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Hyperbolic Metamaterial Antenna for Second- Harmonic Generation Tomography

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Hyperbolic metamaterial antenna for second- harmonic generation tomography Paulina Segovia,1,2,5 Giuseppe Marino,1,5 Alexey V. Krasavin,1,5 Nicolas Olivier,1 Gregory A. Wurtz,1,3 Pavel A. Belov,4 Pavel Ginzburg,1,2,* and Anatoly V. Zayats1 1Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK 2Currently with the School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel 3Currently with the Department of Physics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville Florida 32224, USA 4National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO), St. Petersburg 197101, Russia 5Contributed equally * [email protected] Abstract: The detection and processing of information carried by evanescent field components are key elements for subwavelength optical microscopy as well as single molecule sensing applications. Here, we numerically demonstrate the potential of a hyperbolic medium in the design of an efficient metamaterial antenna enabling detection and tracking of a nonlinear object, with an otherwise hidden second-harmonic signature. The presence of the antenna provides 103-fold intensity enhancement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) from a nanoparticle through a metamaterial-assisted access to evanescent second-harmonic fields. Alternatively, the observation of SHG from the metamaterial itself can be used to detect and track a nanoparticle without a nonlinear response. The antenna allows an optical resolution of several nanometers in tracking the nanoparticle’s location via observations of the far-field second-harmonic radiation pattern. ©2015 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (160.3918) Metamaterials; (180.4315) Nonlinear microscopy; (190.2620) Harmonic generation and mixing. References and links 1. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light (Cambridge University, 1999). 2. Z. Zalevsky and D. Mendlovic, Optical Superresolution (Springer, 2004). 3. V. A. Podolskiy and E. E. Narimanov, “Near-sighted superlens,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 75–77 (2005). 4. J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(18), 3966–3969 (2000). 5. Z. Jacob, L. V. Alekseyev, and E. Narimanov, “Optical hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit,” Opt. Express 14(18), 8247–8256 (2006). 6. W. Yan, N. A. Mortensen, and M. Wubs, “Hyperbolic metamaterial lens with hydrodynamic nonlocal response,” Opt. Express 21(12), 15026–15036 (2013). 7. L. Ferrari, C. Wu, D. Lepage, X. Zhang, and Z. Liu, “Hyperbolic metamaterials and their applications,” Prog. Quantum Electron. 40, 1–40 (2015). 8. H. N. S. Krishnamoorthy, Z. Jacob, E. Narimanov, I. Kretzschmar, and V. M. Menon, “Topological transitions in metamaterials,” Science 336(6078), 205–209 (2012). 9. A. N. Poddubny, P. A. Belov, P. Ginzburg, A. V. Zayats, and Y. S. Kivshar, “Microscopic model of Purcell enhancement in hyperbolic metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 86(3), 035148 (2012). 10. W. Yan, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Hyperbolic metamaterials: nonlocal response regularizes broadband supersingularity,” Phys. Rev. B 86(20), 205429 (2012). 11. A. V. Kabashin, P. Evans, S. Pastkovsky, W. Hendren, G. A. Wurtz, R. Atkinson, R. Pollard, V. A. Podolskiy, and A. V. Zayats, “Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing,” Nat. Mater. 8(11), 867–871 (2009). 12. Z. Liu, H. Lee, Y. Xiong, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Science 315(5819), 1686 (2007). 13. D. Lu and Z. Liu, “Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging,” Nat. Commun. 3, 1205 (2012). #249227 Received 2 Sep 2015; revised 22 Oct 2015; accepted 27 Oct 2015; published 17 Nov 2015 (C) 2015 OSA 30 Nov 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 24 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.030730 | OPTICS EXPRESS 30730 14. A. Schilling, J. Schilling, C. Reinhardt, and B. Chichkov, “A superlens for the deep ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(12), 121909 (2009). 15. A. V. Zayats and V. Sandoghdar, “Apertureless near-field optical microscopy via local second-harmonic generation,” J. Microsc. 202(1), 94–99 (2001). 16. S. Takahashi and A. V. Zayats, “Near-field second-harmonic generation at a metal tip apex,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(19), 3479–3481 (2002). 17. P. J. Campagnola and L. M. Loew, “Second-harmonic imaging microscopy for visualizing biomolecular arrays in cells, tissues and organisms,” Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1356–1360 (2003). 18. L. Sacconi, D. A. Dombeck, and W. W. Webb, “Overcoming photodamage in second-harmonic generation microscopy: real-time optical recording of neuronal action potentials,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(9), 3124–3129 (2006). 19. I. I. Smolyaninov, A. V. Zayats, and C. C. Davis, “Near-field second harmonic generation from a rough metal surface,” Phys. Rev. B 56(15), 9290–9293 (1997). 20. A. V. Zayats, T. Kalkbrenner, V. Sandoghdar, and J. Mlynek, “Second-harmonic generation from individual surface defects under local excitation,” Phys. Rev. B 61(7), 4545–4548 (2000). 21. D. de Ceglia, M. A. Vincenti, S. Campione, F. Capolino, J. W. Haus, and M. Scalora, “Second-harmonic double- resonance cones in dispersive hyperbolic metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 89(7), 075123 (2014). 22. A. D. Neira, N. Olivier, M. E. Nasir, W. Dickson, G. A. Wurtz, and A. V. Zayats, “Eliminating material constraints for nonlinearity with plasmonic metamaterials,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7757 (2015). 23. W. Dickson, S. Beckett, C. McClatchey, A. Murphy, D. O’Connor, G. A. Wurtz, R. Pollard, and A. V. Zayats, “Hyperbolic polaritonic crystals based on nanostructured nanorod metamaterials,” Adv. Mater. 27(39), 5974– 5980 (2015). 24. H. J. Elser, R. Wangberg, V. A. Podolskiy, and E. E. Narimanov, “Nanowire metamaterials with extreme optical anisotropy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(26), 261102 (2006). 25. N. Vasilantonakis, M. E. Nasir, W. Dickson, G. A. Wurtz, and A. V. Zayats, “Bulk plasmon-polaritons in hyperbolic nanorod metamaterial waveguides,” Laser Photonics Rev. 9(3), 345–353 (2015). 26. J. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill, 1941). 27. G. Bachelier, I. Russier-Antoine, E. Benichou, C. Jonin, and P.-F. Brevet, “Multipolar second-harmonic generation in noble metal nanoparticles,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(6), 955–960 (2008). 28. J. I. Dadap, J. Shan, K. B. Eisenthal, and T. F. Heinz, “Second-harmonic Rayleigh scattering from a sphere of centrosymmetric material,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(20), 4045–4048 (1999). 29. J. I. Dadap, J. Shan, and T. F. Heinz, “Theory of optical second-harmonic generation from a sphere of centrosymmetric material: small-particle limit,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21(7), 1328–1347 (2004). 30. E. V. Makeev and S. E. Skipetrov, “Second harmonic generation in suspensions of spherical particles,” Opt. Commun. 224(1-3), 139–147 (2003). 31. G. Marino, P. Segovia, A. V. Krasavin, P. Ginzburg, N. Olivier, G. A. Wurtz, and A. V. Zayats, “Second- harmonic generation from hyperbolic plasmonic nanorod metamaterial slab,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.07586. 32. P. V. Kapitanova, P. Ginzburg, F. J. Rodríguez-Fortuño, D. S. Filonov, P. M. Voroshilov, P. A. Belov, A. N. Poddubny, Y. S. Kivshar, G. A. Wurtz, and A. V. Zayats, “Photonic spin Hall effect in hyperbolic metamaterials for polarization-controlled routing of subwavelength modes,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3226 (2014). 33. D. de Ceglia, M. A. Vincenti, C. De Angelis, A. Locatelli, J. W. Haus, and M. Scalora, “Role of antenna modes and field enhancement in second harmonic generation from dipole nanoantennas,” Opt. Express 23(2), 1715– 1729 (2015). 34. C. Forestiere, G. Iadarola, G. Rubinacci, A. Tamburrino, L. Dal Negro, and G. Miano, “Surface integral formulations for the design of plasmonic nanostructures,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29(11), 2314–2327 (2012). 1. Introduction A key challenge in microscopy is spatial resolution, mediating the relation between real features of an object and its observed image. In optical microscopy, a complete set of electromagnetic modes including the evanescent ones is required to reconstruct a perfect image. Evanescent modes, however, decay in the vicinity of the object before being detected in the far-field, giving rise to the diffraction limit [1]. Among various approaches for resolution improvement [2], the use of nanostructured composites (metamaterials) is beneficial, enabling efficient manipulation of evanescent fields components in order to reconstruct the image of an object with the resolution limited only by a particular realization of the metamaterial, e.g., its inherent material losses [3]. While superlenses [4] do not change the decaying nature of evanescent components, lenses made with materials exhibiting hyperbolic dispersion (hyperlenses) [5,6] convert them in propagating modes detectable in the far-field. This near-to-far field transformation is enabled by the hyperbolic dispersion of the medium which occurs in uniaxial crystals with different signs of the longitudinal and transverse components of the permittivity tensor [7]. Such dispersion also gives rise to #249227 Received 2 Sep 2015; revised 22 Oct 2015; accepted 27 Oct 2015; published 17 Nov 2015 (C) 2015 OSA 30 Nov 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 24 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.030730 | OPTICS EXPRESS 30731 enhanced spontaneous decay rates of nearby emitters [8–10]. Hyperbolic metamaterials can be based on, e.g., arrays of vertically aligned nanorods [11] or layered metal-dielectric structures [8]. They have already been used to demonstrate improved resolution in linear optical microscopy [12–14]. These microscopy techniques,
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