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Delayed Neutron Emission from Mass-Separated Fission Products Jay Harold Norman Iowa State University

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Delayed Neutron Emission from Mass-Separated Fission Products Jay Harold Norman Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1973 Delayed neutron emission from mass-separated fission products Jay Harold Norman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Norman, Jay Harold, "Delayed neutron emission from mass-separated fission products " (1973). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5111. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5111 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page\S/ or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sscticp.ir.g" the rratsria!. it is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections v>.';th a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs ' if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 74-9145 NORMAN, Jay Harold, 1937- DEIAYED NEUTRON H4ISSI0N FRCM MASS-SEPARATED FISSION PRODUCTS. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1973 Engineering, nuclear University Microfilms, A XERQ\Company , Ann Arbor. Michigan THTC riTQQPDTûTTnM HAR TÎFFM MTrRDFTTMF.T) EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Delayed neutron emission from mass-separated fission products by Jay Harold Norman A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Chemical Engineering and Nuclear Engineering Major: Nuclear Engineering Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Hajor Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. lollege Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1973 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THEORY OF DELAYED NEUTRON EMISSION 5 III. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 12 A. The TRISTAN Mass Separator Facility 12 B. Precursor Identification 17 C. Emission Spectra 23 D. Spectrometer Calibration Techniques 27 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 68 A. Half-life Measurements 68 B. Neutron Spectrum Measurements 75 V. CONCLUSIONS 95 VI. SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTINUING WORK 101 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 107 IX. APPENDIX A: ACTIVITY SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 109 USING A MOVING TAPE COLLECTOR A. Introduction 109 B. Definition of Data Cycles 109 C. Summary of ISOBAR Modifications 116 D. ISOBAR Calculation for Mass 93 118 X. APPENDIX B: EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT USED 122 A. Half-life Measurements 122 B. 3He Proportional Counter 123 C. 3He Ionization Chamber 124 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Chart of the nuclides 6 Figure 2. Fission yield of zssu as a function of A and Z 7 Figure 3. Schematic representation of delayed neutron emission 9 Figure 4. Delayed neutron emission in neighboring decay chains 11 Figure 5. TRISTAN layout of the ALRR 13 Figure 6. Fission product generator 14 Figure 7. Long counter neutron detector 19 Figure 8. Schematic of neutron detection electronics 20 Figure 9. Group delayed neutron spectra 26 Figure 10. ^He cross sections 28 Figure 11. ^He proportional counter characteristics 34 Figure 12. 3He proportional counter plateau 35 Figure 13. Schematic of risetime discrimination system 37 Figure 14. Risetime calibration 43 Figure 15. Pulse hexght calxbratxou 44 Figure 16. Pulse height and risetime response for thermal neutrons 47 Figure 17. 3He proportional counter energy calibration 50 Figure 18. Typical two-parameter spectrum 55 Figure 19. Final 'He proportional counter calibration 57 iv 20. 3He ionization chamber shield configuration 60 21. Schematic of ^He ionization chamber electronics 61 22. 3He ionization chamber energy calibration 66 23. Decay of neutron activity for mass 137 70 24. Decay of neutron activity for mass 138 72 25. Decay of neutron activity for mass 88 73 26. Decay of neutron activity for mass 89 74 27. Decay of neutron activity for mass 93 76 28. Comparative spectra 82 29. Comparative is?! spectra 88 30. Comparative mass 93 spectra 93 31. 93Kr and 93Rb spectra 94 32. MTC data cycles at detector-1 111 33. MTC data cycles at detector-2 113 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Summary of neutron spectroscopy methods 25 Table 2. Neutron multiscaling conditions 69 Table 3. Half-life measurement results 77 Table 4. Summary of spectrum measurements 78 Table 5. delayed neutron spectrum energies 80 Table 6. 1371 delayed neutron spectrum energies 87 Table 7. Delayed neutron spectrum energies of '^Kr and 93Rb in equilibrium 91 Table 8. ISOBAR calculations for mass 93 119 1 I. INTRODDCTION Early in 1939 Roberts, Meyer and Wang (1) observed the delayed emission of neutrons in fission which has come to be called delayed neutron emission. The importance of delayed neutrons in the control of fission chain reactors was recog­ nized by Zeldovich and Khariton (2) more than two years be­ fore the first self sustaining chain reaction was achieved. The fundamental role of delayed neutrons in the kinetic be­ havior, safety, and control of nuclear reactors is a matter of practical experience in hundreds of facilities throughout the world. While the current level of knowledge of delayed neutrons has been adequate to support a growing thermal reactor based nuclear power industry, the next generation of fast breeder reactors will require more detailed knowledge of delayed neutron characteristics in order to operate both safely and efficiently. One characteristic of delayed neutron emission that is particularly important in the control of fast reactors is the difference in importance or effectiveness of delayed neutrons compared to the prompt neutrons. Since delayed neutrons are emitted at a lower average energy than prompt neutrons, they are reduced in energy to the average reactor spectrum energy more rapidly than the prompt neutrons. Thus the effective­ ness or importance of delayed neutrons is enhanced somewhat over the prompt neutrons. The difference in effectiveness is 2 more pronounced in fast reactors since the average effective energy in a fast reactor spectrum is only one or two orders of magnitude below the initial energy of the delayed neutrons. In thermal reactors the average effective neutron energy is many orders of magnitude below the nascent delayed neutron energy and the difference in effectiveness between prompt and delayed neutrons is much smaller. Yiftah and Saphier (3) calculated several cases of fast reactor response as a function of delayed neutron effective­ ness. The fast reactor systems considered were shown to be marginally stable depending upon the magnitude of the delayed neutron effectiveness. Furthermore, it was shown that present knowledge of delayed neutron spectra is not accurate enough to predict the magnitude of delayed neutron effective­ ness in such cases. Thus in fast reactors it is important to know as precisely as possible the energy spectrum of the de­ layed neutrons emitted from the fission products. Another important aspect of delayed neutron emission is the identity of the neutron precursors. Traditionally, de­ layed neutron precursors have been artificially catagorized in groups according to a particular half-life (4). Group half-lives were measured by performing an exponential least sguares fit to the observed gross delayed neutron decay from an irradiated sample of some particular fissionable isotope. Though such data can be analyzed with any number of groups. 3 six groups were observed to provide the best fit to the data. While the group analysis does have some advantage in simplifying reactor kinetics calculations, delayed neutrons do not originate in groups but rather are emitted in
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