Greek Extractive Industry International Environment Profile – Prospects Greek Extractive Industry International Environment Profile – Prospects

Ref. Ares(2015)1814063 - 29/04/2015

GREEK EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROFILE – PROSPECTS GREEK EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROFILE – PROSPECTS

This brochure was printed with the sponsorship of G.M.E.A. In cooperation with the State, the society and the enterprises of the extractive industry sector, we lay down public policies in order to turn the mineral resources into a catalyst for the national economic recovery and growth.

The three axes of the policy that is being implemented currently are the following: 1. To promote and reveal mineral resources and assign their exploitation through international tenders in order to maximize the benefits for the national economy. 2. To valorize the mineral resources through rational exploitation processes and apply the principles of sustainable development. 3. To ensure significant offsets for the local society and socially fair allocation in conformity with the relevant national revenue.

We laid down the foundations for an integrated Mining Policy. The recent new Regu- lation of Mining and Quarry Works is a modern tool for safe and rational extractive works based on the principles of sustainable development. Moreover, the new Quarry Law shall be finalized soon. We promote International tenders for the exploitation of all financially attractive state owned mining areas. Also, we dynamically integrated geothermal energy, the most neglected type of green energy, into the country’s energy balance, through two international concession rounds. Our objective is to develop an economy that shall utilize, while respecting, the natural resources of the country thus contributing to upgrading the quality of life of the local communities. The available natural resources allow us to exploit them in order to face both the financial crisis and climate crisis change. If based on a vision, plan, determination and constant persistence, the Mineral Raw Materials can lead us to the top and help us meet the challenges related to our modern, sustainable and competitive economy.

YIANNIS MANIATIS

THE DEPUTY MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY & CLIMATE CHANGE

// 1 Feldspar Galena Calcium Carbonate Chromite Attapulgite

Ores and minerals of Greece

Bauxite Pyrite Kaolin

Pumice stone Lignite Magnesite Mn Ore Marble

Sulfure Bentonite Iron-nickel ores Olivine Perlite

Huntite Talk Fluorspar Quartz Sphalerite

Gold Lime stone Cupyrite Pozzolan Gypsum contents

01 \\ Introduction 04

02 \\ The importance of Mineral Raw Materials (MRM) for the modern society 06

03 \\ Global challenges 07

04 \\ The European Policy on the Mineral Raw Materials 09

05 \\ The Greek Mineral Resources and their importance for the national economy 11

06 \\ The Greek Extractive Industry and Sustainable development 14

07 \\ Development possibilities of the Greek mining industry, barriers, challenges prospects 16

08 \\ National Policy for the Exploitation of the Mineral Resources 18

// 3 01 Introduction

The adequacy of Mineral Raw Materials for MRM exploration and exploitation, (MRM) is a prerequisite for the sustain- strategies for the promotion of their able function, prosperity and progress efficient use and recycling and land-use of modern societies. All aspects of the planning policies for minerals. daily life, growth, progress and prote- In particular, with regard to the Euro- The adequacy ction of the environment depend essen- pean Union (EU), the demand for raw tially on the availability of the MRM. materials is much higher than the of Mineral Raw The affordable MRM and the reliable respective production. As a result, the and environmentally safe access to EU is fully or greatly dependant on the Materials is a them are of paramount importance for raw materials imports. Any disruption the sound functioning of the economy in the timely and on-going supply of the prerequisite both at European and global level. European market may affect its econo- Such fields as constructions, chemical my and its growth rate adversely. for the sustain- products, car manufacture, energy and renewable sources of energy, high tech- able function, nology electric appliances and electro- Therefore, the EU has already under- nics etc. depend exclusively on the taken initiatives to address the issue availability of the MRM. of the short and long-term availabil- prosperity and ity of the necessary mineral resources Based on the characteristics of the actively. In this context, through its global economy, in particular those of progress of communication COM2008/699 “The the last decade, it is expected that the raw materials initiative - meeting our demand for MRM will continue to grow modern societies. critical needs for growth and jobs in faster than before mostly because of Europe” (Raw Materials Initiative - the increase in the consumption level Greece is one RMI) to the European Parliament and in the fast developing economies of the Council, the European Commission China, India, South-Eastern Asia, Latin of the EU raised once again the issue of the shift America and Russia. Today, it is clear to an economy based on a more effi- that meeting the needs of a society for Member States cient utilization of the European MRM MRM in a sustainable way presupposes under ‘sustainable’ conditions for both a concrete strategy whose main pillar is that has the deposits and the environment while a targeted policy for the exploitation of stressing the need for securing a relia- its mineral resources significant ble and undistorted access of the EU to the raw materials of the international mineral The role of the extractive industry is market. to satisfy a great number of these fast resources increasing needs. Nonetheless, the great More specifically, the successful imple- demand for minerals, the specificities of mentation of the second pillar of the with great the extractive activity to be undertaken European Raw Material Initiative exclusively in areas where there are (“Fostering sustainable supply of raw industrial deposit sites, the global environmen- materials from European resources”) tal issues affecting the social impact of requires from the Member States to interest and a the activity, the multiple barriers that plan their respective national policies hinder access to them and are accentu- with the objective of ensuring smooth wide range of ated by the competition with other land access to the EU raw material deposits uses and the imposition of restrictive and sound production of the MRM that applications measures or distortions in the interna- may be extracted from these deposits. tional trade, in conjunction with geopo- litical interests, demonstrate the need for applying best sustainable practices

4 \\ To this end, the European Commission and thus reduce essentially the needs in Energy and Climate Change executives suggests the adoption of indicators (the the primary production of raw materi- and productive, professional and scien- European Commission Feb 2011 Com- als, reduce waste, protect the environ- tific bodies (Greek Mining Enterprises munication “Tackling the challenges in ment and improve the quality of life. Association, Institute of Geology - Mi- commodity markets and on raw materi- neral Exploration and Survey, Techni- als”) that will enable the Member States cal Chamber of Greece, Geo-Technical The Greek extractive industry is an to map the implementation course of Chamber of Greece) the main axes, the important sector of our country’s eco- best practices, as formulated by the necessary directions and policies and nomic activity providing the necessary respective ad hoc Working Group, the specialized actions required by a raw materials to a number of fields that which was set up within the framework National Policy (NP) for the sustaina- are essential for the national economy, of the implementation of the second pil- ble exploitation of the national mineral such as power generation, cement and lar of the RMI. resources aiming at harmonizing the aluminium industry, constructions policy for the MRM with the principle Also, the dialogue between European and construction materials industry of sustainable development and its cou- institutions, Member States and stake- etc. Also, it is a highly extroverted field pling with the other national sectoral holders about the development of a since its exports account for 65% of its policies. specific policy aiming at creating a total sales, which makes it an important Europe free of the pressing need to find production link both at the European huge quantities or resources (raw and and the international market. other materials) in order to support the growth of its members is underway. The suggested policy is defined In the above context, to respond to the as a ‘Resource Efficiency’ and its main situation and the modern needs, the objective is to optimize the use of Greek State developed, in cooperation resources in all EU productive activities with the Ministry of Environment,

// 5 The importance of the 02 mineral raw materials for the modern society

The material objects and substances that are mostly used on a daily basis are products or constructions based on mineral resources. This is not always easily understood because the mineral resources are not often used in their natural form and, therefore, they are not easily recognizable by the broad public. The dependence of the modern society on the mineral resources has greatly increased. This trend is not expected to change mostly because of the ever increasing population and the improvement of the quality of life in the The prosperity, the security and developing countries. the progress of the modern soci- It has been estimated that the average ety depend to a great extent on man uses about 400 tons of mineral the use of raw materials. The mo- resources during his life. Likewise, for dern society uses minerals for building Our needs for mineral raw materi- a 2 gr electronic chip, we need around the main networks, constructions and als and their products have increased 1660 kg of minerals, fuels and chemi- infrastructure (houses, buildings, rail- due to the modern requirements and cals and for constructing one km of way and road networks, airports, ports, the adoption of technologies aiming at national road, we need 30 000 tons of water and energy transport networks achieving the best protection of the na- aggregates. etc.), for generating power, for proces- tural environment. For instance, the sing waste, for the industrial production use of bentonite, talc and calcium car- of wide consumption products, machin- bonate for paper recycling, bentonite for ery, equipment, vehicles, chemical pro- sealing the landfill base or the nuclear ducts, medicine, cosmetics, digital tech- waste depositing sites, zeolite and ben- nology products and many other goods. tonite for water cleaning. Also, satisfying the essential nutrition Moreover, apart from the increased needs through the food production is needs for basic metals and ores, the

>>>>> mostlyΣυγκατοίκηση based µε τα ορυκτά!on mineral raw materials societyΟρυκτά που µαςis πάνε!increasingly dependent on forΌπως the ένας production άνθρωπος στηρίζεται of στο σκελετόinorganic του, έτσι και fertili- ένα theΣήµερα so-called έχει κίνηση και “high-technologyθα πάρετε τον ηλεκτρικό, metals”. σπίτι στηρίζεται στα ορυκτά του. Αν µπορούσαµε να περάσουµε αύριο είναι Σάββατο και θα πάτε µια οικογενειακή zers,ένα σπίτι agricultural από ακτινογραφία, machinery,θα βλέπαµε πως χρειάζονται pesticides, 150 Theseβόλτα µε τοare αυτοκίνητο found και µέχρι in τοrelatively τέλος rare natu- τόνοι βιοµηχανικών ορυκτών σε τσιµέντα, σοβάδες, τζάµια, του µήνα θα πεταχτείτε για µια δουλειά µε το irrigationχρώµατα κ.ά. και systems εκατοντάδες τόνοιetc. µεταλλευµάτων για τα ralαεροπλάνο! materials (Rare Earths, Platinum Μπορεί να µην το καταλαβαίνουµε, µεταλλικά του µέρη. GroupΧωρίς τα ορυκτά Elements θα πηγαίνατε παντού,etc.) αλλά that µε are neces- αλλά σε όλη τη διάρκεια της ζωής τα πόδια! Και αυτό γιατί για το αυτοκίνητό σας, Αντίστοιχα µεγάλος αριθµός ορυκτών είναι απόλυτα απαραίτητος µας θα χρησιµοποιήσουµε έως και saryχρησιµοποιήθηκαν for manufacturing περίπου 150 κιλά βιοµηχανικά high techno- και για τον εξοπλισµό κάθε νοικοκυριού. 400 τόνους ορυκτών! ορυκτά για τα τζάµια, τα ελαστικά, τα πλαστικά κ.ά. logyκαι περίπου products, 1 τόνος σε µέταλλα including όπως αλουµίνιο, printed circuits Αν κοιτάξετε γύρω σας, δεν τα σίδηρο και νικέλιο για τα υπόλοιπα εξαρτήµατα. βλέπετε µε την πρώτη µατιά. Αν boards, semi-conductors, high per- Αν για το αυτοκίνητό σας χρειάστηκαν τόσα πολλά όµως µπορούσατε να κοιτάξετε formanceορυκτά και µέταλλα, permanent φανταστείτε τι αναλογίες magnets, mobile καλύτερα, θα βλέπατε πως τα χρειάστηκαν για όλα τα υπόλοιπα µέσα µαζικής ορυκτά υπάρχουν παντού γύρω σας. telephones,µεταφοράς!Αλλά και TVοι δρόµοι and µην computerνοµίζετε πως screens, Σε κάθε σπίτι, σε κάθε γραφείο, στα πάνε πίσω. Απλά σκεφτείτε πως για κάθε ένα αυτοκίνητα, στις τηλεοράσεις, στα domestic appliances, photovoltaic sys- χιλιόµετρο της εθνικής οδού, χρειάζονται 30.000 φάρµακα, στα καλλυντικά, ακόµη tems,ΤΟΝΟΙ ορυκτών! wind turbines and hybrid - elec- και στην καρέκλα που κάθεστε αυτή τη στιγµή και στην οδοντόκρεµα που tric Τα ορυκτά cars. µάς φτιάχνουν τη ζωή! βουρτσίσατε τα δόντια σας σήµερα Από τη στιγµή που µπήκαν στη ζωή µας τα ορυκτά, το πρωί! η καθηµερινότητά µας άρχισε να εκσυγχρονίζεται. Τα ορυκτά αγκαλιάζουν την Αρκεί να σκεφτούµε πως χωρίς αυτά, θα ζούσαµε καθηµερινότητά µας και βρίσκονται µε τα κεριά, γιατί πολύ απλά δεν θα είχαµε παντού και σε όλα γύρω µας. λάµπες, άρα ούτε και φως. Αντίστοιχα δεν θα µπορούσαµε να επικοινωνήσουµε ούτε από τον υπολογιστή, ούτε από το κινητό, αλλά ούτε από το σταθερό τηλέφωνο γιατί κι αυτά δε θα υπήρχαν! 6 \\ Από τις πόρτες και τα κουφώµατα, µέχρι το καλοριφέρ την ηλεκτρική κουζίνα, το FAX, MAIL, CD, MP3, DVD, GPS και φυσικά πλυντήριο, τα πιάτα και τα µαχαιροπήρουνα, Internet θα έπρεπε να τα ξεχάσετε µιας και θα ακόµη και την άµµο για τη γάτα µας, τα αποτελούσαν ακόµη σενάρια επιστηµονικής ορυκτά είναι παντού ανάµεσά µας!! φαντασίας!

www.orykta.gr Global 03 challenges

The on-going increase in the global po- The mineral raw materials are non The recycling of other categories of pulation, its particularly quick urbani- renewable natural resources. Neverthe- materials such as those originating zation and the increase in the goods uti- less, the products made by them have from industrial minerals or the ores lization rate in the modern life lead to a limited, medium or great potential themselves if used directly for industri- an unprecedented demand for metals, for recycling depending on the nature al purposes, is more difficult and very industrial minerals, ornament stones, of the raw materials, the nature of the often practically impossible. In cases building materials and aggregates. products and their final use. like glass, recycling saves mineral raw On the other hand, with the course of For instance, the produced metals have materials while in cases where indus- time, the conflicts in the land uses get a great recycling potential and a long trial ores are used in direct uses (for increasingly intense and the licensing life cycle. Yet recycling can only respond ex. perlite as a construction material, processes for the extractive works more partially to the increasing demand for attapulgite as an absorption material and more difficult, demanding and par- metals. As a typical example, we can etc.) their recycling, recovery or reuse ticularly time-consuming thus leading refer to copper. Even though 80% of the is particularly limited. to reducing further the raw materials produced copper is recycled, the recy- The possibility of recycling aggregates availability degree. cled quantities only meet 1/3 of the cur- from old constructions or other sources In spite of the continuous increase in rent needs because of the fast increase in is limited due to the quality require- the demand and the licensing-related the demand for copper and the fact that ments that need to be fulfilled, if they difficulties, satisfying the future needs its products average lifespan is higher are to be used in anti-seismic construc- of the international society for MRM than 30 years. Nonetheless, the increase tions in countries with a high degree of could be achieved through an increase rate of the demand for metals may slow seismic activity. in their primary production, their down through an appropriate eco-design more efficient use and the improve- of the products and the improvement of ment of their recycling processes and the recycling efficiency. technologies. The increase in the MRM primary production requires intensifying the research aiming at discovering new deposits, improving the exploitation of 80 Aluminium the existing exploitable reserves and 70 exploiting at bigger depths deposits or 2007 - 2030 deposits of poorer quality that due to 60 Total = 1200 Mt technological developments, their geo- graphical position, the demand and the 50 price levels, the restrictive trade mea- 40 sures and other policies from producer Mt Al 1900- 2006 countries may become economically 30 Total = 800Mt exploitable. 20 Given the foregoing trends, we expect in the future, on the one hand, a con- 10 stant increase in the price of the mineral raw materials and, on the other, the 0 constant improvement of the recycling 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20002010 2020 2030 efficiency and the MRM reuse in gene- Year ral as well as the exploitation of the se- condary raw materials and the research \\ Projection of global needs in aluminium on alternative materials. It must also be pointed out that the

// 7 It is more imperative than ever, that countries develop a coherent mining policy for the exploitation of their mineral wealth

modern civilization uses more com- called “Critical Raw Materials’. Specific plex technologies aiming at limiting the measures must be taken in order to sa- environmental footprint of the products tisfy the needs of the European indus- and creating more environmentally- try for these materials either through friendly infrastructure such as power the application of the adequate poli- generation without using fossil fuels. cies towards the producer countries or Nonetheless, the changes in the produc- research initiatives aiming at their sub- tive structures and requirements create stitution by other less rare materials. new needs for mineral resources. The To conclude, it is pointed out that the advantages of these changes include success of securing the supply of raw a more qualitative and quantitative materials depends on their availability diversification in terms of the needs for at that period of time, which, in turn, raw materials. is determined by a number of decisive factors such as the available deposits, A typical example is the progress of the technologies used at the exploitation of renewable sources of energy (wind tur- bine, photovoltaics etc.) and the manufacture of hybrid cars that created new needs for rare earths in such quantities per year that were unthinkable twenty years ago. The recycling of such materials can only satisfy a small part of the global needs. Covering the total demand requires large-scale exploration and extractive works and effective tech- niques for recovering them from waste and discards. It is also known that such mineral resources as the rare earths that are required for high technology construc- the current technological and economic tions or technological innovations have conditions, the use and trade policies a limited availability mostly due to geo- for RMR applied in each country etc. political and economic interests and to That is why, it is more imperative than the industrial competition among big ever that countries develop a coherent industrial powers on the world stage. mining policy. Therefore, the smooth supply of such materials, especially in European countries, which have very small reserves compared to their needs, is considered to be particularly insecure. Based on this, within the framework of the follow-up of RMI, the European Commission conducted a study, which resulted in the identification of the so-

8 \\ The European policy 04 on the mineral raw materials

Since 2007, the European Union has produced in the EU. The share of the «Securing reliable and undis- acknowledged that the availability of primary production metals and mine- torted access to raw materials is mineral resources is a very important rals in the total EU consumption is fal- increasingly becoming an impor- factor for prosperity and progress. ling slowly as recycling becomes more tant factor for the EU’s competi- The consolidated net turnover of such efficient and new substitutes for many tiveness and, hence, crucial to the fields as constructions, chemical pro- materials are invented. success of the Lisbon Partnership ducts, car manufacturing, aeronautics, However, it is expected that, given the for growth and jobs». machinery and general equipment con- market instability, the European indus- structions amounts to about 1.3 trillion tries will remain vulnerable for a long euro and employs 30 million people. This initiative has now become a policy time while it is most likely that their on raw materials through the joint deci- In the recent years, some developing supply flow with the necessary mineral sions of the EU institutions. countries like China and India consume raw materials will be disrupted. radically increasing quantities of raw Likewise, the sustainable supply of materials and, as a result, have given a aggregates faces important challenges It is based on three specific pillars: highly strategic character to their mi- in Europe due to the big regional dif- 1. Ensure access to raw materi- ning policies. In the medium term, this ferences and discrepancies in terms of als from international markets shall undoubtedly create competitive available exploitable deposits. with transparency and under difficulties to the supply of raw mate- To improve the long-term availability the same conditions as other rials by the European countries since industrial competitors. their industry is greatly dependant on of raw materials, the Communication the imports of such materials. of the European Commission to the 2. Set the right regulatory frame- European Parliament and the Council: work conditions within the EU The EU Member States consume The raw materials initiative — meeting in order to foster sustainable around 25-30% of the metals produced our critical needs for growth and jobs supply of raw materials from worldwide, while, on the contrary, the in Europe” (Raw Materials Initiative) European sources and estab- metal production in the EU accounts stresses that: lish a unique EU geological for only 3% of the global production. database. Also, many critical metals are not at all

// 9 3. Boost overall resource effi- about the uses of the raw materials The document highlights the impor- ciency and promote recycling in the European industry, it identi- tance for Member States to develop a to reduce the EU’s consump- fied fourteen “Critical Raw Materi- targeted and concrete policy for the tion of primary raw materials”, the availability of which greatly exploitation of the mineral resources als and decrease the relative affects the smooth operation of the and establish a geological and spa- import dependence. EU industrial production (Report on tial database in order to get informa- critical raw materials). To eliminate tion about the European resources of the risks related to any lack of such raw materials and their exploitation Furthermore, the Commission recom- materials, the European Commission possibilities. mends the following priority actions: proposes specific policies on their In this context, the identification of • Adoption of integrated measures by supply, their more effective recycling, the European indicators that will help both the EU and the Member States waste and discards utilization and, assess the application of the best prac- to promote further the exploitation finally, research on substitutes. tices is underway. of significant European deposits of mineral resources. Moreover, the European Commission issued guidelines on the application of NATURA 2000 decision-making framework in the case of extractive activities in the NATURA network A balanced relationship can be reached (Non energy mineral extraction and NATURA – Guidance document). between the development and the protection of the enviroment. It should be pointed out that the MRM are one of the main subjects and development objectives of the new Euro- The valorization of the countries’ pean strategy on Innovation for 2020 (Europe 2020- Flagship Initiative natural resources must be in accordance Innovation Union). To this end, the role of the recent Communication of the with the minimization of the European Commission (“Tackling the environmental footprint challenges in commodity markets and on raw materials”-(COM 25/2011)) is important. In addition, the Commission is considering launching a new partnership, “European Innovation Partner- • Parallel support of the know-how and - To implement the second pillar of ship: Non Energy Raw Materials for the development of new technologies the RMA and given that according to a Modern Society” whose main goals • Encourage transparency at the global the European Commission it is nec- include the development and applica- market or raw materials. essary to ensure a favorable operation of new environmentally-friendly technologies on the exploration, extrac- • Waste reduction. tion framework for the extractive activity through the optimization of tion, processing, waste management • Maximum exploitation of the pro- the relevant legislation, the licens- and the search for substitutes for at duced materials. ing process and the land-use plan- least three critical raw materials. • Maximum decoupling of the produc- ning, a working group was set up to tion from the consumption of natural record and agree upon the best prac- Additionally, the European Commis- resources. tices between Member States, which sion proposed to the other European • Promotion of sustainable exploita- were then recorded by the European institutions an enlarged policy on the tion of the mineral resources and Commission in an ad hoc document resource effectiveness, including the recycling. (Report “Improving Framework Con- MRM called Resource Efficiency with ditions for Extracting Minerals for • Determine the raw materials that are the objective of developing a single EU EU – Exchanging best Practice on development strategy. critical (strategic importance) for the Land Use Planning, Permitting and EU. Geological Knowledge Sharing”) in In this regard, a broad dialogue has To specialize this policy, the European order to serve as guidelines for the been initiated among the Member Commission took the following action: implementation of the policy for the States and the stakeholders. optimal use of the European mineral - Following a relevant analysis tak- resources. ing into consideration all the data

10 \\ The Greek Mineral 05 Resources and their importance for the National Economy

Greece is one of the EU Member States that has significant mineral resources in terms of quality, quantity and variety of ores and minerals with a great industrial interest and a wide range of applications. This is a fact, which, if coupled with the needs of the Euro- pean and international community for MRM, offers comparative advantages to our national economy. The Greek extractive industry is an important sector of our country’s economic activity (together with the cor- responding manufacturing sector it accounts for 3-5% of the GDP) providing raw materials to a number of other equally important sectors such wide), which allows it to satisfy most of holds the 8th position amongst the as power generation, cement industry, its power generation needs. countries with the largest reserves building/construction industry, non- The extractive sector is highly extro- and is the EU’s major bauxite pro- ferrous metals (aluminium, nickel etc.), verted as the exports of primary and ducer (the output is permanently over stainless steel industry etc. processed materials account for over 2 million tons yearly). Furthermore, 65% of its sales, while some companies given that the Greek bauxite belongs of this sector are highly ranked at the to the category of the monohydrates It must be stressed that our country European and international markets of compared to most widespread depos- has sufficient aggregate construction bauxite, alumina, aluminium, nickel, its containing trihydrate (3rd global materials while it also produces signifi- caustic magnesia, bentonite, perlite, producer in this material), is a raw cant metallic ores, metals and indus- pumice stone and marbles. material of paramount importance trial minerals, some of which are highly for the stainless steel industry and ranked worldwide in terms of reserves In the last decade, there has been a the high alumina cements in which and output. Indicatively, it is pointed trend of using industrial minerals in Europe has a pioneer position in the out that Greece is the only country in innovative, specialized environment- global market. the world producing huntite/hydro- driven and high value-added uses (e.g. - In the nickel field, the production of magnesite, has the largest production bentonite, perlite, attapulgite, amphi- ferro-nickel (FeNi) satisfied 7% of all of perlite, the second largest production bolites, olivenite, calcium carbonate, the needs of the European market of pumice stone and bentonite and the industrial clays for special uses etc.). (2-3% of the western world) making largest exports of magnesite in the EU. As concerns the typical fields of mine- it one of the major European produ- All the above minerals are of unique rals exploitation in our country, we may cers and the only EU Member State quality and are widely used in nume- state the following: producing its own (domestic) raw rous industrial and environmental materials (Greek ferro-nickel depo- applications. - As far as bauxite is concerned, which sits-laterites). The total output (17-20 The country also has significant lignite is the raw material used for the thousand tons of nickel in alloy) is deposits with a yearly production of important domestic production of exported to the European stainless over 50 million tons (5th largest world- alumina and aluminium, our country steel industries because the main

// 11 product, i.e. nickel. is, alongside the silver resources in Northern Greece can The extractive industry is mostly deve- ferro-chromium, the main raw mate- turn our country into one of the largest loped in the countryside and does not rial in the stainless steel production. precious metal producers in the EU. require any particular incentives. It - In the field of magnesite and the pro- tries to generate value often in inacces- duction of magnesium products, our sible and distant regions without the Also, there is a major exploitation in necessary specialized workforce which country has important exports and is the field of aggregates - construction ranked among the world’s major pro- is valorized and evolves with the help of materials where, in the recent years, the scientific personnel that it employs. ducer countries. the annual production varied between 50-90 million tons. Following these efforts dating back from the establishment of the Greek State, In the traditional marble field, our two centuries ago, the country’s natu- country is still a leader in the interna- Besides, our country has a considerable ral geological resources have become tional markets thanks to its quality and geothermal potential that is also sui- an economic wealth that is valuable for rich variety of colors and types of Greek table for power generation in various the national economy, the progress of marbles, especially the white and the areas e.g. the islands of the volcanic the province and for securing the main light-colored ones. Despite the recent arc of the Aegean Sea (Milos, Santorini, material resources and national reve- adverse conditions because of the Nisiros), Lesvos, Chios, Samothrace, nue for the Greek economy. intense international competition, the Alexandroupoli etc. Such islands as crisis in the building and construction With respect to the essential question of Milos, Santorini and Nisiros have high employment, given that in average each sector and the environment and licen- enthalpy geothermal fields with a 150- sing-related requirements, there are job position in the mining sector sup- 350 οC temperature and a total geother- ports about 4 jobs in the tertiary sector, still about 190 quarries in the country mal potential of at least 250 MW(e). with a total output of marble products the social and development contribu- of 1 million tons. It is pointed out that the geothermal tion of the extractive works becomes of energy is a mild renewable source of paramount importance for the country, energy, whose use for power generation especially the province where most of It should be highlighted that our coun- or thermal applications, brings about the mining enterprises are found. If try has important deposits of mixed important environmental benefits. The we add to these the contribution of the sulfide minerals (lead, zinc, copper use of the geothermal energy shall be units producing value-added products containing silver and gold) and epither- intensified at a national level through from the national industrial processing mal gold, in many areas of Northern two rounds of international tenders on of domestic extracted materials (e.g. Greece (Halkidiki, Evros, Rodopi, Kil- the lease of research rights of the geo- aluminium production from bauxite, kis), which give great prospects to the thermal potential. nickel production from laterite, cement mining sector. The value of the metals production from limestone etc), the role contained in the proven polymetal- of the extractive sector becomes par- lic reserves and also gold and silver is The extractive industry (lignite mines ticularly important for the country’s estimated to be over 20 bn euros with included) and the main metallurgies industrial base and national economy. gold quantities amounting to 8.5 mil- of the country employ directly 20-23 lion ounces and silver ones to 65 mil- thousand employees (all forms of lion ounces. employment) and indirectly 90-100 Annex I presents maps of the mining thousand people. and quarry activities of the country. Only the exploitation o the proven gold- Annex II illustrates the main MRM produced in our country. There are indicative data about the production and exports in the last five years per sector and material. The data come from the statistical database of the Department of the Policy of MRM at the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change and the reports that are published on a yearly basis by the Greek Mining Enterprises Association.

The importance degree of the Greek \\ Restoration of quarry “Greek Magnesite” mineral resources varies depending on the use, the origin, the consump-

12 \\ - Other MRM satisfying mostly the local and regional needs but also the needs of the domestic cement industry for raw materials.

As a result, the national mining policy on mineral raw materials needs to take into account not only the key points of the European initiative for raw materials (R.M.I.) but also the foregoing analysis on the importance of the various mineral resources with particular emphasis on materials affecting directly the Greek economy and regional development. By doing so, the national policy on mineral resources will be able to lead to the adequate planning for the exploitation of the country’s mineral resources in accordance with the standards of European and other countries with significant mineral resources. The long-term objective of the national policy on the exploitation of the country’s mineral resources is to secure the smooth operation and further development of a domestic extractive sector in order for it to be sound and dynamic, able to meet the domestic needs for raw materials, be competitive at an international level and able to develop important exports, support the national and regional development, exploit rationally the available natural resources, reduce tion place and the processing degree. Based on the above classification and its environmental footprint and ensure This variation may be summed up as importance of the country’s produced the social acceptance of its work. follows: mineral resources and apart from the ‘critical mineral raw materials’ at a EU As established from the above, the level, there are four MRM importance Greek extractive sector has always had • M i ne r a l r e s ou r c e s f or e ne r g y degrees for the Greek economy. a particularly dynamic presence thanks production to the adequate quantities of proven • Mineral resources produced and con- and potential mineral reserves, the sumed as such at a local – regional - Energy ores that support essentially infrastructure and the significant exis- level. the power generation of the country. ting extraction works, the remarkable experience according to the European • Mineral resources produced at a local - Metallic and industrial minerals that may be considered as ‘important’ standards, the know-how of the extrac- level but consumed at a national level tion process and exploitation methods, after processing in areas that are for the national economy given that they are a main factor supporting the the existing specialized personnel and close or distant from the extraction the technologically advanced equip- site. domestic industry and offer competitive advantages compared to third ment used in the operational works. The • Mineral resources produced at a local countries in terms of sufficiency and exploitation of our mineral resources is level and exported without further exports (bauxite, magnesite, ferro- a national choice within the framework processing. nickel minerals, perlite, bentonite, of the principles of sustainable develop- • Mineral resources produced at a local mixed sulfide metals, gold). ment and the new European policy on the MRM, as broadly defined above. level and exported in third countries - Marbles that are largely exported after a domestic processing in areas and satisfy the needs of the Greek that are close or distant from the market. extraction site.

// 13 The Greek extractive 06 industry and sustainable development

The need for a more balanced approach within a reasonable time frame and the discovery of new deposits. To this and the setting of economic, environ- including commitments about the end, it is necessary to make an impor- mental and social parameters for secur- protection of the environment. tant investment for carrying out explo- ing sustainable development seems to • Set up effective mechanisms super- ration in order to identify new exploit- be imperative. vising the application of the environ- able deposits and maintain the neces- The extractive activity is per se inextri- mental terms throughout the exploi- sary production in MRM. cably related to the concept of sustain- tation period and ‘after closure care’. This process is long, entails a high risk able development as it deals with non • Rational management of the exis- and requires large investments. That is renewable resources while having to ting reserves and research & techno- why the exploration must be supported secure the on-going supply of the neces- logy development for more efficient by the State and the society through the sary materials to the society by guaran- extraction and processing processes. acknowledgment of the importance of teeing the adequate reserves required the extractive industry for the smooth for meeting the current and future • Exploration for new MRM deposits. growth and the development of incen- needs and making efforts to minimize • Use of alternative materials to substi- tives and a clear legislative framework its environmental footprint. tute the existing ones, development that shall govern the acquisition of A national policy for the exploitation of of new uses for the existing products, rights for exploration and exploitation the mineral resources must be compa- recycling. and shall establish effective, non-time- tible with the strategy for sustainable • Ensuring good health and safety con- consuming licensing procedures. development that was adopted by the ditions at the extraction sites. Even though the extractive companies EU. This policy must focus on the more • Rational waste management (produc- invest regularly on the exploration for effective exploitation of the mineral tion prevention, safe storage or dis- new exploitable deposits, the main resources, the improvement of the envi- posal, beneficial use etc.). knowledge on mineralogy and reserves ronmental performance, the safe ope- for each country is provided by State ration of the mines and the accidents • Environment protection, restoration agents that keep on enriching their prevention, the mining waste manage- and care after the completion of the knowledge about the national mineral ment and the recycling process. A main extractive works (‘closure plan’). resources with the assistance of inno- factor for the efficient implementation • Monitoring and control of the law vative technologies thus contributing of this policy is the acceptance of the enforcement. decisively to the attraction of private extractive activity by the local societies investments for further exploration as a balanced growth factor. and exploitation of MRM deposits. As Therefore, the policy of sustainable a result, it is necessary to study further development for the MRM must ensure the potential of the country’s deposits More precisely, the main axes of an the implementation of the European through new research programs by the integrated policy for the MRM within directives, the main axes of the Europe- competent bodies (Institute of Geology the framework of sustainable develop- an initiative for the raw materials and - Mining Research and Survey) using ment are: suggested ‘best practices’ of the Euro- the most advanced methods (e.g. remote • Improvement and dissemination of pean Commission forming a new mo- sensing, geophysics) and the creation of geological knowledge. dern orientation framework of explo- an open access geology database. ration and exploitation of the mineral • Access to the deposits through an resources. An essential factor of the sustainability adequate land-use planning policy. of the extractive activity is the ‘social A prerequisite for the sustainable deve- • Establishment of a modern legal approval’ that is indispensable for its lopment of the extractive industry and sound operation. framework providing for clear licen- the achievement of the goal to meet the sing processes to be implemented needs of the society in raw materials is

14 \\ Informing all stakeholders is essential given that these materials are plentiful Solving this problem requires a long- for drafting policies on the management all over Greece practically, the objec- term process and adjusting all educa- of mineral resources while the coexist- tives of the relevant policy must include tional programs into the production ence of mining activities and local soci- inter alia the following: requirements. Establishing special eties is an issue of multilateral inter- - Securing sufficient quantities of training schools for specialized workers disciplinary approach and an objective aggregates meeting the adequate and low level supervisors can be a solu- that is promoted through institutional quality standards for the sound ope- tion to the problem. tools within the EU (Aarhus conven- ration and development of the urban The achievement of the sustainable tion on the environmental information, areas both at a local and regional development goals by the extractive Directive 2004/35/ΕC on the environ- level. To this end, it is necessary to industry requires the emergence of new mental liability etc.). ensure a long-term planning of pro- generations of executives and scientists The policy on the sustainable develop- duction areas, sound and lawful that will focus on its priorities by means ment of the MRM must acknowledge operation and management practices of adequate educational orientations the need for promoting the social dia- in conjunction with acceptable prices aiming at maintaining the geoscientific logue with all stakeholders (local soci- for the final consumer taking into knowledge in Greece at a high level and ety, NGOs, enterprises, workers, prov- account the location and distance promoting research and innovation at inces, central and regional administra- covered. cutting-edge fields like: tion) in order to get the ‘social approval’ - Rationalization of the current aggre- - Non disturbing and technologically after a consensual consultation, which gates production and marketing sys- advanced exploitations. will also help the enterprises of the tem and strict observance of a clear - Innovative production processes, sector be financially sustainable in the licensing framework both for the future. automation and optimization of the operation of the quarries and the mining metallurgical process. Within the framework of the efforts quality standards of the produced aimed to reduce the environmental materials, in order to give the enter- - Eco-efficient use of materials, energy footprint of the extractive activities, it prises of the sector the possibility to and water. is necessary to apply new more effective invest on the use of better and more - Minimization of emissions. environmental restoration technologies environmentally-friendly produc- - Optimization of chemical –industrial and develop alternative land uses of old tion technologies (including recy- processes. exploitation sites to the benefit of the cling), while eliminating the unfair local society. competition. - GIS. - Mining research innovative technologies. The harmonization of the extractive An important factor for achieving the activity with the principles of sustain- objectives of the extractive indus- - Improvement of use of Greek raw able development led the enterprises try within the framework of sustain- materials – new uses, competitive members of the Greek Mining Enter- able development is education and advantages, increase in the value prises Association to the adoption of innovation. added. a Code of Ten (10) Principles of Sus- With regard to the required workforce, - Recycling and alternative raw tainable Development, which provides the Greek extractive sector faces many materials. for the constant improvement of their problems related to the lack of person- - Management, measuring, evaluation performance in all economic, environ- nel in many of the professional spe- and remediation of the environmen- mental and social fields and the estab- cializations that are essential for its tal impact. lishment of the publication of the final operation. results based on yearly measurable indicators in the Annual Report of the Even though the high level scientific Association (see Annex III). and technological personnel is sufficient (there are five universities and one Also, many companies of the extrac- higher education school of geosciences tive sector were certified on a volun- in the country), there is a lack of per- tary basis with quality management, sonnel with specific skills and know- environment and health & safety ledge on this field. There is also lack standards. of specialized technicians (machinery operators, superintendants, shot-firers With respect to the sustainable deve- etc.). It is therefore necessary to train lopment of the aggregates sector, apart workers on the modern extractive prac- from the foregoing general policies, and tices and technologies.

// 15 Development potential 07 of the Greek extractive industry. Barriers, challenges, prospects

Thanks to its current dynamics, the size current barriers while addressing the - The current overregulation concer- of the existing and potential exploitable relevant challenges. ning the operation of the extractive national reserves of minerals and ores, works. This is a problem of almost all the infrastructure and important exis- aspects of the State and the challenge ting extractive projects, the significant The main problems are the following: consists of simplifying the proce- - according to EU standards - mining - The lack of a coordinated policy for dures as a whole through the simpli- experience and the advanced know- the development of MRM by the fication of laws thus contributing to how of extractive processes – exploita- Greek State. The adoption of this the reduction of bureaucracy. tion methods - especially in the under- national policy on the exploitation of - The lack of an integrated land-use ground works, the existing specialized the mineral resources will make up planning at a regional and local personnel and the cutting-edge equip- for this lack. The challenge that still level that allows for and projects the ment used in the operational works, needs to be faced is the full and effec- long-term various land uses taking the Greek extractive sector has become tive implementation of this policy as into account the available mineral essential for the development of the soon as possible. resources and the possibilities of ha- country, the national economy and the - The time-consuming and complex ving access to the reserves of the raw regional development and boasts inter- permit granting process for extrac- materials. national recognition at the European tive projects and the frequent unpre- and global market. - The existing prejudices and ste- dicted developments and reversals. rile criticism against the exploitation Its position can be strengthened even Today, there is a new law on envi- of the country’s mineral resources. further by ensuring, in the future, the ronmental permit granting (Law It is a challenge for all stakehol- raw materials that are required for the 4014/2011) that seems to address the ders and mostly the State to change development of the domestic and Euro- existing problems. The challenge lies this mentality by means of an ho- pean industry and contribute substan- in implementing this Law through nest open dialogue and the provision tially to the global market. the necessary Ministerial Decisions of comprehensive information about To this end, it is indispensable to solve and Presidential Decrees and putting the development of the national mi- its long-standing problems and lift the it in place as soon as possible. neral resources and its numerous

16 \\ Thanks to its current dynamics, the size of the existing and potential exploitable national reserves of minerals and ores, the infrastructure and important existing extractive projects, the significant mining experience and the advanced know-how of extractive processes, the Greek extractive industry has become essential for the development of the country and boasts international recognition at the European and global market

benefits. In the same context, the ties even more reluctant towards the reality in our country. To this end, what State undertakes initiatives with the extractive works. The establishment is needed is a clear, structured national support of collective representation of an effective and extractive-specific policy for the exploitation of the mineral from the sector, the Universities and control body will help greatly to over- resources that will satisfy the need for the research institutions of the coun- come many of the above problems. protection of the environment and will try in order to correct wrong past - The public opinion’s negative stance ensure the accessibility to raw materi- choices defaming the sector. The Cor- towards the sector works. The grea- als thus making it possible to overcome porate Social Responsibility actions test challenge for the companies and the existing problems and ensure the should be enriched and supported the State is to change the view of the sustainable development of the extrac- financially and functionally. Addi- public opinion and make the extractive industry. tionally, it is necessary to ensure an tive works acceptable. This is a diffi- effective licensing process that shall cult and complex task and may only The current recession may – under minimize the environmental foot- be achieved through sincere efforts print due to the extractive activity. specific conditions – be considered as by all stakeholders to apply the prin- a development challenge and oppor- - The problems related to the acces- ciples of sustainable development. tunity for the Greek extractive/metal- sibility to raw materials as the coun- lurgical industry that must redefine its try has an extensive network of pro- strategy and tactics within the limits of tected regions. It is a top priority for In spite of the drop in the demand for raw materials in many international the ‘road map’ of the European initia- the public administration to apply in tive on raw materials (RMI). the most fruitful way possible the EU markets and mostly the extended eco- guidelines. nomic recession in our country, the Greek extractive sector has a potential - The poor and ineffective control and strong future. It may contribute mechanisms that make local socie- greatly to reversing the current harsh

\\ “Public Power Corpotation” Rehabilitation of a lignite mine

// 17 National policy 08 on the exploitation of the mineral resources

The National Policy (NP) for the stra- • The enhancement and implementa- Also, the NP for the exploitation of the tegic planning and exploitation of the tion of the best practices that prevent MRM must: mineral resources acknowledges the or reduce and, finally, rehabilitate, • Be based on the knowledge about importance of the Mineral Raw Materi- to the greatest extent possible, the the country’s mineral reserves. als (MRM) that contribute to progress impact of the extractive industry to This knowledge presupposes that and development, ensure a high li- the environment and human health. all deposits of MRM are registered ving standard and create a competi- • The MRM saving through best eco- in a documented way and the rele- tive national and regional economy and efficient production practices. vant data are available in functional new job positions. The NP must also geospatial information system, which • The upgrade and support of all Uni- ensure that the MRM are produced and is compatible with the European versity departments and faculties of distributed to the society in conformity MRM geological database. with the constitutional principle of sus- geosciences through the adequate • Take into account the specificities of tainable development. funding by all types of available programs of the Ministry of Education, the mining activity affecting decisive- The NP must be stable and transpar- the General Secretariat of R&D, the ly the location and the “sustainable” ent; it must also be able to be adjusted National Strategic Reference Frame- management of the activity requi- depending on the social and economic work (NSRF), etc. ring special interventions stemming conditions or with a view of protec- from a) their localization in positions • The ensuring of the use of MRM for ting the natural and anthropogenic chosen by Nature itself b) the fact the longest possible time through environment. that the MRM are only ‘renewable’ at effective use practices, un extension a geologic time scale and c) the fact Moreover, it must also be in harmony of their life-cycle and recycling. with the other National Policies, miti- that the exploitation of MRM leads to gating the conflicts that hinder the • The maximization of the development a visible footprint whose impact must growth of the National Economy. Such benefit and minimization of the nega- be minimized. tive effects of the mining activity. a policy and all its different aspects • Take into account that the mining of implementation can only be the • The harmonization of the specifi- industry is vulnerable and inextrica- outcome of a wide dialogue, informa- cities and needs of the local socie- bly linked to the national and interna- tion and public consultation both at a ties with the development potential tional economic and political condi- national, regional and local level. Addi- created by the mining activities at tions and thus take into consideration tionally, this policy requires as a basic a local and regional level. The adop- the trends and variations of the inter- tool a simplified, codified and updated tion of policies and measures that national market of raw materials. regulatory framework. shall maximize the benefits from the • Follow the European developments actions at a local level in many ways on issues related to the orientations (and not merely in terms of finance and conditions of the MRM strategic and employment). development. • The arrangement of the quarry and • Develop reliable and adequate con- mining sites in such a way as they may ditions for attracting investments The main goals of this policy are the be suitable for other planned uses aimed to the best exploitation of the following: after the completion of the extractive country’s mineral resources. • The sufficient and constant supply activities. of MRM to the society in a sustain- • The land use planning for the raw able financial way that is harmonized materials processing, when it is with the national sectoral develop- carried out outside the mines or ment policies of other activities. quarries.

18 \\ ANNEX I \\

// 19 MAP OF MARBLE EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITIES IN GREECE

WHITE MARBLE

SEMI WHITE MARBLE TRAVERTINE

GRAY - BLACK MARBLE ALABASTER

BEIZE - BROWN MARBLE SLATES

PINK - RED MARBLE SAND STONES

GREEN MARBLE IGNIOUS ROCK

MULTI-COLOR MARBLE MARLY LIMESTONE

20 \\ \\ - Pos

// Caoline Caoline

// Dolomite - Calcite

Quartz //

Glays

Attapulgite // Gypsum //

// Pumice Pumice Betonite //

// INDUSTRIAL MINERAL QUARRIES (2010) QUARRIES MINERAL INDUSTRIAL CaCO3 Perlite // LEGEND: solane // Ferrous

// Μagnesite Μagnesite

// Μixed Sulfides Sulfides Μixed

Μanganese ores // Μanganese ores

Lignite

Huntite // Huntite

// ΜETALLIC AND LIGNITE MINES (2010) MINES LIGNITE AND ΜETALLIC Βauxite //

Feldspar

: LEGEND Nickel Ores //

// 21 ANNEX II

Greek extractive activity Products, Production, Exports Typical examples of the main products demonstrating the dynamic presence of the Greek extractive field over time:

• LIGNITE: the largest extractive activity in • MARBLE AND MARBLE PRODUCTS: of • PUMICE STONE: insulating material with the country, the second largest in the EU international reputation. In spite of the an important output meant for the Greek and the 5th worldwide. It covers 57% of high international competition and the and the international market. the domestic power generation with the development problems in the country, • POZZOLAN, FELDSPAR, QUARTZ, GYP- lowest cost compared to any other source their total output still holds a leading SUM, KAOLIN, CALCIUM CARBONATE, of energy thus contributing essentially to position in the international market. HUNTITE, ATTAPULGITE: exploitation the development of the country and the • AGGREGATES: they are essential for the with an ecological present and future sa- competitiveness of the national economy. cement industry and the constructions tisfying the basic needs of the domestic • FERRO-NICKEL: one of the largest outputs and contribute greatly to the regional and international industry. in Europe from domestic raw material development. • MIXED SULFIDES: after a long inter- (laterite) which is exported in its entirety • MAGNESITE, MAGNESIA: it holds the top ruption, the historic production in the to the European stainless steel industries position in terms of exports in EU cove- region of Halkidiki restarted dynami- thus satisfying about 7% of all needs of ring a wide range of industrial and other cally supporting important exports of ore the European market. applications. concentrates. • BAUXITE: the largest mining output in • PERLITE: the largest output worldwide • COPPER, SILVER, GOLD: important depo- the Country and No1 in Europe. It is a accounting for 25% of the total output sits in Northern Greece that are going raw material of particular importance for worldwide. to be exploited in the coming years as the Greek economy, the domestic alumi- there are currently significant investment na- aluminium output and an important • BENTONITE: the largest output in Europe proposals. exporting product. and the second largest worldwide and has a wide range of industrial uses.

Extractive activities in Greece per sector

• AGGREGATES – CONSTRUCTION • METALLIC ORES activity is developed mostly in the Prefec- MATERIALS These are either primary materials or verti- tures of Grevena, Thessaloniki, Aitolia and In the Greek countryside there are about 70 cally integrated products that correspond Akarnania, Zakynthos, Cephalonia, La- authorized quarry sites with approximately directly to the needs of the international and rissa, Halkidiki, Attica and in the regions 200 quarries and processing units with a Greek industry and metallurgy and include: of Crete, Northern and Southern Aegean. total annual production of over 50 million feldspars, bauxite, magnesite, magnesium The total annual output totals 6 million tons tons (before the financial crisis, the produc- oxide and dead-burned magnesia, laterite approximately. tion ranged between 80-100 million tons) as a raw material of ferro-nickel and lead, including all products (stone, sand, gravel, zinc and iron pyrites concentrates made of • ENERGY ORES (LIGNITE) quarry gravel, 3A). They mostly support the mixed sulfide ores. The total annual pro- They actually support the country’s power regional construction activity, the regional duction amounts to 5.5 million tons. This generation. About 55 million tons of lignite works and the Greek cement industry, which activity is developed mostly in the Prefec- are produced yearly especially in the Pre- has also a presence in the province. tures of Thessaloniki, Fokida, Voiotia, Fthi- fectures of Kozani, Florina and Arkadia. It otida, Evoia and Halkidiki. is estimated that these region earn over 380 • MARBLE QUARRIES million euros/year from this activity (sala- There are about 190 quarries, especially ries, commissions, procurement, indirect in the country-side, producing 1 million • INDUSTRIAL MINERALS employment, services, social contributory works and development fee collection). ton of marble products yearly. This acti- They have considerable industrial applica- vity is mainly developed in the Prefectures tions and meet the needs of the domestic of Drama, Kavala, Kozani, Ioannina, Mag- industry and international demand. Many nisia, Voiotia, Evoia, Argolida, Arkadia of these products are amongst the most and Cyclades. It satisfies the needs of the important worldwide in terms of impor- domestic construction activity and makes tance and output (e.g. perlite, bentonite, exports of over 25 million €. pumice stone, calcium carbonate etc.). This

22 \\ \\

PRODUCT 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 OUTPUT 2005-2010 Hydrated alumina 782 780 789 807,5 796 785 Ores, Industrial minerals, Aluminium 165 164,5 168 162,3 129 137 Enrichment products, Metal- Calcium carbonate 300 400 500 600 600 450 lurgic products and Marbles Aggregates 90.000 100.000 90.000 85.000 70.000 50.000 (in thousands of tons) Feldspar 99 56 38 35,7 27,12 23,05 Attapulgite 7 7 7 25 28 30 Bauxite 2.495 2.194 2.128 2.174 1.935 1.902 Hydrated alumina Gypsum 915 900 940 900 580 470 Dead-burned magnesia 67 51 42 46,7 51,8 63,9 Aluminium Kaolin 44 40 40 - - - 2010 Caustic magnesia 73 69 72 70,5 57,5 67 Calcium Carbonate

Pumice stone 852 801 838 828 381 413 2009 Magnesite 410 373 340 396,5 326,3 400 Bauxite 2008 Lignite 69.064 64.100 66.100 65.000 64.000 53.600 2007 Marbles (extraction products) 1.500 1.790 1.690 1.500 950 1.000 Gypsum

Marble blocks 398 420 440 430 360 400 2006 Mixed sulfides 180 214 272 231 236 Pumice 2005 stone Mixed sulfide concentrates 69 144 82 60 58 Bentonite (raw) 1.125 1.166 1.342 1.580 750 1.250 Magnesite Bentonite (activated) 880 962 1.113 1.262,8 850 1.020 Marbles Nickel (in an alloy) 19 18 18,67 16,6 8,3 13,96 (extraction products) Iron-nickel ores 2.776 2.320 2.367 2.262 1.398 1.942 Olivine 35 40 40 33,3 25 Marble blocks Perlite (raw) 1.075 1.049 1.100 1.000 700 760 Bentonite Perlite (processed) 600 700 650 600 450 480 (raw) Pozzolan 1.459 1.525 1.520 1.059 830 540 Iron-nickel Refractory products 26 30 31 35,6 31,6 36,3 ores Silicate 113 110 52 52,5 38 6 Perlite Quartz - quartz products 15 14 15 16,2 14,3 12,1 (raw)

Huntite- Hydromagnesite 9 25,7 15 19,6 10 16,35 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Aggregates PRODUCT 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 EXPORTS 2005-2009 Alumina 97.952 120.000 106.497 105.675 57.309 Lignite Ores, Industrial0 20000 minerals,40000 60000 80000 100000 Aluminium 109.815 153.000 171.302 151.284 89.114 Processing & Enrichment pro- Calcium Carbonate 21.000 22.400 29.742 22.400 25.800 ducts, Metallurgic products Feldspar 187 189 270 254 254 and Marbles (in thousands €). Attapulgite 480 640 800 1.300 1.463 Bauxite 41.887 36.872 42.595 45.400 23.649 Gypsum 425 660 416 400 300 Alumina Dead-burned magnesia 10.818 10.674 11.696 12.465 5.762 Kaolin - - - - - Aluminium Caustic magnesia 8.327 8.019 10.165 11.837 11.014 Pumice stone 4.400 3.839 5.079 4.758 2.307 Bentonite Magnesite 1.164 1.006 887 1002 482 (activated) Lignite (dry) 2.515 2.500 - - - Nickel Marble blocks 20.789 27.470 30.498 27.904 29.275 (in an alloy)

Mixed sulfide concentrates 40.000 41.125 58.000 45.800 38.000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 Bentonite (raw) 1.000 700 700 800 500 Calcium Bentonite (activated) 57.500 59.800 66.000 75.100 50.818 Carbonate 2009 Nickel (in an alloy) 287.185 324.717 502.373 255.000 230.127 Bauxite

Dead-burned 2008 Olivine - - - 54 magnesia

Perlite (raw) 2.100 2.100 2.700 3.000 2.400 Caustic 2007 magnesia Perlite (processed) 27.010 29.500 29.200 34.200 30.140 Pumice stone 2006 Pozzolan - - - - -

Marble 2005 Refractory products 6.162 6.812 7.362 8.865 7657 blocks Mixed sul de Quartz - quartz products 445 262 165 155 155 concentrates Huntite- Hydromagnesite 1.476 1.960 2.481 1.278 1620 Perlite (processed) TOTAL 742.637 854.245 1.078.928 808.877 608.200 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

// 23 Code of Principles for Sustainable Development

The extractive industry is a business activity of vital importance to human well-being as it provides products that cover society’s basic needs. To ensure that current as well as future requirements of society are met, the extractive enterprises need to be able to operate within a predictable legal and institutional framework, which enhances entrepreneur- ship, ensures environmental protection and strengthens social cohesion.

The above requisites are in line with the principles of sustainable development, as defined by the European Union (E.U. Strategy for Sustainable Development, Goetheborg 2001), which aims at the balanced improvement of business performance in all three of its pillars: Economy, Environment and Society.

The members of the Greek Mining Enterprises Association recognize that sustainable development constitutes a vital objective for society and accept their own role in the achievement of this goal.

For this purpose, the member companies of the Greek Mining Enterprises Association adopt the present Code of Prin- ciples for Sustainable Development and we commit to strive for the continuous improvement of our performance in the economic, environmental and social areas of activity by:

1. Incorporating sustainable development considera- 6. Facilitating and encouraging the design of products tions within member companies´ decision making and production processes, the use and recycling of processes. products and the disposal of wastes, in a responsible manner.

2. Implementing principles and practices of business ethics as well as sound systems of corporate 7. Investing in natural, technological, financial and governance. human resources aiming at the development and continuous improvement of effectiveness and efficiency in depth of time. 3. Fulfilling consistently our institutionalized obliga- tions and providing credible and systematic reporting and information to all those who are affected by or 8. Striving for the continuous improvement of our could affect the activities of our companies. performance in the area of occupational health and safety.

4. Fostering a sincere dialogue with those affected or affecting our business activities in a spirit of mutual 9. Providing regular reporting for monitoring progress understanding of the views of the various parties in the economic, environmental and social perfor- involved. mance of the extractive sector, with special emphasis on health and safety.

5. Adopting the development and implementation of proper and scientifically based methods in mining 10. Contributing as “active corporate citizens” in the planning and design for the effective protection of the social, economic, cultural and institutional develop- environment and the conservation of biodiversity. ment of the local communities in which we are active.

24 \\ GREEK EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROFILE – PROSPECTS GREEK EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROFILE – PROSPECTS

This brochure was printed with the sponsorship of G.M.E.A.