Private Tour

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Private Tour PRIVATE TOUR Private tour to the Chernobyl PRIPYAT SIGN “YANIV” RAILWAY “BRIDGE OF DEATH” CARGO PORT RIVERPORT AND “TREE OF FRIENDSHIP PANEL BUILDING WITH “RAINBOW” HOTEL “POLISSYA” CINEMA “PROMETHEUS” exclusion zone is a once-in-a- STATION CAFÉ “PRIPYAT” OF NATIONS” USSR EMBLEM SHOPPING CENTER lifetime experience. This special tour is designed for individuals and groups who would like to explore the zone at their own pace and with their own preferences. You can choose the date, time, pickup place (from Kyiv), and even which places to see in the Chernobyl exclusion OLD CEMETERY CITY COUNCIL HOUSE BOAT POST OFFICE BOULEVARD OF LENIN GRAMMAR SCHOOL #3 POLICE STATION FIRE STATION “JUPITER” FACTORY ROOFTOP VIEW zone, and much more. The tour includes the city of Pripyat, city of Chernobyl, well-preserved villages, Chernobyl power plant, Duga radar system, and the zone itself. This document serves as a menu with locations to choose from. Please, bear in mind that not every location can be visited “ENERGETIC” RESTAURANT SUPERMARKET VOCATIONAL “GOLDEN KEY” GRAMMAR SCHOOL #1 BWC AND BARBERSHOP BUS STATION FAIRGROUND “AVANTGARD” during 1-day private tour. PALACE OF CULTURE TECHNICAL SCHOOL KINDERGARTEN STADIUM This tour is often chosen by photographers and tv crews. THE CITY OF PRIPYAT More places to see (compared to other tours) THE CITY OF CHERNOBYL ACCOMMODATION OPTIONS Meeting the Self-settlers Tailored program for the most demanding explorers Extra time for photos and exploring Access to no-go places All at your own pace And much more… CHERNOBYL SIGN MONUMENT MONUMENT TO “THOSE CHERNOBYL CHERNOBYL OPEN AIR “ALLEY OF MEMORY WORMWOOD HOTEL “PRIPYAT” HOTEL “10” HOTEL “SLAVUTYCH” OF V. I. LENIN WHO SAVED THE WORLD” CHURCH MUSEUM OF MACHINERY AND HOPE” STAR MEMORIAL IN CHERNOBYL CITY IN CHERNOBYL CITY IN SLAVUTYCH CITY stop that can only be seen on the private tour CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ABANDONED NEARBY VILLAGES AND INTERESTING PLACES “CHERNOBYL-2” (DUGA) EXCURSION INSIDE EXPERIMENTAL UNFINISHED SOVIET TANK UNFINISHED DITYATKI SPENT FUEL ZALISSYA KOPACHI “DUGA” COMMAND CENTRE TRAINING CENTRE THE POWER PLANT 1 LABORATORY COOLING TOWER “ISU-152” REACTOR 5 AND 6 CHECK-POINT STORAGE VILLAGE KINDERGARTEN RADAR SYSTEM OF “DUGA” OF “DUGA” 1 Excursion inside the Power Plant is not included in price of the Private Tour The programme is subject to change based on the weather conditions and the administration of the zone. Entering buildings in Pripyat is officially prohibited since April 2012..
Recommended publications
  • ABM and SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, Pp
    ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, pp. 2-47 The work on designing of the antiballistic missiles (ABM) began in 1946. Within the framework of the MX-C94 Wizard project the American Michigan University researched and prepared specifications for the ABM missiles intended for interception of long-range missiles of the V-2 type. The Soviet Union also started working on the ABM defense problems after World War II. Between 1948 and 1951, the NII-4 research institute of the Defense Ministry (the group of G. Mozharovsky) and the NII-885 research institute (the group of Khlebtsevich), which worked on development and application of ballistic missiles, performed the first, mainly theoretical, research of possibilities of the ABM defense organization. This research offered the schemes for ABMs equipment with two types of homing systems. For the television-guided ABMs a fragmentation warhead was offered with low-speed fragments and a circular-disc effective zone. The warhead was to be exploded with a deflection allowing for formation of the fragments' field. For the self-homing ABMs the directed effect warhead was offered, which had to turn towards the target together with the missile, and had to be exploded in response to the information of the self-homing warhead, creating the biggest density of the fragments' field directed to the target. In 1950, the Third Main Department (TGU) was organized within the Special Committee under the supervision of Lavrenty Beriya. The KB-1 design bureau, which concentrated the leading specialists developing guided missiles and homing systems, was the favorite of the TGU.
    [Show full text]
  • Design for Chernobyl / Between Power and Plants
    Design for Chernobyl / between power and plants The designers at LOLA by Silke Rainen landscape architects, L+CC architects and TALLER Architects use glass as a metaphor for the dilemma of invisible danger in Chernobyl. 2 DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL Nature returns, even in Chernobyl. Photo Kai van Reenen What could the world possibly learn from a world that has died? Bright yellow warning signs and a silver lining! The post-nuclear landscape of Chernobyl in Ukraine has been dubbed the mother of all lost land- scapes. Humans wisely abandoned the toxic zone cre- ated by the 1986 nuclear disaster. The cruel loss of a place of human habitation has in the meantime made way for the triumphant return of wild nature, to the astonishment of scientists. Despite the radioactivity, and faster than anyone would have imagined possi- ble, life returned to the death zone. DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL The only difference is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all Scenes of the village of Pripyat, founded in 1970 for the workers of the nuclear plant. Photos Kai van Reenen AN OBSERVATION Luxuriant nature overlaying an invisible dan- ger made people believe it was safe to return to Chernobyl. And they have done so in large numbers. So much so that souvenir kiosks have sprung up and it is possible to take a guided tour around the site. Visitors can locate the highlights on a map that would not be out of place in Disney World. The only differ- ence is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all. Since the region has never been granted protected status, these devel- opments are all omens that Chernobyl’s Exclusion Zone could die another death.
    [Show full text]
  • Egzemplarz Bezpłatny (PDF)
    Turystyka historyczna Tom 2 Turystyka historyczna Tom 2 pod redakcją Zbigniewa Hojki i Krzysztofa Nowaka Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego • Katowice 2020 Recenzenci Tomasz Przerwa Tadeusz Siwek Rada Naukowa Andriej Kharuk (Lviv), Eugeniusz Kłosek (Wrocław), Rastislav Kožiak (Banská Bystrica), Magdalena Nowak (Gdańsk), Dariusz Rolnik (Katowice), Jan Rychlík (Praha), Henryk Walczak (Szczecin), Aleš Zářický (Ostrava) Rada Redakcyjna Piotr Boroń, Maciej Fic, Wacław Gojniczek, Zbigniew Hojka, Joanna Januszewska‑Jurkiewicz, Lech Krzyżanowski, Dorota Malczewska‑Pawelec, Krzysztof Nowak, Aleksandra Skrzypietz Spis treści Wprowadzenie (Zbigniew Hojka, Krzysztof Nowak) 7 I. Z dziejów podróżowania i turystyki Ewa Wala Rozwój turystyki w Karpatach Wschodnich do 1914 roku (w świetle przewodników i „Pamiętników Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego”) 11 II. Z dziejów ruchu pątniczego Vladyslav Rozhkov Cudami słynąca Matka Boża Latyczowska – Pani Podola, Wołynia i Lublina 49 III. Na współczesnych szlakach historii Wiesław Kaczanowicz Vindolanda – z badań nad historią rzymskiej Brytanii 63 Zbigniew Bereszyński Turystyczne walory zabytków budownictwa obronnego na Górnym Śląsku 82 Ariel Ciechański, Judyta Kurowska‑Ciechańska Parowozownia Skierniewice jako element inspiracji turystów historią kolei 106 Krzysztof Nowak Turystyka historyczna na pograniczach – pozytywna energia Czerniowiec 118 6 Spis treści Iwona Fischer Szlakiem postaci historycznej – alternatywna trasa turystyczna w mieście z nad- miarem zabytków (na przykładzie Krakowa, licznych w tym mieście szlaków znanych osób, a w szczególności szlaku śladami Ignacego Jana Paderew- skiego) 135 Maciej Miezian Nowa Huta – fragment Górnego Śląska na terenie Małopolski 149 Maja Murawska Cmentarz jako produkt turystyczny na przykładzie cmentarzy mennonickich na Żuławach 162 Mariusz Solarz Fort Skotniki na szlaku Twierdzy Kraków. Działalność Centrum Dokumentacji Zsyłek, Wypędzeń i Przesiedleń 172 Adrian Rams Obóz dwóch totalitaryzmów. Jaworzno 1943–1956 jako miejsce pamięci.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Radiocaesium Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems
    BY0000223 Modelling Radiocaesium Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems Results from the ECP-5 project conducted under the Agreement for International Collaboration on the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident between the European Commission and the Ministries for Chernobyl Affairs in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine G. Shaw: Centre for Analytical Research in the Environment, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TE, United Kingdom A Kliashtorin, S. Mamikhin, A Shcheglov: Radioecology Laboratory, Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899 Russian Federation B. Rafferty: Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, 3 Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland A. Dvornik, T. Zhuchenko: Byelorussian Research Institute of Forestry, Gomel, Belarus N. Kuchma: 'Pripyat' Research and Industrial Association, 1-a B. Khmelnitsky Street, Chernobyl, 255620 Ukraine Abstract: Monitoring of radiocaesium inventories and fluxes has been carried out in forest ecosystems in Ukraine, Belarus and Ireland to determine distributions and rates of migration. This information has been used to construct and calibrate mathematical models which are being used to predict the likely longevity of contamination of forests and forest products such as timber following the Chernobyl accident. 1. Introduction Little information on radionuclide migration processes within forest ecosystems existed before the Chernobyl accident. Yet in countries such as Belarus, where approximately 20% of the national forest cover is contaminated to levels in excess of 15 Ci km"2 (555 kBq m"2), the post-contamination management of forests is a highly important economic and social problem [1]. During the period 1992 - 1995 forest sites contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine, Belarus and Ireland have been monitored by ECP-5 to determine the magnitudes of radionuclide fluxes (principally radiocaesium) between the major components of the forest ecosystems concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Pripyat
    CITY CITY OF PRIPYAT building site 40 OF PRIPYAT Palace of pioneers Prip Gr (uncompleted) 36 eenhouse t 42 38 Kindergarten y ospek Kopachi a 34 t elnikiv Pr Greenhouse Budiv Building of an 17 28 5 Elementary experimental 13 N Lelev 32 School Nr. 5 greenhouse farm 15 26 7 22 V Microdistrict 13 30 32a Chernobyl Parishev unfinished 24 Café Snack bar 1a object 12 1 9 Daycare 21 two 16-storey transformer centre Malysh Kindergarten Zalissya Kindergarten buildings 5 9 Cheburashka Yablonka 10 3 19 Ger 8a since 1986 8/10 3 16 7 oiv St Radek laboratory Avandgard Public toilet 9. alingr transformer 7 1 3a Stadium 14 8 ada Str 6. 3 Kutovary shop - 1 3 Commercial N recreaonal goods 4 58 Kindergarten bedminton housing ee playground Nr. 13 Goldfish greenhouse t 2 t 60 8 Sporvna Stree unfinished Naber damaged carousel house Café 0 10 km t IV Microdistrict 1 6 56 Olympia e Elementary 5 zhna Str 54 ospek School Nr. 4 Kindergarten 4 unfinished 10 Switchboard 19 Hostel Nr. 19 ee Riverport Heang Skazka Family Amusement Park t two 16-storey family hostel unit 2a hostels Nr. 15 & 16 One of the most radioacve Landing stage (houseboat) buildings 11 Cinema elnikiv Pr 5a 13 areas in town The half-sunk landing, 6. 17 Dormitory of the Prometey 7 48a 9 Consumer services that earlier stood in the vocaonal technical 4 Café Pripyat Sanatorium 52 Budiv Kindergarten centre Yubileyny riverside staon. 8 school Nr. 8 transformer 4a 4 Vocaonal Music School Nr.14 - Lazurny 7 General substaon Ogneva Street Serzhan Technical 46a store 11 Swimming 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpolar Transnational Art Science States
    ART I N AN TA R C T I C A , A SE R I E S O F CO N F E R E N C E S … P. 4 @rt Outsiders September 2008 - 9th year www.art-outsiders.com Tel : +33 (0)1 44 78 75 00 Maison Européenne de la Photographie 5-7 rue de Fourcy – 75 004 Paris M° Saint-Paul ou Pont-Marie / Bus 67, 69, 96 ou 76 I N T E R P O L A R A RT 24 September 2008 - 12 October 2008 with Marko Peljhan and Annick Bureaud, Bureau d’études, Ewen Chardronnet, Andrea Polli, Catherine Rannou. The extreme in the centre by Annick Bure a u d rom the very first polar expeditions, artists have contributed to the imaginary surrounding the FEarth’s “extremities” and their work has fed a sense of the sublime and of romanticism. Such a romantic vision endures, fuelled by adventurers of the extreme, who set out crossing, alone, the antarctic continent, the touching (and a n t h ropomorphic) image of penguins, the deadly beauty of the environment conveyed by thousands of images of “icy white”, and by the fact that Antarctica is now threatened by global warming and our pollution, that this last huge, supposedly virg i n , territory is in danger. To create in or about Antarctica today is as much a political as an artistic act, just as it was in the 19th or early 20th century. Except today the continent faces quite a diff e r ent reality and our approaches are p r obably more varied, more contradictory, more complex; burdened with numerous clichés all the I-TASC - The Arctic Perspective more enduring for being mostly true.
    [Show full text]
  • SKRUNDA, Pulsed EMF (154-162 Hz) Mass Launches of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Komsomolsk-Na-Amure from the Territory of the US
    8 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz 50 Khz 50 MHz 190 MHz 500 MHz 800 MHz 2,5 Ghz over-the-horizon radar (OTH) Three Steel Yard OTH radar The Soviet Union began work on over-the-horizon By 1980 the Russians were reportedly operating three [OTH] radar in the late 1950s, given the potential of OTHR transmitters, including two OTHR transmitters RussianRussian woodpecwoodpeckerker this techology to surpass the range of conventional near Kiev (Chernobyl) and Minsk (Gomel ?), and a third early warning radars. The focus was on backscatter transmitter in Siberia focused on their northern flank radars that would provide warning of missile launches which became operational in 1979. By the mid-1990s by detecting alterations in ionosphere propogation at least the two radars located in Ukraine appeared to caused by the depletion of ions by missile exhaust have been deactivated. plumes. These radars had to reliably detect group and SKRUNDA, pulsed EMF (154-162 Hz) mass launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles Komsomolsk-na-Amure from the territory of the US. The radars are reportedly An over-the-horizon radar was built at Komsomolsk- known as STEEL YARD or STEEL WORKS by the na-Amure. Along with the facility at Gomel (southeast Western intelligence community. The Steel Yard OTH of Minsk) and Chernobyl (near Kiev), the other Steel Radar Wifi Cell phone began operations in 1975-1976. Yard located at Komsomolsk-na-Amur provided One of the Steel Yard OTH was the Chernobyl-2 OTH complementary coverage of the United States. station (C-2). This radar was the biggest directional HF Chernobyl antennas in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Securing the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone Against Illegal Movement of Radioactive Materials
    Securing the Chornobyl exclusion zone against illegal movement of radioactive materials Oleg O. Bondarenko1, Mykola I. Proskura2, Klaus E. Duftschmid3, Nikolay E. Kravchenko4, 1 SSSIE Ecocentre, 6 Shkilna Street, Chornobyl 07270, Kyiv region, Ukraine, E-mail [email protected] 2 State dept. – Administration of the Chornobyl Exclusion zone, 14 Radyanska Street, Chornobyl 07270, Kyiv region, Ukraine 3 Technical University Graz, Institute for Techn. Physics, 15 Petersgasse, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Consultant to IAEA 4 State Customs Committee of Russian Federation, 11/5 Novozavodskaya, 121087 Moscow, Russia Abstracts. Within the framework of the IAEA Nuclear Security Program the technical cooperation project “Strengthening Security of Nuclear Materials in Ukraine” (UKR/0/008) is aimed primarily to strengthen protection the entrance/exit checkpoints of the Chornobyl exclusion zone and adjacent State borders of Ukraine against illicit movement of radioactive materials (including nuclear materials). The particular situation of the exclusion zone presents a high risk of uncontrolled movement of radioactive materials from and into the exclusion zone. In view of the future construction of the “Shelter-2” and decommissioning of the three closed reactor blocks it is expected that the traffic through the exclusion zone will considerably increase in the next years and those large amounts of possibly contaminated metal scrap, construction material and equipment will leave the zone. There is also a risk of illegal movement of radioactive waste into the zone, possibly also through the international border, which could make the zone to an illegal dumping ground for radioactive waste. As practice shows theft of nuclear materials cannot be excluded.
    [Show full text]
  • Discover Ukraine and Moldova - Private Tour
    Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Discover Ukraine and Moldova - Private Tour Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter PTUAM Moldova - Ukraina Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 16 dager Fra : NOK 41 491 Oversikt Travel through much of Ukraine and also get a taster of the sights in Moldova on this journey of discovery into a region, which has successfully emerged from behind the Iron Curtain, but is still off of the main tourist trail. Chernobyl - Explore the Exclusion Zone including the ghost town of Pripyat, the Duga Radar and the New Safe Confinement structure around Reactor 4 Tiraspol - Discover the capital of the breakaway territory of Trans-Dniester, which is like a USSR time capsule Odesa - Spend time on the Black Sea coast and see the Monument to the Orange Tree, Mother-in-Law Bridge and Devil's House Reiserute Day 1 This adventure through two fascinating countries begins in Ukraine's capital city, Kyiv, on the banks of the Dnieper River. The city has been inhabited for almost 2,000 years and was once the capital of the Kyivan Rus State, from which all later Russian states descended. Although Ukrainian nationalism is stronger than ever, you will still hear Russian spoken widely here today. You will be met on arrival at Kyiv's International Airport (KBP) by a local guide, and driven to your centrally-located hotel. There are no activities planned today, so feel free to arrive in Kyiv at any time. For those booking their own flights, you will just need to let us know your flight details no later than two weeks prior to departure, in order to be met on arrival.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chornobyl Disasterin the Cultural and Historical Discourse
    І Міжнародна наукова конференція «ВОЄННІ КОНФЛІКТИ ТА ТЕХНОГЕННІ КАТАСТРОФИ: історичні та психологічні наслідки»(до 35 роковин аварії на Чорнобильській АЕС) 2. Sriramachari, S. (2004), The Bhopal gas tragedy: An environmental disaster. Current Science, 86(7), 905-920. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109273 3. Mittal A. (2015): Retrospection of Bhopal gas tragedy, Toxicological &Environmental Chemistry, DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2015.1125903 4. Basha O., Alajmy J., Newaz T. (2009) Bhopal gas Tragedy: A safety case study, from https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/187848. UDC 165.2 Shchyhelska H., Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ukraine THE CHORNOBYL DISASTERIN THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE Щигельська Г., к.істор.н., доц. ЧОРНОБИЛЬСЬКА КАТАСТРОФА У КУЛЬТУРНО-ІСТОРИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ The Chernobyl disaster is a tragic event that impressed everyone with its scale, caused international resonance and was reflected in various forms of cultural reproduction which prompted a new understanding of the world as well as became a «generator» of historical experience and «living memory» of the Ukrainian nation. The Chornobyl Exclusion Zone can be considered a place of the technological, socio-cultural and political crisis. The zone arose rather as a result of that crisis - it is a symbol of the dead political system and utopian Soviet ideals. In Western literature the expression «cultural Chernobyl» which distinguishes the constituent basis of «spiritual extinction» is often used in relation to the mental and spiritual crisis of the post-Soviet society. In fact, after the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine, rising on the ruins of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, was held hostage to the disaster and it became a mnemonic place of rethinking of the post-Soviet life in general by gradually becoming a transit meeting place for West and East.
    [Show full text]
  • Support to Radioactive Waste Management in Ukraine Project U4.01/10 D
    EC- UkraineContract International No.: NSI/2014/341 Nuclear Safety-739 Cooperation (INSC) Program Support to radioactive waste management in Ukraine Project U4.01/10 D Project D: Investigation of radioactive waste burial and temporary storage sites in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Project D Leader: Dr. Norbert Molitor, Plejades Project Director: Dr. Zoran Drace, Plejades Presentation by: Dmitri Bugai, IGS, Ukraine (national project expert) Ukraine-Japan Collaboration Workshop , Kiev, 30 January 2015 Overview of clean-up waste burial sites (RWTSP) Support to radioactive waste management in Ukraine 09 July 2014 (U4.01/10 C+D+F project) RWTSP - Radioactive Waste Temporary Storage Places 9 RWTSP Sites: • Neftebaza Kopachi Clamp example • Peschanoe Plato • Old/Staraya Stroybaza • New/Novaya Stroybaza • Chistogalovka • Kopachi • Pripyat • Red Forest Red Forest Trench example • Yanov Station In total (currently characterized) 470 trenches and clamps 884,000 m³ radwaste (~ 70% investigated of the tot.area of ~12km2) RWDS - Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites Engineered facilities: Podlesny • Podlesny • ChNPP 3rd Stage 3rd turn ChNPP • RWDS contain (potentially) HLW – LLW originating from Sarcophagus site (1986-87) • Inventory is highly uncertain • Waste storage conditions do not comply with safety requirements Chernobyl 3rd stage Radwaste Inventory data for ChEZ Aims of Project D Investigation of radioactive waste burial and temporary storage sites in the ChEZ: – Characterization of waste disposal sites using airborne geophysical techniques (location,
    [Show full text]
  • Social-Economic Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe
    Social-economic Consequences of the Chornobyl Catastrophe Volodymyr Kholosha First Deputy Chief of State Department– Administration of Exclusion Zone and Zone of Absolute (Compulsory) Resettlement 1. Introduction The largest in its scale and consequences man-caused catastrophe that took place on April 26 1986 on the # 4 Reactor at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became national tragedy, condemned millions of people to sufferings, and showed how unprotected was the state in the face of global disaster in peace-time. The Chornobyl NPP disaster was responsible for serious economic losses within the former Soviet Union and beyond. The accident disrupted production as well as the normal activities of daily life in many areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russian Federation. In Ukraine, it led to a significant loss of electrical power production and a direct impact on the regional industrial economy. Further, it caused substantial damage to the agricultural economy and limited the use of the area's forests and waterways (use restrictions were imposed on 5,120 km2 of farmland and 4,920 km2 of forest). For the entire Ukraine population, the reduction in the Gross National Product and the loss of monies that could have been spent on improving health care and preventive medicine, and in other areas to promote general health and well- being was a significant blow. In 1986, approximately 116,000 persons were evacuated from areas with radiation level higher than 5 mRem per hour. This evacuation required the construction of additional housing for the evacuees. Approximately 15,000 apartments; several living quarters with a total capacity exceeding 1,000 persons; 23,000 houses; and approximately 800 social and cultural institutions were constructed during 1986 and 1987.
    [Show full text]