DOCSLIB.ORG

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids energies Review State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids Maria Fotopoulou , Dimitrios Rakopoulos * , Dimitrios Trigkas, Fotis Stergiopoulos, Orestis Blanas and Spyros Voutetakis Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (S.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-6899-689 Abstract: Direct current (DC) microgrids (MG) constitute a research field that has gained great attention over the past few years, challenging the well-established dominance of their alternating current (AC) counterparts in Low Voltage (LV) (up to 1.5 kV) as well as Medium Voltage (MV) applications (up to 50 kV). The main reasons behind this change are: (i) the ascending amalgamation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), which predominantly supply DC power to the energy mix that meets electrical power demand and (ii) the ascending use of electronic loads and other DC-powered devices by the end-users. In this sense, DC distribution provides a more efficient interface between the majority of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and part of the total load of a MG. The early adopters of DC MGs include mostly buildings with high RES production, ships, data centers, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and traction systems. However, Citation: Fotopoulou, M.; the lack of expertise and the insufficient standards’ framework inhibit their wider spread. This review Rakopoulos, D.; Trigkas, D.; paper presents the state of the art of LV and MV DC MGs in terms of advantages/disadvantages Stergiopoulos, F.; Blanas, O.; over their AC counterparts, their interface with the AC main grid, topologies, control, applications, Voutetakis, S. State of the Art of Low ancillary services and standardization issues. Overall, the aim of this review is to highlight the and Medium Voltage Direct Current possibilities provided by DC MG architectures as well as the necessity for a solid/inclusive regulatory (DC) Microgrids. Energies 2021, 14, framework, which is their main weakness. 5595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en14185595 Keywords: DC microgrid; architectures; applications; ancillary services; standards Academic Editors: Aditya Shekhar and Laura Ramírez Elizondo Received: 4 August 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 30 August 2021 In electrical microgrids (MG), as in all sectors of modern technology and applica- Published: 7 September 2021 tions, the need for sustainability in terms of reducing the energy footprint is considered to be a major priority. In fact, according to the European Union (EU) targets of 2020, the Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 with regard to jurisdictional claims in levels [1]. In order for such goals to be achieved, the reduction in fossil fuel-based energy published maps and institutional affil- production is required. As an alternative, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have proven iations. to be a solution with minimal environmental impact of vital importance. Photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind generators (WG), biomass and geothermal installations have pene- trated the market over the past few decades, improving the energy mix that covers the electricity demand [2,3]. Nevertheless, a major drawback of many RES, is the intermittent Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. production, due to the sources that they utilize. In order for the production to meet the Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. demand curve, the utilization of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is considered to be an This article is an open access article effective solution. ESS typically include Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), flywheels, distributed under the terms and compressed air systems, etc. [4]. The most common, widely utilized ESS technology is conditions of the Creative Commons the BESS, with advantages such as high controllability, fast response and geographical Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// independence [5]. Subsequently, for sustainability-related reasons, the combination of creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ distributed RES (especially PV systems and WGs) with BESS has created a new field of 4.0/). Energies 2021, 14, 5595. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185595 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 Energies 2021, 14, 5595 2 of 26 has created a new field of research and development, promoting the decarbonization, autonomy and cost efficiency of MGs [6]. researchHowever, and development,the increasing promoting integration the decarbonization,of RES and ESS autonomy in the current and cost energy efficiency mix does notof only MGs result [6]. to the rise of eco-friendly energy supply, but also to the rise of proliferation of DC systems,However, i.e., the DC increasing generation integration and DC of RESstorage and units. ESS in In the fact, current some energy of the mix most does widely not only result to the rise of eco-friendly energy supply, but also to the rise of proliferation utilized RES and ESS, such as PV and BESS, originally produce DC power (either as of DC systems, i.e., DC generation and DC storage units. In fact, some of the most widely currentutilized or voltage RES and sources), ESS, such which as PV is and then BESS, converted originally to AC produce power DC through power DC/AC (either as power electronicscurrent or converters voltage sources), in order which to be is theninjected converted to the toAC AC distribution power through grid. DC/AC Additionally, power the sameelectronics phenomenon converters is observed in order on to bethe injected side of toenergy the AC demand. distribution More grid. specifically, Additionally, DC loads includingthe same electric phenomenon vehicles is observed(EVs), Light on the Emitting side of energy Diode demand. (LED) systems, More specifically, DC motors, DC data centersloads includingand other electric battery-based vehicles (EVs), devices Light Emittinghave penetrated Diode (LED) the systems, market DC following motors, an ascendingdata centers curve and [7,8]. other Yet, battery-based these devices devices too haveincorporate penetrated special the market converters following that anconvert ACascending into DC power curve [ 7in,8]. order Yet, theseto function. devices tooAlso, incorporate one should special also convertershave in mind that convertthat most of AC into DC power in order to function. Also, one should also have in mind that most the electronics loads and devices are based on DC power. Taking the above facts into of the electronics loads and devices are based on DC power. Taking the above facts into consideration,consideration, it itis is evident evident that traditionaltraditional AC AC distribution distribution needs needs to copeto cope with with the new the new developments,developments, and and innovative innovative DC distributiondistribution challenges challenges its dominance,its dominance, as presented as presented in in FigureFigure 1.1 . Figure 1. The transition from AC MGs to DC MGs. Figure 1. The transition from AC MGs to DC MGs. Up until recently, DC power systems have been utilized mostly in High Voltage (HV) applications,Up until recently, predominantly DC power for the systems purpose have of powerbeen utilized transmission mostly over in longHigh distances, Voltage (HV) applications,due to the low-power predominantly losses, high-powerfor the purpose quality of and power cost efficiencytransmission that theover High long Voltage distances, dueDirect to the Current low-power (HVDC) losses, transmission high-power has qualit to offery and in such cost applications. efficiency that This the has High been Voltage a Directmilestone Current of DC (HVDC) power systems,transmission as presented has to in offer the work in such of [9– 13applications.]. Nevertheless, This since has the been a milestonenecessary of high-voltage, DC power systems, high-power as andpresented efficient in power the work electronics of [9–13]. and DCNevertheless, cables have since only been developed during the past decades, the advantages of DC power systems have the necessary high-voltage, high-power and efficient power electronics and DC cables not been fully exploited in most sectors, especially at the Low Voltage (LV) (indicatively haveup only to 1.5 been kV) developed and Medium during Voltage the (MV) past levels decades, (indicatively the advantages up to 50 of kV), DC leaving power thesystems havedominance not been of powerfully systemsexploited to ACin architectures.most sectors, Yet, especially the modern at challenges the Low for Voltage efficient (LV) (indicativelyintegration ofup RES to 1.5 in the kV) LV and and Medium MV levels Voltage have brought (MV) DC levels power (indicatively to the spotlight. up to Low 50 kV), leavingVoltage the Direct dominance Current of (LVDC) power as systems well as Mediumto AC architectures. Voltage Direct Yet, Current the modern (MVDC) challenges MGs forconstitute efficient aintegration modern field of ofRES research in the and LV development and MV levels and have foundbrought applications DC power in ato the spotlight.variety ofLow fields. Voltage However, Direct there Current are still (LVDC) obstacles as thatwell the as DCMedium MGs have Voltage to overcome Direct Current in (MVDC)order to MGs be widely constitute adopted, a modern most significant field of of research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Using AMR Data to Improve the Operation of the Electric Distribution System
    Using AMR Data to Improve the Operation of the Electric Distribution System Glenn Pritchard Consulting Engineer Exelon/PECO Copyright © 2007 OSIsoft, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives This session will discuss and present techniques for using data collected by an Automatic Meter Reading System to improve the operation and management of an Electric Distribution System. Specifically, several applications of PI System will be presented, they include: l Dynamic Load Management Modeling l Transformer Load Analysis l Curtailment Program Applications 2 Copyright © 2007 OSIsoft, Inc. All rights reserved. Agenda l PECO Background l Applications u System Load Management & Modeling § Transformer & Cable Load Analysis u Curtailment Program Applications l Meter Data Management 3 Copyright © 2007 OSIsoft, Inc. All rights reserved. Exelon / PECO l Subsidiary of Exelon Corp (NYSE: EXC) l Serving southeastern Pa. for over 100 years l Electric and Gas Utility u 1.7M Electric Customers u 470K Gas Customers l 2,400 sq. mi. service territory 4 Copyright © 2007 OSIsoft, Inc. All rights reserved. Scope of AMR at PECO l Cellnet provides a managed­AMR service which includes network operations, meter reading and meter maintenance l PECO’s AMR installation project lasted from 1999 to 2003 l A Cellnet Fixed­RF Network solution was selected. u 99% of meters are read by the network u Others are drive­by and MV­90 dial­up l Services/Data Delivered: u All meters are read Daily (Gas & Electric) u Additional services include: Demand, ½ Hour Interval, TOU, SLS u Reactive Power where required u Tamper & Outage Flags (Last­Gasp, Power­Up Messages) u On­Demand meter reading requests 5 Copyright © 2007 OSIsoft, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Meter Reading and Load Management Using Power Line
    ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014 Automatic Meter Reading and Load Management Using Power Line Carrier Communication M V Aleyas1, Nishin Antony2, Sandeep T3, Sudheesh Kumar M4, Vishnu Balakrishnan5 Professor, Dept of EEE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, India1 Student, Dept of EEE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, India 2,3,4,5 ABSTRACT: Energy crisis is the main problem faced by present day society. A suitable system to control the energy usage is one of the solutions for this crisis. Load shedding, power cut etc. helps to rearrange the available power but they can't be used to prevent the unwanted usage of energy, peak time load control etc. Also a system is needed to monitor the power consumption of an overall area to select the areas to suitably control the energy usage. One of the easiest solutions for this is by using power line communication. PLC is the communication technology that enables sending data over existing power cables. This means that with just power cables running to an electrical device, one can power it up and at the same time control/retrieve data from the device in full duplex manner. The major advantage of PLC is that it does not need extra cables. It uses existing wires. Thus by using power line communication we can monitor and control the usage of devices by providing a control the usage of devices by providing a control circuit at consumer end.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomous Fuzzy Controller Design for the Utilization of Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Resources in Demand Side Management Environment
    electronics Article Autonomous Fuzzy Controller Design for the Utilization of Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Resources in Demand Side Management Environment Mohanasundaram Anthony 1,* , Valsalal Prasad 2, Raju Kannadasan 3 , Saad Mekhilef 4,5 , Mohammed H. Alsharif 6 , Mun-Kyeom Kim 7,* , Abu Jahid 8 and Ayman A. Aly 9 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aalim Muhammed Salegh College of Engineering, Chennai 600055, India 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai 602117, India; [email protected] 4 Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia 6 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; [email protected] 7 Department of Energy System Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea 8 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Citation: Anthony, M.; Prasad, V.; [email protected] Kannadasan, R.; Mekhilef, S.; 9 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Alsharif, M.H.; Kim, M.-K.; Jahid, A.; Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] Aly, A.A. Autonomous Fuzzy * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (M.-K.K.) Controller Design for the Utilization of Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Resources Abstract: This work describes an optimum utilization of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)—wind energy in Demand Side Management for residential buildings on its occurrence with a newly proposed autonomous fuzzy controller Environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
    Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Michael I. Henderson, Damir Novosel, and Mariesa L. Crow November 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 United States License. Background The traditional electric power grid connected large central generating stations through a high- voltage (HV) transmission system to a distribution system that directly fed customer demand. Generating stations consisted primarily of steam stations that used fossil fuels and hydro turbines that turned high inertia turbines to produce electricity. The transmission system grew from local and regional grids into a large interconnected network that was managed by coordinated operating and planning procedures. Peak demand and energy consumption grew at predictable rates, and technology evolved in a relatively well-defined operational and regulatory environment. Ove the last hundred years, there have been considerable technological advances for the bulk power grid. The power grid has been continually updated with new technologies including increased efficient and environmentally friendly generating sources higher voltage equipment power electronics in the form of HV direct current (HVdc) and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) advancements in computerized monitoring, protection, control, and grid management techniques for planning, real-time operations, and maintenance methods of demand response and energy-efficient load management. The rate of change in the electric power industry continues to accelerate annually. Drivers for Change Public policies, economics, and technological innovations are driving the rapid rate of change in the electric power system. The power system advances toward the goal of supplying reliable electricity from increasingly clean and inexpensive resources. The electrical power system has transitioned to the new two-way power flow system with a fast rate and continues to move forward (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them
    BENEFITS OF DEMAND RESPONSE IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACHIEVING THEM A REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PURSUANT TO SECTION 1252 OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 Price of Demand Electricity Supply Supply DemandDR P PDR QDR Q Quantity of Electricity February 2006 . U.S. Department of Energy ii U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations The Secretary [of Energy] shall be responsible for… not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, providing Congress with a report that identifies and quantifies the national benefits of demand response and makes a recommendation on achieving specific levels of such benefits by January 1, 2007. --Sec. 1252(d), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, August 8, 2005 U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations iii iv U.S. Department of Energy Benefits of Demand Response and Recommendations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sections 1252(e) and (f) of the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT)1 state that it is the policy of the United States to encourage “time-based pricing and other forms of demand response” and encourage States to coordinate, on a regional basis, State energy policies to provide reliable and affordable demand response services to the public. The law also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to provide a report to Congress, not later than 180 days after its enactment, which “identifies and quantifies the national benefits of demand response and makes a recommendation on achieving specific levels of such benefits by January 1, 2007” (EPACT, Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Sustainability Manual
    Energy Usage, GHG Reduction, Effi ciency and Load Management Manual Brewers Association Energy Usage, GHG Reduction, Effi ciency and Load Management Manual Energy Usage, GHG Reduction, Effi ciency and Load Management Manual 1 2 BrewersAssociation.org table of contents Acknowledgements . .4 Best Practices - Kitchen Area . 39 Introduction . .5 Best Practices - Dining Room . 40 Section 1: Sector Profi le – Energy Use in Breweries . .6 Best Practices - Parking Lot/Outdoor Seating . 40 1.1 Overview of Current Energy Use/Greenhouse Gas 3.5 Concerts and Events . 41 Performance and Trends . 6 Section 4: Onsite Renewable Energy . .42 1.2 Regulatory Drivers . 7 4.1 Technology and Use Application Review . 43 1.3 Non-Regulatory Drivers – Image/brand, community ties. 7 4.2 Fuel Availability . 43 1.4 Risks and Opportunities – Energy/Greenhouse 4.3 Fuel Supply and Cost . 43 Gas Reduction . 8 4.4 Size Selection and Infrastructure Impacts. 44 Section 2: Data Management . .9 4.5 Cost and Savings Review . 44 2.1 Data Collection . 9 4.6 Renewable Energy Certifi cates . 45 2.2 Ensuring accuracy . 11 Section 5: Brewery Case Studies . .46 2.3 Benchmarking – Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) . 11 5.1 Usage and Reduction . 46 2.4 Guidelines for Setting Measureable Goals and Objectives . .13 Boulevard Brewing Company – Kansas City, Missouri . 46 Section 3: Usage & Reduction Best Practices . .15 Deschutes Brewery – Bend, Oregon . 46 3.1 Brewing . 16 Harpoon Brewery – Boston, Massachusetts . 47 Best Practices – CO2 Recovery Systems . 16 New Belgium Brewing Company – Fort Collins, Colorado . 47 3.2 Packaging. 18 Sierra Nevada Brewing Company – Chico, California . 47 Best Practices - Variable Speed Drives .
    [Show full text]
  • International Experience with The
    International Experience with Public Benefits Funds: A Focus on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency FINAL REPORT Prepared by: Ryan Wiser, consultant to the Center for Resource Solutions Catherine Murray, consultant to the Regulatory Assistance Project Jan Hamrin, Center for Resource Solutions Rick Weston, Regulatory Assistance Project Prepared for: Energy Foundation, China Sustainable Energy Program October 16, 2003 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Summary ..........................................................................................................4 1.1 Report Purpose and Content .........................................................................................................4 1.2 Report Summary...........................................................................................................................5 2. Overview.......................................................................................................................................10 2.1 What is a PBF? ...........................................................................................................................10 2.2 Where Are PBFs Used?..............................................................................................................10 3. Why Have PBFs Been Established? ...........................................................................................22 3.1 Historical Overview....................................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Power-To-Heat for Renewable Energy Integration: Technologies, Modeling Approaches, and Flexibility Potentials
    1677 Discussion Papers Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 2017 Power-to-Heat for Renewable Energy Integration: Technologies, Modeling Approaches, and Flexibility Potentials Andreas Bloess, Wolf-Peter Schill and Alexander Zerrahn Opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views of the institute. IMPRESSUM © DIW Berlin, 2017 DIW Berlin German Institute for Economic Research Mohrenstr. 58 10117 Berlin Tel. +49 (30) 897 89-0 Fax +49 (30) 897 89-200 http://www.diw.de ISSN electronic edition 1619-4535 Papers can be downloaded free of charge from the DIW Berlin website: http://www.diw.de/discussionpapers Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin are indexed in RePEc and SSRN: http://ideas.repec.org/s/diw/diwwpp.html http://www.ssrn.com/link/DIW-Berlin-German-Inst-Econ-Res.html Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: Technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials Andreas Bloessa,b, Wolf-Peter Schillb, Alexander Zerrahnb aWorkgroup for Infrastructure Policy (WIP) at Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, [email protected]. bGerman Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstr. 58, D-10117 Berlin, Germany Abstract Flexibly coupling power and heat sectors may contribute to both renew- able energy integration and decarbonization. We present a literature review of model-based analyses in this field, focusing on residential heating. We compare geographical and temporal research scopes and identify state-of- the-art analytical model formulations, particularly concerning heat pumps and thermal storage. While numerical findings are idiosyncratic to specific assumptions, a synthesis of results generally indicates that power-to-heat technologies can cost-effectively contribute to fossil fuel substitution, renew- able integration, and decarbonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in Transmission and Distribution Networks in the Netherlands
    DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IN THE NETHERLANDS M.J.J. Bielders J.P. Hodemaekers M.A.M.M. van der Meijden NV REMU NV REMU NV REMU Postbox 8888 Postbox 8888 Postbox 8888 3503 SG Utrecht 3503 SG Utrecht 3503 SG Utrecht the Netherlands the Netherlands the Netherlands tel. 31.30.2975001 tel. 31.30.2975614 tel. 31.30.2975600 fax 31.30.2976635 fax 31.30.2975988 fax 31.30.2975988 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY distribution, production and other commercial activities. The administration and supervision of this legal entity In the next few years the networks for electricity transmission must be wholy independent from its shareholders. and distribution will have to take into account a number of Furthermore, the shareholder must refrain from any new, environmentally determined aspects, such as interference with the tasks this entity is legally bound to deregulation of electricity supply,non-discriminatory access perform. The Regulator (DTE), a part of the "Dutch of producers suppliers and customers, generating energy at Competition Authority" (NMA), has a number of local level using sustainable sources and co- important legal powers. generation,energy conservation by customers, performance The regulator determines: of networks, asset management within the framework of - the pricing structure for the use of infrastructure; deregulation, optimizing networks in connection with - the pricing level for the infrastructure for each dispatch, costs in connection with producers and customers network manager; not being able to operate optimally, technological - the capacity plan for each network manager (5 developments and the role of the regulator in the area of years); infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Load Management the Rising Cost of Electricity Is a Concern to All of Us
    Introduction to Load Management The rising cost of electricity is a concern to all of us. To reduce wholesale power costs and maintain current electric rates, the City of Madison offers an electric load management program. Load management is the shifting of certain types of electrical use (i.e. water heaters, air conditioners & electric heat sources) to off‐peak periods in order to save money. A peak load occurs when a majority of our customers use a large amount of electricity at the same time. Generally, the electric demand only needs to be controlled on days of extreme weather conditions (hot or cold). Controlling the demand reduces the peak load, which helps the City avoid additional power costs. The City of Madison purchases wholesale power from two sources: (1) Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and (2) Heartland Consumers Power District (HCPD). As the size of Madison’s peak demand increases, the City is required to purchase more and more of the higher cost supplemental coal‐generated electricity from HCPD rather than the less expensive hydro (dam) generated electricity from WAPA. How does the load management system work? Load management control systems consist of three basic parts: (1) the computer control center, (2) the transmitter, and (3) the customer’s at‐load receiver box. The command to switch off the appliance originates at the computer control center, which in turn activates the transmitter to send a signal to the customer’s receiver. The receiver, located at the customer’s residence, acts as a switch to disconnect and reconnect power to your controlled appliances.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Power Wheeling and Dealing: Technological Considerations for Increasing Competition
    Appendixes Appendix A List of Acronyms and Terms Acronyms V/m: volts per meter WSCC: Western Systems Coordinating Council AC: alternating current ACE: area control error AGC: automatic generation control Terms ANSI: American National Standards Institute CWIP: Construction Work in Progress Alternating Current (AC): Electric current that reverses DC: direct current direction many times per second (120 times per second DOE: Department of Energy in the United States); almost the entire U.S. power DSG: dispersed source of generation system uses AC except for some long-distance direct current (DC) transmission lines. ECAR: East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement Automatic Generation Control (AGC): A system used to control the output of electric generators in a control ECC: energy control center area to balance the supply and demand of power and EHV: extra high voltage execute power transactions with neighboring control ELF: extremely low frequency areas. EMS: energy management system Bulk Power System: Includes generating units, trans- Electric Reliability Council of Texas ERCOT: mission lines, and related equipment. FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Capacity Margin: The difference between generation FPA: Federal Power Act capacity and peak load expressed as a percentage of HVDC: High voltage direct current capacity. IPP: Independent power producer Circuit: A conductor or system of conductors that forms kV: 1,000 volts (kilovolt) a closed loop through which current flows. kW: 1,000 watts (kilowatt) Cogeneration: Production of both electrical (or me- kWh: kilowatthour chanical) energy and thermal energy from the same LOLP: loss of load probability primary energy source. MAAC: Mid-Atlantic Area Council Conductors: Bundled strands of wire that carry electric MAIN: Mid-American Interconnected Network current.
    [Show full text]
  • Look Who's Talking: Buildings and the Grid Roundtable
    AUGUST 21- 23, 2018 • CLEVELAND, OHIO Look Who’s Talking: Buildings and The Grid Roundtable Wednesday, August 22, 2018 10:30am - Noon Look Who’s Talking: Buildings and The Grid Roundtable Panelists: Moderator: Asim Haque Janice Berman Douglas Rath Gregg Fischer Clay Nesler David Nemtzow Chairman, Pacific Gas & Electric Marriott Tishman Speyer Johnson Controls U.S. Department Public Utilities International of Energy Commission of Ohio David Nemtzow US DOE Building Technologies Office Moving Towards the Grid of the Future Energy Efficiency can be a Key Responsive Grid Resource EE removes loads from the grid, reducing energy supply required . Defers or reduces investments in new electric generation capacity or the T&D system . Reduces peak load shaping demand and the strain placed on existing T&D infrastructure The Modern – and thus Connected – Building Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEBs) Smart Lowers total electricity demand Flattens peak demand Flexibly aligns with variable GEB renewables (considers load net of renewables) Connected Efficient Examples of grid-interactive efficient technologies Passive Active Connected Performance LED Lighting Lighting Daylighting Optimized Lighting: Controls • Minimized Energy Consumption Lighting • High Occupant Comfort • Low Ability to Provide Grid Services Phase H2O-Based Controllable Change Thermal Multi-Speed Optimized Comfort: Materials Storage HVAC • Minimized Energy Consumption Storage/ • High Occupant storage-like Comfort • High Ability to Provide Grid Services Chairman Haque Public Utilities
    [Show full text]