DOCSLIB.ORG

Sri-Lanka-Energy-Infrastructure-Sector-Assessment-Program-Executive-Summary.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sri-Lanka-Energy-Infrastructure-Sector-Assessment-Program-Executive-Summary.Pdf Report No: AUS0000803 . Public Disclosure Authorized Sri Lanka Energy InfraSAP Final Report . Public Disclosure Authorized April 30, 2019 . EAE . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank, the Directors of the IFC, or the governments they represent. The World Bank and IFC do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or IFC concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank and International Finance Corporation 2019. Sri Lanka Energy InfraSAP © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Overview of Sri Lanka’s Power Sector ............................................................................................... 24 2 Energy Investment Plans and Financing Needs ............................................................................... 257 3 Binding Constraints to Financing ..................................................................................................... 388 4 Roadmap to Address Key Constraints ............................................................................................. 554 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 69 References ................................................................................................................................................ 118 ii List of Figures Figure 1: Average Power Generation Cost from Current Sources ...................................................................... 18 Figure 2: Co2 emissions per capita ..................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 3: CO2 Savings in Base Case Compared to Reference Case ..................................................................... 20 Figure 4: LNG Import Prices ................................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 5: Base Case Capacity Addition as per LTGEP 2018-2037 (MW) .............................................................. 25 Figure 6: Capital Investment as per LTGEP 2018-2037 Base Case ...................................................................... 26 Figure 7: Potential Sources of Investment for Power Sector .............................................................................. 32 Figure 8: CEB Profitability Ratios ........................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 9: CEB’s Cash Flow Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 10: CEB’s Debt (2016) .............................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 11: Average Weighted Prime Lending Rate ............................................................................................. 44 Figure 12: Debt Trading Statistics in Sri Lanka .................................................................................................... 46 Figure 13: Government Bond’s Maturity Profile ................................................................................................ 46 Figure 14: Government Debt (% of GDP) ............................................................................................................ 48 Figure 15: Government’s Fiscal Deficit (% of GDP) ............................................................................................. 48 Figure 16: FDI Inflows (% of GDP) ....................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 17: Government Spending on Power Sector ........................................................................................... 49 Figure 18: Green Bond Structure ........................................................................................................................ 65 Figure 19: Power Sector Structure ...................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 20: Power demand evolution .................................................................................................................. 71 Figure 21: Sector wise power consumption ....................................................................................................... 71 Figure 21: Installed capacity evolution ............................................................................................................... 71 Figure 23: Power generation mix ........................................................................................................................ 72 Figure 24: Cost of power is higher than end user pricing ................................................................................... 72 Figure 25: Average cost of power from existing generation sources ................................................................. 73 Figure 25: Transmission and Distribution Licensees ........................................................................................... 73 Figure 27: Transmission Network Evolution ....................................................................................................... 75 Figure 28: Distribution Network Evolution ......................................................................................................... 76 Figure 28: CEB’s Transmission and Distribution Losses ...................................................................................... 76 Figure 30: Transmission Charge .......................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 31: Average Tariff by Indian State Distribution Companies (US Cents / kWh) ........................................ 80 Figure 32: CPC Facing Operational Losses due to Regulated Oil Pricing ............................................................. 85 Figure 33: LECO Distribution Losses .................................................................................................................... 86 Figure 34: LECO’s Profit Margins ........................................................................................................................ 87 Figure 35: IMF Program – Key Objectives ........................................................................................................... 94 Figure 35: Political Risk Insurance for Equity Investment ................................................................................. 109 Figure 37: PRG Arrangement ............................................................................................................................ 110 Figure 38: Liquidity PRG Agreement ................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 39: Bujagali Project Structure ................................................................................................................ 113 Figure 40: Kribi Project Structure...................................................................................................................... 113 iii List of Tables Table 1: NCRE Projects Implemented, by Technology (as of February 2017) .................................................... 15 Table 2: Financiers of Select NCRE Projects ........................................................................................................ 16 Table 3: CO2 Emissions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water for Energy
    Water for Energy H. S. Somatilake' 1.1 General information The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is a government owned and controlled utility of Sri Lanka that takes care of the general energy facilities of the island. The Ministry of Power, and Energy is the responsible ministry above the CEB. The CEB comes under statutory duty to develop and maintain an efficient, coordinated and economical supply system of electricity. Therefore the CEB has to: Generate or acquire supplies of electricity; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the generation of electricity; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the interconnection of Generating Stations and Sub-stations; Construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the transmission of electricity in bulk from Generating Stations and Sub-stations to such places as may be necessary from time to time; Distribute and sell electricity in bulk or otherwise. The ideas behind these obligations sound right, but the problem of the CEB is the shortage of generating capacity. The current installed capacity of 1838 MW (the CEB owns about 90% of it, the private sector owns the rest) allows only a generation of about 6.800 GWh, while far more electricity is needed Because of this, Sri Lankan energy users often have to reckon with power cuts. A 'power cut schedule' (among other things mentioned on the website of the CEB) indicates the dates and time of the power cuts for the next week. This is not an encouraging sign while the demand for electricity has been growing at an average annual rate of 8% and is expected to grow at the same speed in the foreseeable future.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Infrastructure
    3 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE easures aimed at improving the provision of economic and social infrastructure continued, with progress in energy supply, transportation and telecommunication activities as well as health and education services. A mechanism has been established Mto ensure cost-reflective domestic fuel pricing. Accordingly, against the backdrop of elevated global crude oil prices, the first major revision of domestic petroleum prices, since January 2015, took place in May 2018, and a series of regular revisions followed. The dependence on thermal power in electricity generation was somewhat limited during the first seven months of 2018, due to increased hydropower generation supported by favourable weather conditions. However, electricity tariffs that are in general below the cost recovery levels highlight the need for expediting the adoption of a cost-reflective electricity tariff as well. With regard to transport infrastructure, several projects to improve the road and expressway network continued. Port activities continued to record significant growth while the performance of the civil aviation sector improved, particularly with increased tourist arrivals. Meanwhile, the government continued to provide social infrastructure, increasingly supported by private sector participation in such service provision. Initiatives were taken to address some of the resource constraints in the education sector, with greater emphasis on technical and vocational education. The health sector continued to support the wellbeing of the people, although there was a surge in the incidence of some communicable diseases, namely influenza and leptospirosis, during the period under review. Moreover, social safety nets continued to support economically vulnerable sectors of the society. However, amidst the demographic transition and structural reforms that are taking place in the country, the need for better targeting of social security schemes should also be addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka: Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road
    SRI LANKA ENERGY SECTOR ASSESSMENT, STRATEGY, AND ROAD MAP DECEMBER 2019 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SRI LANKA ENERGY SECTOR ASSESSMENT, STRATEGY, AND ROAD MAP DECEMBER 2019 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2019 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2019. ISBN 978-92-9261-888-9 (print), 978-92-9261-889-6 (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS190557-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS190557-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
    Ceylon Petroleum Corporation toopeR launnA- 2008 වා৒ක වාතාව - 2009 CONTENTS Description Page Our Vision and Mission 1 Corporate Information 2 Senior Management 3 Directors’ Report 4 - 11 Chairman’s Report 12 - 21 Statement of Value Added 22 Highlights 23 Corporate Governance 24 - 28 Financial Statements 29 Income Statement 30 Balance Sheet 31 Statement of Changes in Equity 32 Cash Flow Statement 33 Significant Accounting Policies 34 - 44 Notes to the Financial Statements 45 - 58 Ten Year Summary 59 - 61 Auditor General’s Report 62 - 87 Glossary of Financial Terms 88 Abbreviations 89 OUR VISION To be the premier customer driven, environmental friendly, enterprise in the petroleum and related industries in the region while contributing towards the prosperity of our nation. OUR MISSION To achieve excellence in petroleum refining, sales and marketing of high quality products through a loyal and efficient dealer network and by providing total solutions and services exceeding customer expectations, while utilizing a high technology base for growth and development of the enterprise by employee participation and innovation and maintaining high ethical norms in all its activities with highest concern for health, safety and environment and meet the expectations of the stakeholders. 1 CORPORATE INFORMATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTOR Mr. Asantha L.F.De Mel (from 01/01/2008 -28/11/2008) Major General Asoka Thoradeniya, USP (from 01/12/2008) DIRECTORS Mr. Methsiri Wijegunawardana Mr. Saliya Rajakaruna Ms. Kanthi Wijetunge Mr. David Charitha Goonaratne Mr. M.U.M. Ali Sabry (from 01/01/2008 to 04/04/2008) Mr. W.K.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceylon Electricity Board Short Initial Environmental
    DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD NATIONAL GRID DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LOAN AGREEMENT NO: SHORT INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION ENVIRONMENT UNIT CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD COLOMBO SRI LANKA March 2008 Page 1 Abbreviations ADB - Asian Development Bank CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board db(A) - A-weighted sound measurement in decibels DS - Divisional Secretary EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EPL - Environmental Protection License GIS - Gas Insulated Substation GN - Grama Niladhari GS - Grid Substation IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IPP - Independent Power Producer km - kilometer kV - kilovolt LoI - Letter of Intent m - meter MVA - Megavolt Ampere MW - Megawatt NCRE - Non-Conventional Renewable Energy NEA - National Environment Act PSS/e - Power System Simulation REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW - Right of Way SEA - Sustainable Energy Authority SCC - System Control Centre SLBC - Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation SPPA - Small Power Purchase Agreement SPP - Small Power Producer VRR - Victoria, Randenigala, Rantembe Page 2 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Subproject 1: The System Control Centre 5 1.2 Subproject 2: Grid Constraints to Absorb SPPs 6 1.3 Subproject 3: Other Constraints in the Grid 8 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 8 2.1 Subproject 1: The New System Control Centre 9 2.2 Subproject 2: Augmentation of GSs to Absorb Renewable Energy 9 2.3 Subproject 3: Grid Strengthening
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Annual Report 2007
    Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Annual Report 2007 Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Annual Report 2007 This report is published in terms of Section 13 of the Fiscal Management (Responsibility) Act No. 3 of 2003 Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Annual Report 2007 Annual Report 2007 Ministry of Finance and Planning (as at st March, 008) His Excellency the President Mahinda Rajapaksa Minister of Finance and Planning Hon. Ranjith Siyambalapitiya MP Minister of State Revenue and State Finance and Deputy Minister of Finance and Planning PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS P B Jayasundera Secretary, Ministry of Finance and Planning Secretary to the Treasury Deputy Secretaries to the Treasury S Abeysinghe R A Jayatissa R H S Samaratunga L R De Silva Additional Secretary U R Seneviratne Administration U G K Samarasekera - Director General Operations and Review N G Dayaratne - Director General Management Audit Department P. M. P. Fernando - Actg. Director General K. M. Jayatillake - Additional Director General K. Mahalingam - Additional Director General Senior Advisors W D Lakshman - Senior Economic Advisor V Kanagasabapathy - Financial Management R P L Weerasinghe - Taxation Policy Fiscal Management Reform Program Ms. G D C Ekanayake - Project Director Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Ministry of Finance and Planning Sri Lanka Annual Report 2007 Annual Report 2007 Heads of Treasury Departments (as at st March, 008) National Planning Department B Abeygunawardena - Director General H.M.Gunasekera - Additional Director General B.M.S.Batagoda - Chief Executive Officer Project Management Bureau D S Jayaweera - Executive Director National Council for Economic Development External Resources Department Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • RFP Document
    Tender No: TR/RED&PM/ICB/2019/002-1/C REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 60MW WIND POWER PLANTS IN (1 – 10)MW CAPACITIES ON BUILD, OWN AND OPERATE BASIS International Competitive Bidding (ICB) PROPOSAL FOR WIND POWER PLANT TO BE CONNECTED TO MADAMPE GRID SUBSTATION (Capacity: ………….. MW) Tender No: TR/RED&PM/ICB/2019/002-1/C November 2020 Ceylon Electricity Board No. 50, Sir Chittampalam A. Gardiner Mawatha, COLOMBO 00200, SRI LANKA Ceylon Electricity Board: Request for Proposals for the Establishment of 60MW Wind Power Plant on BOO Basis (November 2020 – Madampe) 0 Tender No: TR/RED&PM/ICB/2019/002-1/C Government of Sri Lanka Ministry of Power (MOP) CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD Request for Proposals Establishment of Wind Power Plant on Build Own and Operate Basis Definitions 1. "Request for Proposal", "RFP" shall mean this document consisting of three volumes along with their Annexes, Schedules and Exhibits. 2. "Project Proponent" shall have the meaning ascribed to it in Section5 of Volume I of RFP. 3. “Project Company” shall mean the successful Project Proponent who have submitted a Performance Security 4. “WP” Unit of the output power achieved by a Wind Towers under the Standard Test Conditions. 5. “MW” Unit of output power connected to the National grid. Acronyms AC Alternative Current CEB Ceylon Electricity Board EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GSS Grid Sub Station IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 ECONOMIC and SOCIAL OVERHEADS
    Chapter 5 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OVERHEADS 5.1 Overview Significant shortcomings in certain key infrastructure could accrue by such changes. The introduction of a services in 2001 imposed a heavy burden on the economy. flexible pricing policy for petroleum products and proposed Power cuts were in force for about half of the year. The reforms to the power, petroleum and postal sectors are terrorist attack on the Katunayake Bandaranayake welcome moves in this direction. International Airport (KIA) and the subsequent increase in Public investment in infrastructure development fell the war risk premium on aircraft passing through KIA short of expectations in 2001, mainly due to budgetary brought the airport operations almost to a standstill on some constraints. Public investment in economic infrastructure fell days. An increase in insurance costs due to a war risk to 3.9 per cent of GDP in 2001 in comparison to the premium, as well as labour disputes, had a serious impact original estimate of 6.0 per cent and 2000 figure of 4.4 per on port operations. The weak railway infrastructure led to cent. Public investments in social infrastructure also fell to a large number of derailments and several fatal accidents 1.0 per cent from 1.3 per cent in 2000. This level of during the year. Moreover, inadequate supply of investment is inadequate when considering the deficient infrastructure services, operational inefficiencies and issues nature of infrastructure facilities in the country. Public relating to areas such as accountability, pricing and investments need to be raised, particularly in areas where overstaffing continued to exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Pumped Energy Storage System for the Randenigala Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka
    Pumped Energy Storage System for the Randenigala Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka Duminda Nalin Habakkala Hewage Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:161 Division of Heat & Power SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis in Energy Technology TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:161 Pumped Energy Storage System for the Randenigala Hydropower Plant in Sri Lanka Duminda Nalin Habakkala Hewage Approved Examiner Supervisors at KTH 2018-06-26 Miroslav Petrov - KTH/ITM/EGI Amir Vadiee, Miroslav Petrov Commissioner Local Supervisor Open University of Sri Lanka Dr. K.A.C. Udayakumar Abstract The main focus of this thesis work is to perform a preliminary evaluation for the introduction of a pumped energy storage system to an existing hydropower plant located on the Randenigala water reservoir in Sri Lanka. The selected power plant is located in an area where farming is done extensively, therefore electrical power generation and release of water for downstream irrigation purposes is to be properly coordinated with relevant authorities. The solution to this situation is to introduce a wind powered pumped energy storage power plant to the Mahaweli hydro cascade for the purpose of saving peak power for around half an hour. A feasibility study was carried out on the utilization of wind energy and excess power to drive the motors of the pumped storage system. Three versions with different numbers of pump motors and wind turbines have been considered to meet the half hour peak demand of the energy storage system. The optimum number of turbines and motor capacities and their number and brand have been selected with view of both energy and water management system.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceylon Electricity Board
    INVITATION TO BID CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Type Region / Place of Purchase of Price of the Bids will be opened Price of the Informatio Bid closing Procurement Value of Bid Bond Bids should be of Bid Division / Bid No. / Item Description & Quantity Bidding Documents Bid at information n Copy date & Time Committee (Rs) deposited at ICB/ Province TP. Nos. Document copy Download (Rs) (Rs) NCB Link Materials Generation MC/UKTPS/2020/028 2021/02/24 Mahaweli Chief Engineer, Upper 1,000/= 50,000/= Chief Engineer’s Office, Upper Kotmale Power N/A NCB (Mahaweli at Complex Kotmale Power Station, Payment shall Upper Kotmale Power Station, Complex) Supply and Delivery of Equipment for the Establishment of Communication Links 14.30 hrs. Procurement Niyamgamdora, be paid at any Station, Niyamgamdora, Between Remote Sites and Upper Kotmale Power Station. Committee Kotmale. branch to the Niyamgamdora, Kotmale. Kotmale. credit of Click here Telephone: Mahaweli 2021/02/24 at 0512233211 Complex 14:30 hrs. Fax : 0512233168 account People’s bank Head Quarters Branch 204- 2002-30085- 134 & produce the bank slip. Bid document may be purchased between 0900 hours & 1500 hours on any working till 2021/xx/xx Chief Engineer (Maintenance Engineering), Transmission Asset Bid Box available in the Office of the DGM (Tr. Transmission Management & office of the DGM (Tr. Asset Management & TR/AM&CM/ICB/2019/20/D 10.00 hr on Divisional Condition Monitoring Asset Management & Click Here Transmission 3,000/= 120,000 /= Condition Monitoring), N/A ICB* Supply and Delivery of 01 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Ceylon Petroleum Storage Terminals
    CONTENTS CORPORATE OVERVIEW 01 Vision & Mission 02 About Us 05 Performance Highlights - 2018 06 Year at a glance 08 Awards & Accolades OUR LEADERSHIP 09 Chairman’s Message 11 Managing Director’s Message 13 Board of Directors 16 Management Team MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS 19 Financial Capital 23 Manufactured Capital 28 Human Capital 07 Social & Relationship Capital 35 Natural Capital GOVERNANCE & COMPLIANCE 38 Corporate Governance 46 Risk Management 53 Annual Report of the Board of Directors 55 Report of the Audit & Management Committee FINANCIAL INFORMATION 58 Auditor General’s Reports 64 Statement Of Financial Position 65 Statement Of Comprehensive Income 66 Statement Of Changes In Equity 67 Statement Of Cash Flows 68 Notes To The Financial Statements 92 Detailed Income Statement 93 Five Year Financial Summary Corporate Information VISION TO BE MOST EFFICIENT PETROLEUM TERMINAL OPERATOR IN SOUTH ASIA MISSION TO REMAIN AS THE MOST EFFICIENT TERMINAL OPERATOR IN THE ISLAND, MEETING STAKEHOLDERS EXPECTATIONS AND COMMITTED TO MAKE PERCEIVABLE AND CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT IN THE LEVEL OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, WHILE PRESERVING THE QUALITY AND ENSURING THE EXACT QUANTITY OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BEING DELIVERED TO THE TERMINAL FACILITY USERS/CUSTOMERS, HONOURING THE HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY STANDARDS IN FORCE THROUGH DEDICATED PARTICIPATION OF A LOYAL, CONTENDED AND WELL TRAINED WORKFORCE, GUIDED BY THE FEEDBACK OF THE CUSTOMERS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC. CEYLON PETROLEUM STORAGE TERMINALS LIMITED ANNUAL REPORT - 2018 1 ABOUT US Ceylon Petroleum Storage Terminals Limited is a Company duly incorporate under the Companies Act No. 17 of 1982 in terms of Section 2 (1) of the conversion of Public Corporation or Government owned business undertaking into Public Companies Act as Common User Facility (CUF) consisting of Oil terminals, Storage Facilities, Pipeline and the Bowser Fleet, more fully described in the Government Gazette extraordinary bearing No.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Vehicle Fleet
    Public Disclosure Authorized Sustainable Transport Options for Sri Lanka February 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) Contents Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................v Abbreviations and Acronyms ..........................................................................................vii Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1 E.1 Background and Results ......................................................................................... 1 Approach.............................................................................................................. 3 Air quality trends ................................................................................................... 6 Vehicle fleet.......................................................................................................... 7 Fuel prices............................................................................................................. 8 Emission factors .................................................................................................... 9 Health damages..................................................................................................... 9 Results...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]