interesting than the Carys". Wilson Cary's will, dated October 10, and proved February 25, 1773, is most interesting, but too long to give in full. The fol­ lowing is most unusual and also interesting, "To my dear wife, Sarah Cary, 500 pounds, her cabinet gold watch and rings, my coach, post chariot, horses, chair, carts and harness, and all of household goods and kitchen furniture, liquors of every sort, pro­ vision, all of the new goods in my house at the time of my death, and what new goods are sent from Britain or elsewhere, the year I die, though not arrived, except the negroe's clothing, tools, etc., sent for my slaves in Glouster and King ana' Queen Counties, which I wish applied for their use. I also lend my said wife, during her lifetime, all my plate and what books of mine she might chuse. Al­ so for life all lands and slaves in Elizabeth City County, with an­ nunity of 100 pounds per annum, charged on land in Albemarle, Henrico, Warwick, Glouster and King and Queen Counties: Annex to Ceely, my pew in church of Elizabeth City parish. ------­ Executors lay out 100 pounds in mourning rings.------" (After making bequeaths to grandchildren and other relatives, he asked that the remainder of his property be divided among his children, namely Sarah, Mary, Ann, Elizabeth and Wilson Miles Cary.) "Appoint as Executors, my dear and dutiful son, Wilson Miles Cary, and my son-in-law, Robert Carter Nicholas and my kinsman, Richard Cary of Warwick. " 'The Cary Family 159

During the Revolutionary War, Robert Carter Nicholas had in his possession some very important papers concerning the move­ ment of the American Army, which had to be delivered. Illness prevented him from carrying out the order, but his wife, Ann Cary Nicholas, concealed the papers, then proceeded by horseback, hav­ ing to walk part of the one hundred and twenty-five miles, crossing through the enemy line, she delivered them safely. Her great courage and devotion to the cause of liberty saved the American Army from defeat at that time. Not only was she a brave woman, but she was also a very brilliant woman, and a most devoted wife and mother. When her son, Wilson Cary Nicholas, was elected to represent his District in the State Legislature, she sent him the following letter, which has come down through the years:

Williamsburg, 1784 Dear Wilson - I congratulate you on the honour your country has done you in choosing you their representative with so large a vote. I hope you are come into the Assembly without those trammels which some people submit to wear for a seat in the House---! mean, unbound by promises to perform this or that job which the many­ headed monster may think proper to chalk you for you: especially that you have not engaged to lend a last hand to pulling down the Church, which, by some impertinent questions in the last paper, I suspect will be attempted. Never, my dear Wilson, let me hear that by that sacrilegious act you have furnished yourself with mate­ rials to erect a scaffold by which you may climb to the summit of popularity; rather remain in the lowest obscurity: though I think from long observation, I can venture to assert that the man of in­ tegrity, who observes one equal tenor in his conduct -- who devi­ ates neither to the one side or the other from the proper line -- has more of the confidence of the people than the very compliant time­ observer, who is the slave of the people. I flatter myself, too, you will act on a more liberal plan, than some members have done in matters in which the honour and interest of this state are concerned; that you will not, to save a few pence to your constituents, discour­ age the progress of arts and sciences nor pay with so scanty a hand persons who are eminent in either. This parsimonious plan, of late adopted, will throw us behind the other states in all valuable im­ provements, and chill like a frost, the spring of learning and spirit of enterprise. I have insensibly extended what I had to say beyond my first design, but will not quit the subject without giving you a hint, from a very good friend of yours, that your weight in the House will be much greater, if you do not take up the attention of the As­ sembly on trifling matters, nor too often demand a hearing. To this I must add a hint of my own; that temper and decorum is of infinite advantage to a public speaker, and modest diffidence to a young man just entering the stage of life. The neglect of the former throws him off of his guard, breaks his chain of reasoning, and often pro­ duces in England duels that have terminated fatally. 160 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

The natural effect of the latter will ever be producing a fa­ vorable and patient hearing, and all those advantages that a pre­ possession in favor of the speaker produces. You see, my son, that I take the privilege of a mother in advising you, and be assured, you have no friend so solicitous for your welfare, temporal and eternal, as your affectionate mother. Ann Nicholas.

As it was stated at the beginning of this article, Colonel Miles Cary came to Virginia about 1620, as the King's Attorney General. His wife's name is not given. Their son, Colonel Miles Cary II, was born in 1623 and died 1667. He was Surveyor-General of Virginia territory, and was one of the original trustees of William and Mary. His son, Miles Cary III was born about 1655, and mar­ ried Anne Randolph. Their son, Colonel Wilson Cary, born 1702, and died in 1772, married Sarah Pate. Colonel Wilson Cary was a naval officer on the lower James River in 1726. In 1740 he was Mayor of Elizabeth City and County, and filled other important offices. Wilson Cary was educated at William and Mary, entering that college in 1719. In 1721 he went to Cambridge, England and finished his education at Trinity College. He returned to Virginia in 1723, and lived at Richneck and there founded the collection of books since known as the Ceely's Library. He was prominent in Virginia's political affairs and served as a Navy Officer and Collector of Virginia's duties for the lower James River. In 1728 he married Sarah Pate, 1710 - 1783, the daughter of John Pate of Glouster.

First Generation

Miles Cary(l), arrived in Virginia about 1620.

Second Generation

Miles Cary II(2) (Miles Cary(l)) born 1623, died 1667, married Anne Taylor. 1 - Thomas Cary(3), born 1647 2 - Ann Cary(3), born 1649 3 - Henry Cary(3), born 1650 4 - Briggert Cary(3), born 1652, married Captain William Bassett 5 - Elizabeth Cary(3), born 1653, married Emanuel Willis of Warwick 6 - Miles Cary(3), born 1655, married Anne Randolph, lived at Richneck 7 - William Cary(3), born 1657

Third Generation

Miles Cary IIl(3} (Miles Cary 11(2); Miles (1)) married Anne Randolph. 1 - ~s Cary(4), born 1702, died 1772, married Sarah Pate The Cary Family 161

Fourth Generation

Wilson Cary(4) (Miles IIl(3), Miles II(2), Miles(l)) married Sarah Pate in 1728. 1 - Sally Cary(5), born 1730, died 1811, married George William Fairfax of Belvoir, Fairfax 2 - Mary Cary(5), 1733-1781, married in 1754 to Edward Ambler, 1722-1767, Jamestown 3 - Wilson Miles Cary(5), born in 1734, married Sarah Blair, lived at Richneck 4 - Ann Cary(5), born in 1735, died in 1786, married Colonel Robert Carter Nicholas of Williamsburg 5 - Elizabeth Cary(5), born 1738, died 1778, married Bryan Fairfax, 1759 of Towleston, Virginia

See the Nicholas Genealogy for Robert Carter Nicholas and Ann Cary Nicholas' children. THE CARTER FAMILY

John Carter(l) is said to have come to Virginia in 1649, from Eng­ land. He is thought to have been a distinguished English Royalist, and is believed to have lived in Buckinghamshire, England. In Virginia, he settled in what is known as the Northern Neck, and the handsome home he built there, he named "Corotoman". He died in 1669. Robert Carter(2) (John Carter(l)) was the best known of his children. He was a very important businessman, raised twelve children and arranged marriages for them which were suitable. He himself was married twice. His first wife was Judith Armistead and his second marriage was with Miss Elizabeth Landon of Here­ ford, England. Robert Carter(2) (John Carter(l)) was only six years of age when his father died. His father, in his will, provided that his son should be well-educated. He directed that his son should "have a man or youth servant bought for him, that hath been brought up in the Latin School, that he shall constantly tend upon him, not only to teach him his books, either in English or Latin ----- and also to preserve him from harm or doing evil". Later young Robert went to England and completed his formal education. When he returned home he possessed an orderly mind and a respect for learning. His children married in very prominent Virginia families. He is said to have 50, 000 descendants, who were, and still are, a dominant influence in Virginia as well as in many other states. Two Presidents of the United States, six governors of Virginia and many prominent men and women have been able to claim descent from Robert Carter, whose great wealth and enormous prestige earned for him the nickname of "King" Carter. He was a member in the House of Burgesses, and he served twice as Speaker of that body. He was Treasurer of the colony and a member of the Governor's Council, eventually becoming President of that influential little group. He served as Governor of Virginia during the interval between the death of Hugh Drysdale in July 1726, and the arrival of William Gooch, fourteen months later. He was trustee of William and Mary College and became rector of its Board of Visitors. He was also a vestryman of the Christ Church in Lan­ caster County. This church was only about three miles from his home "Corotoman", and a good road was built from his home to the church. Cedar trees were planted along the entire distance, on each side of the road, and it is said that many of them are still standing. On Sunday morning, the Carter family dressed in their best, went to church in their huge coach, to which six horses were hitched, attended by liveried servants. Robert (King) Carter is said to have been dressed in the fashion of the day - a great wig, a velvet coat with a lace choker, satin pants just to the knee, with silver buckles at the knee and on his shoes. According to the records of that time, the congregation never entered the church before his arrival, but The Carter Family 163 waited outside the door until he and his family were seated in their pew, then they would enter and take their places in their own pews. He died in 1732, and according to his will left his heirs an estate that consisted of, among other things, 1,000 Negro slaves; 10, 000 pounds in currency; and nearly 300, 000 acres of land in North Neck. He was the owner of a very large library, for that time, which is said to have contained 521 volumes. The children of Robert (King) Carter(2) (John Carter(!)) and Judith Armistead. 1 - John Carter(3) (Robert Carter(2), John Carter(l)) married Elizabeth Hill and through her inherited "Shirley" that lovely home on the James River. It was here that their son, Charles, lived. He was married twice and was the father of 23 children. One of his daughters, Anne Carter, married Governor Lee (Light-Horse Harry) and Robert E. Lee was their most distinguished child.

2 - Elizabeth Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(!)) the oldest daughter married Nathaniel Burwell. Her father gave her a large farm, with the lovely home known as "Carter's Grove", which is one of the show places now in Virginia. After the death of her husband, Mr. Burwell, she married Dr. George Nicholas in 1726. According to the family records, Dr. Nicholas was from England, and had been the Court Physician. As the story goes, he cured Queen Anne of smallpox, and to show her ap­ preciation, she gave him a diamond ring. Carter Burwell, the oldest son of Elizabeth's and her first husband inherited "Carter's Grove". The house is built in three sections, during the years 1720 and 1730, he rebuilt the center section under the advice of David Maintree of England.

3 - Judith Carter(3), (Robert(2), John(l)) married Mann Page and became mistress of "Rosewell" on the York.

4 - Anna Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(l)) married Benjamin Harrison. William Henry Harrison, the ninth president of the United States was her grandson; and Benjamin Harrison the twenty­ third President was her great, great, great grandson.

The children of Robert (King) Carter(2) (John(!)) and second wife, Elizabeth Landon. 5 - Robert Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(l)) lived on an estate called "Nomini" on the Potomac.

6 - Charles Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(l)) married Anne Byrd, the daughter of William Byrd of "Westover". He built a home on the Rappannock, and name it "Cleves".

7 - Landon Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(!)) built "Sabine Hall" on the Rappannock and was married three times. First to a Miss 164 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Armistead of Hesse; second, to Miss Byrd of Westover; third, to a Miss Wormley.

8 - Mary Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(l)) married a Braxton and her son, Carter Braxton, was one of the signers of the Declara­ tion of Independence.

9 - Lucy Carter(3) (Robert(2), John(l)) married into the great Fitzhugh family and became mistress of "Eagle's Nest" on the Potomac.

The Armistead Family

William Armistead(l) received a patent in 1636 from Captain John West, Governor of Virginia, for a tract of 450 acres of land in Elizabeth City County. In the patent his name was spelled Armstead. He had two children, William(2),(William Armistead(l), John Armistead(2), William(l)) who was the Councillor.

John Armistead(2) (William(l)) married Judith Bowles. 1 - Judith Armistead(3), married Robert Carter 2 - Elizabeth Armistead(3), married (1) Ralph Wormley (2) William Churchill 3 - William Armistead(3) married Anna Lee 4 - Henry Armistead(3) married Martha Burwell

Children of Robert(2) (John(l)) Carter and Judith Armistead(3) (John(2), William(l)) given under the Carter Family. EPILOGUE

As it was stated in the introduction of this book, most of the mate­ rial was taken from the letters, papers, diaries and newspaper articles, received or written by Lewis Sanders during his residence at Grass Hills. Only a very small part of it has ever been published. Besides many hundred loose letters and articles, there are five or six bound volumes, which contain many of the more important let­ ters. As these are all in my files, very little research was neces­ sary away from my home. In preparing the genealogies of the families closely related to the Sanders family through marriage, it was necessary to visit several libraries. They were The Public Library of Louisville, The Filson Club, The Library at the University of Kentucky and the Library of the Kentucky Historical Society at Frankfort. I want to thank the many friends and relatives, who have been most patient and helpful with information for the genealogies of the families that are included. It will be impossible to mention each one - all were very helpful. I am especially grateful to my young friend, Charlene Christopher of Chagrin Falls, Ohio, for the lovely pen and ink drawing of the old home at Grass Hills.

Anna Virginia Parker

Ghent, Kentucky September 21, 1965 INDEX

Bond, Blue 80, 81 Abbot, Mr. 77 Booth, Wilkes 104 Adair, Maj. John 6 Booram, Dr. 39 Adams 33, 35 Bowling, Daniel 81 Alex 28 Bowling, John 83, 84, 87 Alexandria 47 Bradford, John 11 Allen, Mr. 79 Breckinridge, Allen, Capt., John C. 79 of Texas 41, 45, 46 Breckinridge, Allen, Mr. William 45, 46 Rev. W. L. 82, 83 Alice 86 Brewer, Nathaniel 95, 100 Alston, Col. , of Brock, Captain S. Car. 9 Henry 5 Alston, Thedosia Brooking, Mrs. 80 Burr 9 Browiniski Anderson, James 65, 66, 67, Roman 60, 61 85 Brown, Dr. Andy 47, 98 Samuel 8 Angostura 98 Bryan, William 67 Appleton, Samuel 66 Bryan's Station 8 Athens of the West 16, 95 Buchanan, James 37, 101 Ayres, Mr. 33 Buford, Charles 65 Aunt Christian 49 Buford, Col. Bacon College 38, 97 William 65 Bacon, Capt. 85 Bullock, Curtis 35 Bacon, Edward 46 Burns (Lewis Baltimore, Md. 15, 23, 41 Sanders' first 42, 54 teacher) 5 Bancroft's History 15 Buren, Martin Van 60 Mr. Bancroft 65 Burnly, Col. J. 52 Baker, Miss Burr, Aaron 9, 10, 12, Fetitice 33 13, 14 Bar Harbor,Maine 99 Butler, WilliamO. 60, 98, 101 Bartlett, Mr. 36 Campbell, Col. Bartlett, Nancy 90 John 6 Barr, Robert 62 Campbell, Mr. 48 Barr, Thomas L. 89 Carr, Will 49 Barton, A. B. 8, 10, 11 Carroll County 25 12 Carrollton 64 Bibbs, Mrs. 11 Carthage, Ohio 35, 45 Blackbeard 1 Cave, William 3 Blackmore 85 Church of England 2 Blennerhasset 9, 13 Clay, Henry 4, 20, 23, Bledsoe, Joseph 2 42, 43, 54, Bohanon, Molly or 60, 64, 67 Mary 15 Clemmens, Robert 57 Bollam, Dr. 10 Clifton House Bolton 17 Onmibus 103 Index 167

Coffin, Mr. 47, 48 Dumesnil, Mrs. 85 Coker, Garland 33 Duncan Batteries 97, 98 Collins, Mr. 22 Duncan, Garnett 66 Comet 22 Duncan, Jim 81, 83, 84, Contri, Dr. 104 85 Corry, W. M. 93, 101 Dundas, James 43 Cox, Mr. 48 Durham 54, 55 Craig, Rev. Duvall, Miss Francis 106 Harriet 33 Craig, Jane (Mrs. Duvall, John 46 John Sanders) 2 Duvall, Samuel 46 Craig, James 84 Eagle Creek 35, 20 Craig, Capt. John 2, 3 Ellis, Joel 36, 83 Craig, Joseph 3 Ellis, Mrs. Joel 53 Craig, Lewis 2, 3 Ellis, Sarah 35 Craig, Nancy 33 Ellis, Captain Craig, Polly William 3 Hawkins (Mrs. England 20, 104 Toliver Craig) 2 Enney, Mr. 80, 81 Craig, Si 53 Etches, Mr. Craig Station 2 (England) 23 Craig, Tom 56 Evans, Mr. and Craig, Toliver 1, 2 Mrs. Howard 24 Craig, Walton 80 Everett, Hon. Crittenden 79 Edward 43 Cuba 102 Fannin, Col. 35 Dallam, Major 24 Faunt, Miss Davis, Bill 47 Adeline 35 Davis, Samuel 81 Fisher, Mr. 11 Davis, Wash 46, 80, 81 Fishner, Robert 81 Dayton, Gen. 10 Fitch, Mrs. 79 Dayton, Ohio 24 Flurnoy, Mr. 35 Delaware City 85 Flurney, Mr. 36 Delaware River 85 Fowler's Garden 21 Demorda 53 Fowler, Captain Democrats 77, 78, 89, John 20, 54, 89 101 Frank, James 93, 94 Derby Day Gay, Mr. 23 (England) 78 Gallatin 18, 26, 49, Diamond 52 76, 77, 101 Dougherty, Col. 33 Galt House 49, 89 Drennon Springs 49 Gardner, Marshall 81 Dudley, Dr. 31 Gatewood, Hugh Duer, William A. 43 Sanders 1 Dufour, John James 4, 8, 56, Gatewood, Peter 65 57 Georgi 28, 33, 35 Duke, James K. 65 43, 48, 49, Dumesnil, Miss 78, 81, 82, Adeldia (Mrs. 41, 68, 72, 83, 84, 92 Lewis Sanders) 84, 93 Gex, Anthony 92 168 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Gex, John Lathrop, Mary Anthony 81, 48 Elisa (Mrs. J. H. Gex, Silas 5 Sanders) (5) 38, 64 Ghent 4, 38, 60, Leathers, Captain 70, 81, 83, Jack 91 90, 91, 93 Leroy, William 8 Gough, Mr. 22 Lightfoot, John 8 Graham, George 57 Lincoln, Abraham 74, 91, 104 Grass Hills 27, 35, 38, Lindsay, Ann 38 39, 43, 44, Lindsay, Anthony 38 47, 54, 56, Lindsay, Ben 38 57, 64, 81, Lindsay, 86, 88, 90, Elizabeth 46 91, 100, Lindsay, Capt. 46 101 Lindsay, Charlie 78 Haggin, J. B. 34, 107 Lindsay, Edward 46 Harris, John 11, 12 Lindsay, Gen. 33, 35 Hart, Nathaniel 54, 56 Lindsay, Juliette 38 Hart, Mrs. T., Jr. 11 Lindsay, John 38 Hawes, Clara 90 Lindsay, Joseph Hawes, Morrison 52, 53, 90 Hawkins 38 Hawes, Nicholas 52, 53 Lindsay, Hawes, Richard 5, 27 Margarette 38 Hawes, Mrs. Lindsay, Mary 38 Richard 5, 38 Lindsay, Richard Hawkins, Joseph H. 5 Hawes 38 Hawkins, Littleberry 5, 8, 39 Lindsay, R. T. 83 Hayes, Thomas 53 Lindsay, William Hickman Creek 8 Buford 64, 83, 90, Higgins 15 91 Hillenmyers Lindsay, William 38 Nurseries 16 Little Turtle 35, 36, 38, Hugo, Victor 103 46, 52, 53, Innes, Harry 20, 56, 88 78 Johnson, Pres. Littual, Buck 35 Andrew 104 Longworth, Miss Johnson, Col. Eliza 43 Richard M. 20, 33, 34 Mason 98 Johnson, William Marshall, Mr. 53 Cooper 68 Martin, Dr. 31, 51 Jouett, Capt. John 20, 89 Matson, James A. 67 Kennicott, Mr. Mazzini 103 John A. 88 McCools Creek 4 Kentucky Gazette 17, 18, 19 McCools Creek Kingsley, Mr. 78 Settlement 4 Kossuth 49, 77, 78, McCoy, John 46 79 McCullough, Large, Daniel 17 Patrick 7, 11 Lathrop, Dr. and McRobb 23 Mrs. Albert 38 Mr. Mells 53 Lathrop, Mary Index 169

Miller, Mr. 22 Price, Margaret Minor, Leroy 46 (Mrs. Lewis Minor, Martin 46 Sanders, Jr.) 34 Monroe Doctrine 102 Pulski, Mr. Montgomery, and Mrs. 79 Curtis 94 Ragsdale, Godfrey 5 Mongtomery, Raunch, Mr. John 17 John 94 Reid, Captain Montgomery, Samuel 42, 43, 44 Samuel 33 Reid, Sam 44 Morehead, Gov. 103 Richardson, Dr. Morrison, Col. William H. 31, 55 James 18 Rudd, Nat 91 Morton, William 57 Ryner, Kenneth 107 Munday, James 23, 54 Sam 28, 48 Nicholas, Col. Samuel, John 80, 81 George 8, 15, 16, Sanders, 25, 100 Abigail(3) (Mrs. Nicholas, Col. P. Hargate) 1, 3 Robert Carter 14 Sanders, Albert(6) 38 Nicholas, Samuel Sanders, Anna(3) Smith 27 (Mrs. John Nelson, Judge S. 43 Pattie) 1 Norment, Mr. 47 Sanders, Anna(6) Odds, Zack 81 (Mrs. N. C. Odgen, Mr. George 10 Brown) 38, 73, 107 O'Neal, William 48 Sanders, Ann Ormsby, Miss 39 Nicholas (Mrs. Overt Act 13 Lewis) 15, 20, 25, Owens, Mr. David 35 26, 27, 29, Owingsville 15 37, 72, 93, Owings, Col. Thomas 95 Dye 15 Sanders, Anne Partlow, Dr. 31 Nicholas (6) 4, 68, 72, Parton, A. 13 86, 99 Passion Flower 43 Sanders, Anna Patterson, Col. Reid (Mrs. Robert 16, 56 Geo. N.) 19, 26, 27, Patton, Matthew 20 35, 44, 45, Peck, John J. 97, 98 48, 49, 64, Pierce, Pres. 72, 78, 81, Franklin 78 100, 107 Phelps, Mr. 20 Sanders, Poindexter, Gov. Catherine of Tenn. 20 Hoskin(Mrs. Pope, John 20 Hugh) (2) 1, 3 Port William 46 Sanders, Price, Mr. 64 Catherine(3) Price, Margaret 170 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Sanders, Sanders, John(5) 26, 33, 39, Catherine(3) 40, 53, 72, (Mrs. Henry 93, 95, 97, Brock) 1 99, 107, Sanders, Sanders, John(2) 1 Catherine(4) 1 Sanders, John(l) 1 Sanders, Cary Sanders, John(6) 38 Nicholas (6) 4, 99 Sanders, Joseph Sanders, Charles(3) 1 Hawkins(5) 26, 38, 45, Sanders, Charles 46, 47, 49, Lathrop(6) 38 52, 64, 72, Sanders, Dallas(6) 4, 99 80, 84, 92, Sanders, Eliza 93, 97, 104 Jane(6) (Mrs. J. B. Sanders, Joseph Haggin) 5, 107 Hawkins, Jr. (6) 38 Sanders, Elisa Sanders, Lewis(4) 1, 3, 5, Lathrop(Mrs. 6, 7, 8, Joe H.) 4, 38, 64, 15, 18, 23, 90 26, 33, 35, Sanders, 37, 41, 42, Elizabeth(4) 43, 44, 45, (Mrs. James 48, 53, 54, Smith) 1 55, 60, 63, Sanders Gardens 19, 21, 26 66, 67, 72, Sanders, George 73, 75, 79, N. (5) 26, 33, 35, 81, 91, 94, 37, 42, 43, 95, 96, 97, 44, 45, 47, 100 48, 51, 52, Sanders, Lewis(6) 38 60, 61, 64, Sanders, Lewis 67, 72, 78, Jr. (5) 33, 34, 43, 79, 81, 89, 45, 46, 49 90, 91, 92, Sanders, Lewis 97, 100, (6) N. Y. 64, 72, 101, 101, 102, 104, 105 103, 104 Sanders, Matilda Sanders, George (6) (Mrs. Torn N. Jr. (6) 101, 105 Scott) 72, 99 Sanders, Sanders, Maria Henrietta(6) 99 Wilkins(Mrs. Sanders, Hugh(2) 1 John)(5) 37, 72, 97, Sanders, Hugh(6) 38 99 Sanders, Jane Craig Sanders, (Mrs. John) (3) 1 Margaretta(5) Sanders, Jane (Mrs. W. B. Craig(5) 26 Lindsay) 26, 38, 39, Sanders, James 40, 45, 48, Weir(5) 26 64, 94 Sanders, James Bartlett(5) 26 Index 171

Sanders, Mary Shelby, Nicholas(5) Gov. Isaac 21, 89 (Mrs. Samuel Sherley, Mrs. Smith) 26, 48, 72, John C. 106 94 Shipp, Mr. 33 Sanders, Mildred(3) Shirall, Dr. 77 (Mrs. James Jones) 1 Smith, Abraham 23 Sanders, Nathaniel(!) 1 Smith, Cary 72, 78 Sanders, Nathaniel(2) 1 Smith, Francis 8 Sanders, Nathaniel(3) 1 Smith, Isaac 46 Sanders, Nathaniel(4) 4, 34 Smith, James 36 Sanders, Smith, Margaretta Nathaniel(5) (bro. of (Mag) (6) 49, 68, 72, Lewis Jr.) 33, 42, 49, 84, 90, 91, 52 94, 97 Sanders, Philip(l) 1 Smith, Martin(6) 72, 74 Sanders, Philip(2) 1 Smith, Mary(6) Sanders, Robert(!) 1 mar. Capt. Scott 72 Sanders, Robert(3) 1 Smith, Robert 15 Sanders, Rosie(3) Smith, General (Mrs. C. Perkins) 1 Samuel 15, 27, 43 Sanders, Sallie(3) Smith, Samuel 33, 37, 46 (Mrs. P. Gatewood) 1 Smith, John 15 Sanders, Samuel(4) 3 Smith, Salvisa Sanders, Samuel McDole(Mrs. Smith(5) 26, 33, 35, Sam Smith) 35, 39, 91, 37, 38, 93 92 Sanders, Susan Smith, Mrs. Athea 35 Ferguson(6) (Mrs. Smith, Captain B. D. Parker) 38 William 19, 22, 23, Sanders, Susan 27, 54, 55 Gano(6)(Mrs. Soule, Piere 102 Lloyd Tevis) 4, 107 Southard, Mr. 64 Sanders, Major Southgate, Mr. 46 William(6) 72, 73, 75, Spanish Indigo 17 86, 99 Spicer, Jim 49, 80 Sanders, Vernay(6) 92 Spotsylvania 1, 2 Sanders, Virginia(6) 72, 78, 81, Stanton, Andrew 18, 23, 34, 90, 92, 101, 95, 96 104, 105 Stewart, Bill 52 Sandersville 17, 19 Stuart, Gibbret 24 Santa Anna 37, 38, 93, Suttons 45 98 Swartout, Col. 10 Scott, John Jr. 17 Taliferro, Capt. 106 Scott, Robert 27, 55 Tallahassee 96 Scott, Dr. S. S. 91 Tandy, John P. 77, 81, 82 Scott, General Tandy, Pashal 46 Winfield 98 Tarlton 20 Shadrick, John 23, 45, 46 Taylor, Colonel Sharp, George 46 Hubbard 20, 89 172 THE SANDERS FAMILY OF GRASS HILLS

Tecumseh 55 Tegarden, Dr. William 54 Tevis, Lloyd 34, 107 Tharp, George 46 Theobald, Mr. 33 Thompson, Josh 81, 82 Transylvania University 15 "Traveling Church" 2 Trotter Family 42 Trotter, George 46 Traye 46 Turman (Mrs. John Sanders) (3) 4 Turpin, Mr. 36 Turpin, Philip 35 Turpin, William 35 Voorhies, Margaret(known as Pearl) Mrs. J. B. Haggin 107 Ward and Moffett 79 Watts 17 Wayne, General 6 Wickliffe, Charles A. 81 Wiggleworth, Mr. 11 Wilkins, Judge 97 Wilkins, Maria (Mrs. John Sanders) (5) 37, 39, 72 Wilkinson, Gen. 9, 10, 13, 14 Williams, David 11 Winston, Maj. W. 6 Wharton, Ben 52 Wolfe, Preston 79 Worth 98 Zillah 49, 83, 84