Wireless Networking IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board 2013 John Anderson, Editor in Chief

Linda Shafer Saeid Nahavandi George Zobrist George W. Arnold David Jacobson Tariq Samad Ekram Hossain Mary Lanzerotti Dmitry Goldgof Om P. Malik

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) Wireless Networking Understanding Internetworking Challenges

Jack L. Burbank Julia Andrusenko Jared S. Everett William T.M. Kasch

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Burbank, Jack L. Wireless networking : understanding internetworking challenges / Jack L. Burbank, Julia Andrusenko, Jared S. Everett, William T.M. Kasch. pages cm ISBN 978-1-118-12238-9 (hardback) 1. Internetworking (Telecommunication) 2. Computer networks. 3. Wireless communication systems. I. Andrusenko, Julia. II. Everett, Jared S. III. Kasch, T.M. William. IV. Title. TK5105.5.B855 2013 004.6–dc23 2012043405

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to Helen Janine Clark, the kindest and most generous person that I have ever known. Cancer can take your life but your spirit remains strong in my heart. Everything I am, and will be, is because of everything that you have been for me. I have been truly blessed to have you as a mother.

Love, Jack

Contents

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

About the Authors xv

List of Acronyms xvii

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Data Networks versus Cellular Networks 2 1.2 The History of the Wireless Internet 3 1.3 The Difference between Wireless and Wired 4 1.4 The Wireless Internet: Different Models 6 1.5 A Review of Layered Communications Models 9 1.6 Wireless Data Networking Technologies at a Glance 13 1.7 Cellular Networking Technologies at a Glance 18

2. The Wireless Ecosystem 29 2.1 Wireless Standardization Process 29 2.2 IEEE 30 2.3 IETF 32 2.4 3GPP 35 2.5 3GPP2 39 2.6 International Telecommunications Union 40 2.7 Wi-Fi Alliance 45 2.8 WiMax Forum 47 2.9 Bluetooth Special Interest Group 48 2.10 Summary of The Wireless Ecosystem 49

3. Wireless Personal Area Networks 51 3.1 Bluetooth 51 3.2 ZigBee 71 3.3 Ultra Wideband 106

4. Wireless Local Area Networks 112 4.1 The Original 802.11 Specification 113 4.2 IEEE 802.11b 129 4.3 IEEE 802.11a 134

vii viii Contents

4.4 IEEE 802.11g 138 4.5 IEEE 802.11e 139 4.6 IEEE 802.11n 142 4.7 IEEE 802.11 Security Models 174 4.8 Other WLAN Technologies 178 4.9 Performance of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Technologies 182 4.10 The Future Direction of IEEE 802.11 192 Additional Reading and Online Resources 194

5. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 195 5.1 Fixed WiMAX Technology Overview 199 5.2 Usage 246 5.3 Evolution 247 5.4 WiMAX Transition to Cellular Technology 247 Recommended Additional Reading 248

6. Second-Generation (2G) Cellular Communications 250 6.1 Historical Perspectives 251 6.2 Overview of 2G Technologies 252 6.3 2G Deployments 253 6.4 Chapter Overview 254 6.5 An Introduction to GSM 254 6.6 GSM Technology Overview 263 6.7 GSM Physical Layer 303 6.8 GSM Signaling at the Air Interface 308 6.9 GPRS Overview 312 6.10 GSM Security Aspects 345 6.11 EDGE Enhancements 347 6.12 GSM Evolution 351 6.13 GSM Usage 361 Further GSM Reading 363 Acknowledgments 365

7. Third-Generation (3G) Cellular Communications 366 7.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System/Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 366 7.2 Mobile WiMAX 402 7.3 CDMA2000 420 Recommended Additional Reading 468

8. Fourth-Generation (4G) Cellular Communications 469 8.1 Long-Term Evolution 470 8.2 LTE-Advanced 549 Contents ix

8.3 IEEE 802.16M 557 Acknowledgments 558

9. Mobile Internetworking 559 9.1 What Is Meant by Mobile Internetworking? 559 9.2 Network Layer Considerations 560 9.3 Transport Layer Considerations 578

10. Key Wireless Technology Trends: A Look at the Future 593 10.1 MIMO 594 10.2 Multicarrier Modulation 601 10.3 Cognitive Radio 611 10.4 Cross-Layer Radio 615 10.5 Network Coding 618

11. Building the Wireless Internet: Putting It All Together 623 11.1 Dimensions of Performance 624 11.2 Concluding Remarks 630

References 632

Index 650

Preface

During the initial periods of the current information era, obtaining and sharing information was a wired experience. The masses gravitated toward home personal computers and began experiencing “The Internet” through a variety of wired technologies. As our hunger for information increased, the sophistication and capability of these wired technologies improved. Over time, however, we began to desire high capability and convenience. With the proliferation of laptop computers and the advent of mainstream wireless networking technologies, we began to enjoy the Internet on our own terms. Initial wireless networking technologies provided only rudimentary capability, but they showed us all what the potential information experience could be. In the subsequent years we have been rapidly untethering our information devices, increasingly accessing information on our terms. The era of “The Wireless Internet” is now upon us all. “Broadband to the Masses” has become a battle cry for our generation. However, effective wireless internetworking introduces several key technical challenges. Users constantly demand more capacity, more functional capabilities, and fewer constraints and restrictions on usage. These are not easily achievable simultaneously—if possible at all. Yet this is what we all demand from wireless technology. And at the same time, the industry faces the ever-increasing issue of spectrum scarcity, which demands ever-increasingly efficient and inventive ways to utilize this scarce resource. This creates an extremely challenging era in which to work in the networking industry. Some argue that in the rush to satisfy growing user demands for capacity, the market has become saturated with a glut of too many competing wireless technologies. The authors find this to be a very exciting time. We rejoice in the technological advances that we have been able to witness and sometimes even contribute to over the past 15 years. While sometimes unpleasant to witness, we are thankful for the competitive forces that we believe are healthy for the industry. Indeed, even if a particular technology experiences little or no market success, it may still be highly influential. Our recent history is filled with examples of commercial failures that helped spawn innovation across the entire industry. It is undeniable that the current wireless networking landscape is highly complex, with seemingly dozens of competing technologies attempting to solve the same problem. Maintaining knowledge and expertise in the industry is certainly a daunting task; it is difficult to not feel overwhelmed by it all. We the authors also face this challenge. If you were to look in our offices, you would find a glut of textbooks on every conceivable topic and technology related to the wireless industry. We have our favorite texts on particular topics, with particular pages bookmarked because xi xii Preface those are the “killer tables” or “killer figures” we find ourselves revisiting time and again. However, we have long been frustrated that there is a general lack of comprehensive texts that cover all the topics that we are interested in. Why can’t a book cover Wi-Fi and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)? Why can’t a book consider Bluetooth and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance in wireless environments? After all, in this complex world of wireless internetworking, it is difficult for any of us to limit our scope of work to a particular technology. For as long as we have been working in this industry, we have sought, with futility, a text that discusses everything that we care about. And too many times, when we have thought we found one, we find that it provides only a superficial treatment of what we are interested in, after dedicating the majority of its pages to general engineering topics that have been covered hundreds of times before in other texts. Other texts simply provide a long-winded regurgitation of a technical specification. They give all the facts of the matter, stating what a technology is. But they do not provide any insight regarding why a technology is what it is or how it got that way. Some of us teach college courses on topics related to wireless networking and for years have struggled with poor textbooks. Simply put, we have not found the wireless networking book that we have long sought after. That is why we decided to write this book. The goal of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the entire wireless networking landscape. This is an oxymoron because it is not possible to be completely comprehensive in a single text; a comprehensive text would be unwieldy. We have consolidated 10,000+ pages of specification into a 500+ page text. This book accomplishes this by focusing on what we consider to be the “important” and “interesting” aspects of wireless technologies. This book does not spend much time covering “fundamental” topics. For fundamental topics, there already exist many key texts that a reader would be better suited to consider. This book does not regur- gitate every detail from a technology specification. Rather, this book focuses on the “interesting” parts of those technology specifications. Those key figures, those key tables, those things that we have bookmarked because we keep returning to them— those are what we put in this book. Not only do we provide the “whats” of a technology, but also we try to help answer (at least in part) the “whys” and “hows” of a technology. What we hope we have accomplished is to have created a book that is filled with “killer tables” and “killer figures.” Our hope is that this book is worthy of dozens and dozens of book- marks, that this book becomes the first place you go to find an answer. We hope that this book will help you understand not only the current wireless networking landscape, but also how we have gotten to where we are and where we are going. We hope you find as much pleasure in reading this book as we found in writing it.

Jack L. Burbank Julia Andrusenko Jared S. Everett William T.M. Kasch Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the numerous individuals who have helped make this book a reality. We would like to thank Dr. Brian Haberman and Dr. Phil Chi- mento for their tremendous expertise in networking and the years of collaboration with them that have proven invaluable in our own professional growth and in the writing of this book. We would like to thank Dr. Feng Ouyang for his expertise in multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communications techniques and his assis- tance in the writing of this book. We would like to thank The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Labora- tory for their support during the writing of this book. We would like to give special thanks to Robert Nichols for his longtime support of our activities in this field. Most of all, we would like to thank all of our friends and family for their patience and support during the writing of this book.

J.L.B. J.A. J.S.E. W.T.M.K.

xiii

About the Authors

Jack L. Burbank ([email protected]) received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from North Carolina State University in 1994 and 1998, respectively. As part of the Communications and Network Technologies Group of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, he works with a team of engineers and scientists focused on assessing and improv- ing the performance of wireless networking technologies through test, evaluation, and technical innovation. His primary expertise is in the areas of wireless networking and modeling and simulation, with research interests in cognitive networking, cross-layer design, and ad hoc networking. He has published numerous technical papers and book chapters on topics of wireless networking, and regularly acts as a technical reviewer for journals and magazines. He is an associate technical editor of the IEEE Communications Magazine and is the coauthor of a book on modeling and simulation of wireless networks. He teaches courses on the topics of networking and wireless networking in The Johns Hopkins University Part Time Engineering Program and is a member of the Institute of Elec- trical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).

Julia Andrusenko ([email protected]) received her B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering in 2002 from Drexel University, Philadelphia. She currently works as a communications engineer at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Her background is in communications theory, wireless networking, computer simulation of communications systems, evolutionary computation, genetic algorithms, and pro- gramming. Her recent work has focused on radio frequency (RF) propagation prediction, satellite communications, wireless networking, communications vulnerability, and multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technologies. Ms. Andrusenko is a member of the IEEE Communications Society.

Jared S. Everett ([email protected]) received his B.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering as well as a B.A. degree in Humanities in 2007, and his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2009, all from North Carolina State University. Since 2009, he has worked as a wireless communications research and development (R&D) engineer in the Communi- cations and Networking Technologies Group of The Johns Hopkins

xv xvi About the Authors

University Applied Physics Laboratory, where he specializes in cellular air interface technologies including Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Wideband Code Division Mul- tiple Access (WCDMA), and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). This work is supported by Mr. Everett’s experience in GSM mobile phone development at Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications North American R&D Headquarters in Research Triangle Park, NC. His research interests span a diverse range of topics in wireless communications that include next-generation cellular networks, error- control coding, physical layer security, and underwater free-space optical communication. He is an active member of the IEEE Communications Society and Information Theory Society.

William T.M. Kasch ([email protected]) received his bachelor of science in Electrical Engineering from the Florida Institute of Technology in 2000 and his M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering at The Johns Hopkins University in 2003. He is currently a member of the Senior Professional Staff and the Assistant Group Supervisor for the Communications and Network- ing Technology Group of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. His current interests include software-defined networking and development of robust mobile routing protocols for heterogeneous multi-exit networks. He has collaborated on multiple publications, including serving as a coauthor on another book on network modeling and simulation best practices and as a co-author in the IEEE Communications Magazine. List of Acronyms

Acronym Definition Context 1G First generation Cellular 1xRTT One times radio transmission Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 technology 2G Second generation Cellular 3G Third generation Cellular 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Standards Bodies Project 3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Standards Bodies Project 2 4G Fourth generation Cellular A2DP Advanced Audio Distribution Networking/WPAN/ Profile Bluetooth AAA Authentication , authorization, and Cellular accounting AAS Advanced antenna system Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 AB Access burst Cellular/2G/GSM ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode Cellular/2G/GSM ABS Almost-black subframe Cellular/4G/LTE AC Access category Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 ACK Acknowledgement Networking ACL Asynchronous Connection Networking/WPAN/ Oriented Bluetooth AD Area Director Standards Bodies/IETF/ IESG ADC Analog-to-digital converter Electronics ADPM Adaptive differential phase Communications/Modulation modulation ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber line Networking/Wired AES Advanced encryption standard Security AFS Adaptive full-rate Cellular/2G/GSM AGC Automatic gain control Communications AGCH Access grant channel Cellular/2G/GSM AIB APS information base Networking/WPAN/ZigBee xvii xviii List of Acronyms

AICH Acquisition indicator channel Cellular/3G/UMTS AID Association identifier Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 AIFS Arbitration interframe space Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 AIMD Additive increase/multiplicative Networking/TCP decrease AIPN All-IP network Cellular/4G ALMP Air link management protocol Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 ALOHANET Refers to the ALOHA Network Networking (Not an acronym) AM Acknowledged mode Cellular/3GPP AMC Adaptive modulation and coding Communications AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service Cellular/1G AMR Adaptive multirate Cellular/2G/GSM AMR-WB Wideband adaptive multirate Cellular/2G/GSM ANR Automatic neighbor relations Cellular/4G/LTE ANSI American National Standards Standards Bodies Institute AODV Ad hoc on-demand distance Networking/Routing vector Protocols AP Access point Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 APAC Asia Pacific General APDU Application protocol data unit Networking APL Application layer Networking/WPAN/ZigBee APN Access point name Cellular/2G/GSM APS Application support sublayer Networking/WPAN/ZigBee APSDE Application layer service data Networking/WPAN/ZigBee entity APSME Application support sublayer Networking/WPAN/ZigBee management entity AQPSK Adaptive quadrature phase shift Communications/Modulation keying ARFCN Absolute RF channel number Cellular/2G/GSM ARIB Association of Radio Industries Standards Bodies and Business ARQ Automatic repeat request Networking AS Access stratum Cellular/3GPP ASB Active Slave Broadcast Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth ASCI Advanced speech call items Cellular/2G/GSM ASDU Application service data unit Networking ASK Amplitude shift keying Communications/Modulation List of Acronyms xix

ASMDE Application layer service Networking/WPAN/ZigBee management data entity ASN Access service network Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 ASN-GW Access service network gateway Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 AT Access terminal Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Standards Bodies Industry Solutions ATM Asynchronous transfer mode Networking/Data Link Layer ATT Attribute Protocol Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth AuC Authentication Center Cellular AV Audio/Video General AVRCP Audio/Video Remote Control Networking/WPAN/ Profile Bluetooth AWS Advanced Wireless Services Communications/Spectrum BAAA Broker AAA (server) Cellular BCCH Broadcast control channel Cellular/3GPP BCH Broadcast channel Cellular/3GPP BCS Block check sequence Communications/Coding BDP Bandwidth-delay product Networking/TCP BET Bluetooth Ecosystem Team Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth BGP Border gateway protocol Networking/Routing Protocols BIP Basic Imaging Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth BLER Block error rate General BMC Broadcast/multicast control Cellular/3G/UMTS BPM Burst position modulation Networking/WPAN/UWB BPP Basic Printing Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth BPSK Binary phase shift keying Communications/Modulation BQP Bluetooth Qualification Program Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth BR Basic Rate Networking/WPAN/ or Radiocommunication Bureau Bluetooth Standards Bodies/ITU BS Base station Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 BSA Basic service area Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 BSC Base station controller Cellular/2G/GSM xx List of Acronyms

BSN Block sequence number Networking BSS Basic service set Networking/WLAN/IEEE or Base station subsystem 802.11 Cellular/2G/GSM BSSGP Base station system GPRS Cellular/2G/GSM protocol BT Bluetooth Networking/WPAN BTC Block turbo code Communications/Coding BTS Base transceiver station Cellular/2G/GSM BTTI Basic transmission time interval Cellular/2G/GSM BU Binding update Networking/Mobility/MIP BWA Broadband wireless access Networking CA Cell allocation Cellular/2G/GSM CAC Channel Access Code Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth CAMEL Customized applications for Cellular/2G/GSM mobile networks enhanced logic CAZAC Constant amplitude zero General autocorrelation CBC Cell broadcast center Cellular/2G/GSM CBCH Cell broadcast channel Cellular/2G/GSM CBC-MAC Cipher block chaining with Networking/IEEE 802 message authentication codes CC Convolutional code Communications/Coding or Channel combination Cellular/2G/GSM CCA Clear channel assessment Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 CCCH Common control channel Cellular/3GPP CCE Control channel entity Cellular/4G/LTE CCF CDMA Certification Forum Trade Associations CCI Cochannel interference Communications CCK Complimentary Code Keying Communications/Modulation CCMP Counter mode with CBC-MAC Networking/IEEE 802 Protocol CCO Coverage and capacity Cellular/4G/LTE optimization CCS Common channel signaling Networking/ ATM CCSA China Communications Standards Standards Bodies Association CDD Cyclic delay diversity Communications/Antenna Systems CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Communications/Multiple Access CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 2000 List of Acronyms xxi

CEPT Conférence Européenne des Standards Bodies/Europe administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications CGI Cell global identifier Cellular/2G/GSM CI Cell identifier Cellular/2G/GSM CID Connection identifier Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 CINR Carrier-to-interference-and-noise Communications ratio CM Connection management Cellular/2G/GSM CN Core network Cellular CoA Care-of address Networking/Mobility/MIP CoMP Coordinated multipoint Cellular/4G/LTE CONCERTO Control Over Network Coding for Networking/Mobility/ Enhanced Radio Transport MANET CP Cyclic prefix Communications CPCH Common packet channel Cellular/3G/UMTS or Common physical channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 CPICH Common pilot channel Cellular/3G/UMTS CPS Common part sublayer Networking/IEEE 802 CQI Channel quality indicator Cellular/3GPP CQICH Channel quality information Networking/WMAN/IEEE channel 802.16 CR Cognitive radio Communications CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Communications/Coding C-RNTI Cell RNTI Cellular/4G/LTE CS Convergence sublayer Networking/WMAN/IEEE or Circuit-switched 802.16 Cellular CSD Circuit-switched data Cellular/2G/GSM CSG Closed subscriber group Cellular CSI Channel state information Communications CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access Communications/Multiple with Collision Avoidance Access CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access Communications/Multiple with Collision Detection Access CSN Connectivity service network Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 CTC Convolutional turbo code Communications/Coding CTCH Common traffic channel Cellular/3G/UMTS CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Trade Associations Industry Association (Acronym deprecated in 2004) CTS Clear-to-send Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 xxii List of Acronyms

DAB Digital Audio Broadcast Broadcast Standards DAC Digital-to-analog converter Electronics or Device Access Code Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Cellular/2G Service DARP Downlink advanced receiver Cellular/2G/GSM performance DB Dummy burst Cellular/2G/GSM D-BPSK Differential binary phase shift Communications/Modulation keying DC Direct current General DCCH Dedicated control channel Cellular/3GPP DCF Distributed coordination function Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 DCH Dedicated channel Cellular/3G/UMTS DCI Downlink control information Cellular/4G/LTE DCS Digital Cellular Service Cellular DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Communications Telecommunications DeNB Donor evolved Node B Cellular/4G/LTE DES Data Encryption Standard Security DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 DFT Discrete Fourier transform DSP DFTS- DFT-spread OFDM Communications/Multiple OFDM Access DHCP Dynamic host configuration Networking/Application protocol Layer DIAC Dedicated Inquiry Access Code Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth DID Device Identification Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth DIFS DCF interframe space Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 DIUC Downlink interval usage code Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 DL Downlink General DLC Data Link Control Networking DLCI Data link connection identifier Cellular/2G/GSM DLDC Downlink dual carrier Cellular/2G/GSM DL-MAP Downlink map Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 DLP Direct link protocol Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 List of Acronyms xxiii

DLS Direct Link Setup Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 DL-SCH Downlink shared channel Cellular/4G/LTE DM-RS Demodulation reference signal Cellular/4G/LTE DoD Department of Defense General DoS Denial-of-service Security DPCCH Dedicated physical control Cellular/3G/UMTS channel DPCH Dedicate physical control channel Cellular/3G/UMTS DPDCH Dedicated physical data channel Cellular/3G/UMTS DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying Communications/Modulation DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Communications/Modulation Shift Keying D-QPSK Differential quadrature phase shift Communications/Modulation keying DRC Data rate control Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 DRNC Drift radio network controller Cellular/3G/UMTS DRX Discontinuous reception Cellular DS Distribution system Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 DSA Dynamic spectrum access Communications/Cognitive Radio DSCH Downlink shared channel Cellular/3G/UMTS DSL Digital subscriber line Networking/Wired DSMIP Dual-stack mobile IP Networking/Mobility DSP Digital signal processing General DSR Dynamic source routing Networking/Routing Protocols DSRC Dedicated Short Range Networking/WLAN/IEEE Communications 802.11 DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communications DTCH Dedicated traffic channel Cellular/3GPP DTM Dual-transfer mode Cellular/2G/GSM DTX Discontinuous transmission Cellular/2G/GSM DUN Dial-up Networking Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Broadcast Standards DVB-H Digital Video Broadcasting– Broadcast Standards Handheld E-AGCH Enhanced access grant channel Cellular/3G/UMTS EAP Extensible authentication protocol Security eBMSC Evolved broadcast multicast Cellular/4G/LTE service center EC Executive Committee Standards Bodies/IEEE ECGI E-UTRAN cell global identifier Cellular/4G/LTE xxiv List of Acronyms

ECM EPS connection management Cellular/4G/LTE ECN Explicit congestion notification Networking/Cross-layer design ECSD Enhanced circuit-switched data Cellular/2G/GSM EDCF Enhanced distributed coordination Networking/WLAN/IEEE function 802.11 E-DCH Enhanced uplink dedicated Cellular/3G/UMTS channel EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Cellular/2G/GSM Evolution E-DPCCH Enhanced dedicated physical Cellular/3G/UMTS control channel E-DPDCH Enhanced dedicated physical data Cellular/3G/UMTS channel EDR Enhanced Data Rate Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth EFR Enhanced full-rate Cellular/2G/GSM EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Cellular/2G/GSM Service E-HICH Enhanced hybrid indicator channel Cellular/3G/UMTS EIA Electronic Industries Association Standards Bodies eICIC Enhanced intercell interference Cellular/4G/LTE coordination EIFS Extended interframe space Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 EIR Equipment identity register Cellular eMBMS Evolved multimedia broadcast/ Cellular/4G/LTE multicast service EMM EPS mobility management Cellular/4G/LTE eNB Evolved Node B Cellular/4G/LTE EPC Evolved Packet Core Cellular/4G/LTE ePDG Enhanced packet data gateway Cellular/4G/LTE EPS Evolved Packet System Cellular/4G/LTE EQM Equal modulation Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 E-RAB E-UTRAN radio access bearer Cellular/4G/LTE E-RNTI Enhanced radio network Cellular/3G/UMTS temporary identity eSCO Extended Synchronous Networking/WPAN/ Connection Oriented Bluetooth ESM EPS session management Cellular/4G/LTE ESS Extended service set Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Bodies Standards Institute List of Acronyms xxv

E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Cellular/4G/LTE Radio Access E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Cellular/4G/LTE Radio Access Network EV-DO Evolution—Data Optimized Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 EV-DV Evolution-Data/Voice Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 EVRC Enhanced Variable Rate Codec Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 EVRC-B Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FA Foreign agent Networking FACCH Fast associated control channel Cellular/2G/GSM FACH Forward access channel Cellular/3G/UMTS FANR Fast ACK/NACK reporting Cellular/2G/GSM FB Frequency correction burst Cellular/2G/GSM F-BCCH Forward broadcast control channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 F-CAPICH Forward common auxiliary pilot Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 channel FCC Federal Communications Regulatory Bodies/United Commission States F-CCCH Forward common control channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FCCH Frequency correction channel Cellular/2G/GSM F-CCHT Forward common channel type Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FCH Frame control header Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 FCS Frame check sequence Communications/Coding F-DAPICH Forward dedicated auxiliary pilot Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 channel F-DCCH Forward dedicated control channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FDD Frequency Division Duplex Communications/Duplex Techniques FDE Frequency-domain equalization Communications FEC Forward error correction Communications/Coding FET Frame early termination Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 F-FCH Forward fundamental channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FFD Full Function Device Networking/WPAN/ZigBee FFR Fractional frequency reuse Cellular/4G/LTE FFT Fast Fourier transform DSP FH Frequency Hopping Communications FHS Frequency Hop Synchronization Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Communications Spectrum FIN Finish Networking/TCP FLO Flexible layer one Cellular/2G/GSM FN Frame number Cellular/2G/GSM F-PCH Forward paging channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 xxvi List of Acronyms

F-PICH Forward pilot channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 FR Full-rate Cellular/2G/GSM FRAMES Future radio wideband multiple Cellular/3G/UMTS access systems F-SCHT Forward supplemental channel Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 type FSK Frequency Shift Keying Communications/Modulation FSTD Frequency-switched transmit Communications/Antenna diversity Systems FTP File Transfer Protocol Networking/Application or File Transfer Profile Layer Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth FUSC Full usage of subcarriers Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 FWT Fast Walsh transform DSP GAN Generic access network Cellular/2G/GSM GAP Generic Access Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth GBR Guaranteed bit rate Cellular/4G/LTE GEA GPRS encryption algorithm Cellular/2G/GSM GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Cellular/2G/GSM Network GF Galois field Communications/Coding GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying Communications/Modulation GGSN Gateway GPRS support node Cellular/3GPP GI Guard interval General GIAC General Inquiry Access Code Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth GMM GPRS mobility management Cellular/2G/GSM GMSC Gateway MSC Cellular GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Communications/Modulation GPC Grant-per-connection Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 GPCS Generic packet convergence Networking/WMAN/IEEE sublayer 802.16 GPRS General Packet Radio System Cellular/2G/GSM GPS Global Positioning System Communications GPSS Grant-per-subscriber-station Networking/WMAN/IEEE 802.16 GSA Global mobile Suppliers Trade Associations Association GSM Global System for Mobile Cellular/2G/GSM communications GSMA GSM Association Trade Associations List of Acronyms xxvii

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol Cellular/3GPP GTS Guaranteed Time Slot Networking/WPAN/ZigBee GUMMEI Globally unique MME identifier Cellular/4G/LTE GUTI Globally unique temporary Cellular/4G/LTE identity HA Home agent Networking HAAA Home AAA (server) Cellular HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request Communications/Coding HCCA HCF controlled channel access Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 HCF Hybrid coordination function Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 HCI Host Controller Interface Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth HCRP Hardcopy Cable Replacement Networking/WPAN/ Profile Bluetooth HCR-TDD High chip rate time division Cellular/3G/UMTS duplex HCS Header check sequence Communications/Coding HDLC High-Level Data Link Control Networking/Data Link Protocols HDMI High-definition multimedia General interface HDP Health Device Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth HEC Header error check Networking HeNB Home evolved Node B Cellular/4G/LTE HFP Hands-Free Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth HID Human Interface Device Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth HII High interference indicator Cellular/4G/LTE HIPERLAN High performance radio local area Networking/WLAN network HIPERMAN High Performance Metropolitan Networking/WMAN Area Network HL Hybrid location Cellular/2G/GSM HLR Home location register Cellular HNB Home Node B Cellular/3G/UMTS HoA Home address Networking/Mobility/MIP HR High rate Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 HRPD High-rate packet data Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 HS High Speed Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth xxviii List of Acronyms

HSCSD High-speed circuit-switched data Cellular/2G/GSM HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Cellular/3G/UMTS Access HS-DPCCH High-speed dedicated physical Cellular/3G/UMTS control channel HS-DSCH High-speed downlink shared Cellular/3G/UMTS channel HSGW HRPD serving gateway Cellular/3G/CDMA2000 HSP Headset Profile Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth HSPA High-Speed Packet Access Cellular/3G/UMTS HSPA+ Evolved High Speed Packet Cellular/3G/UMTS Access HS-PDSCH High-speed physical downlink Cellular/3G/UMTS shared channel HSS Home subscriber server Cellular/3GPP HS-SCCH High-speed shared control channel Cellular/3G/UMTS HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access Cellular/3G/UMTS IAC Inquiry Access Code Networking/WPAN/ Bluetooth IAPP Inter-Access-Point Protocol Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 IBSS Independent basic service set Networking/WLAN/IEEE 802.11 ICIC Intercell interference coordination Cellular/4G/LTE ID Identification General iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Cellular/2G Network IDFT Inverse discrete Fourier transform DSP IEEE Institute of Electrical and Standards Bodies Electronics Engineers IESG Internet Engineering Steering Standards Bodies/IETF Group IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Standards Bodies IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform DSP IFS Interframe space Networking/WPAN/ZigBee IMEI International MS equipment Cellular identity IMS IP multimedia subsystem Cellular/3GPP IMSI International mobile subscriber Cellular identity IMT-2000 International Mobile Cellular/3G Telecommunications 2000 IMT- International Mobile Cellular/4G Advanced Telecommunications Advanced