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Rebuilding Christchurch in the Wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes

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Rebuilding Christchurch in the Wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes Rebuilding Christchurch in the Wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes – A Surveyor's Perspective Lester Simon IRONSIDE, New Zealand Key words: Earthquake, Cadastral Surveying, Infrastructure, Boundary Definition SUMMARY After the 2010 Darfield Earthquake, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake near Christchurch, New Zealand’s second city, the region had been hit by hundreds of aftershocks - many of them widely felt in and around Christchurch, and some of which have caused further damage. Nearly six months later, just as everybody was getting used to post-earthquake life, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake (technically an after shock of the earlier earthquake) hit - just before 1pm on Tuesday the 22nd of February 2011. This time, Christchurch was not so lucky - 185 people lost their lives, with many more injured. Many Christchurch buildings were badly damaged, with some collapsing and 1,200 requiring demolition or major repairs. At 1pm on June 13, a 5.7 magnitude quake rattled Christchurch again, only to be followed nearly two hours later by a 6.3 aftershock; one fatality was reported, and many buildings suffered further damage or collapsed. This paper describes the activities of the private sector surveyors beginning with the 4 September 2010 initial response effort on through the many months of uncertainty to the vision for a new Christchurch. Surveying, Surveyors and Spatial Information have all been identified as key aspects to the many response phases to these events. Many professional disciplines including surveying have played roles in gaining a better understanding of Christchurch now in the hope and preparation for a new future for the city. There are many lessons that can be gleaned from this work and much learned by the surveyors involved through sharing their experiences with others in the wider national and international surveying communities. TS07L - Land Administration in Post Conflict and Post Natural Disaster Areas 1/13 Lester Simon Ironside Rebuilding Christchurch in the Wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes – A Surveyor’s Perspective FIG Working Week 2012 Knowing to manage the territory, protect the environment, evaluate the cultural heritage Rome, Italy, 6-10 May 2012 Rebuilding Christchurch in the Wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes - A Surveyor's Perspective Lester Simon IRONSIDE, New Zealand 1. SETTING THE SCENE 1.1 4 September 2010 The Canterbury region of New Zealand’s South Island was hit by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake at 4:35am NZST on Saturday, 4 September 2010. Centred on Darfield, 30km west of Christchurch, the South Island’s most populous centre, at a depth of 10km, the initial quake lasted about 40 seconds and produced some of the strongest ground shaking ever recorded in New Zealand (a country that is seismically active), causing widespread damage in Christchurch, the surrounding towns of Kaiapoi and Rolleston (located to the north and south of Christchurch respectively) with damage or disruption to varying degrees experienced throughout Canterbury (GeoNet, 4/9/10). Fortunately there were no deaths directly attributed to this event. Fatalities were avoided largely due to there being few dwellings of unreinforced construction, although this was also aided by the quake occurring during the early hours of the morning. The Darfield earthquake occurred as a result of strike-slip faulting on a previously unknown fault within the crust of the Pacific plate, near the eastern foothills of the Southern Alps at the western edge of the Canterbury Plains (NZSEE, 4/3/11).The peak ground acceleration (PGA) measured near Darfield was 1.26 g (12.36 m/s 2) and at the time was considered by GNS scientists as an "extremely rare seismic recording made near a fault rupture" (GeoNet, 4/9/10). Geologically the Darfield earthquake was relatively complex, involving movement on at least three interconnected faults. The largest of these previously unknown faults (the Greendale Fault) ruptured through to the ground surface producing a 30km long surface rupture. A feature of the Darfield Earthquake was the damage caused by soil liquefaction, which occurs when saturated, unconsolidated (loose) soils are severely shaken causing water and silt or sand to be ejected to the ground surface. This resulted in subsidence and, in places, lateral spreading (sideways movement) of the ground causing damage to dwellings and underground services. This was particularly the case in the riverside areas of Avonside, Dallington, Burwood, Avondale, and Kaiapoi, and in river delta areas near Bexley, Brooklands, Spencerville, Pines Beach, and Kairaki with other areas being affected to a substantially lesser degree or not at all (Tonkin & Taylor Ltd Stage 1 Report, 2010). S07A - Land Administration in Post Conflict and Post Natural Disaster Areas 2/13 Lester Simon Ironside Rebuilding Christchurch in the wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes - A Surveyor's Perspective FIG Working Week 2012 Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage Rome, Italy, 6-10 May 2012 Damage from liquefaction may have been worsened by the high water table from a wet winter. Liquefaction also caused problems for the gravity-fed sewer network. Buried pipes were forced to the surface, manholes popped out of the ground and sewer pump stations were damaged, causing extensive damage to the reticulated system. Land movement and subsidence in areas affected by liquefaction and lateral spreading generally ceased as water pressures within the soil returned to normal. Although soils regained most of the strength they lost during liquefaction the level of the ground surface changed in many areas raising concerns about the increased risk of flooding due to the low lying nature of the topography (Tonkin & Taylor Ltd. Stage 1 Report, 2010). Water mains were extensively damaged and in some areas, including the Rolleston water supply; supplies were contaminated as a result of the sewer main damage. Residents were asked to boil water until repairs were completed. (CCC Notice 8/9/10) Power to up to 75% of Christchurch was disrupted and Christchurch Hospital was forced to use emergency generators in the immediate aftermath of the quake, however 90% of the electricity in Christchurch was restored by 6:00pm on the day of the earthquake. The repair of electricity was more difficult and took longer in the outlying rural areas. Although many of Christchurch's major landmarks survived intact, most of the badly affected structures in both Christchurch and the surrounding districts were older un-reinforced buildings, including several notable landmarks. Most modern buildings performed as they were designed to do, preserving life rather than keeping the interior in good order. 1.2 22 February 2011 A magnitude 6.3 earthquake hit Christchurch with devastating effect at 12:51pm NZDT on Tuesday, 22 February 2011, six months after the Darfield Earthquake. The Christchurch Earthquake (although technically an aftershock of the 4 September event), was one of the nation's worst natural disasters with 185 fatalities, by far New Zealand's costliest natural disaster and the third-costliest earthquake (nominally) worldwide (Murdoch, 2011). The Christchurch earthquake occurred at a depth of 5km and GNS Science reported that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8km x 8km (again previously unknown) fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1 – 2km beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills. Unlike the Darfield event, the rupture was subsurface and initial satellite imagery indicated that the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50cm westwards and upwards although land movement varied around the area horizontally and vertically (GeoNet, 22/2/11). S07A - Land Administration in Post Conflict and Post Natural Disaster Areas 3/13 Lester Simon Ironside Rebuilding Christchurch in the wake of the 2010 & 2011 Earthquakes - A Surveyor's Perspective FIG Working Week 2012 Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage Rome, Italy, 6-10 May 2012 It caused extensive damage across Christchurch, especially in the central city and eastern suburbs. Damage was exacerbated by buildings and infrastructure already weakened by the 4 September event and its aftershocks. The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. The PGA in central Christchurch exceeded 1.8 g (i.e. 1.8 times the acceleration of gravity), with the highest recording of 2.2 g at the Heathcote Valley Primary School, contrasting to the highest reading during the 4 September earthquake of 1.26 g. This is the highest PGA ever recorded in New Zealand and one of the greatest ever ground accelerations recorded in the world. It was unusually high for a magnitude 6.3 earthquake and the highest recorded in a vertical direction. It is probable that ‘seismic lensing’ contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city (GeoNet, 22/2/11). Liquefaction, particularly in the eastern suburbs, was worse than the Darfield earthquake, producing over 500,000 tonnes of silt (Rebuild Christchurch, 2011), and this time there were significant landslips and rockfalls on the Port Hills. The hill suburbs, largely unaffected by the 4 September earthquake, sustained considerable damage. In central Christchurch the acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction and the upwards acceleration (positive) was greater than the downwards. The PGA was greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. Whereas the building code requires a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event; initial reports by GNS Science suggested ground motion exceeded even 2500-year design motions and beyond maximum considered events (NZSEE, 4/3/11). By comparison, the earlier Darfield earthquake—in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings—exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings.
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