Designing with Laminated Glass
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Finite Element Model for Impact Simulation with Laminated Glass
ARTICLE IN PRESS International Journal of Impact Engineering 34 (2007) 1465–1478 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijimpeng A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass M. Timmela, S. Kollingb,Ã, P. Osterriederc, P.A. Du Boisd aUniversity of Leipzig, Institute for Structural Mechanics, Marschnerstr. 31, 04109 Leipzig, Germany bDaimlerChrysler AG, EP/SPB, HPC X271, 71059 Sindelfingen, Germany cUniversity of Cottbus, Universita¨tsplatz 3-4, 03044 Cottbus, Germany dFreiligrathstr. 6, 63071 Offenbach, Germany Received 15 January 2004; received in revised form 10 March 2006; accepted 13 July 2006 Available online 8 January 2007 Abstract A computational technique for the modelling of laminated safety glass is presented using an explicit finite element solver. Coincident finite elements are used to model the layered set-up of laminated glass: shell elements with brittle failure for the glass components and membrane elements to simulate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the PVB-interlayer. Two different approaches are considered to model laminated glass: a physical model and a smeared model. In the physical model the glass is considered as elastic/brittle and the interlayer as a hyperelastic material. For the hyperelastic description of the interlayer, we give an overview of material models, which are widely used for explicit solvers, i.e. the laws by Blatz–Ko, Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden. The obtained stress–strain curves are fitted to experimental results of the interlayer. The hyperelastic model is applied to a simple impact test demonstrating the numerical robustness. In the smeared model, we use two shell elements of equal thickness with elasto-plastic material properties to obtain an improved bending response after fracture. -
The Recycling of Waste Laminated Glass Through Decomposition Technologies
recycling Article The Recycling of Waste Laminated Glass through Decomposition Technologies L’ubomír Šooš, Miloš Matúš * , Marcela Pokusová , Viliam Caˇckoandˇ Jozef Bábics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie Slobody 17, 812 31 Bratislava, Slovakia; [email protected] (L’.Š.);[email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (V.C.);ˇ [email protected] (J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +421-257-296-573 Abstract: Laminated glass is ever more frequently used nowadays. This applies to the automobile industry and the construction industry. In cars, this refers mostly to the front and rear windows, whereas in construction, technical safety glass is used for railings and window glass. The task of this type of glass is to provide sufficient resistance against mechanical impact and unpleasant weather conditions. At the same time, if it is damaged, it has to break into the smallest possible pieces, or, wherever possible, the glass should remain intact on the interlayer film to prevent shards from injuring people and animals in the immediate vicinity. The paper deals with the recycling of laminated glass, especially with the effective separation of glass (in the form of cullet) from the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer film. The experimental research is focused on the mechanical separation of glass from the interlayer film by vibration, and also on the chemical cleaning of PVB film in order to allow subsequent recycling of both materials. The results quantify the efficiency of mechanical separation in the form of weight loss of the sample of laminated glass and define the particle size distribution of glass cullet, which is an important parameter in the possibility of glass Citation: Šooš, L’.;Matúš, M.; recycling. -
Injury Analysis of Laminated and Tempered Side Glazing
INJURY ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED AND TEMPERED SIDE GLAZING Stephen A. Batzer Chandra K. Thorbole G. Grant Herndon David Beltran The Engineering Institute United States Paper Number 07-0101 ABSTRACT The American regulation governing automobile glazing is found in 49 CFR Ch. V, 571.205; Glazing The injury characteristics of tempered and laminated Materials [1], which indicates that the purposes of side glazing during collisions are analyzed. This the standard are to: study is based upon a comprehensive literature 1. “Reduce injuries resulting from impact to review, fundamental design analysis, and the results glazing surfaces of numerous statistical studies with particular emphasis on the injury rates associated with the 2. “Ensure a necessary degree of transparency tempered and HPR laminated windscreens that were in motor vehicle windows for driver used concurrently in Europe in the late 1960s and visibility 1970s. Comparative aspects of laceration, ejection, 3. “Minimize the possibility of occupants impact, eye injury, and entrapment are detailed. It is being thrown through the vehicle windows shown that the occupant is most seriously threatened in collisions.” by partial or complete ejection which can be effectively mitigated by laminated glazing. It is also The federal regulation incorporates by reference a shown that the most common glazing-related injury is non-governmental standard, ANSI/SAE Z26.1, last laceration, the incidence of which is also reduced by revised in 1996 [5], which provides for material laminated glazing. Injury statistics conclusively performance. Neither the FMVSS 205 nor the ANSI demonstrate that for each injury mechanism studied, Z26.1 governs the overall safety performance of the laminated side glazing offers superior occupant glazing system. -
Dynamic Adhesion Breaking in Laminated Glass – Effect of Interfaces and Polymer’S Rheology Paul Fourton
Dynamic adhesion breaking in laminated glass – effect of interfaces and polymer’s rheology Paul Fourton To cite this version: Paul Fourton. Dynamic adhesion breaking in laminated glass – effect of interfaces and polymer’s rheology. Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph]. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2019. English. NNT : 2019PSLET059. tel-02965807 HAL Id: tel-02965807 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02965807 Submitted on 13 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Préparée à l’ESPCI Paris Mécanismes de résistance à l’impact des vitrages feuilletés : effet de l’interface et de la rhéologie du polymère Adhesion rupture in laminated glass: effect of the interface and the rheology of the polymer Soutenue par Composition du jury : Paul FOURTON Dominique LEGUILLON Président Le 7 novembre 2019 Directeur de Recherche émérite, Sorbonne Université – CNRS Muriel BRACCINI Rapportrice Chargée de Recherche HDR, Grenoble INP – CNRS École doctorale no397 Gregory B. MCKENNA Rapporteur Physique et Chimie Professor, TexasTech University des Matériaux Julien JUMEL Examinateur Professeur, ENSTA Bretagne Véronique LAZARUS Examinatrice Professeure, Spécialité ENSTA ParisTech – Université Paris-Saclay Physico-chimie Matteo CICCOTTI Co-directeur de thèse Professeur, ESPCI Paris Etienne BARTHEL Directeur de thèse Directeur de Recherche, ESPCI Paris – CNRS Remerciements Ce travail de doctorat a été possible grâce à un contrat CIFRE avec Saint-Gobain Research Paris. -
Temperature Dependent Flexural Stiffness Of
Ŕ periodica polytechnica Temperature dependent flexural Civil Engineering stiffness of load bearing laminated 54/2 (2010) 117–126 doi: 10.3311/pp.ci.2010-2.07 glass panes web: http://www.pp.bme.hu/ci c Periodica Polytechnica 2010 Kinga Pankhardt RESEARCH ARTICLE Received 2009-12-17, revised 2010-05-26, accepted 2010-06-23 Abstract 1 Introduction Load bearing glasses are used not only in interior but also in The discovery of glass lamination happened accidentally. exterior applications. The flexural stiffness of laminated glass While Benedictus (1910) heated a solution of nitrocellulose and is influenced by temperature. With increasing temperature the accidentally dropped it on a glass pane, he found that when the shear stiffness rapidly decreases and creep becomes more sig- glass fractured it did not shatter. Benedictus patented (British nificant (Krüger, 1998). According to Wölfel’s (1987) calcula- Patent 1.790) laminated glass in 1910. The production of lami- tions, the shear modulus of the interlayer material has the most nated glass started in 1912 in Great Britain. influence on the strength and deflection. In the case of thin or Nowadays laminated glass consists of two or more glass lay- large size glasses, where the deformations (deflections) are con- ers with one or more plastic layers between the glass panes. siderable, temperature dependent flexural stiffness of the overall Joining of the glass layers with foil can take place in a pres- laminate is more significant. This paper deals with the influence surised vessel, called an autoclave. In the autoclave, under si- of temperature on flexural stiffness of laminated glasses. -
Architectural Glass
Architectural glass From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Architectural glass has been used in buildings since the 11th century. Glass is typically used in buildings as a transparent glazing material for windows in the building envelope. Glass is also used in glazed internal partitions and as an architectural feature. Glass in buildings is often of a safety type, including toughened and laminated glasses. Crown glass: The earliest style of glass window the concentric arcs that distort some of these panes indicate they are crown glass, possibly of the 16th century. The earliest method of glass window manufacture was the crown glass method. Hot blown glass was cut open opposite the pipe, then rapidly spun on a table before it could cool. Centrifugal force forced the hot globe of glass into a round, flat sheet. The sheet would then be broken off the pipe and trimmed to form a rectangular window to fit into a frame. At the center of a piece of crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown bottle neck would remain, hence the name "bullseye." Optical distortions produced by the bullseye could be reduced by grinding the glass. The development of diamond pane windows was in part due to the fact that three regular diaper shaped panes could be conveniently cut from a piece of Crown glass, with minimum waste and with minimum distortion. This method for manufacturing flat glass panels was very expensive and could not be used to make large panes. It was replaced in the 19th century by the cylinder, sheet and rolled plate processes, but it is still used in traditional construction and restoration. -
Glasstech World
GLASSTECH WORLD FALL: 2006 Automotive Manufacturers Impose Tougher Requirements on Glass Processors As automotive designs become more precise and complex, glass processors are meeting the challenge head-on. Not only are automotive designs stretching the capabilities of glass processors, they also are raising the bar on global optical standards. These trends are leading to compound curvature doorlites and larger and more complex roof glasses. Additionally, the number of individual automobile models has increased, forcing glass processors to shorten part runs. Automotive designers also have adopted the concept of making glass surfaces as continuous as possible by reducing the gaps between windshields, backlites and sidelites. “Automotive designers are likely to continue extending glass surfaces toward each other until there is no apparent body metal between the adjacent pieces of glass,” said John Baxter, Glasstech Senior Vice President. To meet these requirements, glass processors are producing more however, economic considerations such as the added expense of complex windshields and more spherically shaped glass. This increase laminated glass which will limit this rate of growth, particularly in in glass surface area on vehicles is not limited to passenger cars but lower-end vehicles. extends to trucks, buses and trains, requiring glass processors to be able to produce very large and complex parts. Automotive manufacturers are continually pushing for higher quality, more complex, lower-cost glass. Very stringent optical tests have There also is an increased use of laminated glass. Laminated side increased the need for accurate, complex bends and freedom from and rear glazing has become more prevalent over the last several surface distortion, imposing great pressure on glass processors and years. -
Handbook of Thermoplastics Polyvinyl Butyral
This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 28 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of Thermoplastics Olagoke Olabisi, Kolapo Adewale Polyvinyl Butyral Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b19190-4 Christian Carrot, Amine Bendaoud, Caroline Pillon Published online on: 22 Dec 2015 How to cite :- Christian Carrot, Amine Bendaoud, Caroline Pillon. 22 Dec 2015, Polyvinyl Butyral from: Handbook of Thermoplastics CRC Press Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b19190-4 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 Polyvinyl Butyral Christian Carrot, Amine Bendaoud, and Caroline Pillon CONTENTS 3.1 Historical Development