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(Hodnotenie Rizika Z Príjmu Arzénu Z Potravín a Vody V Stanovisko/Opinion Hodnotenie rizika príjmu arzénu z potravín a vody v SR Risk assessment of arsenic intake from food and water in the SR Ing. Monika Ursínyová, PhD. Slovenská zdravotnícka univerzita v Bratislave Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava Po ďakovanie - Pracovníkom Oddelenia metalomiky, LF SZU: Ing. Vlaste Mašánovej, PhD., Ing. Ivete Uhnákovej, PhD. a Mgr. Zuzane Hušekovej za pomoc pri spracovaní dát a analýze As v materskom mlieku . - Ministerstvu pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR a Výskumnému ústavu potravinárskemu v Bratislave - Stredisko pre vyhodnocovanie výskytu cudzorodých látok za poskytnutie databázy. - Projektu SK0020, financovanému z Finan čného mechanizmu EHP, Nórskeho finan čného mechanizmu a rozpo čtu SR, z ktorého boli financované analýzy arzénu v materskom mlieku. ABSTRAKT Arzén (As) je pre človeka toxická látka, ktorá je široko distribuovaná v zložkách životného prostredia z prírodných a antropogénnych zdrojov s následným rizikom transportu do potravín a pitnej vody. Orálny príjem je pritom najvýznamnejším zdrojom expozície. Toxicita As je rozdielna v závislosti od formy. Anorganické zlú čeniny As sú vo všeobecnosti toxickejšie ako organické formy. Arzén preniká trasplacentárnou bariérou do foetu ako aj do materského mlieka. Hodnotenie rizika expozície človeka As vychádza z dostupných databáz analýz potravín a pitnej vody, ktoré uvádzajú len koncentrácie celkového As. Priemerné koncentrácie As v potravinách a pitnej vode v SR sú pod príslušnými limitmi. Z komodít jedine maximá pre jedlé tuky a oleje prevyšovali príslušné najvyššie prípustné množstvá. Pri porovnaní koncentrácií As v jednotlivých komoditách medzi lokalitami v SR boli najvyššie obsahy zistené v Košickom kraji. Hodnotenie nekarcinogénneho rizika z orálnej expozície As u bežnej populácie pri priemernom expozi čnom scenári nepreukázalo riziko, lebo bolo pod, resp. len minimálne nad hodnotou 1,0. Riziko sa zistilo len pri maximálnom celoživotnom expozi čnom scenári, ktorý je však nepravdepodobný. Riziko pre expozíciu doj čiat As z materského mlieka bolo pod HI 1,0 i pre maximálny expozi čný scenár. Karcinogénne riziko pre sú časný príjem potravín a pitnej vody bolo pri priemernom expozi čnom scenári pre dospelú populáciu 5,7.10 -4, pre doj čatá 2,8.10 -4. Pri nepravdepodobnom maximálnom expozi čnom scenári boli dosiahnuté hodnoty karcinogénneho rizika pre expozíciu anorganickému As z potravín a vody pre dospelú populáciu 1,7.10 -2. Pre doj čatá bola táto hodnota 4,5.10 -4 pre maximálnu expozíciu z materského mlieka. Pri porovnaní v rámci Európy výsledky koncentrácií celkového As v potravinách a pitnej vode v SR ukazujú, že patríme ku krajinám s najnižším priemerným orálnym príjmom arzénu. Napriek tomu je potrebné pokra čova ť v monitoringu zložiek životného prostredia a biologických materiálov so zameraním na stanovenia anorganického arzénu. Kľúčové slová: arzén, potraviny, pitná voda, expozícia človeka, hodnotenie rizika 2 ABSTRACT For human, arsenic (As) is toxic substance which is widely transported from natural and anthropogenic resources into environmental components with consequent risk of transport into food and potable water. Oral intake is the most significant source of exposure. Toxicity of As is different depending on the form. Inorganic compounds of As are in general more toxic than organic forms. Arsenic penetrates through transplacental barrier into foetus as well as into human milk. Risk assessment of human exposure to As results from available databases of food and potable water analyses, which quote only the concentrations of total As. Mean As concentrations in food and potable water in the SR are below the appropriate limits. The maximum limit was exceeded only in maximum levels of edible fats and oils. Comparing As concentrations in individual commodities between the localities in the SR, the highest contents were found in Košice region. Evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to As in general population considering the mean exposure scenario did not show risk, because the hazard index was below or only minimally above the value 1. The risk was only found when using the maximal lifelong exposure scenario, which is not probable. Risk assessment of infant exposure to As from human milk showed the hazard index below 1 also for maximal exposure scenario. Carcinogenic risk for present intake of food and potable water was 5.7x10 -4 for adult population and 2.8x10 -4 for infants, considering the mean exposure scenario. Using the non-probable maximal exposure scenario, the value of carcinogenic risk for exposure to inorganic As from food and water was 1.7x10 -2 for adult population. For infants, this value was 4.5x10 -4 considering the maximal exposure to inorganic As from human milk. The results of total As concentrations in food and potable water in the SR indicate that Slovakia belongs to countries with the lowest mean oral intake of arsenic within Europe. Despite this fact, it is necessary to continue in monitoring of As in environmental components and biological materials with specialisation in determination of inorganic arsenic. Keywords: arsenic, food, potable water, human exposure, risk assessment 3 MANDÁT „Hodnotenie rizika príjmu arzénu z potravín a vody v SR“ Experti národnej odbornej vedeckej skupiny (NOVS) pre kontaminanty v potravinovom re ťazci predložili na 10. rokovanie Komisie pre bezpe čnos ť potravín a výživu návrh na hodnotenie rizika príjmu arzénu z potravín a vody v SR . Komisia pre bezpe čnos ť potravín a výživu jednohlasne odporú čala návrh na hodnotenie rizika prija ť a ako riešite ľa odporu čila Ing. Moniku Ursínyovú, PhD. Hodnotenie rizika bolo pred jeho prebratím OBPV podrobené verejnej diskusii v rámci NOVS pre kontaminanty v potravinovom re ťazci. Preberacie konanie bolo ukon čené po zapracovaní prijatých pripomienok. Vypracovaním a zverejnením hodnotenia rizika na webovej stránke Ministerstva pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka Slovenskej republiky (MPRV SR) a na Platforme pre výmenu informácií Európskeho úradu pre bezpe čnos ť potravín (IEP EFSA) sa splní čl. 2, bod a), odsek 3 Dohody medzi EFSA a MPRV SR o zabezpe čení výmeny informácií o nepretržitom hodnotení rizika a pripravovaných názoroch v SR. 4 OBSAH ABSTRAKT........................................................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................... 3 MANDÁT............................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. ÚVOD................................................................................................................................................................. 6 2. CHEMICKÉ VLASTNOSTI ARZÉNU A JEHO ZLÚ ČENÍN .................................................................... 6 3. ZDROJE A POUŽITIE ARZÉNU ................................................................................................................ 10 4. PRINCÍPY HODNOTENIA RIZIKA........................................................................................................... 11 5. TOXICITA A METABOLIZMUS ................................................................................................................ 14 6. BIOMARKERY EXPOZÍCIE....................................................................................................................... 16 7. EPIDEMIOLOGICKÉ ŠTÚDIE VPLYVU ORÁLNEHO PRÍJMU ARZÉNU NA ZDRAVOTNÝ STAV OBYVATE ĽOV V SR ........................................................................................................................................ 17 8. ARZÉN V ZLOŽKÁCH ŽIVOTNÉHO PROSTREDIA ............................................................................ 18 8.1. Pôda............................................................................................................................................................... 18 8.2. Ovzdušie........................................................................................................................................................ 19 8.3. Voda .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 9. ARZÉN V POTRAVINÁCH A V PITNEJ VODE ...................................................................................... 24 10. HODNOTENIE RIZIKA Z ORÁLNEHO PRÍJMU U BEŽNEJ POPULÁCIE..................................... 28 10.1. Hodnotenie expozície z orálneho príjmu.................................................................................................. 28 10.1.1. Koncentrácie celkového arzénu v potravinách a pitnej vode v SR – dáta použité pre hodnotenie rizika .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 10.1.2. Časové trendy kontaminácie potravín a vody arzénom v SR ............................................................... 30 10.1.3. Porovnanie kontaminácie potravín a pitnej vody arzénom medzi krajmi SR....................................... 33 10.1.4. Príjem celkového arzénu z potravín ..................................................................................................... 39 10.1.5. Príjem celkového arzénu z pitnej vody................................................................................................
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