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Towards a Black Catholic Theology of Reconciliation-Tucker Margretta Stokes Tucker

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Towards a Black Catholic Theology of Reconciliation-Tucker Margretta Stokes Tucker Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013 Towards A Black Catholic Theology of Reconciliation-Tucker Margretta Stokes Tucker Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Tucker, M. (2013). Towards A Black Catholic Theology of Reconciliation-Tucker (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1296 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOWARDS A BLACK CATHOLIC THEOLOGY OF RECONCILIATON A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Margretta Stokes Tucker December 3013 TOWARDS A BLACK CATHOLIC THEOLOGY OF RECONCILIATION By Margretta Stokes Tucker Approved November 13, 2013 ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Gerald Boodoo Dr. Maureen O’Brien Associate Professor of Theology Associate Professor of Theology (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Anna Floerke Scheid Assistant Professor of Theology (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. James Swindal Dr. Maureen O’Brien Dean, McAnulty College and Graduate Chair, Theology Department School of Liberal Arts Associate Professor of Theology iii ABSTRACT TOWARDS A BLACK CATHOLIC THEOLOGY OF RECONCILAITON By Margretta Stokes Tucker December 2013 Dissertation supervised by Dr. Gerald Boodoo. This research proposes and examines the development of a Black Catholic theology of reconciliation based on the 1984 Catholic document, “What We Have Seen and Heard: A Pastoral Letter on Evangelization from the Black Bishops of the United States.” The bishops cite that African American Catholics have gifts to share with the Catholic Church—their racial, cultural and spiritual gifts. The research reviews these claims in light of African American Catholic theology and draws upon Black theology, particularly Black liberation theology. Given the history of racism that the U.S. bishops call a sin, the research includes a historical review of the multifaceted dimensions of racism, particularly institutional and social. The research raises the possibility of a praxis for reconciliation in light of the common history and experiences of African American iv Catholics and the overall African American community. It includes an overview of sacramental history and understanding of penance and reconciliation. v DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Vincent and Alysia in gratitude for their patience. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ...................................................................................................................... vi Introduction .................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: The Sin of Racism: The Underlying Ideology 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Racism: Concept and Ideology ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Racism: The Religious Dimension ............................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Racism as Original Sin ......................................................................................... 14 1.3.2 Racism: An Anomaly for the American Catholic Church ..................................... 20 1.4 Social Dimension of Racism ................................................................................... 22 1.5 Rooted in History: The Institutional of Slavery and Racism .................................... 25 1.5.1 Institution of Slavery ........................................................................................... 26 1.5.2 Slavery and the Catholic Church .......................................................................... 33 1.5.3 Racism: A Modern Reality in the Church ............................................................. 40 1.6 Suffering as Redemptive ......................................................................................... 47 1.6.1 Olin Moyd ........................................................................................................... 51 1.6.2 Anthony Pinn........................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 2: Black Theology: A Response from the Oppressed 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 62 2.2 Origin and Development: Black Theology & Black Liberation Theology ................ 64 2.3 Protestant Theological Voices ................................................................................. 73 vii 2.3.1 James Cone .......................................................................................................... 74 2.3.2 J. Deotis Roberts .................................................................................................. 85 2.3.3 Other Protestant Theological Voices .................................................................... 90 2.4 Black Catholic Theological Voices ......................................................................... 95 2.4.1 Fr. Joseph Nearon ................................................................................................ 97 2.4.2 Black Catholic Theological Symposium ............................................................ 102 2.4.3 M. Shawn Copeland ........................................................................................... 106 2.4.4. Other Black Catholic Theology ......................................................................... 114 2.4.5 James Cone on Black Catholic Theology ........................................................... 120 2.5 Womanist as a Corrective to Black Liberation Theology ....................................... 123 2.5.1 Delores Williams ............................................................................................... 126 2.5.2 Diana Hayes ...................................................................................................... 130 2.6 Critical Analysis ................................................................................................... 134 2.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 3: The Catholic Understanding of Reconciliation 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 146 3.2 Overview of Sacramental Theology ...................................................................... 150 3.2.1 From the Early Church to Augustine .................................................................. 155 3.2.2 The Middle Ages ............................................................................................... 162 3.2.3 The Protestant and Catholic Counter Reformation .............................................. 168 3.2.4 Rise of the Modern Era Trent to Pre-Vatican II .................................................. 174 3.2.5 Vatican II ........................................................................................................... 177 3.2.6 Postmodern ........................................................................................................ 183 viii 3.3 Historical Review of the Sacrament of Reconciliation ........................................... 189 3.3.1 Patristic Period: The Early Church ..................................................................... 191 3.3.2 Middle Ages ...................................................................................................... 198 3.4 Contemporary Sacrament of Reconciliation .......................................................... 205 3.4.1 African Tradition ............................................................................................... 214 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 220 Chapter 4: Towards a Black Catholic Theology of Reconciliation 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 223 4.2 J. Deotis Roberts: Providing an Ethnical Framework ............................................ 225 4.3 A Gift of African American Catholics to the Church ............................................. 228 4.3.1 Gift of Blackness ............................................................................................... 229 4.3.2 Gift of Freedom ................................................................................................. 235 4.3.3 Gift of Reconciliation ........................................................................................ 237 4.3.4 Gift of Spirituality ............................................................................................. 239 4.3.4.1.
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