Tata Ruang Kota Ciamis Pascaperdagangan Dunia Abad Ke-19 – 20

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Tata Ruang Kota Ciamis Pascaperdagangan Dunia Abad Ke-19 – 20 Panalungtik: Jurnal yang memuat kajian gagasan dan informasi tentang budaya dan kehidupan masa lalu e-ISSN: 2621-928X Vol. 1(1) , Juli 2018, pp 41-60 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v1i1.5 TATA RUANG KOTA CIAMIS PASCAPERDAGANGAN DUNIA ABAD KE-19 – 20 Spatial City of Ciamis after the World Trade of the 19th - 20th Century Nanang Saptono Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat, Jalan Raya Cinunuk km 17, Cileunyi, Bandung 40623 E-mail: [email protected] Naskah diterima 15 April 2018 – Revisi 30 Juni 2018 Disetujui terbit 27 Juli 2018 – Diterbitkan secara online 31 Juli 2018 Abstract The capital of Ciamis Regency has experienced several displacements. During the reign of Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat the development of the capital was encouraged to develop into a city. After the kulturstelsel era, many European capitalists invested in Ciamis. At the beginning of the 20th century economic infrastructure, especially the means of distribution of commodities is much needed. Building economic facilities have sprung up in several locations in Ciamis. Such conditions result in the development of the city. This study aims to get a picture of the spatial layout of Ciamis and the city development process. The research method applied descriptive research. Data collection is done through direct observation in the field and accompanied by the utilization of instrument in the form of ancient maps. In the area of Ciamis City there are still some old building objects that can be used as a spatial bookmark of the city. At a glance the city's development spontaneously, but visible on the basis of existing infrastructure, in the 20th century the city of Ciamis showed a planned city. The growth of Ciamis city is of course influenced by several factors including economic and geographical factors. Keywords: city, layout, planned, industrial area Abstrak Ibukota Kabupaten Ciamis telah mengalami beberapa kali perpindahan. Pada masa pemerintahan Raden Adipati Aria Kusumadiningrat pembangunan ibukota digalakkan hingga berkembang menjadi kota. Sesudah masa kulturstelsel, kaum kapitalis Eropa banyak yang menanamkan modal di Ciamis. Pada awal abad ke-20 prasarana perekonomian khususnya sarana distribusi barang komoditi banyak diperlukan. Bangunan fasilitas perekonomian bermunculan di beberapa lokasi di Ciamis. Kondisi seperti itu berakibat pada perkembangan kota. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tata ruang kota Ciamis dan proses perkembangan kota. Metode penelitian menerapkan penelitian deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi langsung di lapangan dan disertai pemanfaatan instrument berupa peta-peta kuna. Di wilayah Kota Ciamis masih terdapat beberapa objek bangunan lama yang dapat dijadikan penunjuk tata ruang kota. Secara sepintas perkembangan kota berjalan secara spontan, tetapi yang terlihat berdasarkan tinggalan infrastruktur yang ada, pada abad ke-20 kota Ciamis menunjukkan kota yang terrencana. Pertumbuhan kota Ciamis tentunya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain faktor ekonomis dan geografis. Kata kunci: kota, tata ruang, direncanakan, kawasan industri 41 Panalungtik Vol. 1, No. 1, Juli 2018: 41-60 PENDAHULUAN kuna di seluruh dunia kebanyakan berada Permukiman merupakan di dekat aliran sungai. Sebagaimana kebutuhan pokok bagi masyarakat yang masyarakat Sunda, masyarakat Jawa juga berada pada tingkat budaya menetap. mempunyai dasar-dasar pertimbangan Kondisi geomorfologis suatu wilayah untuk menjadikan suatu lahan menjadi merupakan salah satu syarat dalam permukiman. Kota Yogyakarta yang pertimbangan pembentukan permukiman. dibangun oleh Sultan Hamengku Pada masyarakat Sunda terdapat Bhuwana I pada tahun 1755, dalam semacam pedoman untuk memilih suatu pemilihan lokasinya juga lokasi yang cocok dijadikan permukiman. mempertimbangkan faktor Pemilihan lahan dengan memperhatikan geomorfologis. Lokasi Kota Yogyakarta bagaimana letaknya, kemiringannya, berada di antara Gunung Merapi dan riwayat pemakaiannya, warna dan aroma Lautan Hindia, dan diapit enam sungai lahan, serta bentuk alamiah lahan. Salah (Sungai Progo, Bedog, Winongo di barat satu naskah kuna yang menjelaskan hal serta Sungai Code, Gajah Wong dan tersebut adalah Teks Warugan Lemah. Opak di timur). Menurut kajian Revianto Pada teks ini diterangkan kondisi dan Sri Suwito (2008) sebagaimana yang geomorfologis suatu daerah yang cocok dikutip Suryanto dan kawan-kawan, dan tidak cocok untuk dijadikan lokasi Kota Yogyakarta dinilai sebagai permukiman. Sebagai contoh, lokasi lokasi yang istimewa, karena memenuhi dengan geomorfologis berada pada lereng syarat-syarat sebagai kedudukan ibu kota timur bukit dengan kontur miring ke arah kerajaan (Suryanto, Djunaedi, & utara merupakan lahan yang cocok untuk Sudaryono, 2015, hal. 237). permukiman. Lahan seperti itu disebut talaga hangsa. Selain itu tanah yang Selain lokasi, kota-kota membentuk bukit dengan lahan datar di tradisional di Indonesia juga dibangun atasnya (ngalingga manik), lahan mengikuti pola-pola tataruang tertentu. memotong bukit (singha purusa), dan Pada masa pertumbuhan kerajaan- lahan yang datar (sumara dadaya) juga kerajaan Islam syarat-syarat pada merupakan lahan yang bagus untuk tataruang kota adalah adanya rumah permukiman (Gunawan, 2010). Salah untuk raja (keraton), alun-alun, pasar, dan satu contoh kota di Jawa Barat yang masjid. Kota-kota tradisional yang secara geomorfologis sesuai dengan merupakan warisan dari tradisi India konsep Warugan Lemah adalah merupakan cerminan kemauan jagad raya Majalengka. Lahan kota Majalengka (cosmic pretentions) sang raja condong ke arah utara yang merupakan (Basundoro, 2016, hal. 41). Meskipun lahan talaga hangsa yang baik untuk pada masa prasejarah sudah terbentuk permukiman (Saptono, 2014, hal. 48). adanya koloni-koloni masyarakat, namun Kondisi geografis dan perkembangan kota di Indonesia secara geomorfologis suatu wilayah memang tegas dimulai sejak adanya pengaruh sering dijadikan dasar pertimbangan budaya India. Secara umum berdasarkan untuk dijadikan permukiman. Kota-kota sejarah pertumbuhan aglomerasi di 42 Tata Ruang Kota Ciamis…..( Nanang Saptono ) Indonesia dapat dibagi dalam empat pada perkembangan kota-kota (Pontoh & periode. Periode I (abad ke-3 – 9 M), Kustiwan, 2009, hal. 66-72). sudah ada bukti hubungan antara Asia Tenggara dengan Cina dan sudah tumbuh Di kawasan Ciamis gejala aglomerasi namun belum ditemukan aglomerasi hingga membentuk suatu kota bukti. Tinggalan arkeologis yang sudah muncul sejak masa Kerajaan mengarah kepada adanya aglomerasi Sunda. Prasasti Kawali I menyebutkan adalah kompleks percandian Batujaya di nama Prabu Raja Wastu yang berkuasa di Karawang, percandian Dieng, Borobudur, kota Kawali. Raja ini yang memperindah dan percandian di sekitar Prambanan. keraton Surawisesa. Di sekeliling Kota Periode II (abad ke-9 – 14 M), Kawali terdapat parit yang dapat peninggalan tertulis menyebutkan adanya memakmurkan desa (Nastiti & Djafar, pemerintahan Kadhiri, Singhasari, hingga 2016, hal. 108). Parit dimaksud mungkin Majapahit. Pada periode ini kota pertama berupa saluran irigasi. Surutnya yang ditemukan adalah bekas ibukota kekuasaan Kerajaan Sunda dan mulai Majapahit di Trowulan. Hingga abad ke- berpengaruhnya pemerintahan 14 banyak diberitakan pada prasasti berlatarkan budaya Islam membawa pusat-pusat pemerintahan tradisional di perubahan di Ciamis. Pada 1595 pinggiran sungai yang dapat dilayari. Panembahan Senopati dari Mataram Periode III (abad ke-15 – 18 M), sejak berhasil menanamkan kekuasaannya di runtuhnya Kerajaan Majapahit berdiri Ciamis, yang ketika itu disebut Galuh, kerajaan baru di pesisir. Kota-kota seperti dengan cara mengangkat Wedana Gresik, Demak, Cirebon, dan Banten Mataram di Galuh. Pada masa bermunculan. Kota-kota tersebut berada pemerintahan Raden Adipati Aria pada semenanjung atau delta sungai yang Kusumadiningrat yang lebih dikenal dapat dilayari. Masa ini merupakan masa dengan sebutan Kangjeng Prabu, perdagangan dunia yang dipelopori oleh pembangunan ibukota Galuh digalakkan bangsa-bangsa Eropa. Sejak sekitar 1780 hingga Galuh berkembang menjadi kota beberapa kota di utara Jawa sudah Ciamis sekarang. Pembangunan dimulai dikuasai bangsa Eropa. Kota-kota di pada 1853 yaitu dengan pendirian pedalaman seperti Yogyakarta, Kartasura, Keraton Selagangga. Pada 1872 dibangun dan Surakarta masih tetap berdiri sebagai Jambansari dan kompleks pemakaman pusat pemerintahan pribumi. Periode IV keluarga bupati. Antara 1859 – 1877 (abad ke-19 – 20 M), merupakan babak beberapa gedung dibangun antara lain baru bagi kota-kota di Indonesia gedung kabupaten. Sesudah itu dibangun khususnya Jawa. Revolusi industri di gedung untuk Asisten Residen Galuh. Eropa mengakibatkan meningkat Selain itu juga dibangun tangsi militer, tajamnya kebutuhan bahan mentah seperti penjara, masjid agung, gedung untuk produk perkebunan, rempah-rempah, dan kontrolir, dan kantor telepon (Lubis, bahan mineral. Kebijakan kulturstelsel 2013). masa pemerintahan Van den Bosch dan Selain tekanan dari Mataram, kebijakan politik etis berpengaruh besar Galuh atau Ciamis juga mendapat 43 Panalungtik Vol. 1, No. 1, Juli 2018: 41-60 tekanan dari pemerintah kolonial. Pada Di antara awal perkembangan dan 1729 melalui Residen Cirebon para era revolusi industri, kota Ciamis bupati diperintahkan untuk mengalami perkembangan hingga dapat mengharuskan rakyatnya menanam kopi. disebut sebagai kota. Dalam konteks ini, Di Kabupaten Galuh, rakyat selain Ciamis sebagai kota dipandang bahwa dipaksa menanam kopi juga diharuskan pemukiman tersebut sebagai lingkungan menanam
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