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A Dynamic Analysis of Convective Weather Using Generalized Dynamic Equations and the Scale Transformation Mechanism Related to Condensation and Freezing Processes

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A Dynamic Analysis of Convective Weather Using Generalized Dynamic Equations and the Scale Transformation Mechanism Related to Condensation and Freezing Processes Wang X, et al., J Atmos Earth Sci 2019, 3: 009 DOI: 10.24966/AES-8780/100009 HSOA Journal of Atmospheric & Earth Sciences Research Article 3. Either of both kinds of scale transformation process will con- A Dynamic Analysis of stantly go along till air movement is back to evolution process. For each transformation process of convective weather, its dy- Convective Weather Using namic causes, conditions and main features are theoretically ana- lyzed and described, many puzzles about convective cloud may be Generalized Dynamic understood and explained. Equations and the Scale Keywords: Cumulonimbus; Cumulus; Generalized dynamic equa- tions related to condensation and freezing processes; Scale trans- Transformation Mechanism formation mechanism Related to Condensation and Introduction Freezing Processes Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by se- vere meso-microscale convective weather e.g., thunderstorm. So Xingrong Wang1*, Yushu Zhou2, Yong Huang1 and Zhe Zhang2 many studies have contributed to their forecasting and understand- ing, for example, [1] reviewed the current state of knowledge on 1Anhui Meteorology Institute, Anhui Key Lab of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei, Anhui, China surface-forced convection initiation and then describe some of the outstanding issues in convection initiation that partially motivated 2Key Laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS), IHO_2002 [2], revealed that the boundary layer vertical velocity field Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), was dominated by thermals rather than by circulations associated with Beijing, China the mesoscale boundaries. Weckwerth and Parsons DB [3], pointed that Boundary layer circulations are sometimes precursors to deep convective development Doswell [4] presented an overview of the Abstract history of research related to severe convective storms with a particu- To figure out the influence of non-conserved Generalized Poten- lar emphasis on the connection between this research and forecasting. tial Vorticity (GPV) caused by latent heating and dry diabatic heating Gao, et al., [5] found that the cold, dry air with high potential vorticity on convective weather, a GPV equation is studied. By comparing shows up prior to the start of precipitation and persists and extends latent heating and dry diabatic heating term with nonlinear advection downward to lower levels during the raining periods. Wakimoto and term, three kinds of processes are discussed, namely adaptation, Murphey [6] presented an analysis of a dryline that did not initiate evolution, and excitation (elimination), associated with the conserva- convection during the observational period ; Wakimoto and Murphey tive, quasi-conservative, and non-conservative GPV, respectively. [7] presented an analysis of six convergence boundaries observed The analysis points out that: during the International H(2)O Project (IHOP_2002) and suggested 1. Air movement transforms from smaller to larger scale by very fast that it is not necessary for two boundaries to collide in order for thun- adaptation process with the addition of frictional effect when the derstorms to develop. Solenoidally generated horizontal circulations order of latent heating A and dry diabatic heating term B is lower can produce conditions favorable for convection initiation even if the -1 boundaries remain separate.; Paul Markowski and Yvette Richardson than Rossby number R [O(f (A+B)/P0)<O(R)=O(W/FH)]. [8], which the contains all of what most of us would consider core 2. Air movement transforms from larger to smaller scale by very midlatitude mesoscale meteorology. Luo YL, et al., [9] studied “The fast excitation process or from smaller to larger scale by very fast elimination process when the order of A+B is higher than R [O(f-1 initiation and organization of a quasi-linear extreme-rain-producing (A+B)/P )>max(O(R),O(W/FH)]. Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) along a mei-yu front in east 0 China during the midnight-to-morning hours of 8 July 2007” ; Yu, et al., [10] introduced the advances in the nowcasting techniques on *Corresponding author: Xingrong Wang, Anhui Meteorology Institute, Anhui thunderstorms and severe convection; Wang H, et al., [11] introduced Key Lab of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Hefei, Anhui, China, E-mail: [email protected] Initiation, maintenance, and properties of convection in an extreme rainfall event during scmrex. These studies have made significant Citation: Wang X, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Zhang Z (2019) A Dynamic Analysis of progress in many areas and have contributed to the forecasting and Convective Weather Using Generalized Dynamic Equations and the Scale Transformation Mechanism Related to Condensation and Freezing Processes. understanding of severe convective weather. However, due to its se- J Atmos Earth Sci 3: 009. rious harm to humans and its current unpredictability, these advances are still insufficient. Received: March 18, 2019; Accepted: March 27, 2019; Published: April 10, 2019 According to the traditional atmospheric dynamical equations, Copyright: © 2019 Wang X, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under from Ertel H and Wu, et al., [12,13] if excluding the diabatic heating the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestrict- and friction, whether moist potential vorticity in relative humidity r=1 ed use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (MPV) or dry potential vorticity in r<1 (DPV), both are conservative and source are credited. because the solenoidal term of MPV. Citation: Wang X, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Zhang Z (2019) A Dynamic Analysis of Convective Weather Using Generalized Dynamic Equations and the Scale Transformation Mechanism Related to Condensation and Freezing Processes. J Atmos Earth Sci 3: 009. • Page 2 of 8 • −Rd On the scale transformation mechanism, an examination of the C Rdp p Lqds ApMPV = ⋅( ∇ ×∇θθ) ⋅∇ exp= 0 (1) non-conservation conditions of the nonuniform saturated moist po- pp0 CT p tential vorticity theoretically proved four necessary occurrence condi- tions for sudden heavy rain (thunderstorm), which are confirmed with and the solenoidal term of DPV data [24]. Their analyses showed that the decline of the cold moist air stream above CIN can erode CIN and make ∂θ being fast and suffi- −Rd ∂z C Rd p p ApDPV = ⋅( ∇ ×∇θθ) ⋅∇ =0 ciently close to zero. It makes convective available depth (satisfying p0 (2) p sufficient and necessary conditions of the moist excitation process) extending beyond the CIN top before it was destroyed after the CIN Here C is the specific heat at a pressure p, R , θ, T, q and L are p d s d has eroded, once this depth extends to a deep convective depth, the specific gas constant for dry air, potential temperature, temperature thunderstorm occurs, which means that the thicker the depth of the and saturated specific humidity and the specific latent heat of vapor- eroded CIN is, the stronger the excited convective positive vorticity ization, respectively. system. In fact, before the occurrence of essentially all the thunder- It means that all current popular research on convective weather storm, except the heating and forcing of the Earth’s surface, the cold is constrained by the conservation of potential vortices. From Wang moist air stream above the CIN has sunk, which means that it is pos- and Huang [14], the Generalized Potential Vorticity (GPV) is found sible to predict the time and intensity of severe convective weather non-conservative in some very thin transitional areas. So, there are based on these symptoms [24,25]. potentially useful applications of non-conservative property of the According to the above research results, it can be determined that GPV in the convective storm realm that are as yet unrealized. a toggle process [the heating and forcing of the Earth’s surface push- According to Doswell CA [15], despite the fact that there might ing the parcel to some very thin subsaturated area (1 > r > 0.78)] with be a layer in the atmosphere that has positive values of Convective the eroded process of CIN [the decline of the cold moist air stream Available Potential Energy (CAPE), if the parcel does not reach or above CIN] is an insufficient and necessary condition to break CIN. begin rising to that level, the most significant convection that occurs This also shows that the restrictions of the conservation law of the in the Free Convective Layer (FCL) will not be realized. This can potential vortices must be broken down to make greater progress in occur for numerous reasons. Primarily, it is the result of a cap, or convective weather forecasting and understanding. convective inhibition (CIN/CINH). Processes that can erode this in- The theory and application of nonuniform saturated moist air dy- hibition are heating and forcing of the Earth’s surface. Such forcing namics and the corresponding scale transformation mechanism on mechanisms encourage upward vertical velocity, characterized by a the occurrence conditions of thunderstorm has recently seen great speed that is relatively low to what you find in a thunderstorm up- progress. However, the difficulties in the discontinuity of the freezing draft. Because of this, it is not the actual air being pushed to its FCL latent heat term still limits the theoretical understanding and interpre- that ‘breaks through’ the inhibition. So it can be determined that the tation of the effect of freezing processes on convection
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