The conference could not have taken place without the support of: Stichting Groeneveld (particularly Dr L Westerman-Van der Steen) Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij Kasteel Groeneveld, Baarn Stichting Nationaal Fonds voor Natuur- en Milieueducatie Grontmij NV Ijll Cultural aspects of landscape First International Conference organized by the Working Group 'Culture and Landscape' of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE), Castle Groeneveld, Baarn,Th e Netherlands, 28-30Jun e 1989 Hana Svobodovä (Editor) Pudoc Waseningen 1990 (? yr~ Copyright photographs (except the photograph on page 142): Thomas Swoboda, Postbus 5020, 1007A A Amsterdam PIBLIOTHEEK EANDBOUWUNIVERSITEn WAOENINGFN CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Cultural Cultural aspects of landscape: first international conference organized by the working group 'Culture and Landscape' of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE), Castle Groeneveld, Baam, The Netherlands, 28-30 June 1989 / Hana Svobodovâ (ed.). - Wageningen: Pudoc. - 111. ISBN 90-220-1018-X SISO 570.3 UDC 574:712(063) NUGI 672 Trefw.: landschapsecologie. © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc),Wageningen , Netherlands, 1990 All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computerized system of published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Pudoc, P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. Insofar as photocopies from this publication are permitted by the Copyright Act 1912, Article I6B, and Royal Netherlands Decree of 20 June 1974 (Staatsblad 351) as amended in Royal Netherlands Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 471) and by Copyright Act 1912, Article 17, the legally defined copyright fee for any copies should be transferred to the Stichting Reprorecht (P.O. Box 882, I 180 AW Amstelveen, Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of this publication in compilations such as anthologies or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 16), permission must be obtained from the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands FOREWORD The conference "Cultural Aspects of Landscape" was held to encourage scientists of various disciplines-ecologists, architects, social scientists, art and literary historians-to exchange current ideas about landscape.Ther e are some case studies in the final chapter on ways to used approach specific ecological problems. Whereas it relatively easy to hold a meeting for specialists who have narrow research interests in one field, our conference, with its broad approach, was both conceptually and organizationally difficult; there are different landscapes and spaces in the world and different culturalreaction s by human beings tothem . A number of landscapes in the world are, at the present, under threat-as is now evident to most people-and it goes without saying that we must use every possible means to avoid a catastrophe on earth. The interdisciplinary conference was one of the first to bring together the specialists from different disciplines who wanted to listen to, and to try to understand, each other. This conference was not only a difficult methodological task, but also one which demanded important human qualities from the participants: the wish to understand, and the wish to help. We need to link arms if we are to protect nature and landscape; it is both our moral duty andth e duty of ourcontemporar y culture. I would like to thank theparticipant s of the conference and the contributors to this book for their contributions toth e greattas k that weface . Hana Svobodovâ Chairman Working Group 'Culture and Landscape' (IALE) vu CONTENTS Foreword vii Preface 1 Introduction 7 1 Cultural aspects of human ecology (the humanities and social sciences) 13 The space of landscape and the space of geography: Rereading Erwin Straus' Phenomenology of Spatial Perception - Christian G.Allesch 17 Some remarks on thephenomenologica l categories of cultural aspects of landscape - Hana Svobodovâ 24 Environmental orientations and their impact on landscape - Ina-Maria Greverus 32 2 Landscape ecology 41 Landscape ecology as abridg e between bio-ecology and human ecology - Zev Naveh 45 Das Wesen von Natur und Landschaft -ihr e Nutzung und Gestaltung durch den Menschen - Zdenek Zvolsky 59 The dynamic development of concepts in Dutch nature conservation organizations - Jos Dekker 70 3 Aesthetics and the landscape 81 The Finnish mineral substances act as amean s of protecting the beauty of eskers - YrjöSepänmaa • 85 Aesthetics: Counter-nature or second-nature? - Jale Erzen 95 4 Nature and landscape in art and literature 101 Landschaft in Werken der Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts - Peter Spielmann 105 Geopoetry - Jan LS.Zonneveld 112 5 Architecture and landscape 121 Nature as need, ideology and deception: Designed 'natural' environments in urban architecture - G.Keul 125 6 Ecological'case studies' 135 Conflict in the Cairngorms: contrasting attitudes towards the use of the mountains -R. Goodier 139 Poaching in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda - Michael Oneka 147 Country seats in abroo k -valle y system: Landscape-ecological planning in cultural perspective in the catchment area of the Baaksche Beek (the Netherlands) - Clara Sloet van Oldruitenborgh,Juliette Kuiper, Renée Santema 155 Landscape-ecological planning as an integral part between the human being and its environment in the developing countries - Florin Zigrai, Madhab P.Gautam 167 Some of the results meanings of the conference - 171 List of participants 174 Acknowledgements 180 PREFACE JanLS . Zonneveld Between June 28 and 30,1989, theWorkin g Group "CulturalEcology "o f the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) held its first international conference, organized by Hanna Svobodova and Josef Fanta. Some sixtyparticipant s representing very different fields of research in natural sciences as well as in the humaniora had come to Baarn in the Netherlands. The theme of the conference was: "Cultural Aspects of Landscape" and the programme was oriented on the central theme "Landscape". But, on inspecting the programme, some participants were wondering aloud what kind of connection there was supposed to be between the lectures announced for certain sessions. And during the start of the conference the meeting could be compared with a chicken- house in which some quite different kind of fowl had been let in from various directions- There were somecommunication s problems:eac h group usedit s own language andjargon , and cherished its own point of view. But this was not embarrassing. For the goal of convening these meetings had been to have the chicken run of Landscape Ecology filled with "all sorts and conditions of fowl" - biologists and foresters, cultural anthropologists, geographers, penologists, landscape architects, artists and students of art, and have them cackling on thatcentra l theme:th elandscape . ' The results were very interesting and promising indeed. Of course, it was not possible to end theconferenc e with adocumen t in which allquestion s were answered and all problems solved, but in many cases the participants became aware that their object of study-the landscape-can be viewed from directions other than those they were used to. And as a result of this evolution they were able toformulat e theirquestion s more adequately. The start of the conference reminded us of the old, well-known Indian story of the three blind men that were dropped into an elephants's den: One man was convinced that an elephant consists of four vertical pillars; his place was under the belly of the animal. The second told everybody, with great certainty, that an elephant is ahoselik e thing that has the capacity to blow; he was the man that had landed in front of the elephant. And the third, who hadbee n on the animal's back, lived with theunshakabl e conviction that elephants are made to sito n and to beuse d asmean s of transportation. During the opening session, les S. Zonneveld, the former president of IALE, introduced a more modern metaphor, the "parable of the ball": A spherical piece of stone is discovered by a boy who thinks he has found a ball. The boy inspects its weight and hardness, plays for some moments with it, and then leaves it in the lawn. An artist, visiting the premises, admires the ball for its pure form and its colour, contrasted against the green grass. A geologist who passes by recognizes the rock as a useless dolerite. The boy's mother, however, carries the ball home and uses it as the lid for a waterjar . And finally, a visiting historian discovers that the lid is a rare specimen of a cannon ball, areli c from an ancient local war... The notion "landscape" encompasses a great variety of meanings, and people dealing with that notion may havedifferen t startingpoint s ordifferen t intentions. We are glad that in the following pages the text of practically all the papers read during the conference are represented. We hope that this publication might further the mutual understanding of people reared in different disciplines and spheres of thought, but who are nevertheless involved in the same theme:Landscape . Opening speech:"Groeneveld " 28-6-89 Isaak S.Zonneveld , Ex-President IALE Ladies andgentleme n - TheIAL E would like to welcome you to the conference, and also to the country where the