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Shaping Light with Metamaterials Shaping light with metamaterials Yuri S. Kivshar Nonlinear Physics Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia St. Petersburg University of Information Technologies, Mechanics & Optics, Russia http://wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear/ http://phoi.ifmo.ru/metamaterials// Our group in Canberra • www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Our team in Canberra August 2013 Experimental Photonics 15 research fellows A/Prof. Neshev 14 PhD students 4 visiting fellows Theoretical 2 visiting students Photonics A/Prof. Sukhorukov Matter waves Microwave & THz Dr. Ostrovskaya metamaterials Dr. Shadrivov Plasmonics and Singular fields nanoantennas Dr. Desyatnikov Dr. Miroshnichenko www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Canberra: Selected research activities http://wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear/ BEC condensates Nanoantennas Optical vortices Photon pair generation Nonlinear metamaterialsMetamaterials and quantum walks Laboratory of Metamaterials in National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg, Russia Financial support: Ministry of Science and Education of Russian Federation Our group in St. Petersburg http://phoi.ifmo.ru/metamaterials// Other recent research activities: St. Petersburg Microwave antennas http://phoi.ifmo.ru/metamaterials// Magnetoelastic metamaterials Purcell effect Transmission lines: hyperbolic metamaterials Graphene nanophotonics Outline of today’s talk • Introduction: the concepts & properties • Backward waves • Invisibility cloaking • Tunable properties of metamaterials • Nonlinear metamaterials • Novel strategies: metamaterial circuitry Light interaction with matter • Interaction depends on ε and μ of the medium • ε characterizes response to the electric field • μ characterizes response to the magnetic field http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Natural materials • Transparent • Non-transparent http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Electromagnetic properties of materials • Response to the electromagnetic field is determined by internal structure of the material • For large wavelengths any material can be described by ε and μ • Classical Macroscopic Electrodynamics 1 B curl E ~ ~ c t DE 1 D ~ ~ curl H BH c t http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Natural materials and metamaterials ω 2 k 2 εμ c 2 RHM 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 , 0 LeftHandedMaterials http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear The first Paper on Left-Handed Materials • Viktor G.Veselago • The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of ε and μ. Soviet Physics Uspekhi 10 (4), 509-514 (1968) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear k E H Left-handed waves c k H E c • If 0, 0 then E,, H k is a right set of vectors: E k H • If 0, 0 then is a left set of vectors: http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Energy flow in left-handed waves c • Energy flow (Poynting vector): S EH 4 Conventional (right-handed) medium E S k k H VVgr ph Left-handed medium S k S VVgr ph http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Refraction of light at the LH/RH interface Hi H r E kr RH i ki Er Snell’s law: ε1 0 μ1 0 sin n2 2 2 sinn 2 2 2 sinψsinψ n1 n1 11 1 εε 0 0 22 ψ μμ22 0 0 n 2 2 2 LHRH Ht Et kt http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Negative refraction • Negative refraction is a property of backward waves and it has been observed in many materials: Photonic crystals Anisotropic media Materials with Left-handed materials LHM - LHM are materials with negative refraction negative refraction - Not all materials with negative refraction are LHM http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Positive vs. negative refraction http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Negative refraction—back to 1942 Mandelshtam, 1942 “Lectures about waves” http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Backward waves: Manchester, 1904 Sir Horace Lamb : 1849-1934 Sir Arthur Schuster: 1851-1934 Professor of Mathematics Professor of Physics http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Unusual lenses LH lens does not have a diffraction resolution limit Improved resolution is due to the surface waves • V. G. Veselago, Soviet Physics Uspekhi 10 (4), 509-514 (1968) • J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Right- and left-handed water http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear How to make a left-handed material ? http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Magnetic response of a gold ring H M Split-Ring Resonator M can produce strong negative magnetic response http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear D. R. Smith and S. Schultz, UCSD Concept of metamaterials magnetic atom electric atom D. R. Smith et al, UCSD http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Periodic structures a a Continuous medium Photonic crystal (Effective medium) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Examples of metamaterials http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear • Now we can engineer ‘atoms’ for artificial materials with desired properties – what can we do with them? • Can we make an invisibility cloak? http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Principle of invisibility cloak • Guide light around the object, so that it appears on the other side of the object unperturbed. http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear How does it work • Complex mathematical approach ‘Transforming Space’ • Challenging manufacturing requirements • The first microwave cloak (by D. Smith) D. Schurig et al, Science 314, 977 (2006) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Earlier suggestions: 1961 L. S. Dolin, Izv. VUZov Radiofizika 4, 964-967 (1961) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Cloaks of a complex form • The transformation are used to find the fields inside the cloak Coordinate transformation gives a recipe for creating the cloak 1 ~x m ~x n ~mn mn g xa xb 1 ~x m ~x n ~mn mn g xa xb and the field distribution in the cloak k ~ xk ~ x E E Hi Hk i ~x i k ~x i N.A. Zharova, I.V. Shadrivov, A.A. Zharov, Yu.S. Kivshar (2008) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear “Invisibility” means “publicity” “Herald Sun”: March 2008 http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Different approaches to cloaking Carpet Cloak: On a surface -p p D. Smith, APL (2008) U. Leonhardt, Science (2009) Jensen Li & Pendry, PRL (2008) R. Liu, C. Ji, and D. Smith, Science (2009) N. Engheta, PRL (2008) Smolyaninov,&Shalaev PRL (2009) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Metamaterials: Hypes and highlights Optical Magnetism NegativeOptical Metamaterial Refractive Index Phenomena Cloaking Linden et al., Science (2004) Valentine et al., Nature (2008) Pendry et al., Science (2006) Optical Circuits Superlens Hyperlens Chirality Engheta, Science (2007) Fang et al., Science (2005) Liu et al., Science (2007) Gansel et al. Science (2009) Current: Optical properties are fixed at the time of fabrication Future: Active, tunable & reconfigurable metamaterials 36 Metamaterials: control of ε & μ artificial metamaterial Two independent channels for control of Light wavelength electric and magnetic properties of light Negative refraction Perfect absorber Unidirectional scattering x n Veselago, Sov Phys Uspekhi (1968) z Pendry, Phys Rev Lett (2000) y λ=1.55 µm Liu et al. PRL 104, 207403 (2010) Liu et al., ACS Nano 6, 5489 (2012) Nonlinear response in metamaterials )1( )2( )3( P 0 E : EE EEE )1( )2( )3( M 0 m H m : HH m HHH j 2 H + +E + g CE~ g EHg () - - - Zharov et al., PRL 91, 037401 (2003) 2 ퟐ ퟐ ퟐ 2 푃 ~ 휒 푒푒푒퐸푞퐸푟 + 흌 풆풎풎퐻푞퐻푟 + 흌 풆풎풆퐻푞퐸푟 + 흌 풆풆풎퐸푞퐻푟 푞,푟 2 ퟐ ퟐ ퟐ 2 휇0푀 ~ 휒푚푚푚 퐻푞퐻푟 + 흌 풎풆풆퐸푞퐸푟 + 흌 풎풎풆퐻푞퐸푟 + 흌 풎풆풎퐸푞퐻푟 푞,푟 Two independent channels for control (enhancement) of nonlinearity or emission: electric and magnetic Why nonlinear metamaterials Frequency 0 Magnetic permeability Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 037401 (2003) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Nonlinearity-induced transparency Optics Express 13 1291 (2005) http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Nonlinear metamaterial for microwaves • Nonlinear electronic components provide required response • Second and third order nonlinear response Resonance shift Harmonic generation http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Nonlinear magnetic metamaterials Induced transmission Suppressed transmission http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Nonlinearity-suppressed transmission http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Nonlinearity-induced transparency http://wwwrshysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear Optical metamaterials in Canberra Fishnet metamaterials Regular and disordered Negative Index @ 1.45m lattices of meta-atoms Magnetic Metamaterials, resonances @ 1.3m Magnetic resonance Liquid crystal tuning and switching Electro-optical mode switching in SRR metamaterials: Liquid-crystal cell Experimental spectra Functional metasurfaces Voltage ON Numerics • Switching mechanism: E Voltage OFF Numerics Towards metamaterial circuitry: Hybrid fabrication I. Staude et al, Adv Mat (2013) Optical characterization: magnetic resonance I. Staude et al, Adv Mat (2013) All-Dielectric Nanophotonics http://wwwrsphysse.anu.edu.au/nonlinear/ http://phoi.ifmo.ru/metamaterials// Electric and magnetic response of nanoparticles Metal nanoparticle Metal split-ring with electric response with magnetic response Dielectric nanoparticle with magnetic response Experiment: Si nanoparticles A. Kuznetsov et al, Sci. Rep. (2012) A. Evlyukhin et al Nano Lett (2012) Optics in 2012 Optics & Photonics News, December 2012 Opportunities with metamaterials Dispersion engineering Miniaturization Strong Field Localization E 2 Electrical Common Plasma Materials Negative- Magnetic Index Plasma Materials Materials Devices Applications Artificial Magnetism Smaller Antennas Thinner Negative Index Sensors Lightweight Absorbers Zero-index 54 Summary • Novel approaches for controlling light with nanostructured matter--metamaterials • Nonlinear effects in metamaterials • Novel ideas for metamaterial integration • New trends-- functional metadevices and all- dielectric nanophotonics .
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