DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climates Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climates Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climates Prepared by: Funded by the: Executed by the: European Union Disclaimer The Energy Eciency Guidelines for Oce Buildings in Tropical Climates was prepared by the Depart- ment of Sustainable Development of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States through the consulting services of Trama Tecnoambiental in partnership with the Tropical Architecture Institute (ITA) in Costa Rica; CREVER-Universitat Rovira i Virgili and other independent consultants. This publication was created as a material component of the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Program (CSEP), which is an initiative funded by the European Union. The views expressed herein are presented for informational purposes only and do not represent the opinions or ocial positions of the European Union, the Organization of American States, its General Secretariat, or any of its member states. The European Union and the Organization of American States, its General Secretariat, and member states do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibi- lity whatsoever for any liability arising from its use. The European Union and the Organization of Ameri- can States, its General Secretariat, and member states also disclaim responsibility for errors, omissions, inaccuracies, or similar characteristics as well as any loss or damage arising from the use and/or appli- cation of the contents of this publication. Copyright Notice © 2013 General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS). Published by the Department of Sustainable Development. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Conventions. No portion of the contents may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any storing on any information storage or retrie- val system, without prior permission received in writing from the publisher and the General Secretariat of the OAS. Inquiries regarding ordering additional copies or information on this publication should be addressed to the Department of Sustainable Development of the General Secretariat of the Organization of Ame- rican States at: [email protected]. A complete list of publications can be found on the OAS/DSD website: http://www.oas.org/dsd. OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Organization of American States. Department of Sustainable Development. Energy eciency guidelines for oce buildings in tropical climates. p. : ill. ; cm. (OAS ocial records ; OEA/Ser.D/XXIII.15) ISBN 978-0-8270-6017-3 1. Energy conservation. 2. Energy consumption. 3. Oce buildings--Energy conservation--Standards. 4. Buildings--Energy conservation--Standards. 5. Architecture and energy conservation--Standards. 6. Buildings--Energy consumption--Standards. I. Title. II. Caribbean Sustainable Energy Program. III. Series. Table of Contents 1. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2. Objetive ................................................................................................................................................... 12 A. Introduction: climate, building codes .......................................................................................................... 14 1. Climate .................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Climate Report ................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Technical review of codes........................................................................................................................ 22 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Technical review of codes ................................................................................................................ 22 3. Considerations for hurricane and other weather phenomena ................................................................ 24 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Design Consideration for Mechanical Systems ................................................................................ 24 B. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 25 1. Energy Efficient Design Strategies ........................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Architecture/Passive ........................................................................................................................ 25 1.2 Mechanical, electrical and plumbing ............................................................................................... 36 1.3 Renewable Energy Generation ........................................................................................................ 38 C. Results - Energy Efficient Design ................................................................................................................. 44 1. Parametric Study ..................................................................................................................................... 44 1.1 Input data of the Parametric Study ................................................................................................. 44 1.2 Building parameters ........................................................................................................................ 45 1.3 Results and analysis ......................................................................................................................... 49 1.4 Optimized model ............................................................................................................................. 66 2. Energy Efficient Design ............................................................................................................................ 67 2.1 Buildings Shape ................................................................................................................................ 67 2.2 Orientation ...................................................................................................................................... 67 2.3 Thermal insulation ........................................................................................................................... 68 2.4 Windows .......................................................................................................................................... 68 2.5 Thermal mass .................................................................................................................................. 68 2.6 Roof ................................................................................................................................................. 68 2.7 Solar Protection ............................................................................................................................... 69 2.8 Efficient lighting ............................................................................................................................... 71 2.9 Mechanical Systems ........................................................................................................................ 77 2.10 Renewable Energies......................................................................................................................... 78 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climates 3. Input data ................................................................................................................................................ 86 3.11 Climate data .................................................................................................................................... 86 4. Energy Results ......................................................................................................................................... 86 4.1 Energy simulation results................................................................................................................. 86 4.2 Energy demand including energy generation .................................................................................. 89 5. Life Cycle Cost .......................................................................................................................................... 91 5.1 What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis ....................................................................................................... 91 5.2 Comparison with other methods ..................................................................................................... 91 5.3 Measures based on the LCC analysis ............................................................................................... 92 5.4 Limitations of the LCC analysis......................................................................................................... 94 5.5 Costs components in LCC Analysis ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lessons from Burkina Faso's Thomas Sankara By
    Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance in Contemporary Africa: Lessons from Burkina Faso’s Thomas Sankara By: Moorosi Leshoele (45775389) Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Prof Vusi Gumede (September 2019) DECLARATION (Signed) i | P a g e DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to Thomas Noel Isadore Sankara himself, one of the most underrated leaders in Africa and the world at large, who undoubtedly stands shoulder to shoulder with ANY leader in the world, and tall amongst all of the highly revered and celebrated revolutionaries in modern history. I also dedicate this to Mariam Sankara, Thomas Sankara’s wife, for not giving up on the long and hard fight of ensuring that justice is served for Sankara’s death, and that those who were responsible, directly or indirectly, are brought to book. I also would like to tremendously thank and dedicate this thesis to Blandine Sankara and Valintin Sankara for affording me the time to talk to them at Sankara’s modest house in Ouagadougou, and for sharing those heart-warming and painful memories of Sankara with me. For that, I say, Merci boucop. Lastly, I dedicate this to my late father, ntate Pule Leshoele and my mother, Mme Malimpho Leshoele, for their enduring sacrifices for us, their children. ii | P a g e AKNOWLEDGEMENTS To begin with, my sincere gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Professor Vusi Gumede, for cunningly nudging me to enrol for doctoral studies at the time when the thought was not even in my radar.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climate Design Tools for a Low Energy Demand: Cost Aspects 2 Outline
    Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Office Buildings in Tropical Climate Design Tools for a Low Energy Demand: Cost aspects 2 Outline A. Life Cycle Cost analysis – What is LCC? – Comparison of LCC and other methods – Limitations of LCC B. Excel based tool for LCC analysis • Energy Payback Period (EPP). For example, a measure with an ini>al investment of $4,000 and an expected annual savings of $1,000 has an EPP of 4 years. • It does not account for the time value of money: the fact that the value of money does not remain constant all the time (i.e. $1,000 in the present are worth more than the same amount in the future); • It is not a measure of long-term economic performance because it only focuses on how quickly the initial investment can be recovered, ignoring all the costs and savings incurred after the point in time in which payback is reached; • It does not account for the opportunity cost; this is, that this money could had been invested in something else in exchange of a potentially higher return; • Life Cycle Cost – 3 indicators of economic performance: • Net Present Value (NPV) • Intenral Return Rate (IRR) • Savings to Investement ratio (SIR) • Net Present Value (NPV) For example, imagine that the country is experiencing an annual increase in its level of prices of 3%. This rate of inflaon is diminishing the future value of money as compared to their present value. At this 3% rate the present value (discounted value) of these $1,000 a year for the next four years is: $1,000/(1 + 3%) +$1,000/(1+3%)2 + $1,000/(1+3%)3 +$1,000/(1+3%)4 This is: $971 + $943 + $915 + $888 = $3,717 As it can be observed, the more far away in the future, the lower the present value of those $1,000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Only Spending Rule Article You Will Ever Need M
    Financial Analysts Journal Volume 71 · Number 1 ©2015 CFA Institute The Only Spending Rule Article You Will Ever Need M. Barton Waring and Laurence B. Siegel After examining an array of approaches to determining a spending rule for retirees, the authors propose the annually recalculated virtual annuity. Each year, one should spend (at most) the amount that a freshly pur- chased annuity—with a purchase price equal to the then-current portfolio value and priced at current interest rates and number of years of required cash flows remaining—would pay out in that year. Investors who behave in this way will experience consumption that fluctuates with asset values, but they can never run out of money. ow much of your capital Calculating a Spending can you afford to spend Rate: An Annuitization Heach year? A great deal of effort has been expended on Problem CFA INSTITUTE determining how to construct FINANCIAL ANALYSTS JOURNAL In this article, we tie back to long- an efficient investment portfolio, standing and widely accepted how much risk to take, and how GRAHAM research asserting that the pur- to accomplish many other valu- and pose of investment policy for the able tasks on the accumulation individual is to support consump- side of the investment equation. DODD tion by providing an annuity of AWARDS OF EXCELLENCE But a body of useful thinking on payments in some form for one’s the decumulation or spending remaining life. Our insight is that side, in language accessible to constructing a spending rule is the investor, is just beginning to Top Award itself an annuitization problem at emerge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Time Value of Money
    THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY Aswath Damodaran Intui<on Behind Present Value ¨ There are three reasons why a dollar tomorrow is worth less than a dollar today ¤ Individuals prefer present consump<on to future consump<on. To induce people to Give up present consump<on you have to offer them more in the future. ¤ When there is monetary inflaon, the value of currency decreases over <me. The Greater the inflaon, the Greater the difference in value between a dollar today and a dollar tomorrow. ¤ If there is any uncertainty (risk) associated with the cash flow in the future, the less that cash flow will be valued. ¨ Other thinGs remaininG equal, the value of cash flows in future <me periods will decrease as ¤ the preference for current consump<on increases. ¤ expected inflaon increases. ¤ the uncertainty in the cash flow increases. 2 Discoun<nG and CompoundinG ¨ The mechanism for factorinG in these elements is the discount rate. The discount rate is a rate at which present and future cash flows are traded off. It incorporates (1) Preference for current consump<on (Greater ....HiGher Discount Rate) (2) Expected inflaon(HiGher inflaon .... HiGher Discount Rate) (3) Uncertainty in the future cash flows (HiGher Risk....HiGher Discount Rate) ¨ A hiGher discount rate will lead to a lower value for cash flows in the future. ¨ The discount rate is also an opportunity cost, since it captures the returns that an individual would have made on the next best opportunity. • Discoun<nG future cash flows converts them into cash flows in present value dollars. Just a discoun<nG converts future cash flows into present cash flows, • CompoundinG converts present cash flows into future cash flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Value of Money
    Time Value of Money Topics to be covered 1. Future Value - Simple Interest - Compound Interest - Effective Interest Rate (EAR) - Annual Percentage Rate (APR) 2. Present Value 3. Calculating future/present value if interest is not compounded annually. 4. Present and Future Values of Multiple Cash Flows 5. Perpetuity: Indefinite Cash Flow 6. Annuity: Equal Cash Flow Ordinary Annuity Annuity Due 7. Mortgage Payment 8. Interest Rate Nominal Interest Real Interest I Future Value: Amount to which an investment will grow after earning interest. 1.1 Simple Interest: Interest is earned only on the original investment; no interest is earned on interest. 1.2 Compound Interest: Interest is earned on interest. Example1: How much your money will grow if you deposit $100 which earned 6% simple interest for 4 years? How much if it is compound interest? a) Simple Interest T=0 T=4 PV=$100 FV=? 0 1 2 3 4 Interest Earned 100*6% =6 100*6% =6 100*6% =6 100*6% =6 Value 100 106 112 118 124 Simple Interest = P * R * T b) Compound Interest 0 1 2 3 4 Interest Earned 100*6% 106*6% 112.36*6% 119.10*6% =6 =6.36 =6.74 =7.14 Value 100 106 112.36 119.10 126.24 Compound Interest = (1+r)t 1 Interest earned on Interest = Compound Interest – Simple Interest Future Value = PV * (1+r)t Example 2: What is the future value of $100 if interest is compounded annually at a rate of 6% for 4 years? 1) FV = 100 *(1+0.06)4 = 126.24 2) 100 PV 6 %I 4 N Cpt FV 126.24 3) Table FV = 100 *(1.262) = 126.24 Example 2B: Sale of Manhattan Island for $24 in 1626 (N=385) N = 385 I = 8% PV = $24 * (1+.08) ^385 = 177,156,500,000,000 = 164 trillion With R = 3.5 % PV = 13,559,570 Effective Annual Interest Rate (EAR) VS Annual Percentage Rate (APR) 1.3 EAR: Interest rate that is annualized using compound interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Value of Money Professor James P. Dow, Jr
    Notes: FIN 303 Fall 15, Part 4 - Time Value of Money Professor James P. Dow, Jr. Part 4 – Time Value of Money One of the primary roles of financial analysis is to determine the monetary value of an asset. In part, this value is determined by the income generated over the lifetime of the asset. This can make it difficult to compare the values of different assets since the monies might be paid at different times. Let’s start with a simple case. Would you rather have an asset that paid you $1,000 today, or one that paid you $1,000 a year from now? It turns out that money paid today is better than money paid in the future (we will see why in a moment). This idea is called the time value of money. The time value of money is at the center of a wide variety of financial calculations, particularly those involving value. What if you had the choice of $1,000 today or $1,100 a year from now? The second option pays you more (which is good) but it pays you in the future (which is bad). So, on net, is the second better or worse? In this section we will see how companies and investors make that comparison. Discounted Cash Flow Analysis Discounted cash flow analysis refers to making financial calculations and decisions by looking at the cash flow from an activity, while treating money in the future as being less valuable than money paid now. In essence, discounted cash flow analysis applies the principle of the time value of money to financial problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Concepts in Forest Valuation and Investment Analysis
    Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Forestry 1993 Basic Concepts in Forest Valuation and Investment Analysis Steven H. Bullard Stephen F. Austin State University, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [email protected] Thomas J. Straka Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/forestry Part of the Finance and Financial Management Commons, and the Forest Sciences Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation The current edition 3.0 can be found at the following location: Bullard, Steven H. and Straka, Thomas J., "Basic Concepts in Forest Valuation and Investment Analysis" (2011). eBooks. http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ebooks/21 This Professional Document is brought to you for free and open access by the Forestry at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Basic Concepts in Forest Valuation and Investment Analysis Edition 1.0.2 I~ by Steven H. Bullard Department of Forestry Mississippi State University and Thomas J. Straka Department of Forest Resources Clemson University Copyright© 1993 Edition 1.0 Bullard-Straka Distributed by GTR Printing. Edition 1.0 .2 may be ordered through GTR Printing, P.O. Box 2227, Starkville, MS 39759 Preface Purpose. This book was originally intended to supplement lectures in forestry economics at the undergraduate level. At Mississippi State University, for example, these materials are currently used in one of the eleven major topics included in a one-semester course titled 'Forest Resource Economics.' It is also intended, however, that the book will serve as a basic reference for foresters with experience in valuation concepts and terminology.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Electric Investment Analysis Series
    SARE Technical Report Solar Electric Investment Analysis Series By Eric Romich and F. John Hay Available at: www.sare.org/research August 2019 Peer-reviewed evidence based findings and practical strategies for photovoltaic solar systems in agriculture SOLAR ELECTRIC INVESTMENT ANALYSIS Solar Electric Investment Analysis By: F. John Hay By: Eric Romich and F. John Hay Adapted from Solar Electric Investment Analysis ©2016 B-1291.1 by Milton Geiger, Eric Romich, and Benjamin S. Rashford made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 license (international) Solar Electtric Investment Analysis is a peer-reviewed publication. Original available at: www.wyoextension.org/publications/pubs/b1291.1.pdf Suggested acknowledgment: Geiger, Milton; Eric Romich, Benjamin S. Rashford. Solar Electric Investment Analysis. Part 1: Estimating System Production. B-1291.1. 2016. Permission is granted to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose other than commercial, under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Editor: Steven L. Miller, senior editor, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ofce of Communications and Technology. Graphic Designer: Tana Stith, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ofce of Communications and Technology. Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Time Value of Money
    2. TIME VALUE OF MONEY Objectives: After reading this chapter, you should be able to 1. Understand the concepts of time value of money, compounding, and discounting. 2. Calculate the present value and future value of various cash flows using proper mathematical formulas. 2.1 Single-Payment Problems If we have the option of receiving $100 today, or $100 a year from now, we will choose to get the money now. There are several reasons for our choice to get the money immediately. First, we can use the money and spend it on basic human needs such as food and shelter. If we already have enough money to survive, then we can use the $100 to buy clothes, books, or transportation. Second, we can invest the money that we receive today, and make it grow. The returns from investing in the stock market have been remarkable for the past several years. If we do not want to risk the money in stocks, we may buy riskless Treasury securities. Third, there is a threat of inflation. For the last several years, the rate of inflation has averaged around 3% per year. Although the rate of inflation has been quite low, there is a good possibility that a car selling for $15,000 today may cost $16,000 next year. Thus, the $100 we receive a year from now may not buy the same amount of goods and services that $100 can buy today. We can avoid this erosion of the purchasing power of the dollar due to inflation if we can receive the money today and spend it.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Mutually Exclusive Alternatives
    Chapter 9 Mutually Exclusive Alternatives 9-1 Using a 10% interest rate, determine which alternative, if any, should be selected, based on net present worth. Alternative A B First Cost $5,300 $10,700 Uniform Annual Benefit 1,800 2,100 Useful life 4 years 8 years Solution Alternative A: NPW = 1,800(P/A, 10%, 8) - 5,300 - 5,300(P/F, 10%, 4) = $683.10 Alternative B: NPW = 2,100(P/A, 10%, 8) - 10,700 = $503.50 Select alternative A 9-2 Three purchase plans are available for a new car. Plan A: $5,000 cash immediately Plan B: $1,500 down and 36 monthly payments of $116.25 Plan C: $1,000 down and 48 monthly payments of $120.50 If a customer expects to keep the car five years and her cost of money is 18% compounded monthly, which payment plan should she choose? Solution 127 128 Chapter 9 Mutually Exclusive Alternatives i = 18/12 = 1½% PWA = $5,000 PWB = 1,500 + 116.25(P/A, 1½%, 36) = $4,715.59 PWC = 1,000 + 120.50(P/A, 1½%, 48) = $5,102.18 Therefore Plan B is the best plan. 9-3 Given the following three mutually exclusive alternatives Alternative A B C Initial Cost $50 $30 $40 Annual Benefits 15 10 12 Useful Life (years) 5 5 5 What alternative is preferable, if any, assuming i = 10%? Solution PWA = -50 + 15(P/A, 10%, 5) = $6.87 PWB = -30 + 10(P/A, 10%, 5) = $7.91 PWC = -40 + 12(P/A, 10%, 5) = $5.49 Choose C 9-4 Consider two investments: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions to Time Value of Money Practice Problems 1 Given: FV = $500,000; I = 5%; N = 10 PV = $500,000 (1 / (1 + 0.05)10) = $500,000 (0.6139) = $306,959.63 7
    Solutions to Time value of money practice problems Prepared by Pamela Peterson Drake 1. What is the balance in an account at the end of 10 years if $2,500 is deposited today and the account earns 4% interest, compounded annually? quarterly? Annual compounding: FV = $2,500 (1 + 0.04)10 = $2,500 (1.4802) = $3,700.61 Quarterly compounding: FV = $2,500 (1 + 0.01)40 = $2,500 (1.4889) = $3,722.16 2. If you deposit $10 in an account that pays 5% interest, compounded annually, how much will you have at the end of 10 years? 50 years? 100 years? 10 years: FV = $10 (1+0.05)10 = $10 (1.6289) = $16.29 50 years: FV = $10 (1 + 0.05)50 = $10 (11.4674) = $114.67 100 years: FV = $10 (1 + 0.05)100 = $10 (131.50) = $1,315.01 3. How much interest on interest is earned in an account by the end of 5 years if $100,000 is deposited and interest is 4% per year, compounded continuously? Note: Interest on interest is the difference between the future value calculated using compounded interest and the future value calculated using simple interest, because simple interest includes only interest on the principal amount, not the interest-on- interest. Continuously compounded: FV = $100,000 e0.04(5) = $100,000 (1.2214) = $122,140.28 Simple interest: FV = $100,000 + [$100,000(0.04)(5)] = $100,000 + 20,000 = $120,000 Interest on interest = $122,140.28 = $120,000 = $2,140.28 4. How much will be in an account at the end of five years the amount deposited today is $10,000 and interest is 8% per year, compounded semi-annually? FV = $10,000 (1+0.04)10 = $10,000 (1.4802) = $14,802.44 5.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING ECONOMICS the Time Value Of
    INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ECONOMICS • A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf ENCE 202 Spring 2000 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland The Time Value of Money ENCE 202 Eng. Econ Handout 8 (TVM) • A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering · Money has a time value · One dollar today is worth more than $1 tomorrow · Failure to pay the bills results in additional charge termed Dr. Assakkaf Slide No. 2 1 ENCE 202 Eng. Econ The Interest (i) Handout 8 • A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering · Interest is usually expressed as a percentage of the amount owed. · It is due and payable at the close of each period of time involved in the agreed transaction (usually every month). Example: If $ 1,000.00 is borrowed at 14% interest, then interest on the principal of $ 1,000.00 after one year is 0. 14 x 1, 000, or $140.00. If the borrower pays back the total amount owed after one year, she will pay $1,140.00. If she does not pay back any of the amount owed after one year, then normally the interest owed, but not paid, is considered now to be additional principal, and thus the interest is compounded. After two years she will owe $1,140.00+0.14 X 1,140.00,or 1,299.60. Dr. Assakkaf Slide No. 3 ENCE 202 Eng. Econ Equivalency Handout 8 • A. J. Clark School of Engineering • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The banker normally does not care whether you pay him $1,140.00 after one year or $1,299.60 after two years.
    [Show full text]