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Physics and Astronomy s c i s y h p / k u . c a . r e t s e h c n a m . w w w The facts

Jodrell Bank Observatory, internationally renowned centre for radio astronomy, is part of our School

The most One of Britain’s largest consistently high and most respected student satisfaction schools of Physics and rating of any UK Astronomy, with top Physics department ratings for teaching and research, and two Nobel Prize winners in 2010

Well-equipped Recent £70 million laboratories, including extension and rooftop optical and refurbishment radio telescopes of the Physics buildings creating state-of-the-art facilities Physics at Manchester is great because we have an expert in everything! Russell Dawson MPhys Physics Contents

2 Introducing Manchester 4 Physics and Astronomy at Manchester 10 Course details 30 Research at Manchester 32 Campus map 34 City map 36 Find out more online

Physics and Astronomy 3 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Our University Making things happen

Influential, forward-thinking and down-to-earth, we’ll give you an amazing university experience rooted in a rich academic heritage. We turn enthusiasm into achievement and groundbreaking theory into practice. We accomplish feats of global significance, from splitting the atom to giving the world graphene – the two-dimensional wonder material that is one atom thick but 200 times stronger than steel. With more Nobel laureates on our staff than any other UK university, and strong links to industry and public services, we vitalise our undergraduate courses with pioneering research. Join us at the heart of Britain’s most popular student city. Learn more about us: www.manchester.ac.uk

Introducing Manchester

Our city Always moving forward

Manchester lives on the edge of tomorrow, ever a step ahead in science, industry, media, sport and the arts. The Mancunian character, exemplified by the city’s central role in the industrial revolution, strives for excellence in all walks of life. This is a city of many accents, having become a cosmopolitan magnet for students and professionals eager to experience its can-do attitude, independent spirit and cultural wealth. Never content to live on past glories, Manchester has a passion for progress. Discover what makes Manchester unique: www.manchester.ac.uk/cityofmanchester

4 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Your experience More than just a degree

From the flexible, 24/7 learning environment of the Alan Gilbert Learning Commons to the personal development opportunities and specialist support services we offer, we will empower you to be your best. We’re well underway with the biggest investment programme ever seen in UK higher education, having invested £750 million in our facilities since 2004, with another £1 billion to follow. Away from your studies you’ll have access to the UK’s largest student union, almost 300 student societies, and excellent sports and fitness facilities. The only thing you won’t experience is boredom. Hear from some of our students, graduates and staff: www.manchester.ac.uk/ug/profiles

Your career On a course to success

We are one of the UK’s most targeted universities by employers – 92% of our graduates go straight into employment or further study. We design our courses with your employability in mind. Our problem-based approach to learning inspires you to think critically, creatively, and independently. You’ll also be able to learn new skills through volunteering, personal development programmes and study abroad pathways. We have the UK’s best careers service, providing advice and mentoring services, and connecting you with employers who’ll put you on a path to career success. Take control of your career: www.manchester.ac.uk/careers

Physics and Astronomy 5 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics and Astronomy at Manchester

The University of Manchester is home to one of the largest and most active schools of Physics and Astronomy in Britain.

You can be confident of high standards here in every aspect of your degree.

We are the only UK Physics department to be both in the top five for the volume of world-leading and internationally excellent research we carry out, to have the maximum rating for teaching and student support, and to have consistently achieved an overall satisfaction score of over 90% in the National Student Survey. Study with us and you’ll benefit from a tradition of excellence established by many eminent teachers and researchers, including 11 Nobel Prize winners, such as Rutherford, Bohr, Bragg and Blackett. Our most recent Nobel laureates are Sir Andre Geim and Sir Kostya Novoselov, who were awarded the honour in 2010 for their pioneering work on graphene.

A proven reputation for success We are proud of Manchester’s outstanding historical Our condensed matter physicists lead the world in record of achievements in science and engineering. studying the properties of graphene, a single layer First among these is probably our discovery of the of carbon atoms – production of this material and atomic nucleus by Ernest Rutherford, who was characterisation of its unusual properties led to the Professor of Physics here. During his time at 2010 award of the two Nobel prizes mentioned above. Manchester, Rutherford also performed the first ‘artificial’ nuclear reaction, which marked the Being a large school, our research covers a very rich beginning of nuclear physics. portfolio over most of the sub-fields of physics, ranging from fundamental areas to interdisciplinary Today, we remain a leading centre for research in projects that reach beyond the subject and more nuclear and elementary particle physics. For example, applied research programmes. We have Manchester physicists are helping to run experiments internationally leading research programmes that at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, which have include atomic, nuclear, particle and accelerator recently discovered a Higgs particle, thought to be physics; condensed matter and soft matter physics; responsible for the origin of mass, and which will laser and photon physics; low temperature physics; go on solve some of the mysteries of anti-matter. biological physics; complexity and non-linear physics; and astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology. Astronomy also has an illustrious heritage and Experimental and theoretical physicists work vibrant current research programme here. The together on many of these research activities. world-famous Jodrell Bank telescope is part of our School and has been used to discover the first gravitational lens, the first celestial maser and more pulsars than any other telescope.

Physics and Astronomy 7 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics and Astronomy at Manchester

Our international reputation rests equally on our We are also the only UK Physics department to teaching and our research; in fact, the diversity and consistently achieve an overall satisfaction score of excellence of our research boosts the quality of our over 90% in the National Student Survey. We listen teaching and the range of topics we make available to our students, who are represented on committees to our undergraduates. We have a steady influx of that supervise our School’s teaching activities. We new research physicists and teachers, and continually also encourage you to join in the social, sporting, revise our teaching and research activities to keep our musical and other events that are organised by active courses and research at the cutting edge. student societies within our School. Such events encourage excellent working relationships through Staff from our School have written the popular informal staff-student contact. Manchester Physics Series, a set of 14 undergraduate textbooks published by Wiley, which have sold over a Our size and breadth of expertise enables us to offer quarter of a million copies worldwide. you an unusually wide range of lecture course units, while a good staff-student ratio allows teaching in Brian Cox, presenter of the BBC TV series Wonders small group tutorials and helps keep our staff-student of the Solar System, Wonders of the Universe and relationship lively and informal. Each year, we Wonders of Life, plus many other scientific welcome about 260 new undergraduate and 70 new programmes, was an undergraduate here and is now a postgraduate students. We have more than 80 professor in our School, teaching one of our first-year members of academic staff and more than 100 core course units on Quantum Physics and Relativity. research fellows and associates. We are the only Physics department in the UK to be Contact with industry is an important priority for both in the top five for the volume of world-leading us and our research activities continually attract and internationally excellent research, and to have industrial support. the maximum rating for teaching and student support, as reported by the Reseach Assessment Exercise and Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education’s assessment panels, respectively.

Professor Brian Cox

8 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Our courses provide a secure foundation in the basic principles of classical and quantum physics from both a theoretical and an experimental viewpoint. Thanks to our size and breadth of expertise, we can also offer you a wide range of options, from cosmology to particle physics, including computing, theoretical physics and experimental modules. An undergraduate physics degree at Manchester therefore embraces a broad range of topics that are both practically useful and intellectually stimulating. We monitor all aspects of our teaching programme via student questionnaires, which provide valuable feedback both to individual teachers and to the School as a whole. As a large School, we can deploy our teaching resources in many ways; whenever possible, we use this flexibility to enhance and improve your courses.

Visit days Where practical, promising applicants are invited to Since arriving in attend one of our visit days, which are held regularly Manchester to study between October and March. These start with a physics, I haven’t looked short tour of the central campus and a welcoming back. The University and buffet lunch. the School of Physics and You will have the opportunity to see our School at Astronomy have fantastic first hand, ask questions and meet members of staff reputations for both teaching and and current students. You will also have an informal, research. The course was an even mixture 30-minute interview with a member of staff, so we of theory and practical work and, with can get to know you and determine the most resources such as Jodrell Bank appropriate offer for you. Observatory in Cheshire, it had to be top on my list. Most importantly, it was obvious Your parents are also welcome to attend our visit days, that the staff in the School cared a great and we arrange a separate programme for them. deal about their students – a first impression that couldn't have been more right. Scholarships and bursaries “Manchester had everything I could ask for: For the latest updates on course fees and financial the city is big, but it doesn't feel support, check our website: impersonal. There's music everywhere; www.manchester.ac.uk/studentfinance and if you think you've done, seen and eaten everything, then you haven't Teaching, learning and assessment looked hard enough. Manchester and this Physics is a living subject, offering you all the excitement University have so much on offer; I am busy of new discoveries and new ideas. You can enjoy the every second, doing loads of different intellectual satisfaction of understanding the difficult things from playing with liquid helium, to concepts of quantum theory and relativity, the challenge directing a gospel choir – and I wouldn’t of comprehending everyday physical phenomena and have it any other way. the experience of building and using scientific apparatus. Peter Millington

Physics and Astronomy 9 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics and Astronomy at Manchester

Timetables Our academic year at Manchester starts in late September and is divided into two semesters, each with 12 weeks of teaching, plus several more for study and examinations. Most lecture course units comprise 24 lectures over a single semester. Exams normally take place in late January and in May/June. A typical teaching week in your first year consists of 12 lectures, a physics tutorial, a mathematics tutorial, a physics and mathematics workshop and one day in the laboratory. A well-organised routine of private study is essential if you are to fully understand in depth the new ideas that emerge as your course develops. To encourage this, we issue you problem sheets at regular intervals, which often form the basis for discussions in tutorials.

Assessment In your first two years, you are mainly assessed by written examinations, with about 25% of your total Lectures marks coming from continuous assessment. The percentage of continually assessed work rises in your Most students find our lectures indispensable to third and fourth years. acquiring a good understanding of the subject. Your lecturers will describe – often with the aid of demonstrations – the basic principles of the lecture topic and provide the information essential for its proper understanding. Of course, lecturing styles differ widely and are often influenced by class size. A core lecture to more than 200 students may be more formal than a lecture on an optional course unit to 20 students, but healthy discussion often develops either way, particularly at the end of lectures. At Manchester, each subject gets a regular ‘spring clean’ , thanks to our policy that members of staff lecture a particular subject up to a maximum of six years.

10 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Tutorials Computing A tutorial is a weekly meeting between a small group As part of your laboratory work, we teach you how to of students and a member of our academic staff, or a use computers to help analyse data and write essays research scientist. It is an informal setting for an and reports. We also run a second-year core course exchange of views, problems, opinions and unit on computing, with further optional course units information; an occasion when you can discuss available if you want to gain additional expertise. physics problems with your tutor and with fellow students. In particular, tutorials deal with the problem Our School has more than 200 computers for student sheets on the lecture course units. In the first year, use. You will be given a computer account, allowing you have tutorials in both physics and mathematics. you to use both School and University facilities for email, text preparation and library searches. Naturally, Tutorials are not only an important part of your you will also have full access to the internet. education process but also help establish good student-staff relationships. These are augmented by our ‘Teaching Help Service’, which allows you to have additional one-on-one tuition with a member of staff as and when the need arises. As well as tutorials, we have weekly workshops where you work in groups with the support of a member of staff and two assistants.

Laboratory work Students work in pairs in our teaching laboratory and may choose from a wide range of experiments. Some develop practical skills and experimental techniques, while others demonstrate the existence of physical phenomena. You have the opportunity to gain experience with modern equipment such as lasers, computers and low-temperature cryostats. Above all, you are encouraged to think for yourself. Demonstrators provide guidance and encouragement to explore the various facets of the experiment. Your ability to communicate clearly and persuasively is also important and, to encourage this, you will discuss the results of each experiment with a member of staff and present several of the experiments as written reports. In your first year, experiments generally last two or three working days. By your third and fourth years, they become more extensive and sophisticated projects, which typically take around 20 days. Some fourth-year projects involve working with our School’s research groups; these projects can extend to 40 days and may, on occasion, lead to the publication of a research paper. Thus, there is ample opportunity for you to develop the skills of a good experimental physicist.

Physics and Astronomy 11 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Course details

Physics BSc 3yrs Physics with Study in Europe MPhys 4yrs UCAS Code F300 UCAS Code F301 Physics MPhys 4yrs Physics with Theoretical Physics BSc 3yrs UCAS Code F305 UCAS Code F345 Physics with Astrophysics BSc 3yrs Physics with Theoretical Physics MPhys 4yrs UCAS Code F3F5 UCAS Code F346 Physics with Astrophysics MPhys 4yrs Mathematics and Physics BSc 3yrs UCAS Code F3FA UCAS Code FG31 Physics with Philosophy BSc 3yrs Mathematics and Physics MMath&Phys 4yrs UCAS Code F3V5 UCAS Code FG3C Physics with Philosophy MPhys 4yrs UCAS Code F3VM

Typical offer A-level A*A*A-A*AA IB 39-38 For full details of our entry requirements, visit: www.manchester.ac.uk/ ugcourses Entry requirements Deferred entry Our entry requirements and the offer we make to you Some students benefit from a year away from are designed to ensure that you have the necessary academic work between school and university. background knowledge, together with the ability and Accordingly, we welcome applications from commitment to do well on the course. prospective students who wish to defer entry to us for one academic year. Applications for all our first-degree courses should be made through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). In most cases, a Professional accreditation – conditional offer is made on the basis of the Institute of Physics information supplied in your UCAS application, Our courses are all accredited by the Institute of together with the result of an interview. Physics, the professional body for physicists in the UK. The most common route into our degree courses is All our undergraduates are offered free membership through A-levels, but we welcome students holding of the Institute. any equivalent qualifications. Each application is considered separately, on its own merits, and every offer is made on an individual basis.

Students returning to education I chose to come to Manchester as I We welcome applications from mature students; we would look for evidence that you would be able to wanted to have the achieve success on a demanding, full-time course. You opportunity to study may find it helpful to contact our admissions tutor for abroad, and the advice before submitting an application through UCAS. Physics with Study in Europe course has given me the chance to do that. My physics teacher at school had recommended it as one of the best universities for physics, and I had the choice of several continental universities at which to study in my third year. “I also wanted to go to university in a big city with a good nightlife and lots of things to do outside of academic work, and from previous visits to Manchester I decided it was a great place to be a student. “I love the social aspect of Manchester; with the numerous societies, there is one to suit everybody. The nightlife is great and there are lots of good places to eat out, especially the ‘Curry Mile’ and Chinatown. “Since university, I have been offered a graduate position with Airbus Industries in Bristol in Structures Engineering. Sophie Morton

Physics and Astronomy 13 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Course details

Which course? The MPhys degree At Manchester, we offer a wide variety of degree In relation to the BSc, the MPhys is an enhanced courses, allowing you to choose between a degree course designed to produce graduates who are with Honours in Physics and a combination of physics more self-reliant, more experienced and more with some other specialisation. However, even in our scientifically aware. straight Physics degree course, we offer considerable flexibility and a large range of option course units. The fourth year provides more opportunities for you to show initiative, to learn independently, to do We have four-year courses leading to the degree of research and to gather information. It also allows you MPhys with Honours (Master of Physics), which run to undertake projects that provide insight into the alongside our three-year BSc Honours courses. The nature of research in experimental or theoretical MPhys and BSc courses have identical structures in physics, and to study topics in advanced physics in Years 1 and 2. depth. In addition, you have the opportunity to join the University’s ‘Enterprise Programme’, in which you The UCAS codes for our courses are shown in the list can test and develop your entrepreneurial skills by on page 12. You need not apply for more than one working on a technology-transfer project. You may degree course, since it is possible to transfer also have the opportunity to complete the project applications between them at any stage up to the work during a full-semester external placement. start of the course. On entry, students normally register for the four-year course, but keep the option To continue on the four-year course, you will need a of graduating after three years with a BSc degree. mark above 55% (60% for Physics with Study in This decision is normally taken at the beginning of Europe) in second-year examinations and a mark the third year, with progression to MPhys dependent above 50% in third-year examinations. Manchester’s on good performance in examinations. high academic standards enable our graduates to compete effectively for postgraduate studentships. The Physics course and all ‘Physics with’ courses are based on a core of course units, plus supplementary units related to the individual course. Because the core is common, students on both ‘Physics with’ courses and the Mathematics and Physics course have the option of transferring to Honours Physics at the beginning of any academic year. Transfer from our Mathematics and Physics degree course into straight Honours Mathematics is possible at the end of your first year, provided that you have achieved a sufficient standard in that subject. The ‘Physics with’ courses comprise approximately two-thirds core physics, and one-third of content relating to the specialisation. Mathematics and Physics is a Joint Honours course, split approximately 50:50 between the two subjects. All our degree courses prepare you for employment as scientifically aware graduates in research, industry, commerce and education. You will develop the ability to communicate clearly and confidently, to analyse complex problems, to describe events using precise terms, to use modern equipment with confidence and to demonstrate an understanding of the principles underlying technology.

14 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Study abroad Students on all Physics-based degree courses have the opportunity of studying for part of their course at one of several universities abroad. The University has exchange partners across the world and we encourage students to spend time at these The University of universities, if possible. Manchester was my first You could spend the third year of your studies at a choice because I knew it university in the United States, Singapore or Australia. is at the forefront of Recently students have studied at the National astronomy research, and University of Singapore, University of California, that’s something I've been University of Sydney, the Australian National interested in my whole life. Also, the University, and the universities of Toronto and Illinois. undergraduate prospectus gave me an excellent idea about the Physics course Since partner universities change the lecture courses and the large variety of options I could on offer and the semesters in which they are choose from, as well as what student life is available, the list of suitable destinations also changes like in Manchester and where I could go to with time. for help. Availability of places is competitive, and decisions are “I'm at the end of my first year now. normally made in the academic year before the Coming from the Seychelles, life is very proposed period of study abroad. There is no need to specify this option on your UCAS application form. different here. The University has excellent facilities to help international students settle in. The School of Physics and Astronomy provided me with a mentor as well, which made it even easier. The lecturers always make time for my questions and there are tutorials and workshops to guide us outside of lectures, so I feel like I've had guidance and support from the very beginning. I was surprised when I won one of the Faculty’s International Excellence Undergraduate Scholarships this year! “There is so much to do in Manchester. It's a city for everyone. You can find many types of restaurants, science museums, sports facilities, clubs, societies, etc. My life has definitely become a lot richer and fuller since I've come to study here. Rieul Gendron

Physics and Astronomy 15 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Course details

Career opportunities In designing our degree courses, we strike a balance Most of our graduates make direct use of their between training for industry and research, and a physics knowledge in their future employment; general education in the most fundamental of the however, many others go into computing, sciences. Our intellectually demanding courses remain management, accountancy and marketing, where sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of a wide range the analytical and technical skills developed in their of future careers. We work closely with our courses are highly valued. University’s Careers Service in helping our undergraduates to explore the job market. The table below gives the most recent statistics for destinations of our graduates, at six months after More employers visit our campus than any other UK graduation. As they show, usually about 20% of our university; indeed, the Graduate Market Survey has graduates go directly to scientific, technical and placed the University of Manchester in the top three computing posts; 30% to finance and management; most targeted UK universities by top graduate 40% to postgraduate training and research; and employers since 2007. about five percent go overseas. Usually well over 90% of our graduates find permanent employment soon after graduation.

Graduate destinations

Scientific, Technical and Computing Choosing to study physics at Manchester was For example: BAe Systems, British Gas, one of the best decisions I British Telecom, Cisco Systems, ESSO, ever made. Physics is as GEC Marconi Avionics, IBM, ICI, rewarding Meteorological Office, NNC, QinetiQ, RAF, Sharp as it is challenging, and Electronics, TDK, UKAE, Vodafone. I honestly think that there’s no better place to study it than here. BSc 14% MPhys 23%

“The School of Physics certainly lives up to Finance and Management its reputation. Many of the lecturers here are involved in front-line research and For example: Accenture, British Airways, Deutsche they’re more than happy to share the Bank, JP Morgan, KPMG, details of their work with you. I’ve found Merrill Lynch, PricewaterhouseCoopers, that their lectures, combined with weekly The Co-operative Bank, Barclays Bank, HSBC. workshops and lab sessions, have delivered a wide range of interesting and BSc 38% MPhys 19% fundamental physics knowledge. Postgraduate training and research “Since coming to Manchester, I’ve made lots of great friends, been to plenty of gigs, BSc 28% MPhys 45% of which: sampled my fair share of pubs, bars and PhD BSc (3%) MPhys (38%) restaurants – and I still feel that I’ve only seen a fraction of what this city has to MSc BSc (16%) MPhys (2%) offer. Even four years here won’t Other diplomas, etc BSc (9%) MPhys (5%) be long enough! Phil Bull Other destinations BSc 20% MPhys 13%

16 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Physics

The study of physics is an attempt Honours Physics students typically choose a variety of subjects from different streams to suit their to understand everything that we interests. Generally speaking, any suitable course can observe and measure in the unit from any school of the University may be taken as an option, provided that the timetable allows it. universe: from the infinitesimally The newly established University College also offers small, to the infinitely large; from the a range of courses from disciplines across the University aimed at non-specialists. Your personal beginning of the universe in the Big tutor – a member of our staff dedicated to advising Bang, to its ultimate fate. and supporting you through the course of your degree – helps you to select options. Guidance is also available from the results of student What you study questionnaires on the course units. You are usually Our Honours School of Physics has a ‘core plus free to change any option course unit choice within option’ structure, which allows you to devote about the first two teaching weeks of your course. 20% of your time in the first three years to topics chosen from a wide range of options made available In the fourth year of the MPhys course, you tackle by both our School of Physics and Astronomy and two projects, one in each of semesters seven and other schools of the University. eight. We usually offer a choice of more than 50 fourth-year projects, and in previous years they In your first and second years, the physics core have included topics such as: measurements of radon provides a foundation in classical physics through from air samples in Derbyshire caves, cosmic-ray air course units in dynamics, waves, electromagnetism showers, simulating the human heart, quantum and thermodynamics. At the same time, you are chaos, calibration of the jet energy scales at the LHC, introduced to concepts such as the unification of and optical properties of graphene. space and time, the wave-like behaviour of particles and the relation between entropy and disorder. This The detailed structure of the third and fourth years introduction is taught through course units in special for an MPhys student is individually tailored in relativity, quantum mechanics, cosmology and discussion with your personal tutor. statistical mechanics. These concepts and the techniques of classical physics are essential for the understanding of molecules, atoms, nuclei, quarks and leptons, condensed matter, solid state electronic devices, electromagnetic radiation, lasers, stars and general relativity, all of which can be studied in detail in your third and fourth years. Course units are grouped together into various ‘streams’, to allow you to choose either a coordinated set of units on a particular theme, or to mix and match to sample a wider range of topics. The table on pages 18 and 19 shows how the core and option course units fit into the streams.

Physics and Astronomy 17 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Course details

The following table shows the course units that are available in each semester.

Stream Classical Electricity Theoretical Condensed Nuclear Particle Astro- Techno- Mathematics and and Physics Matter Physics Physics physics logical Quantum Magnetism Physics Physics and Semester Mechanics Photonics Dynamics Light and Random Introduction Digital Mathematics Optics Processes to Electronics 1 Quantum in Physics Astrophysics Physics and and Physics in Relativity Cosmology S1 Everyday Life

Vibrations Electricity Advanced Properties Physics of Physics of the Circuits Mathematics and and Dynamics of Matter Energy Solar System 2 S2 Waves Magnetism Sources

Introduction Electro- Lagrangian Galaxies Amplifiers Mathematics to magnetism Dynamics an d of Waves Quantum Feedback and Fields S3 Mechanics

Vector Complex Thermal and High Energy Wave Optics Introduction Spaces for Variables and Statistical Astrophysics to Geometry Quantum Integral Physics Introduction Propositional Mechanics Transforms to Photonics Logic Fundamentals S of Solid State 4 Fluid Physics Mechanics

Applications EM Introduction Thermal Introduction to Nuclear Interstellar Lasers and Viscous Fluid of Quantum Radiation to Nonlinear Physics of and Particle Physics Medium Photonics Flow Mechanics Physics Bose and Electro- Fermi Gases Nuclear Mathematical dynamics Fusion and S5 Foundation of Astrophysical Quantum Plasmas Mechanics

Solid State Nuclear Particle Cosmology Mathematical Physics Physics Physics Methods for Physics Semi- Applied Stars and S6 conductor Nuclear Stellar Waves Quantum Physics Evolution Structures

Quantum Advanced Soft Matter Advances Frontiers of Radio Laser Photo- Field Theory Statistical Physics in Nuclear Particle Astronomy medicine Physics Physics Physics 1 Super- Gravitation Laser conductors Technology S7 and Superfluids

Physics of Frontiers of Reactor Frontiers of Early Universe Frontiers Fluids Solid State Systems Particle of Photon Physics Physics 2 Galaxy Science Gauge Formation S8 Theories

18 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Key

Core course units Option course units

Computing Laboratory Other Earth Biological History of Economics Business Enterprise Wider Physics and Science Science and curriculum Atmospheric Management Science

Computing First Year Special Topics Planet Earth Science and Micro- Fundamentals and Data Laboratory in Physics the Modern economic of Analysis World Principles Management UK Micro- economics

First Year Introduction Introduction Macro- Fundaments Laboratory to Planetary to the Physics economic of Finance Science of Living Principles Processes Fundamentals UK Macro- of economics Management Accounting

Introduction Second Year Real World Atmospheric Economics for Fundamentals Entrepreneurial Professional to Computing Laboratory Problem Physics and Environmental of Financial Skills A Skills for Physicists Solving Weather Management Reporting Strategy, University Organisation College and Courses Competition

Computational Second Year Earth Evolutionary The Introduction Management Entrepreneurial Manchester Physics Laboratory Resources and Information to Financial of Skills B Leadership Population Age Mathematics Technological Programme Theory Additional Genetics Change Computing Laboratory Introduction Macro- to Current Project Project economic Business Topics in Economics Biology Principles

Third Year Meteorology Frankenstein Operational New Product Tools and Interdisciplinary Laboratory and to the Matrix: Research Development Techniques Sustainable Atmospheric Science and for Enterprise Development Physics Fiction and Business Innovation Film Economics 1A Firms and Management

Programming Third Year Physics and Climate and Physics of The Nuclear Mathematical Human Advanced Manchester in C++ Laboratory Reality Energy Medical Age: From Modelling of Resource Technology Leadership Imaging Hiroshima to Finance Management Enterprise Programme Quantum Dissertation Nuclear Business Organisations Computing (BSc) Genetic Terrorism Engineering Economics 1B and Employment

Project History Enterprise of Climate Strategy and Change Marketing

Technology Enterprise

Project Clouds, Biomaterials Enterprise Aerosols and Physics Feasibility Atmospheric Processes Advanced Technology Enterprise

Physics and Astronomy 19 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics with Astrophysics

Physics with Astrophysics is ideal Course structure if you want to obtain a solid You take the same core physics course units as Honours Physics students and follow the Astrophysics grounding in physics, but are also option stream. fascinated by astronomy and want Astrophysics content (including laboratory work) in to pursue this interest at university your first year is 15-20%, and this increases in your second year. In your third and fourth years, you begin level. Each year, about 50 students to specialise and significantly more of the course is join this course. directly related to astrophysics. You have flexibility in the later years and you may choose to pursue those Astrophysics involves the application of the laws of aspects that interest you most. In total, about 30% physics to distant regions that cannot directly be of the course is astrophysics-related. accessed by man-made apparatus, and in which the physical conditions can only be inferred from the In addition to the laboratory experiments that are electromagnetic radiation that is emitted. available to all physics students, you have dedicated astrophysics experiments, plus a series of astronomy What you study experiments based at Jodrell Bank. You analyse data taken with the 76-metre Lovell telescope, personally You learn about our Sun and Solar System, the stars use a 13-metre radio telescope to take measurements and our Galaxy, distant galaxies and quasars and the on pulsars, and run a number of experiments on the beginning of the Universe in the Big Bang. You learn seven-metre telescope of the dedicated how to apply basic physics in situations that are often undergraduate radio observatory. extreme compared with those available on Earth. Our astrophysics course units provide you with a broad Astrophysics lecture courses knowledge of many parts of physics. • Introduction to Astrophysics and Cosmology: Most staff members teaching astrophysics course A concise introduction to the Universe, starting units are members of the Jodrell Bank Centre for with the solar system and ending with cosmology. Astrophysics (JBCA), the University’s major international research centre for astrophysics within our School, • Physics of the Solar System: Includes topics such as which also encompasses the world-famous Jodrell Bank the physics of energy generation in the sun, orbits Observatory. Our expertise in radio astronomy has led of planets, planetary atmospheres and the to a series of astronomical experiments that are greenhouse effect, origin of the solar system. particularly well suited for student work. • Galaxies: Introduces the observed properties of galaxies, covering topics such as galaxy morphology, Students usually perform at least two sets of dynamics and the evidence for dark matter. observations at Jodrell Bank Observatory, where a dedicated undergraduate radio observatory based on • High Energy Astrophysics: The physics of active a seven-metre telescope enables you to make your galactic nuclei and quasars, pulsars, x-ray binary own observations. systems, cosmic rays and their origin. You may also observe the night sky at visible • Stars and Stellar Evolution: The physics of nuclear wavelengths. Some examples are: using a solar reactions, energy transport in stars, stellar types telescope to observe the sun in the first year; and stellar evolution, end products such as imaging the moon in the second year; and using supernovae and neutron stars. optical telescopes (both in Manchester and at • The Interstellar Medium: Introduces the physics Jodrell Bank) to analyse the light from stars in your and chemistry of the interstellar medium and the third and fourth years. life cycle of matter. • Nuclear Fusion and Astrophysical Plasmas: Introduces the physics of plasmas and their role in nuclear fusion and astrophysics. • Cosmology: Introduces the Big Bang model, dynamics of the universe, measuring the universe, cosmic microwave background. 20 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Course details

• Radio Astronomy: The radio universe and emission mechanisms, radio telescopes and receivers, applications of radio astronomy techniques. • Gravitation: Introduces Einstein’s theory of gravity and the geometry of the universe. • Galaxy Formation: Introduces modern galaxy formation theory, covering topics such as growth of large-scale structure, dark matter haloes, disk formation and super-massive black holes. • The Early Universe: Covers advanced topics in cosmology such as inflation, cosmic strings, linear structure formation, the cosmic microwave background and dark energy.

Astrophysics experiments First year • Orbits, stars and asteroids • Quasars • Cosmic ray extensive air showers • Globular star clusters • Experiments with a microwave radiometer • Solar flares and sunspots • Separating the cosmic microwave background from our galaxy Second year • Hydrogen gas in the galaxy • Shepherd moons • Gravitational lenses • Finding new clusters of young stars • Cepheid variables • Circumstellar nebula of nova GK Persei • The orbit of the moon • Lunar occultation of the Crab Nebula and Pulsar Third year Career opportunities • Dark matter and exoplanet detection using microlensing There is no danger of employers finding a Physics with Astrophysics degree too esoteric. Since this • The hydrogen content and the mass of M33 course covers the core of basic physics, our students • Radio telescopes and pulsar astronomy pursue a wide range of careers after taking their degrees (see also page 16). • Radio telescopes and spectral line astronomy Some go on to do research in astrophysics, or other branches of physics; others go into teaching, Astrophysics projects science-related careers in industry, or the civil service. For MPhys students, your fourth year involves two Some use the analytical and numerical skills they have projects, each running for a full semester. Projects in acquired in areas such as accounting and other recent years have included: financial services. • A study of supernova remnants in Messier 82 Career options therefore remain wide open. Even for those students who do not subsequently pursue • Neutral hydrogen study in the spiral galaxy NGC5033 astrophysics-related careers, there remains the great • Simulations of galaxy clusters pleasure of having pursued a fascinating subject and of having approached the frontiers of knowledge • Observing with the undergraduate optical telescope about the Universe. Physics and Astronomy 21 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics with Philosophy

Like the Honours School of Physics, What you study this BSc or MPhys course provides a Throughout this course, the areas of philosophy you will explore in most detail are those relevant to the solid grounding in all aspects of overlap with the subject of physics; namely, the physics, both theoretical and nature of scientific knowledge and the status of science as a means of achieving understanding. experimental. However, a This ‘analytic core’ of philosophy is an area in which substantial amount of laboratory many members of the Centre for Philosophy have their major research interest; indeed, a course unit work is replaced by lecture courses in Philosophy of Science is currently part of their and project work in philosophy. core syllabus. We offer this course in conjunction with the Physics with Philosophy students take the same core University's Centre for Philosophy. Committed to physics course units as the Honours Physics students, ongoing research and teaching in the tradition of and follow the philosophy option stream. It is analytic philosophy, the Centre was – like the School therefore easy to transfer to Honours Physics at the of Physics and Astronomy – awarded the top grade beginning of any academic year. Physics with for teaching in the last full QAA review. Philosophy students have the same level of tutorial support in physics and mathematics as Honours Physics students and, in addition, participate in seminar groups together with a staff member of the Centre for Philosophy for each philosophy unit. The course also promotes areas of physics that complement the option stream in philosophy. For example, the physics course unit, Physics and Reality, discusses issues such as the nature of space and time and the implications of quantum mechanics for determinism and the nature of cause and effect. This is a core course unit for Physics with Philosophy students.

22 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Course structure Career opportunities During your first three years, you take the same core Graduates from this course have a diverse range of physics course units as Honours Physics, but only half desirable skills and are very well placed to take up the amount of experimental work in the laboratory. employment in many areas, from academic research Philosophy-based course units make up to work in industry. Employers very often want approximately 30% of your total study time. people who are adaptable, rather than those who are already trained along very specific lines. Typical course units from the Philosophy option stream include: Physics with Philosophy graduates learn to identify, analyse and solve problems, and to present their • Moral Philosophy solution in clear, precise and concise arguments. • Theory of Knowledge These are valuable skills in the workplace and provide • Philosophy of Science a good intellectual basis for vocational training. • Locke, Berkeley and Hume • Philosophical Values • Science and the Modern World • Metaphysics • Philosophy of Mathematics • Issues in Epistemology • Kant • Wittgenstein • Russell • Philosophy of Language You can also choose a set of course units on mathematical logic, including nonstandard logics, set and model theory. If you wish to take this degree to masters level, you will have a substantial amount of project work in both subjects. In one semester, you carry out a 24- day MPhys project in an area of physics, and in the other, you undertake an extended essay in philosophy in collaboration with a supervisor from the Centre for Philosophy. This project will typically involve the study of some area of analytic philosophy, or one that overlaps with issues relevant to physics. Your fourth year also includes specialist course units on topics such as the philosophy of emotions and intentionality, logical properties and consciousness, as well as more advanced course units in physics.

Physics and Astronomy 23 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics with Study in Europe

The degree of MPhys with What you study Honours in Physics with Study in In your first year, you mainly follow the core physics course units. In addition, a language unit is normally Europe is based on the core of the taken at a level appropriate to your initial Honours Physics course, but competence in your chosen language. This includes two lectures per week throughout the teaching year includes a year studying at a and is supplemented with language laboratories and university on the Continent. tutorials as needed. If you have already reached the appropriate level, you may omit some of the This course combines a comprehensive study of physics language course and replace it with additional option with an opportunity to study physics abroad for one course units in physics or another subject. year, gaining a working knowledge of a European language and experience of a different culture. In your second year at Manchester, you again follow the core course units of the Honours School of You could attend universities in France, Germany, Physics. You also replace two option units with a Spain and Italy. These are supported by the European language package designed to continue your general Union’s ERASMUS programme, which aims to foster language development and to introduce the more educational and cultural exchanges among the specialised vocabulary of physics. These aims are met countries of Europe. Our School has well established in part, where possible, by conducting physics links with the universities involved in the Physics with tutorials and other activities in the appropriate Study in Europe exchange programme. The Manchester language. The total workload in the language ERASMUS tutor is in close touch with tutors at the host package is equivalent to two lectures per week universities, to ensure well-integrated course structures. throughout the year. Since the student exchange scheme is largely In your third year, you study physics, rather than reciprocal, many students from overseas also study ‘cultural’ matters, in another language – although in at Manchester for one year or more. We normally most universities some language study is required. have ten to 15 exchange students every year in our School. Their presence enriches our School culture – The course units taken vary strongly from student to and allows you to learn more about your student and from university to university, and it is not prospective host universities. possible to go into detail here. You consult with the ERASMUS tutor in Manchester who, with an eye to For Physics with Study in Europe, a formal your particular strengths and weaknesses, selects qualification such as a GCSE in a suitable language course units normally available at the particular is desirable, and an AS- or A-level would be a European institute. These are normally at the same distinct advantage. Language tuition is available level as third-year course units at Manchester. As at at Manchester and normally forms part of the Manchester, laboratory work is usually a significant degree course. component of the third year. Because of the general challenges of living and In your fourth year, you return to Manchester to studying in a foreign country, you must show good complete your MPhys degree. You study a range of language skills by the end of your first year, and course units from the large list of options, including a obtain a good pass in your second-year examinations. number from other schools in the University. Practical If you fail to meet these criteria, you may transfer into work usually involves a semester of laboratory classes, the Honours School of Physics. Transfer to the followed by an extended project in the final semester. Honours School of Physics is possible for any student Again, the ERASMUS tutor plays an important role in who wishes to do so, at the start of any academic ensuring continuity in your studies. year up to third year. Accommodation for the year abroad is normally arranged with the help of the host university. The Study Abroad Unit and the course coordinator in Manchester can provide additional assistance.

24 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Course details

Assessment In your first, second and fourth year, assessment Physics with Study in Europe will equip you with follows the same pattern as for other students in strong bilingual communication skills, so that you will Physics and Joint Honours courses. You take be able to work effectively as scientists in Europe, in examinations for all of the lecture course units; multinational companies, and in companies with laboratory work is subject to continual assessment. European connections. Third-year assessment follows the normal practice at the institute that you visit. Graduates with good Honours MPhys degrees in Physics courses are eligible to proceed to a PhD Your final degree classification takes account of degree involving further study and research in a fourth-year examination and laboratory performance, specialised branch of modern physics. Graduates as well as contributions from the earlier years. from this particular course are in a good position to seek a research position at an overseas university. Where you study The School of Physics and Astronomy at Manchester has agreed undergraduate exchange programmes with the following European institutes: I love being a student • Germany: Freie Universität, Berlin; Ruprecht-Karls Universität, Heidelberg; Technische Universität at The University of Munchen, Munich Manchester and chose to come here first because of • France: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; the exemplary Physics Université de Paris-Sud, Paris; Université Claude degree course, which Bernard, Lyon; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble covers all the topics that interest me – • Italy: Universitá Degli Studi, Trieste including modern physics, such as relativity and quantum mechanics. The University • Spain: Universidad de Cantabria, Santander; facilities are excellent and the School of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid Physics and Astronomy has links with other major research centres, such as Jodrell Bank It is also possible to arrange a limited number of exchanges via the European Mobility Scheme for Physics and CERN, so the teaching is always up-to- Students (EMSPS), which enables students to study at date. As a prospective student, I found the a wider range of institutions throughout Europe. friendly academic staff very helpful and informative and I still find that the students are well looked after by tutors and mentors. Career opportunities Choose to pursue Physics with Study in Europe and “Apart from the academic side, Manchester is you will place yourself at a great advantage when a great city with the largest student you are considering your career opportunities (see population in the country, meaning that page 16). The combination of the numerical and student deals are everywhere. Manchester is analytical skills of the physicist, together with the a great place for a cheap night out, and the language skills and cultural experience gained from a Students’ Union caters to just about any other year studying abroad, provide very good prospects in activity that you may want to do with your a market that is increasingly dominated by the spare time. Since Manchester is a city European perspective. university, the halls of residence are only a short distance from the University and the There is a shortage of British scientists able to work centre of town, so it is very easy to get around. effectively in a European context, because of a lack of competence in any language other than English. In “When I finish my degree, I plan to stay contrast, many European degree courses embody a and do further study, and hopefully requirement of a foreign language. do research in astrophysics. Claire Burke

Physics and Astronomy 25 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Physics with Theoretical Physics

This degree is for you if you have Course structure a particular interest in the more The course is based on the core of the Honours School of Physics, together with the Theoretical mathematical and theoretical Physics option stream. Half of the core laboratory aspects of physics. Like the work is replaced by lecture course units and project Honours Physics course, this work on theoretical physics and mathematics. In your first two years, you study such subjects as course provides you with a solid advanced mechanics, mathematical methods and grounding in all aspects of physics, computing. In your third and fourth years, you begin to specialise, and more of the course can be directly both theoretical and experimental, related to theory; the core material of your earlier although a significant amount years now forms the foundation for advanced subjects such as quantum theory, electrodynamics and general of practical work is replaced by relativity. You have a great deal of flexibility in the lecture courses and project work later years and you may choose to pursue those in theoretical physics. aspects of the course that interest you most. Typical course units from Theoretical Physics include: What you study • Random Processes in Physics: Introduces the You concentrate on the option streams of theoretical mathematics of random events – a subject of physics and mathematics, although you may also choose direct relevance to many areas in physics, including some of the wide range of options open to students quantum physics and statistical mechanics on the Physics course. Since you take the core physics • Advanced Dynamics: Builds directly on the core lecture course units, it is easy to transfer to Honours course units in Dynamics and Relativity, considering Physics at the start of any academic year. the physics of the apparent forces experienced by We have internationally renowned theoretical observers who are being accelerated, the physicists working in many different areas in the properties of rotating bodies, the dynamics of School. Theoretical studies are currently underway in: relativistic particles and gravitation astronomy and cosmology (the modelling of intergalactic collisions, the early universe, the cosmic microwave background and gravitational lensing); biological physics (biophysically detailed, mathematical models of the heart); high energy particle physics (quantum chromodynamics, supersymmetry and Higgs physics); condensed matter (high temperature superconductors, phase transitions, disordered systems, fractals and chaos, quantum many-body systems); complex systems (from the stock market to the evolution of languages); and nuclear physics (from the structure of light and medium-sized nuclei through to quark-gluon plasmas).

26 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Course details

• Lagrangian Mechanics: The classical mechanics of particles can be described by using Newton’s Laws, or by Lagrange’s Equations; the second approach is more elegant and more powerful – for example Lagrangian Mechanics is not restricted to particles, but can also be used to describe fields such as the electromagnetic field, and is the starting point for Quantum Field Theory • Advanced Statistical Physics: Applies advanced ideas in statistical physics to study topics such as Brownian Motion and Population Genetics • Complex Variables and Integral Transforms: Deals with the properties of functions of a complex variable, an elegant subject in mathematics with many useful applications in theoretical physics Everyone says that the • Advanced Quantum Physics: Examines the best years of your life are quantum behaviour of particles moving close to those that you spend the speed of light and introduces Feynman’s path studying at university. integral approach to quantum mechanics Finishing the third year of my undergraduate degree • Quantum Field Theory: First introduced to describe at The University of Manchester, the quantum physics of electromagnetic fields, the I can assure you that this is not a lie. methods of quantum field theory unify much of Manchester provides everything one could modern theoretical physics, having many ask for – a strong and recognisable degree applications in elementary particle physics, and a once-in-a lifetime student life condensed matter physics and statistical physics. experience. Feynman diagrams are derived and used to study the interactions of elementary particles “When choosing The University of • Gravitation: Explains the details of Einstein’s Manchester, I mainly had in mind the General Theory of Relativity and the necessary excellent educational standards and the warping of space and time opportunity to achieve a degree with a high reputation throughout the world. • Early Universe: Discusses the development of the Studying for a physics degree here is cosmological model in the framework of relativistic definitely an advantage due to the gravity and particle physics excellent academics and, of course, the • Gauge Theories: Discusses in detail the origins facilities of the School. and nature of the fundamental interactions “Living here, you have the opportunity to Career opportunities experience both the vibrant Manchester city, as well as the charms of a university Because this course covers a wide range of physics campus. It would be unjust not to mention and mathematics topics, and helps you develop many the variety of clubs, bars, pubs and skills, graduates are well placed to pursue many restaurants that can be found here, ready different career paths after taking their degrees to satisfy every taste, from a quiet meal to (see also page 16). a big night out. What I personally Some go on to do research in theoretical or experimental appreciate most in Manchester is the physics; others go into teaching, science-related jobs in multicultural nature of the city, which is industry, or the civil service. Computing-related activities ideal to help an international student are particularly suited to students who are well versed such as myself feel at home. in the mathematical and analytical techniques Lora Ioannou acquired in our Physics with Theoretical Physics course. Career options therefore remain wide open.

Physics and Astronomy 27 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Mathematics and Physics

The Honours degree of Course structure Mathematics and Physics, run jointly The first two years of this course provide you with a firm foundation in the most fundamental aspects of by our School and the School of degree-level mathematics and physics. This permits Mathematics, is designed for you to choose from a wide range of high-level options in your third and, where appropriate, fourth students who wish to study both years. In your first two years, you undertake half as mathematics and physics in depth. much physics laboratory work as Honours Physics students. In your third and fourth years, laboratory You attend lectures, tutorials, work is optional and project work in mathematics, examples classes and laboratory physics and computing is available. sessions covering a broad range of The course workload is comparable with that of Honours Physics and Honours Mathematics students topics in mathematics and physics. throughout, and is divided approximately equally between the two subjects. In your first year, you take What you study core mathematics and core physics lecture course units. Course content is closely linked with the contents of Mathematics core course units include: the Honours degree in Mathematics and the Honours degree in Physics, and transfer to either of these • Calculus and Applications courses is possible at the start of your second year, • Calculus and Vectors provided that a sufficient standard has been achieved in the relevant subject. Transfer to the Honours • Linear Algebra Physics course can also be made of the start of your third year. The course may be taken for three years, • Sets, Numbers and Functions leading to the BSc degree, or for four years leading to Your second year is divided approximately 80:20 the masters degree, MMath&Phys. between core course units and options. Physics and Teaching in both Schools is greatly strengthened by Maths core course units include: the wide variety of research fields that are pursued by • Differential Equations the staff. Large and lively groups are active in both applied mathematics and theoretical physics. These • Introduction to Quantum Mechanics subjects frequently overlap and research on theoretical astronomy, chaos, fractals and fluids is • Electromagnetism carried out in both Schools. Other research topics in • Real Analysis applied mathematics include hydrodynamics, waves, elasticity, boundary layer theory and modelling of • Complex Analysis industrial processes. • Thermal and Statistical Physics Theoretical research undertaken in the School of • Fundamentals of Solid State Physics Physics and Astronomy includes high-energy particle physics, nuclear physics and quark matter, condensed • Wave Optics matter physics, high temperature superconductivity, phase transitions and disordered systems, and several areas of astrophysics.

28 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Course details

Career opportunities The list of option course units normally includes, Graduates proceed to a wide range of careers, including among others: all those typically associated with mathematics graduates and physics graduates (see page 16). • Algebra Many go on to do research in mathematics, • Fluid Mechanics theoretical physics, or experimental physics. Others • Metric Spaces go into teaching, science-related jobs in industry, or the civil service. While many graduates make direct In your third year, the core course units are: use of their physics and mathematics backgrounds, others use the mathematical and analytical skills • Bosons and Fermions acquired in the course by pursuing careers in actuarial • Nuclear and Particle Physics work, accounting and management. For a graduate in mathematics and physics, the choice of career • Electrodynamics remains wide open. • Computer Programming • Quantum Mechanics Physics option course units can be chosen from the list available to third-year physics students. Maths option course units are available from the main areas of research carried out by the School of Mathematics. These areas include: • Applied Mathematics (including fluid dynamics, numerical analysis and applied complex analysis) • Mathematical Logic • Pure Mathematics (including group theory, Lie algebra and topology) You have a great deal of flexibility in your fourth year. You must complete two projects, one in each School. The rest of the year is made up of options, which can include some third-year course units that you have not already taken. A number of more advanced option course units are available from the research areas covered by both the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics.

Physics and Astronomy 29 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Research at Manchester

In the latest Research Assessment As an undergraduate at Manchester, you will Exercise, Manchester was one of the top join a world-leading community of physicists with a huge variety of research interests. five UK Physics departments for the Expertise at the cutting edge of modern-day volume of world-leading and research helps us keep our undergraduate internationally excellent research. We degree courses up-to-date and provides you with now have two new Nobel Prize winners on a stimulating environment in which to study. our staff to add to the nine previous winners associated with our School. Research areas

Astronomy, Astrophysics Condensed Matter Physics and Cosmology Manchester leads the world in studying the The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JCBA) is one properties and uses of graphene, a single layer of of the UK's largest astronomy research groups. Our carbon atoms. New results concerning the structure research programme includes observational and of two-dimensional solids, the strange electronic theoretical studies covering almost the whole of properties and the potential for applications in modern astrophysics, from the discovery of planets electronics, devices and the simulation of highly orbiting other stars, to the origin of the universe in relativistic particles, have all come to light here. the Big Bang. The group is also a world leader in The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to radio astronomy-related technology development for Professors Sir Andre Geim and Sir Kostya Novoselov ground and space-based instruments. in recognition of the pioneering work that they Members of the group use telescopes working across carried out in our School. The National Graphene the electromagnetic spectrum, including those in Institute being built at Manchester will assist and Hawaii, Chile, the USA, the Canary Islands and encourage research and development of commercial Australia, together with space telescopes such as applications of graphene and related materials. Planck, Spitzer, Chandra and Hubble. A long heritage Also within condensed matter, there are experimental in astrophysical research includes playing a leading programmes specialising in ultra-low temperature role in the discovery of quasars and gravitational physics, especially super fluid 3He and 4He, including lenses and finding the first double pulsar, the most the study of quantum turbulence and so-called stringent test of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. “super solids”. There is also a strong interest in JBCA operates e-MERLIN, the UK's national radio meta-materials, or materials with a negative refractive astronomy facility, from the world-famous Jodrell index, and has developed some of these using Bank Observatory. This comprises an array of seven advanced methods of mesoscopic physics. optical fibre-linked telescopes, including the giant Lovell telescope, stretching 217km across England, Nonlinear Physics from Jodrell Bank to Cambridge. JBCA also hosts the international project office of the Square Kilometre Research in non-linear phenomena is focused on the Array and the UK regional centre for ALMA, the transition to turbulence and chaos in fluid flows, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. pattern formation in granular motion and instabilities in elastic materials. A significant part of the research in fluid dynamics is concerned with the transition to Biological Physics turbulence in a pipe, which is regarded as the Our biological physics research is focussed on outstanding problem in classical Physics. molecular biophysics and physiology. Biological molecules (DNA, proteins, surfactants etc) are studied Liquid Crystals at the single molecule level with newly developed optical and magnetic techniques. More traditional This soft matter research area has a programme of X-ray and neutron methods allow the study of research in many fundamental and practical aspects individual molecular bonds and their structuring. of liquid crystal physics, including electro-optic Electrical waves are modelled from the level of single effects, structure determination and nano and ion channels in cells all the way up to the polymer composites. They use synchrotron X-ray sophisticated orchestration of muscle contractions in facilities (such as those at Grenoble in France and the heart, and their subsequent relationship to Brookhaven in the US) in many of their experiments, cardiac disease. Similar ideas are being used to and collaborate closely with industry. explore issues of cognition and brain activity.

Physics and Astronomy 31 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Research at Manchester

Photon Physics Accelerator Physics We carry out research across a wide range of fields Our research in several areas of charged-particle using light as the fundamental probe. Research in beam acceleration is undertaken within the Cockcroft photon physics takes advantage of the facilities of the Institute of Science and Technology, which is £30-million Photon Science Institute which provides equipped with cutting-edge energy recovery linear state-of-the-art lasers, optical diagnostic systems and accelerators and unique circular accelerators, high sensitivity spectroscopic equipment. together with comprehensive diagnostic facilities. Work covers such diverse fields as laser probing of We have expertise in anti-hydrogen trapping studies, electron collisions with atoms and molecules, cold novel medical accelerators, Large Hadron Collider atoms, the physics of nanoparticles, laser tweezering (LHC) beam instability analysis, high accelerating field of microscopic samples, the development of novel gradient compact linear accelerators (CLIC), through solar cells and materials for LEDs that emit in the to extremely high gradient proton-excited plasma green/blue/UV parts of the spectrum. The group is wakefield accelerators. Our research has also active in the field of laser photo-medicine and demonstrated a new accelerator, EMMA (Electron biomaterials, in laser development and THz Machine with Many Applications), which has the generation, and collaborates with experimentalists potential for proton acceleration with medical and theoreticians from around the world. applications. We have international leadership in beam dynamics research on wakefields in the CLIC Nuclear Physics machine and on plasma acceleration. Many of our accelerator physicists collaborate on a daily basis with Our research programmes address key open major laboratories in Europe (CERN and DESY in questions in nuclear physics, such as how the particular) and further afield (with KEK in Japan and ordering of quantum states changes in increasingly SLAC in the USA). Our expertise extends from room neutron-rich matter and whether new symmetries temperature high gradient accelerators through to and new forms of nuclear matter appear in nuclei far highly efficient superconducting accelerators based from stability. The measurements have impact on on niobium technology. wider scientific issues, helping to explain, for example, how the elements and isotopes found in the universe were formed. Experimental research investigates the structure and reactions of atomic nuclei using a variety of techniques to study the properties of rare unstable isotopes, usually produced at international accelerator facilities. Our work includes studies of electromagnetic moments and nuclear radii, transfer reactions, rare isotopes produced in fission and nuclear lifetimes. More applied research projects are also underway to address technological problems in nuclear-power generation and medical imaging. Theoretical colleagues are interested in the effect of the symmetries of quantum chromodynamics on the behaviour of nucleons and nuclei. Studies are made of the fundamental questions of how a nucleus is bound together and how the properties of nuclei arise. This links closely to their interest in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates formed in atomic gases at extremely low temperatures, where many of the same theoretical tools can be employed.

32 Physics and Astronomy Undergraduate brochure 2014 Particle Physics Complex Systems and Statistical Physics We have a large and vibrant research activity which Manchester theoreticians work on a wide variety of covers the whole spectrum from particle theory and problems in which assemblies of many interacting phenomenology, through experiment to detector particles produce complex structures or patterns, design and development. Our theorists work on a using both theoretical and computational tools. wide range of particle physics phenomena, from These ideas can also be applied to areas outside supersymmetry and extra dimensions, through to physics, where the interacting constituents may not strong interactions and the early Universe. be particles, but agents (individuals, companies, species, etc). The experimenters are currently involved in the DØ experiment at the Tevatron in Chicago, and the ATLAS The ideas and techniques of non-equilibrium and LHCb experiments at the LHC, at CERN, Geneva. statistical physics can in this way be applied to many They have been closely involved in experiments that areas in biology, language evolution, the economy discovered the gluon and set a limit on the number and social systems. of quark and lepton generations. Recent experiments at the Tevatron and the LHC have produced the first Interdisciplinary activities evidence for a new particle with properties that match with the elusive Higgs boson, and are searching for The School maintains strong researching and the supersymmetric particles that are predicted by teaching links with activities in other schools within grand unified theories. They are also looking for the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences. For evidence to explain the disappearance of all example, The Centre for Atmospheric Science studies antimatter that was created at the Big Bang. processes important to climate change and air quality in the troposphere and lower stratosphere and their The group is also involved in the NEMO3 and Super areas of expertise include radiative transfer, NEMO experiments, which are situated deep precipitation and cloud electrification boundary layer underground, and the long-baseline MINOS+ processes, aerosol properties, cloud physics, remote experiment in the USA. These are designed to solve sensing and atmospheric dynamics, and atmospheric some of the mysteries of the neutrinos. pollution in the urban environment.

Many of our graduating students choose to stay on in our School to do PhD research, and there are opportunities for you in all of our research groups.

Physics and Astronomy 33 www.manchester.ac.uk/physics Campus map

Alan Turing Building (46) Schuster Building (54)

63 Alan Gilbert 83 Grove House 53 Roscoe Building Learning Commons 29 Harold Hankins Building 45 Rutherford Building 46 Alan Turing Building 74 Holy Name Church 01 Sackville Street Building 76 AQA 80 Horniman House 67 Samuel Alexander Building 36 Arthur Lewis Building 35 Humanities Bridgeford Street 56 Schunck Building 75 AV Hill Building 40 Information Technology 54 Schuster Building 73 Avila House RC Chaplaincy Building 59 Simon Building 09 Barnes Wallis Building 89 James Chadwick Building 32 St Peter’s House/Chaplaincy 49 Beyer Building 92 Jean McFarlane Building 27 Bowden Court 16 John Garside Building 13 Staff House Sackville Street 56 Burlington Rooms 48 John Owens Building 66 Stephen Joseph Studio 88 Carys Bannister Building 39 Kilburn Building 79 Stopford Building 05 Chandos Hall 02 Lambert Hall 57 Student Services Centre 89 Chemical Engineering and 63 Learning Commons 09 Students' Union (North) Analytical Sciences 55 Main Library 68 Students' Union Oxford 61 Chemistry Building 26 Manchester Business School Road 58 Christie Building East 22 Sugden Sports Centre 86 Core Technology Facility 29 Manchester Business School 78 The Academy 43 Coupland Building 1 West 11 The Manchester Conference 47 Coupland Building 3 16 Manchester Institute Centre of Biotechnology 31 Crawford House 81 The Manchester Incubator 33 Crawford House Lecture 44 Manchester Museum Building 65 Mansfield Cooper Building Theatres 14 The Mill 42 Martin Harris Centre for 87 Denmark Building 37 University Place Music and Drama 41 Dental School and Hospital 38 Waterloo Place 30 Devonshire House 25 Materials Science Centre 11 Weston Hall 70 Dover Street Building 91 McDougall Centre 71 Michael Smith Building 84 Whitworth Art 62 Dryden Street Nursery Gallery 06 Echoes Day Nursery 10 Moffat Building 51 Whitworth Building 77 Ellen Wilkinson Building 15 Morton Laboratory 50 Whitworth Hall 64 Environmental Services Unit 23 Oddfellows Hall 82 Whitworth Park Halls of 03 Fairfield Hall 85 Opal Hall Residence 20 Ferranti Building 07 Paper Science Building 69 William Kay House 17 George Begg Building 12 Pariser Building 52 Williamson Building 93 George Kenyon Building and 30 Precinct Shopping Centre Hall lof Residencel 34 Prospect House 09 Wright Robinson Hall 24 Grosvenor Halls of 08 Renold Building 60 Zochonis Building Residences 28 Ronson Hall

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