The Development Level and Dominant Types Partition of Rural Areas in Fujian Province of China

Home , Anxi County, Datian County, Dongshan County, Gutian County, Jiangle County, Luoyuan County

Anthropologist 29(2,3): 95-106 (2017) DOI: 10.1080/09720073.2017.1359932

Wen-sheng Chen1, Jin-gui Zheng2 and Shui-sheng Fan3*

1,2,3Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China 1Fujian Economic Information Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, P.R. China E-mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Rural Development. Dominant Types. Evaluation Index. Beautiful Rural. China

ABSTRACT This paper hierarchically constructed the Rural Development Level (RDL) evaluation index system with four evaluation indices and ten factor layer indices. The result showed that, on one hand, basic features of rural development included stability overall level, remarkable growth trend, obvious regional characteristics on Minnan area, Northern area, a small part of Minxi area in Fujian province, and undulation of different regions in different periods of Fujian’s rural development. On the other hand, rural development in Fujian province, is striking influenced by geography, resources, economy and culture, and the characteristics of agricultural modernization, new urbanization and new rural construction are main driving factors. Ultimately, the four dominant types with Industry and Commerce Oriented (I), Agricultural Industry Oriented (II), Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Oriented (III), and Agricultural Leading (IV) of rural development was divided by cluster analysis.

INTRODUCTION ment, in this way to build a beautiful rural area with their specific features. Currently, the key in Under the background of deep development current beautiful village developments is to pre- of urbanization, it is important to accelerate the vent various phenomena, such as village de- pace of new rural construction and realize com- cline (Li and Zhang 2012) and loss of “nostal- mon prosperity of rural and urban areas. Espe- gia”, from happening. cially under the modern social background dom- The rural development is the process of inated by industrialization, the rural construc- transforming from the backward state of rural tion and rural community development present areas with incomplete infrastructure and low pro- certain fragility, which is emphasized and sup- ductivity to the modern state. Currently, foreign ported in various countries in the world, such as researchers found that on the rural development the “Rural Development Policies” adopted by level (RDL) based on the rurality and the rurality the European Union (EU), the South Korean are important indexes and reflect on the rural development level, internal difference and re- “New Village Movement”, the Japanese “Rural gional space (Li and Zhang 2015). For the mea- Building Movement”, the Indian “People’s Sci- surement of rurality, Cloke was the first one to ence Movement” and “Community Regenera- propose the 16 rurality indices (Cloke 1977), and tion Movement” in Taiwan. Rural features of continually, he worked with Edwards to conduct Chinese society (Fei 2012) represented that there rurality evaluation of England and Wales (Cloke are 680,000 administrative villages. Overall, the and Edwards 1986) . Due the change of era, its rural population was 46.27 percent. In 2003, the close relation with rural development (Shubin government began to emphasize the “Three 2006) and return to evaluation (Dibden et al. Rural Issues”, in 2005, the goal of socialist new 2009; Marsden and Sonnino 2008), the rural the- rural construction was proposed, in 2012, the oretical researches were popular in the 1970s, goal to build beautiful China was proposed, and which promoted the continuous attention to ru- then, it was proposed to strengthen the rural ral area in geography, science of public manage- construction of ecological civilization, environment (Xia and Lu 2016) and new institutional ment protection and comprehensive improve- economics (Dwyer and Powell 2016). In developed countries, researchers focused on the mo- *Address for correspondence: tivations and results of rural social changes, 96 WEN-SHENG CHEN, JIN-GUI ZHENG AND SHUI-SHENG FAN which were caused by different geographical cation can be summarized as combining various conditions in the rural society. However, the factors while dominated by industrial economy, undeveloped countries emphasized the econom- space and region, certain social and economic ic, social and political aspects of social develop- indices, functional system and spatial locations ment, and they partitioned the rural development can be used as the measurement factors and types and proposed the policy suggestion. The various technologies and methods can be used domestic researches on rural development level to gradually realize the research that combines are mainly on the aspects of sociology and man- the qualitative and quantitative evaluation and agement, which adopted two foreign approach- the spatial form analysis from the perspective of es of “rurality” and “rural development level”, rural geography, such as the ArcGIS spatial anal- respectively. However, they generally use cer- ysis (Zhang et al. 2013), constellation graphical tain indices to measure and evaluate the rural clustering method (Liu et al. 2011) and SOFM development level and conduct in-depth analy- clustering algorithm (Li et al. 2011). sis in accordance with the result, and they main- In conclusion, the domestic and foreign ly focus on the researches of rural development scholars have studied the rural development lev- transformation, development types and models, el on various aspects, and the contents and eval- including, the rural development researches that uation methods for rurality and rural develop- combine the agricultural geography (Long et al. ment level have also become diverse, systemat- 2014), rurality evaluation within the region (Li ic and complicated. Until now, there are no sys- and Wang 2013), the rural development types, tematical studies on the rural development level spatial forms and influencing factors (Li et al. under the background of beautiful rural con- 2011; Shao et al. 2015; Long et al. 2013; Chen et struction. The rural development level is an im- al. 2014), rurality assessment combined with ru- portant index to measure the beautiful rural con- ral tourism (Feng and Sha 2007; Wu et al. 2010), struction, which decides the sustainability of researches on the rurality and rural transforma- new rural construction and beautiful rural de- tion (Liu 2007; Long et al. 2012; Zhou and Wang velopment. Therefore, in order to promote the 2013), and types division of rural multifunction construction of beautiful rural, various cities and and evaluation (Li et al. 2017). In conclusion, the counties in Fujian Province, they have adopted domestic and foreign researchers reported the various effective support policies. However, af- rural development level on various aspects, ter the economic zone has been built on the west which can promote the rural development in both coast of the Taiwan Straits, it is still unclear theory and practice. whether the rural development level can pro- This paper focused on the rural development mote the sustainable beautiful rural development level and the classification of development, and in Fujian Province. Therefore, it is particularly on the evaluation of rurality through the devel- important to evaluate and study the rural development of the introduction of qualitative meth- opment level in Fujian Province for pertinent od (Pini 2002). As descripted by Cloke, simple construction. Based on that, with Fujian Prov- linear summation and Pini’s semi-structured in- ince as demonstration, this paper will analyze the terview, to the application of Q method by rural development level, spatial pattern and dom- Duenckmann was tested (Duenckmann 2010). inate type of 57 counties and cities since 2010 Additionally, the foreign researchers have de- based on county scale, hoping to provide refer- veloped from simple qualitative and quantita- ence to making scientific plan and policies for tive analysis to comprehensive qualitative and beautiful rural construction in Fujian Province. quantitative analysis. The domestic researches focus on the construction of rural evaluation METHODOLOGY system, and the methods of linear weighting summation (Long et al. 2009), multiple-index com- Introduction of Research Area prehensive evaluation (Long et al. 2013) and mechanical equilibrium model (Zhou et al. 2013) Fujian Province, located at the coastal area are used. On the aspect of development type in southeast China, has pleasant climes. The classification, the domestic and foreign schol- administrative region covers 9 cities, 26 munici- ars all believe that rural development is a multi- pal districts, 59 counties and 14,745 administra- level and multi-factor system. Its type classifi- tive villages, due to various factors such as di- THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AND DOMINANT TYPES PARTITION 97 verse terrains and economic difference, it has farmer living standard, public infrastructure con- developed Minnan Culture, Hakka Culture and dition and rural social security are used as the Mindong Culture, and the rural development has level evaluation indices; 10 factors are used as formed the overall situation of significant region- the factor level indices, including the propor- al features, rich and diverse types and signifi- tion of agricultural population in the total popu- cant cultural differences. Meanwhile, Fujian Prov- lation and rural land productivity, and the as- ince is a main province in the Western Taiwan sessment index system of rural development level Straits Economic Zone. In 2009, the State Coun- (RDL) in Fujian province was built (Table 1). cil issued Several Opinions on Supporting the Construction of Western Taiwan Straits Eco- Comprehensive Analytic Hierarchy Process nomic Zone, and the rural development of Fujian (AHP) of Multiple Indices Province got strategic opportunity. In 2013, the urbanization level of Fujian Province reached The assessment index system of rural devel- 60.76 percent, and the GDP per capital reached opment level (RDL) is mainly built with the ana- 57,856 RMB, which is 38.05 percent higher than lytic hierarchy process, which conducts com- the national GDP per capita. In the Western Tai- prehensive assessment of the rural development wan Straits Economic Zone, the net income per level of Fujian Province on the four aspects of capita in the rural area of Fujian Province has economic development level, farmer living stan- seen significant increase, which reached the high- dard, public infrastructure condition and rural est growth of 15.42 percent in 2011, but the pro- social security. The weight calculation of assess- portion of agricultural population in the total ment system is mainly completed through the population is as high as 65.8 percent. The sim- two methods of analytic hierarchy process and ple agricultural types, hollowing out of villages entropy evaluation method. and lack of agricultural labor are still some of the First of all, the index weight on assessment factors that restrict the rural development of level is completed based on the expert scoring Fujian Province. Therefore, it is the urgent re- method. The consultancy questionnaire is de- quirement in promoting the goal of “common signed for the 4 indices on the assessment level wealth of civilians, beautiful ecology, flexible to determine the matrix scale of assessment lev- mechanism and optimal industry” through per- el. Experts in the field are consulted for rural tinent construction and development of beauti- development research, score through compari- ful rural construction by exploring and recog- son and feedback on the opinions. Combining nizing the overall situation of rural development the experts’ scoring to build the judgment ma- level (RDL) and types in Fujian Province. Based trix, the ordering vector, and determine the index on the county scale, this paper explores and weight are obtained (Table 1). Through the con- measures the rural development level, overall sistency test, max =4.121, C.R. =0.045 is obtained, types and distribution pattern of Fujian Prov- which means it has satisfying consistency. ince, and proposes the policies and suggestions Secondly, the index weight on factor level is to promote the beautiful rural construction and completed with the entropy evaluation method. development. The extremum method is used to conduct di- Research Method mensionless treatment to the original data, the Xij  Min(X j ) Xij  positive index is Max(X j )  Min(X j ), and the nega-

Max(X j ) Xij tive index is Xij  . The overall average Construction of the Evaluation Index System Max(X j ) Min(X j ) of Rural Development Level value of the jth index in the nth year on factor level Xnj Ynj  m X is used to calculate the index weight  nj . n1 The entropy of the index information of the jth Based on comprehensive consideration of m Ej= -kΣ (Ynj x ln Ynj). the completeness, science, objectiveness and index on factor level is n=1 The data availability of indices, by referring to relat- information entropy difference coefficient is ed domestic and foreign research results (Li et Dj  1 E j . The various index weights on the fac- n al. 2011; Long et al. 2013; Van Ittersum et al. W  D / D tor level ij j  j are calculated (Table 1). j1 2008; Duan and Li 2010; Long et al. 2011), the Thirdly, to calculate the assessment score of four aspects of economic development level, single index on the assessment level is 98 WEN-SHENG CHEN, JIN-GUI ZHENG AND SHUI-SHENG FAN + + Index 2 2 uan/person + uan/m uan/person + Unit km/km Kw/person + piece/10,000persons + 100 * 100 x

power of agricultural machinery / cooperative medical system (NCMS) /total registered county population %living standard / total rural population x100 + GDP per capita *100 expenditure / total rural population population in the county total rural population resident population at the end of year area of the crops county area method description otal length of rural post route /total otal agriculture, forestry and water affairs Y Calculation Net income per capita of rural residents / % + Gross output value of agriculture /sown Y Number of beds in health institution / Insured number by the new rural Number of rural residents with minimum % - Agricultural employees /total registered %Per capita living expenditure of farmers - Y ) RDL eight 0.8650 0.0131 T 0.0221 0.9869 T 0.0494 0.7417 0.2089 0.9317 0.0463 Total 0.1350 population in the total : The proportion of net income per : Rural transportation convenience : Proportion of agricultural Agricultural mechanization level : : Farmers’ consumption ability : Rural land productivity Agriculture, forestry and water : : Medical and health care level : New Rural Cooperative Medical : Minimum Living Standard in System (NCMS) insured level rural area Capita of famers in GDP affairs expenditure level 11 21 32 12 13 21 31 43 41 42 X Factor W X X X X X X X X X 0.2761 0.1381 0.1953 3 2 X 4 X X 1 X levelEconomic level Assessment Weight Table 1: The assessment index system of Rural Development Level ( 1: Table standard condition security +: Positive Index. -: Negative development livingFarmer 0.3905 Public infrastructure level Rural social THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AND DOMINANT TYPES PARTITION 99

S  W  X , and then, the calculation method Province has provided policy guidance and fund ij ij ij n S  S W for rural development level (RDL) is RDL  ij i . support on various aspects, such as infrastruc- th i1 ture, transportation conditions, investment pro- Here, Xij refers to the value of j factor of the ith assessment index, m refers to the assessment motion, industrial structure and social security. In particular, various measures have been adopt- years, n is the index number, Max (Xj) and Min ed in the rural area, such as promotion of the (Xj) refer to the maximum and minimum values of the jth assessment index respectively, k=1/ln (m), drinking water project, “village to village road” th project, rural financial reform, “small public fa- and Wi is the weight of i index on the assessment level. cilities” project, special modern agricultural con- Finally, in order to realize time and space com- struction and farmer innovation park, which has parability of the assessment results, the rural promoted the development on various aspects development level (RDL) results of Fujian Prov- such as strengthening the rural infrastructure ince are classified, which are classified into 4 construction, promoting the adjustment of agri- levels by using the clustering analysis method cultural structure, effectively transferring the and equidistance partitioning method to present surplus labor in rural area and improving the the overall distribution features. farmers’ living standard and quality, and as a result, it can ensure the positive and rapid de- Data Sources velopment of rural area. The rural development presents significant The data used in this paper mainly comes regional features (Fig. 1). Fujian Province has a from the Statistical Yearbook of Fujian Province reputation of “eight mountains, one river and (2011-2014), Chinese County (Municipal) Social one farmland”, which has generally low terrain and Economic Statistical Yearbook (2010-2012), on the southeast part while high terrain on the Chinese County Statistical Yearbook (2013-2014), northwest part. As a result, the regional features related statistical websites of various counties of rural area caused by various factors, such as and cities, as well as the data obtained through resource conditions, geographic location and field investigation. During the spatial analysis, transportation elements, are significant. For ex- the map data of 57 counties and cities come from ample, in Nanping city, Sanming city and the administrative map of Fujian Province. For Longyuan city in inland of Fujian Province, due the research object and data, one should make to the complicated terrain conditions and se- the following instructions. The missing value is vere population outflow, it will definitely result replaced by using the sequence mean value meth- in that the regional economic development will od. Because Shishi county lacks three years’ data focus on the rural area, in the coast economic of “the number of rural residents with minimum belt in East Fujian Province, due to the urban living standard”, it is eliminated from the analysis circle development in Fuzhou city, Quanzhou in order to maintain the reasonability of results. city and Xiamen city, it caused the rural popula- In 2011, the State Council officially approved tion and economic transfer, which led to that the founding Pingtan County, but during the current construction of rural area has been relatively development process, the rural society still occu- ignored, in Zhangzhou city, various factors have pies an important status, so it will be kept for the supported the feature and modern agricultural consideration of the comprehensiveness of re- development, such as the strengthening of in- search results. In 2014, the State Council agreed frastructure and preferential policy, it has result- to transformed Jianyang city in Nanping from a ed in high rural development level. city to a district, which was officially implement- Different motivations and factors tend to ed in 2015, but because the analysis data is because the rural development level of different fore 2013, so it was kept. areas during different periods to present certain fluctuation. It is vital to conduct reasonable clas- RESULTS sification and promote pertinent policy suggestions in accordance with the overall rural devel- Basic Features opment level in Fujian Province by exploring the features and rules of period change in regional The overall rural development level is sta- development. The fluctuation coefficient analy- ble, which presents significant growth trend. sis is conducted in accordance with the rural With the establishment and development of development level ranking of 57 counties and Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone, Fujian cities in Fujian Province during 2010-2013, and 100 WEN-SHENG CHEN, JIN-GUI ZHENG AND SHUI-SHENG FAN Fig. 1. Regions with high rural development level (RDL) in Fujian Province THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AND DOMINANT TYPES PARTITION 101

87.72 percent of them have a coefficient equiva- and animal husbandry, which has resulted in the lent to or higher than 87.72 percent, which means high rural development level. The rural develop- most counties and cities had unstable rural de- ment level (RDL) depends on the industrializa- velopment during these years. Among them, tion and urbanization development level. After Jinjiang county, Dongshan county and Zhang- the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, pu county had the most unstable development, by grasping the development opportunities such the next were Fuqing county, Nan’an county, as the establishment of Western Taiwan Straits Zhaoan county, Huaan county, Changting Economic Zone, the metropolitan circle has been county, Shouning county and Xianyou county gradually formed in the coastal area of Fujian (Fig. 1). For example, Jingjiang county initiated Province, with Fuzhou city, Quanzhou city and the new urban development strategy in 2009, Xiamen city. As a result, the fast development which rapidly promoted the new urbanization of industrialization and modernization will defi- process and accelerated the urbanization pro- nitely result in the significant decline in the process of rural area, as a result, the rural agricul- portion of agriculture, the identity transforma- ture has been replaced, the rural population has tion of agricultural population and the transfer had identity transfer, and the rural life has trans- of surplus labor in the rural area, which has formed to city life. In areas like Dongshan coun- caused insufficient capital and labor elements ty and Zhangpu county dominated by the agri- for rural development, and it has resulted in the cultural industries of fishery and featured agricul- low rural development level. ture, in recent years, due to the impact from vari- In 2013, the regions with high rural develop- ous factors such as the fluctuations of seafood ment level (RDL) mainly concentrated on the market, industrial environment pollution as well as south and north parts of Fujian Province (Fig. the industrial transformation and upgrade of agri- 1). The south part of Fujian Province consisted culture, they have experienced significant fluctua- of Yunxiao county, Zhaoan county, Pinghe tions in recent years. Most counties and cities in county and Zhangpu county, which has also the west, central and east parts of Fujian Province radiated to other areas such as Dongshan coun- have stable rural development, which can be main- ty, Longhai county, Nanjing county, Yongding ly attributed to the following several factors like county, Huaan county and Changtai county. restriction of terrain conditions, long distance from The average SRDL was 0.5596, the main cause the city, inconvenient transportation and the dom- was the featured modern agricultural develop- inant status of traditional agriculture. ment of this area depends on the urbanization construction and the demanded market of eco- Regional Characteristics and Influencing nomic belt in South Fujian Province. The advan- Factors tages on the aspects of infrastructure, industrial support and transportation, and the industrial In 2010, the regions with high rural develop- structure of agriculture were further regulated. ment level (RDL) in Fujian Province mainly con- The north area concentrated on Zhenghe coun- centrated on the Zhangzhou city (South of ty, Pucheng county and Jian’ou county, which Fujian Province), followed by Nanping city area is radiated to Wuyishan county, Jianyang coun- (East of Fujian Province), and the regions around ty, Shaowu county, Shunchang county and Fuzhou city, Quanzhou city and Xiamen city Songxi county, as well as others in East Fujian generally had low development level (Fig. 1). Province, such as Shouning county, Zhouning The Zhangzhou city area, including Zhangpu county, Pingnan county, Gutian county and county, Pinghe county, Dongshan county, Yunx- Xiapu county. The average SRDL is 0.5590, and iao county and Zhaoan county, among the top the main cause is driven by the continuous de- in the province on the aspects of strengthening velopment of green ecological tourism in North- infrastructure construction and undertaking in- west of Fujian Province, and with Wuyishan coun- dustrial transfer from Taiwan agriculture, the fund ty (center). It has promoted the development of support for early infrastructure construction is modern agriculture on animal husbandry and the high, and the policy strength is significant. In overall construction of mountain farming with the Nanping city area, including Jianyang coun- regional characteristics of East Fujian Province. ty, Jian’ou county, Shaowu county, Zhenghe The regions with low rural development level county, Wuyishan county and Pucheng county, (RDL) were mainly concentrated on the east part its industrial structure of agriculture is dominat- of Fujian Province as well as the coastal coun- ed by ecological tourism, traditional agriculture ties and cities in the south, such as Changle 102 WEN-SHENG CHEN, JIN-GUI ZHENG AND SHUI-SHENG FAN county under the administration of Fuzhou city, gestions will be proposed. Luoyuan county, Fuqing county, Pingtan coun- The industry and commerce distributed five ty, Nan’an county under the administration of areas of Fuqing county, Changle county, Ping- Quanzhou city, Huian county and Jingjiang tan County, Jingjiang county and Longhai county. This type has high urbanization level, county. The average SRDL was 0.4006, and the main causes include the urban integration of which is around big cities, the agricultural pro- metropolitan region and the new urbanization ductivity is high, the urbanization speed and development, which has transferred the rural la- efficiency of rural area are high, and the second- bor and absorbed the financial support fund in a ary and tertiary industries occupy a high pro- high degree. portion. The constraints for rural development From the individual perspective, during the include the gradual decrease in agricultural acre- same period, the rural development level (RDL) age, the continuous transfer of rural population, of various counties and cities in Fujian Province severe non-agricultural occupation of agricul- affected by various inter-regional factors, such tural acreage and severe damage to the ecolog- as geography, resource, economy and culture. ical environment in rural area. Therefore, in the Generally, the rural development level (RDL) of future, the industrial structure of agriculture will Fujian Province has improved by various fac- be adjusted and optimized in accordance with the tors including the agricultural modernization, new market demand of city’s size, meanwhile the ef- urbanization and new rural construction. forts will be made to develop comprehensive modern agricultural system and urban multi-func- Basic Types and Policy Orientation tion agriculture. Along with strengthening the ecological environment protection and the popu- larization and education of environment protec- In order to make the overall differentiation of tion awareness in the rural area, improve related terrain types of rural development in Fujian Prov- laws and regulations, and reduce the non-agri- ince more significant, from the four dimensions cultural occupation of farmland through reason- of economic development level, farmers’ living able allocation of rural land utilization methods. standard, the public infrastructure condition and The commerce oriented type (III) consists of the rural social security, and with industry as ten counties and cities, including Yong’an coun- the carrier, the K-means clustering analysis is ty, Datian county, Nan’an county, Anxi county, conducted to the 57 counties and cities in Fujian Yunxiao county, Zhangpu county, Jian’ou coun- Province through Stata12 by combining the in- ty, Jianyang county, Zhenghe county and Fuan teraction of various factors in production and county. This type of county has a long history life. Meanwhile, because various regional units of agricultural industry, competitive advantag- have different rural development types, differ- es of agricultural industry. Recently, the indus- ent development conditions, levels, structures trialization of agriculture and the processing tech- and directions, by combining the actual situa- nique of agricultural products were continuous- tion grasped during the practical investigation, ly promoted, and also, the conversion of agri- the rural development type of Fujian Province cultural technology has been continuously im- will be named as “industrial structure oriented.” proved, and the regional radiation and motiva- It can mainly be divided into the four types of tion ability of township enterprises has been industry and commerce oriented (I), agro-indus- continuously strengthened. The main con- try oriented (II), agriculture, industry and com- straints include that the new urban development merce oriented (III) and agriculture oriented (IV), system needs to be improved, fast industrializa- and then, one can use the ArcGIS software to tion has resulted in severe pollution to the rural draw the numeric features (Fig. 2). Finally, by area, and the endurance of industrial develop- combining the regional distribution features, ment of agriculture has declined. Therefore, fu- field investigation and related development ture development will be focused on optimiza- plans of various county and municipal govern- tion of the industrial structure of agriculture, ments, systematic analysis will be conducted to extending the industrial chain and improving the the advantages, potentials and restriction ele- technical added value of agricultural products. ments of different types of areas, and corre- Meanwhile, efforts should also be made to guide sponding development direction and policy sug- the intensive and effective development of town- THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AND DOMINANT TYPES PARTITION 103

Classification I Industry and Commerce Oriented (5) II Agricultural Industry Oriented (10) III Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Oriented (13) IV Agricultural Leading (20)

The country number of type in brackets

Fig. 2. Rural developent type of Fujian province named as ‘Industrial structure oriented’ 104 WEN-SHENG CHEN, JIN-GUI ZHENG AND SHUI-SHENG FAN ship enterprises, integrate advantageous resourc- ly include the difficulty to radiate metropolis, es, strengthen the effective utilization of resourc- backward industrial and professional levels of es and the ecologic growth of economy, acceler- rural area, severe outflow of rural labor, common ate the transfer of surplus labor in rural area, im- phenomena such as idling arable land and hol- prove the small town development system and lowing out of rural area, as well as the inade- promote the beautiful rural construction. quate endogenous power of rural development. The agriculture, industry and commerce ori- Therefore, the small town construction and pub- ented type (III) includes thirteen counties and lic supply in rural area should be the main direc- cities. Over all, which are Minhou county, Lian- tion, and efforts should also be made to guaran- jiang county, Luoyuan county, Yongtai county, tee the infrastructure construction such as irri- Shanxian county, Jiangle county, Taining coun- gation and water conservancy and road trans- ty, Changtai county, Dongshan county, Nan- portation, strengthen the skill and cultural train- jing county, Wuyishan county, Fuding county ing of rural labor, and improve the employability and Xiapu county. This type maintains relative- and entrepreneurial ability, the government fi- ly good ecological environment, and based on nancial support should transfer from “blood featured resources, the agricultural product pro- transfusion” to “blood creation” to strengthen cessing and tourism have experienced fast de- the endogenous innovation and development velopment in recent years, and the structures of of rural area, support and guide the develop- agriculture, industry and commerce are relative- ment of featured and advantageous agricultural ly balanced, and the road transportation infra- industry, extend the links of industrial chain, and structure is relatively complete. The constraints improve the added value of agricultural prod- of rural development that including the rural ucts, actively introduce social capitals, and guide human settlement, requires further improvement, e-commerce to participate into the development which related to tourism service facilities in most agricultural industry. areas. Also, the comprehensive quality of rural residents, the technical, and cultural needs to Suggestions be improved, Therefore, during development, efforts should be made to continuously strength- In order to comprehensively promote and en and protect the overall ecological environ- guarantee the beautiful rural construction and ment, improve the value of ecological output, promote the development of rural area, it requires strengthen and improve the infrastructure con- innovating the macro-system and policies that struction and improve the rural human settle- may include the following. The researchers’ first ment, strengthen the rural residents’ education proposal is that the farmers should be support- on the aspects of culture, ecology and skills, ed and encouraged to create business and de- and improve the comprehensive quality of farm- velopment comprehensive modern, leisure and ers, carry out the advantages of natural ecolog- urban multi-function agriculture, in this way to ical environment, combine rich cultural resourc- effectively transfer the surplus labor in rural area es, and promote the coordinated development and improve the internal development innova- of agriculture, processing and service industries tion of rural area. The second suggestion is the in rural area with the featured agriculture of administration should promote the small town mountainous area as the orientation, and with development system, guide the intensive and the ecological, cultural, agricultural and experi- effective development of township enterprises, ence tourism as the carrier. develop through multiple industrial forms such The agriculture oriented type (IV) is mainly as township enterprises and economic coopera- distributed in most areas in the west, central and tion organization, drive the supply of public prod- north parts of Fujian Province, which includes ucts in the rural area, and motivate the develop- twenty-nine counties and cities, such as Min- ment vitality of rural area. The last but one is qing county, Xianyou county, Mingxi county, that the government should transfer the capital Qingliu county and Ninghua county. This type policy support method and capital participation mainly includes the remote mountainous areas method, improve the infrastructure construction, with inconvenient transportation conditions, support the development of various industries which have great agricultural production condi- (such as featured agriculture, ecological, cultur- tions. The constraints of rural development main- al and agricultural tourism) in the mountainous THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL AND DOMINANT TYPES PARTITION 105 area through the form of “replacing subsidy with development level of Fujian Province is built hi- reward”, and guide the participation into agri- erarchically on the four aspects of economic cultural production through the Internet. Ulti- development level, farmer living standard, pub- mately, the government agency should strength- lic infrastructure condition and rural social seen the ecological and environmental construc- curity, and comprehensive analysis is also con- tion in rural area, popularize education on envi- ducted to the basic features, regional character- ronment protection, reduce the non-agricultural istics and influencing factors of rural develop- occupation of farmland, and improve the eco- ment in Fujian Province. In the meantime, the K- logical value output. means clustering analysis is conducted to the dominant types of rural development in Fujian DISCUSSION Province, and the rural development in Fujian Province is divided into the four basic types of This paper reveals four basic types of rural industry and commerce oriented (I), agro-indus- development in provincial through quantitative try oriented (II), agriculture, industry and com- analysis. Li and Liu (2011) state that remaking merce oriented (III) and agriculture oriented (IV). traditional agriculture rural development pattern The research results are basically consistent with with studied on the pattern and types of rural the actual situation in various counties and cit- development in the Huang-Huai Hai region. Be- ies in Fujian Province, and these assessment sides, Chen et al. (2014) indicate that the driving indices, research methods and conclusion can factors of spatial differentiation of rurality, which be used as the reference in the decision making included industrial development, government process for regional beautiful rural area plan- investment, agricultural modernization and min- ning and construction, which can be further pro- istry of foreign trade. In addition, Li et al. (2017) moted and applied. divided types on village scale in the view of rural multifunction. In terms of perspectives, this ACKNOWLEDGMENTS essay establishes the index system for the fact in Fujian province with absorb and draw on the This work is supported by the structure and experience of the evaluation index from previ- mechanism innovation for improving rural gov- ous researchers. As this paper also emphasized ernance as base of national comprehensive se- by ecological function which is the most advan- curity, a major project funded by the National tage in research area. Li and Wang (2013) men- Social Science Foundation of China (No.14 tioned this point of view as well based on the ZDA064). The authors would like to thank pro- assessment of the county’s rurality in the reser- fessor Yin-ying Cai for her very helpful and con- voir area eco-economic zone. Furthermore, the structive comments. viewpoint of government departments might pay attention to exploit rural development project REFERENCES (Dwyer and Powell 2016) was assimilated. Hence, Cloke PJ, Edwards G 1986. 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