FEDS, FORESTS, and FIRE a Century of Canadian Forestry Innovation Richard A

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FEDS, FORESTS, and FIRE a Century of Canadian Forestry Innovation Richard A T RANSFORMATION S ERIES 13 COLLECTION TRANSFORMATION FEDS, FORESTS, AND FIRE A Century of Canadian Forestry Innovation Richard A. Rajala Transformation Series Collection Transformation “Transformation”, an occasional series of scholarly La collection Transformation, publication en série du papers published by the Collection and Research Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada Branch of the Canada Science and Technology Museum, paraissant irrégulièrement, a pour but de faire con- is intended to make current research available as naître, le plus vite possible et au moindre coût, les quickly and inexpensively as possible. The series recherches en cours dans certains secteurs. Elle presents original research on science and technology prend la forme de monographies ou de recueils de history and issues in Canada through refereed mono- courtes études acceptés par un comité d’experts et graphs or collections of shorter studies, consistent s’alignant sur le thème central de la Société, « La with the corporate framework, “The Transformation transformation du Canada ». Elle présente les travaux of Canada,” and curatorial subject priorities in agri- de recherche originaux en histoire des sciences et de la culture and forestry, communications and space, technologie au Canada et questions connexes réalisés transportation, industry, physical sciences and energy. en fonction des priorités de la Division de la conserva - The Transformation series provides access to tion, dans les secteurs de l’agriculture et des forêts, research undertaken by staff curators and researchers des communications et de l’espace, des transports, de for the development of collections, exhibitions and l’industrie, des sciences physiques et de l’énergie. programs. Submissions will be considered from La collection Transformation donne accès aux academicians or professionals working in areas travaux de recherche entrepris par les conservateurs complementary to curatorial subject priorities of the et chercheurs du Musée pour appuyer le développement Collection and Research Branch. Papers are printed in de la collection, les expositions et les programmes. Les the language of submission (French or English) with a demandes présentées par des universitaires ou des bilingual abstract. Enquiries regarding the submission spécialistes d’un domaine sont prises en considération of manuscripts may be sent to the Managing Editor at dans la mesure où elles apportent des éléments nou- the address below. veaux aux questions de conservation prioritaires pour la Direction de la collection et de la recherche. Les To Order articles paraissent dans leur langue de rédaction (français ou anglais) avec un résumé bilingue. Pour Additional copies of this publication are available for toute demande de renseignements relative à la sou- $20, including GST, while quantities permit. A cheque mission de manuscrits, prière d’écrire au directeur or money order payable to the Canada Science and administratif à l’adresse donnée plus loin. Technology Museum must accompany all orders (orders from outside Canada are payable in $US) Commandes and should be addressed to: Transformation Series On pourra se procurer d’autres exemplaires de Canada Science and Technology Museum cette publication pour 20 $, TPS comprise, tant que les P.O. Box 9724, Station T quantités le permettront. Toutes les commandes Ottawa, Ontario doivent être accompagnées d’un chèque ou d’un K1G 5A3 mandat-poste (fait en $ É.-U. à l’extérieur du Canada) à l’ordre du Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada et acheminées à l’adresse suivante : Disclaimer Collection Transformation The publication format of the Transformation series Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada precludes extensive copyediting. The contents of con- Case postale 9724, succursale T tributions to the series are solely the responsibility of Ottawa (Ontario) the individual authors. K1G 5A3 Responsabilité La formule de la collection Transformation ne permet pas de procéder à un travail de révision approfondi. La responsabilité du contenu des documents de la collection incombe entièrement aux auteurs. www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca Transformation Collection Series Transformation 13 Feds, Forests, and Fire A Century of Canadian Forestry Innovation Richard A. Rajala Canada Science and Technology Museum Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada Ottawa, Canada 2005 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Rajala, Richard Allan, 1953- Feds, forests, and fire : a century of canadian forestry innovation (Transformation series = Collection transformation, ISSN 1188-2964, 13) Includes an abstract in French. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-660-18720-5 1. Canadian Forest Service – History. 2. Forests and forestry – Canada – History. 3. Forests and forestry – Research – Canada – History. 4. Forest policy – Canada – History I. Canada Science and Technology Museum. II. Series: Transformation series (Ottawa, Ont.) ; 13. SD145.R34 2005 634.9’0971 C2005-980068-2 Table of Contents/Table des matières Abstract / Résumé .............................................................................. v Foreword / Avant-propos.................................................................. vii Acknowledgments / Remerciements............................................ xi Introduction......................................................................................... 1 Chapter I Conservation, the Dominion Forestry Branch, and Fire Protection, 1880–1930 ....................................................................................... 7 Chapter II Aerial Forestry During the 1920s..................................................... 33 Chapter III Dominion Silvicultural Research, 1900–1930................................. 43 Chapter IV Canadian Forestry in Depression and War ...................................... 49 Chapter V The Rise of Federal Forestry in the Postwar Era, 1945–1965 ......... 71 Chapter VI Firefighting From the Sky: Aviation and Fire Protection in Postwar Canada................................................................................ 83 Conclusion Reflections on Federal Forestry in Modern Times ........................... 101 Select Bibliography............................................................................ 107 Index ...................................................................................................... 111 iii Abstract Résumé Over the past century, foresters have endeavoured to Au XXe siècle, les experts-forestiers se sont employés exploit, protect, and renew the Canadian forest. They à exploiter, protéger et renouveler la forêt canadienne. have taken their inspiration from a philosophy of natural Ils s’inspiraient d’une philosophie de gestion des res - resource management that sought efficient use, and sources naturelles qui visait l’efficacité d’utilisation et that recognized forests primarily for their commodity voyait les forêts comme autant de produits à exploiter. value. This conservation ethic has come under attack Ces principes de conservation ont été remis en question in recent decades from the environmental movement. par le mouvement écologiste au cours des dernières However, even as the profession engages in the some- décennies. Mais, alors même que les forestiers s’enga- times painful process of adjusting to new imperatives, gent dans un processus parfois ardu d’adaptation de it is worthwhile to pause and consider forestry in its leurs pratiques aux nouveaux impératifs, il convient his torical perspective: to explore its dynamic tradition de considérer la foresterie dans une perspective histori- of innovation in protection and management, and the que : se pencher sur sa dynamique tradition d’innovation changing government policies that shaped these prac- en matière de protection et de gestion ainsi que sur tices. This study integrates an account of the federal les politiques gouvernementales changeantes qui government’s role in Canadian forestry, emphasizing en ont déterminé les pratiques. Cette étude décrit le rôle its contribution to the science and technology of fire joué par le gouvernement fédéral dans l’évolution de la protection, inventory, and silviculture, with a broader foresterie au Canada, mettant l’accent sur sa contri - analysis of forest management in Canada. By linking bution à la science et à la technologie appliquées à la the evolution of federal policy to a history of the organi - protection contre les incendies, l’inventaire et la sylvi - zation now known as the Canadian Forest Service, and culture, et présente une analyse plus large de la gestion relating this political-institutional focus to the process des forêts au pays. En faisant le lien entre l’évolution des of innovation in the above fields, this study seeks to politiques fédérales et l’histoire de l’organisme qui porte contribute to the understanding of forest exploitation aujourd’hui le nom de Service canadien des forêts, puis and conservation. en établissant un parallèle entre cette orientation politico-institutionnelle et le processus d’innovation qui The narrative devotes particular attention to the a cours dans les domaines mentionnés, cette étude vise devel opment of forest fire prevention, detection, and à favoriser la compréhension de l’exploitation et de la suppression procedures: the dominant concern of conservation des forêts. federal and provincial resource agencies throughout much of the twentieth century. Federal research and L’exposé
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