U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER NE-235 1972 ORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, UPPER DARBY, ' FOREST SERVf[iZN :. ~~~$pT~~E~[RE$fO$GRICULTURE FOREWORD

HOSE WHO ATTENDED the Forest Recreation Sym- T posium held 12-14 Octoher 1971 at Syracuse, New York, heard 26 papers about various aspects of forest recreation. Those papers have already been ~rinted,in Proceedings made avail- able at the Symposium, and also available upon request from the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 6816 Market Street, Upper Darby, Pa. 19082 This paper contains the welcoming remarks, the keynote address, the banquet speech, and a summary of the papers-thus completing the record of the Symposium. SUMMARY of %he FOREST RECREATION SYMkQSbUM

CONTENTS WELCOMING REMARKS Edward E. Palmer ...... 1 KEYNOTE ADDRESS Alexander Aldrich ...... 3 BANQUET ADDRESS Philip A. Douglas ...... 7 SUMMATION OF THE SYMPOSIUM Paul F. Graves ...... 12 WELCOMING REMARKS AT THE FOREST RECREATION SY MPOSlUM

by EDWARD E. PALMER, President of the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse, N. Y.

1 A tribute to Robert Marshall, who contributed creative leadership to developing a greater understanding of the multiple use of forests -particularly the importance of wilderness areas for water and soil conservation and for essential ecological, recreational, aesthetic, and psychological needs.

ITIS INDEED a great pleasure and including recreation, more than 60 years privilege to welcome the members of ago. Robert Marshall, his son, decided at the this Svm~osiumi 1 this afternoon and to pay special tribute to the Pinchot Institute age of I5 to become a forester so that he for Environmental Forestry Research and might spend the greater part of his life in the U. S. Forest Service for inviting the the woods he loved. He attended the New

Collegea to ioin with them in the s~onsor- York State College of Forestry, was grad- ship of such critically important dklibera- uated in 1924, received his Master's degree tion as that in which you will be engaged from the Harvard Forest in 1925 and his in the next few davs. Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins Laboratory I have had theihonor of residing over of Plant Physiology in 1930. He joined the the administration of this cbllege fUor the U. S. Forest Service in the summer of 1924 past 2 years, during which, as you can well and was on the staff of the Northern Rocky imagine-since I have not even yet become Mountain Forest Experiment Station from a professional forester-I have engaged in a 1925 to 1928. vigorous program of reading and studying As Director of the Forestry Division of about the profession and its responsibilities. the U. S. Office of Indian Affairs from As I was pursuing a segment of that in- 1933 to 1937, Mr. Marshall helped to inte- quiry the other evening, I ran across fre- grate the preservation and utilization of quent references to the work of Robert Indian forest lands into rebuilding tribal Marshall, the son of one of the principal life on the principle of self government, and founders of the College of Forestry here raising the level of living of the Indians. in Syracuse-Louis hqarshall. As many of The U. S. Forest Service established the you know, Louis Marshall's memory is cele- position of Chief of the Division of Recrea- brated on our campus, where one of the tion and Lands for Mr. Marshall in May principal buildings carries his name. It was 1937, and he occupied this post until his he who drafted the legislation passed in death in November 1939. 191 1 creating the College which, I believe, Perhaps Robert Marshall's greatest con-

for the first time. incor~orated1 the broad tribution was his creative leadership in de- ecosystem approach to forestry education, veloping a greater understanding of the multiple use of forests-particularly the im- beauty has come into being without the portance of wilderness areas for water and slightest assistance from man. soil conservation and for essential ecologi- "It is a subtle world in which great cal, recreational, aesthetic, and psychologi- dramas of nature are enacted only for those cal needs. who have the leisure and the patience of In my own mind, as I welcome each of the primitive. you to Syracuse, I at the same time cele- "It is a delicate world which is irrepara- brate Robert Marshall's early attempts to bly ruined by the slightest introduction of auantifv and to evaluate forest recreation to artificiality. iet some real handles on a subjective expe- "It is a peaceful world in which the most rience tied closely to aesthetics, enjoyment, instinctive yearnings are at home with en- and thus the quality of human life. Al- vironment. though he said it in 1935 3s a commentary on "Priorities in Forest Recreation," he per- "It is a world which to many of us con- haps set the stage well for a symposium of tains the highest values in life. "It is a world which can and must be used this kind when he worried the I~roblem posed in the fact that: properly." "There are two worlds in which people I derive some amusement out of compar- may live today. The dominant one is the ing Robert Marshall with Henry David world of the 20th Century, with its great Thoreau both because the similarities be- cities, its network of boulevards, its almost tween them are striking, and because so are instantaneous means of communication, its the differences. Marshall's best-selling book, inescapable machinery, and its high-speed, Arctic Village, ranks as an American classic high-tension processes of life. It is the along with Walden. Marshall had a deep world which most of mankind chooses, love for the natural world and the strong and while some of us do not find it enough, confidence that the forests suggested the we do not have the slightest0 missionarvJ de- secrets of the good life. In these ways they sire to lead others away from it. There is are similar; but as Henry David Thoreau ample room in the United States for all rejected society, social organization, and par- those who want this world of the 20th Cen- ticularly governmental organization, Robert tury, to enjoy it to their heart's content, Marshall held high positions in public life and still leave a few nooks in the second and accepted the social governmental sys- world. It only demands a little planning, a tem on its own terms. He thus learned, as little tolerance of a different mode of en- we must, to work with it and to obtain the joyment, and some suppression of the dog- best from it in the common interest. It oc- in-the-manger psychology. curred to me that some references to him "The second world does not date to any and his work might not be inappropriate as century, but only to the timelessness of the a way of invoking the subject of your de- primeval. liberations, in which I wish you all the best "It is an impersonal world in which of luck and Godspeed! KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE FOREST RECREATION SYMPOSIUM

by ALEXANDER ALDRICH, Commissioner, Parks and Recreation, State of New York, Albany, N. Y.

An outline of the recreation facilities and programs of the New York Stzte park system, with suggested considerations for thought in planning and operating recreation facilities on both public and private lands.

FEW WEEKS ago, I did not expect the small fry, small-game areas, adult game A to be here today addressing you areas, and areas for strolling, resting, and who are attending this Forest Rec- viewing the scenery. Another area of en- reation Symposium. Your keynote speaker deavor is the operation of 33 State-owned was to have been Dr. Sal J. Prezioso, who historic sites where one may review and until a few days ago was Commissioner of studv the role of New York State in the Parks and Recreation. However, Governor ~at;on's development. Rockefeller has asked Dr. Prezioso to as- We also provide such services as the reg- sume new responsibilities as Commissioner istration of motor boats, along with the of the Office for Local Government, and very important education and training of has asked me to assume the responsibilities junior operators and the placing of buoys as Commissioner of Parks and Recreation. as a safety operation for 15 interior New I am looking forward to this challenging York lakes. responsibility of providing recreational op- We have instituted a busing program, portunities for the 20 million people in New which brings inner-city youngsters and York State to the extent possible with the adults to the State parks for a day's outing facilities provided by the State's park sys- or a day of supervised sports and recrea- tem. tion. This program has admirably served New York City, the Capital District, Ro- WHAT THE STATE DOES chester, Buffalo, and Syracuse. Two excep- tiocally successful ventures were the estab- In its more than 40 years7 existence, the lishment of outdoor education centers in New York State park system has been de- State parks to serve youngsters attending veloped to include 215 thousand acres en- certain of the Syracuse public schools and compassing 128 parks from Montailk Point students of 18 school districts in Suffolk to Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River. County, whereby these children received These parks can accommodate more than excellent education in an outdoor natural 700 thousand people at one time and pro- area center. vide such services as 36,632 picnic sites, 91 The theme of the State parks' recrea- beaches, 22 swimming pools, 25 golf courses, tional-opportunities program is to provide 8,790 camp sites for tents or trailers, and a broad opportunity for its patrons to pur- 596 cabins. sue almost any type of recreational experi- Other services provide playgrounds for ence they may desire. We have facilities of high-intensity use, such as Jones Beach on safety and the protection of our environ- Long Island; and we have the really remote ment. camping sites, such as those in the periph- New York State law requires that snow- eral area of the Adirondacks and in the mobile engine noise emissions be not greater central area of New York State. We have than 82 decibels after June 1972 and not recreational opportunities to satisfy almost greater than 73 decibels after June 1974. any interest. The industry will meet this requirement. In- Outdoor recreation has been thought for dustry has also lowered the oil-to-gasoline many years to be primarily a summer pro- requirements to one part oil to 50 parts of gram; but with the development of new gasoline, which will help to reduce air pol- types of lightweight warm clothing, new lution. A4ust we stop at this point? Can we types of camping equipment such as trailers not reduce noise levels and air pollution and truck campers, and new types of vehi- much more? cles such as snowmobiles, the demands on The snowmobile industry should take the our park system for year-round recreation lead in this and in the more important programs have become fantastic. People consideration of improper impact on our now visit our parks in the winter for camp- environment from snowmobile use-the ing, picnicking, snowshoeing, wildlife compaction of the soil with its resultant watching, skiing, snowmobiling, skating, destruction of soil cover and eventual ero- ice fishing, hunting, and a myriad of other sion through water runoff-the possible activities which are now considered enjoy- extirpation of forest growth-the destruc- able during the cold winter months. tive menace to wildlife. Let's not sit still enjoying the immediate benefits of our technology, which created SNOWMOBILING the snowmobile. Let's join hands to miti- A 1-year-old newcomer in our program gate its destructive capabilities. of responsibility is the administration of the snowmobile law. In the first year, we have registered 144,000 snowmobiles. We PRIVATE HELP forecast that we will reach a numerical Your Symposium is to discuss forest rec- plateau in about 5 years of some one-half reation along with all of its attendant as- million registrations. The first paragraph of pects. The State park system is quite famil- the Snowmobile Law states: iar with forestry programs and forest rec- reation, as we have substantial forested land "It is the intent of this article to within our State parks. Probably the largest promote the safe and proper use of is that located in the Allegany State Park snowmobiles for recreation and region. We also have heavily forested re- commerce in this state by encour- gions in the Taconic, Palisades, Central aging their use and development New York, and Finger Lakes areas. Many and minimizing detrimental effects of our activities are associated with forest of such use upon the environment." programs. But let's look at some of the other types We are interested in promoting safety of forests throughout the State of New and have recruited over 3,300 volunteer York. We have many and varied forests. instructors to provide the required instruc- We have the State forests, which are pri- tion to junior operators, aged 10 to 16. marily areas of wornout farmlands that the Our first year's history of reported snow- State acquired and has replanted. Many of mobile accidents indicates a high percent- these areas are called reforestation areas. age of head injuries, which leads us to be- Their primary purpose is to demonstrate lieve that it may be necessary to institute a the capability of the soil and the geographi- regulation requiring the wearing of safety cal area to produce crops of wood products. helmets. We also have large commercial wood- The snowmobile industry should change products forests. The Finch-Pruyn Lumber their emphasis on development from the Company is the largest single owner of a horsepower race to a concern for public commercial forest in New York State. We have other types of forest land own- games areas, and tot lots. Consider the eco- ers, such as the small woodlot owner, the nomics and methods of operation. farm woodlot owner, and the city person In the matter of economics, it is neces- who has become affluent enough to be able sary to consider three primary directive to acquire some farmland that has been . . . factors: (1) Do you desire to make a profit well . . . possibly used up or possibly just from the recreational facility; (2) Will you tired . . . upon which he felt he must and be happy with a "break-even" status?; Or should plant trees. He loves the growing (3) will you be willing to accept a financial things, but most important it's his-all his- loss in order to provide a public service as and his alone. Never in his lifetime does he a public-spirited citizen? consider, and probably rightfully so, that In method of operations, you should con- there will be an opportunity to harvest a sider a number of different types of pro- wood crop from these lands. gram. One could be the owner-operated venture: and I think that discussion of owner operation can be assessed fully in THE RECREATION EXPLOSION the light of what I just mentioned about Now let's take a look at forest recreation economic considerations. -the relationship of recreation to forests A second choice would be a concession- and the relationship of forests to recreation. type of operation, whereby the owner The interest of people in forest recreation would either build the recreation facility has been exploding in this State at a tre- and contract the operation to a concession- mendous rate. The State cannot keep pace aire who would return to the owner a with the demands and the needs for camp- monetary dividend to pay off the first in- ing, hiking, fishing, hunting, bird watching, stance cost, with the concessionaire absorb- skiing, snowmobiling-you name it, it's ing the cost of maintenance and operation there-we can't meet it. and rehabilitation and, hopefully, making a An area of great interest to us in the profit. Or, he may elect to contract the State Park and Recreation Program is the construction and operation to a concession- encouragement of large private landowners aire on a long term or provide a write-off. who, as good citizens and good business- The third type would be the landowner's men, will go into the recreation business. providing an easement to a government In my judgment, no matter how fast we agency or to a private organization for the expand, the State park system cannot cope use of such land for recreational pursuit as with the enormous demand for recreation may be in accord with the policy of the across the State. landowner. This means that, if the State needs parks, it needs partners who have the interest- who have the desire and the concern in pro- CONCLUSION viding a service to the citizens of the State. Forest recreation, as we've discovered, cov- A keynote speaker is supposed to set the ers many things, and it is compatible with tone of the meeting to follow. I have tried timber production. to make you aware of the many areas that You must recognize that there is nothing the State park system has and is operating. a recreating public can do on timber pro- I have also tried to give you some thoughts duction land that will cause damage that in reference to what could be done in areas cannot be prevented by control, exclusions, other than State-owned lands. I have sug- and management. gested considerations for thought in plan- There are many and varied types of rec- ning, economics, and methods of operation. reational pursuits in which the American There are many other aspects in devel- public has an interest today. Consider the oping a well-rounded recreational facility wide areas of interest and enterprise-hunt- upon which I have not touched. The key- ing, fishing, hiking, skiing, snowmobiling, noter is to present certain problems that he camping, bird watching, snowshoeing, boat- knows will be discussed along with many ing, canoe trails, nature study, golfing, others in meetings of the program to fol- swimming, picnicking, horseback riding, low. I hope that I have germinated some thoughts and provided something for you thoughts for future recreational opportu- to think about in your discussions for the nities for all the many thousands upon thou- rest of the day and at succeeding meetings. sands of people who have an interest in I hope your meeting will provide sound recreation. CONSERVATION CONSIDERATIONS -A BOON TO OUTDOOR RECREATION

by PHILIP A. DOUGLAS, Assistant to the Executive Director, National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D. C.

Banquet address given at the Forest Recreation Symposium, Syra- cuse, N. Y., 13 October 1971.

OCRATES WAS a Greek, a philos- 175 million-are on the move in search of S opher. He went about giving advice. outdoor recreation, places to fish, boat, They poisoned him. picnic, swim, hunt, play, or just relax and In my remarks to you this evening I enjoy fresh air and sunshine, generally close shan't repeat Socrates' mistake, though I to water. 60 million of these will fish. hope I shall leave with you some concrete Those who despoil our waterways, in thoughts-many you've rob ably heard-to general, wear the black hats-the dam and help us along in vital current programs to road builders, nuclear- and hydro-power conserve our natural resources and, in keep- producers, irrigators, and the manufactur- ing with the theme of this conference, to ers of persistent and poisonous chemicals, illustrate how these actions can aid us in the polluters by whatever means. providing, not just forest recreation, but We in the natural resources conservation various other phases of outdoor recreation. force, now to be reckoned with, very re- I'm certain that your panel experts have cently wore the white hats. Remember, this covered the transition from pure fiber pro- IS the Environmental Decade of 1970-1980. duction bv silviculture to multi~leuse. em- phasizing 'the recreation pote&als in our 508 million acres of commercial forest land BLACK HAT OR WHITE? and 250 million acres of private forest lands. Now some strong and vigorously un- My thoughts this evening will be along scrupulous public-relations programs, in more general conservation lines-consum- some cases by giving only half-truths, mation of which will be a boon to outdoor would put us under a black hat. They say: recreation in all areas. We must do all we can to foster more -We don't want air conditioners and opportunity for outdoor recreation, par- electric clothes dryers. ticularly around water-a perpetual magnet -We don't care who gets typhus or ma- to people, as are the forested public play- laria, or that the spruce budworm is grounds. Our best planners estimate that by decimating our western forests. the year 1975 water-based recreation needs will have increased by 170 percent over -We don't want to travel smooth high- what they were in 1960, and by 400 percent ways along scenic waterways; nor will by the year 2000. we permit the people of Alaska to have Every year, 9 out of 10 Americans-some road access to their new North Slope. -We don't care about the farmer's need stroyed or virtually ruined by reason of our for water for his crops, with really no economic progress . . ." hope anyway to feed the geometrically So there is emphasis on restoration of the expanding population growth. environment within the overall context of But I say to you this evening, THE conseri-aticn. What do we mean by en- PEOPLE are deciding that THEY do want vironment? "Environment" may be re- all of these things; and modern technology garded as the sum total of our surround- says that we safely c2n have most of them. ings, made up of bits and pieces-air, soil, IF we want to pay the piper. We can in- water, forests, grasslands, fish and wildlife, corporate protection and safeguards for the and open space; physical, biological, and natural environment in our original plans chemical-whereas a counterterm, "Ecol- and design. AND at a price several recent ogy," often misused, connotes the study of surveys have shown we are willing to pay. the relationships of organisms to each other So isn't it really a matter of industry and within this composite environment. conservation working TOGETHER at the The real crux of "conservation consid- very outset, rather than fighting a pitched erations" lies with many disrupting factors battle after the fact? that affect the wise use of a renewable nat- We can have our water and drink it, boat ural resource. My special expertise is in the on it, swim through it, and fish in it. conservation of aquatic resources and their I feel that it is important at the outset to essential ingredient, good-quality water. set up a series of definitions so that there are One of the greatest problems confronting no misunderstandings. In my remarks, "con- this Nation and the world today is the pop- servation" means the wise use of the re- ulation expansion-explosion, if you will. A newable natural resources. This differs from population of approximately 80 million in "preservation," which in my view precludes the United States in 1900 projected to the any use and implies a concerted effort to year 2000 could range between 280 and 310 refain a natural resource in its original state million, with 80 percent in urban areas. For -denied to most. Preservation is a retro- our natural water resources alone this means gressive philosophy, because long-term re- a tremendous overburden and an area of tention in original condition is patently im- great concern to all of us for basic enjoy- possible in most cases. ment, and some even say survival, of life. Conservation practices are absolutely es- For instance, the future expansion of steam- sential in many instances. One of the most- electric power generation alone has placed used examples involves the perpetuation of a requirement for condenser cooling by the a deer herd. To accomplish this, a harvest- year 2000-if conventional once-through ing rate is established, based on optimum cooling procedures are employed-of 50 yield or what the range will produce and percent of the natural water runoff in the support in a healthy and productive condi- continguous 48 states. tion. Hunters are allowed to crop off the There is an increasing demand involving surplus animals. With such practices as a requirement for higher quality water. For predator control, many of the deer's natural example, we anticipate an additional 20 mil- enemies are eliminated. The final outcome, lion anglers, a third more than we already if left to nature, would be starvation-a have; but at the same time the demand for cruel fate. Protectionists have attacked this water will triple while the population dou- method of management; but do they proffer bles, due to increased per-capita use of a better solution? water caused by increased urbanization, in- dustrialization, rising levels of income, in- dividual expectations, and increased leisure ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY and outdoor recreation.

President Nixon hzs pointed out the POLLUTION PARAMOUNT necessity to conserve our naturzl resources, Pollution control is paramount. Pollution particularly stressing a great need for resto- may be regarded as being a specific impair- ration ". . . of the beauty of waterways ment of quality to a degree that has an ad- and of air, and land which have been de- verse effect upon any beneficial use. If there is no im~airmentI of use. then there is can damage human tissue. There appears to no pollution. be no solution to this problem as yet, and We are faced with much impairment. It much confusion is aggravating the problem. is said that "Americans will contribute their Municipal and industrial operations gen- share of 142 million tons of smoke and erate over 190 million tons of solid wastes fumes, 7 million junked cars, 20 million tons annually, and this figure is expected to rise of paper, 48 billion cans, and 26 million to 340 million tons a: the end of this de- bottles to the environment each year. To cade-great quantities finding their way to run their air conditioners they will strip- our waterways. Traditional disposal of mine a Kentucky hillside, push dirt and municipal solid wastes by land-fill and in- slate down into the stream, and burn coal cineration often results in pollution of land, in a power generator, whose smokestack water, and the atmosphere. contributes a plume of smoke massive Of great concern to us is the Atomic enough to cause cloud seeding and prema- Energy Commission forecast that approxi- ture precipitation from Gulf Winds which mately 111 nuclear powered steam-electric should be irrigating the wheat farms of stations generating 84 million kilowatts of Minnesota. In his lifetime, one American electricity will be built in the near future. will personally pollute 3 million gallons of These plants would require 170,000 cubic water, and industry and agriculture will use feet per second of cooling water, approxi- ten times this much in his behalf . . ." mately the average flow of the I\ilississippi A real problem exists for industry and River at St. Louis, Missouri-a tremendous large municipalities requiring at least sec- volume of water! ondary and, in some cases, tertiary waste Of paramount concern is the heating ef- treatment to comply with established water- fect on aquatic organisms-particularly in a quality standards. This requires substantial confined area where there is no opportunity sums of money from both industry and for adequate circulation and where natural government, and must encompass a defiinite temperatures are high. Heat has many side- involvement- of state, county, city, local, effects on water quality, which affect aqua- and private segments of concerned organi- tic life. Different species of fish require dif- zations. Complete appropriation of author- ferent temperatures at which they perform izations, and the actual allocation of funds various activities at peak efficiency, at must be forthcoming under several clean- which they function inefficiently, and at water acts now on the books, for the years which they die. With increased tempera- to come until the job is done. tures, the solubility of oxygen is decreased, The President has stated that "The great and certain slimes and fungi flourish. Too, auestion of the 70's is. shall we surrender to winter water temperatures must remain low o'ur surroundings or' shall we make our enough to insure gradual growth of aqua- peace with nature and begin to make repa- tic insects and provide food during pro- rations for the damage we have done to tracted periods of emergence in the spring. our air, our land, and our waters?" Temperatures consistently at or above rec- ommended limits place fish under stress, CLEANING CAN HURT limit their scope of activity, and subse- A strange example illustrates an anti- quently lower the fish's ability to compete thesis, where damage has been done to the for food and living space with other species aquatic environment by the Nation's effort that have greater heat tolerance. to keep clean. Commercial laundries and home washing machines contribute to the THE ALASKA PIPELINE detriment of the aquatic ecology in receiv- Construction along waterways paralleling ing waters. The so-called "hard" deter- and traversing important fishery waters gents exhibit high toxicity to fish. The must be carefully planned and executed, more readily decomposable but more toxic such as the one much in the news today, "soft" detergents in minute concentrations, the trans-Alaska pipeline system. Inasmuch for instance, effect the ability of bull- as the present routing over the fragile heads and bluegills to reproduce. Now we Arctic by the 800-mile-long +foot hot-oil pipeline traverses and parallels many waters I are learning that substitutes are caustic and between Prudhoe Bay and Valdez known cans are faced with hydropower develop- to be productive of the important sport ment in the Columbia River Basin, which and commercial fisheries needs of Alaska, is seriously jeopardizing the Nation's irre- and with great potential for future natural placeable remnant Pacific salmon and steel- resource needs of all America, great care head stocks. Gas-bubble disease, caused by must be exercised to prevent irreparable supersaturation of nitrogen below spillways, damage during some 175 crossings of vari- is a real fish killer! ous waterways. The Sagavanirktok River, for example, is traversed 32 times. The timing of construction is important MORATORIUM ASKED so that waterway sections are not disturbed during spawning and other migration pe- Specifically, conservationists have been riods of salmon and other species, and that fighting the power industry of the North- gravel not be removed from areas where west, as well as Federal dam builders who spawning normally takes place. It is esti- wish to construct several high dams on the mated that over 13 million yards of gravel Middle Snake and Salmon Rivers. These will be required for roads and stations alone, areas constitute the prime remaining spawn- not to mention huge supportive require- ing and nursery grounds of salmon and ments for the pipeline, landing strips, etc. steelhead in the entire Columbia River Basin. Senators Frank Church and Len The Water Quality Improvement Act of Jordan of Idaho have proposed a bill, S. 1970, P. L. 91-224, is providing some needed 488, to declare a 7-year moratorium on relief in establishing liability for the costs dam-building in the Middle Snake River. of clean-up of oil contamination from tank- This would provide a delay until resource ers and onshore and offshore loading of agencies have a better opportunity to study petroleum products, as well as fixing the and prepare alternate plans for needed responsibility for such oil spills. M. A. power in this region of the country. Wright, Humble Oil Company board chair- The National Wildlife Federation is cur- man, stated during a recent *meeting with rently working with the State Department, conservationists and the Secretary of the professional organizations, and the long- Interior that better decision-making author- established International Commission for ity is needed by Government agencies on the Northwest Atlantic Fishery to solve the local scene. This would 1~ermit immedi- problems of competition for Atlantic shelf ate remedial action where an oil spill has fishes by foreign-flag fishing vessels. I cite taken place. here a current example: Atlantic salmon are I am currently involved with working being heavily harvested by Danish, Green- out response and research contingency plans land, and Faroese drift-netters southwest to help prevent damage to our natural re- of Greenland in Davis Strait. The vast ma- sources following an oil spill. I shudder to jority of Atlantic salmon caught within think about the many problems that could these waters originate in spawning rivers be encountered in transportation of oil from outside Greenland, the largest proportion Prudhoe Bay via supertankers over 1,500 in Canada. Denmark voted against a mora- miles of foreboding ocean and sound to torium during a 1970 conference of the 14 U. S. West Coast refineries. It would seem nations represented, refused to recognize that this would set the stage for great oil- the will of the majority, and established its spill potentials. Conservationists are particu- 1970 and 1971 catch limits at the high point larly concerned with overland transport of 1969. Economic sanctions by other because of the high freauencv14 of earth- ICNAF member-nations may have to be quakes in the circcm-pacific seismic belt. applied to force con~pliance. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 I believe the preceding gives ample evi- set aside certain waters desi~nated0 in whole dence of what should not be done and what or part for perpetual free-flowing and un- activities are detrimental to wise use and developed character-no dams! Generally, what is needed for the protection of the in these cases there are certain specific attri- environment. The value of history is to butes that the waterwavJ has that are uniaue show us the mistakes that have been made and must be preserved. Currently, ~miri- in the past. Our continued existence and our well-being depend upon our working corner plainly has been turned. The cost to with nature, not against her. industry of environmental restoration ap- pears very substantial. However, it must be Robert of the borne in mind that industry will pass along board and chief executive officer, Atlantic most of this cost to its consumers, who ap- Richfield Company, said in a major public pear to be determined to have adequate forum that we had better start shifting our conservation of natural resources, whatever sights from quantity to quality. An historic the cost will be. SUMMATION OF THE FOREST RECREATION SYMPOSIUM

by PAUL F. GRAVES, Professor, School of Environmental ~rnd Resource Management, State University of New York College of Forestery at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.

A general summary of the Recreation Symposium held 12-14 Octo- ber 1971 at Syracuse, N. Y., sponsored by the State University of New York College of Forestry, the USDA Forest Service, the National Recreation and Park Association, the New York State Office of Parks and Recreation, and the New York State Depart- ment of Environmental Conservation.

PURPOSE OF THE SYMPOSIUM enthusiastic desire by all to get deeper in- sight into their functions and responsibili- NE OF THE REASONS for this ties, and to more fully meet their obliga- 0 conference is that the deepening pub- tions to translate the recreation resource as lic interest in and concern for en- meaningfully as possible into the dynamic vironmental quality has given new dimen- pilblic interest. sion to the steadily expanding participation in forest recreation, bringing dynamic PLANNING AND DEVELOPING changes and unknowns that have led to THE RECREATION RESOURCE both a sense of urgency and some feeling Reduced flexibility and other complica- of frustration by those responsible for guid- tions in planning are an outcome of the ing development of resources in the proper usual recreation-resource inventory process directions. It no longer appears that the that does not clearly separate a mere in- future can be readily predicted by simply ventory of resources from some built-in extending past trends or using past criteria evaluation of them. Agency philosophy, or standards. It is indeed timely that atten- social and political constraints, administra- tion be given to the topics exposed here. tive needs, and personal values are all re- Major purposes of the Conference were flected in the standards and guidelines used to consolidate and evaluate our state of re- for screening. This means that much plan- search understanding and managerial over- ning judgment has been preempted in the sight for many of the current recreation- data-gathering process, and in varying de- resource problems and to assess emerging grees a preformed development priority new directions, needs, and concepts requir- system has been initiated. ing cognizance in today's planning and in Prof. Davis criticized this prevalent ap- judgments toward the future. These pur- roach for a number of serious shortcom- poses have been served rather well through :rigs. By far the most important is the slower the presentations and discussions of the 26 pace of change in natural resource com- papers in the five sessions. The questions plexes than in the dynamics of societal, and participation by conferees have shown political, and administrative conditions, thereby making the inventory and the plans ence is minimal. It is interesting that even based upon it rather rapidly discordant with the research authors based an eGaluation of the setting in which they are expected to be how useful an equation may be, for fore- useful. casting recreation use or amenity values, A better approach suggested is to limit in- on past research efforts rather than on ventory standards to conditions and charac- actual application and experience. teristics of the natural resources, which in Numerous research results and predictive turn requires definition of outdoor recrea- equations were offered and evaluated as to tion activities to be served and some specifi- their potential utility for planning and fore- cation of quaiity for the recreation experi- casting, but the authors cautioned that much ence. From these data, a set of alternative more exploration is needed on ways to fore- development priorities can be woven into a cast recreation values. While they spoke of plan with sufficient flexibility to meet using the qualitative values of an environ- changing societal needs and constraints. ment as part of a predictive model, they While this revised inventory approach also noted that determining the best forest- should certainly permit much better plan- recreation environment for man is ex- ning, it still would require guidelines or tremely difficult. Qualitative recreation standards for defining quality and charac- values involve such intangibles as security, teristics of recreational experiences. Man beauty, freedom from stress, pleasant feel- being what he is, these guidelines would ings, health, self-satisfaction, the psycholog- seem inevitably to reflect the manager's or ical need for territory and status and recog- the researcher's cultural bias inasmuch as nition, and the amenities. Even if all of we have so very little useful knowledge of these can be measured with appropriate what constitutes quality of a user's experi-. statistical reliability, one is inclined to sym- ence. pathize with the doubt by some recreation Recognizing this, Prof. Davis suggested managers that we will not forecast quality that perhaps the most important research values very accurately until we can some- needed is of this type-how people perceive how cope with such powerful influences their envircnment. We need tg know much on recreational behavior as emotionalism, more about what a given recreational ex- sentiment, irrationality, and unexplainable perience means to them if we are to plan changes in public taste or mores. People's suitably for providing it. feelings are dynamic and constantly chang- Dr. Shafer and Mr. Moeller also offered ing, hence unreliable as bases for forecasts. strong reasons for our getting quickly into It seems ~lausibleto offer an observation better forecasts of the quality aspects of here about bther ideas to consider. We are recreation use, as well as the usual quantity faced by a fundamental dilemma, empha- forecasts, even though it invades the sized by the banquet address by Commis- battleground of natural sciences and social sioner Aldrich: on the one hand, we have philosophies. Understanding of values and a population that will be 50 percent larger phenomena in this sector requires that rec- in 30 years, and a set of trends that clearly reation-resource managers and researchers indicate a greatly disproportionate increase be willing to change some of their present in outdoor recreation and other types of attitudes and research approaches. people participation with the resources of Some methods already have been devel- the land; on the other hand, the amount of oped for predicting certain types of recrea- land available to people for such participa- tion values for specific management pur- tion is steadily decreasing, and the expecta- poses, but very few managers have used the tions of people for quality benefits from proven methodology because they find it the land are rapidly increasing. Planning, dificult to act on estimates and uncer- forecasting, and research in recreation tainty. They still prefer to trust their own should start to give cognizance to the even- intuition and judgment when planning tualities involved here. People-pressure alone ahead. Better information on the prove-out can ultimately defeat the concept not only of these methodologies in real application of wilderness, but of campgrounds, beaches, would certainly increase their acceptance; hiking trails, mountain climbing, hunting but the future is now, and forecast experi- and fishing, and the very quality itself of the forest recreation experience. Further- Quality also is emphasized through modi- more, the present condition of our environ- fication of recreation environments by de- ment indicates that our whole approach to sign and layout to serve man's well-being resource use must change, and soon. as effectively as possible. Some recreation Perhaps the most reasonable ultimate sites often receive more impact per visit solution to plan toward lies in a somewhat than they can sustain, usually due to poor different vein than noted in the Conference utilization of the recreation resource. This papers. It could be thought of as having is frequently relievable in part by better two major components: design and layout. Mr. Lyons's discussion of a system for determining potential pedes- 1. Determine the true nature of individual trian impact described the numerous vari- and societal benefits and values derivable ables and their application as one useful from quality experiences in recreation- tool for recreation facility design. How- resource uses, and then, using this ever, until we know much more about how knowledge, seeking out and developing people perceive and benefit from the rec- feasible ways of substituting other rec- reation environment, attempts to design reation or other human experiences that either for sustainable carrying capacity or offer comparable benefits and values in quality of user experience would seem to order to forestall strangulating pressures be made largely in the dark. upon forest recreation resources; Dealing with a more mundane element of planning and development, Dr. Beardsley 2. Encourage and foster in every way pos- rather effectively shot down the popular sible a whole new ethic and philosophy promotive stance commonly taken by many toward resource uses by the public, aim- ing more at individual self-responsibility government agencies and some economists that recreation development induces eco- and service to society and less at the nomic growth and substantial multiplier Benthamist philosophy of personal grati- benefits, such as is usually the case with fication and selfishness at others' ex- industrial development. His overview found pense. Such a change in philosophy that beneficial impacts from recreation are should invalidate many of the trends and low compared to other economic sectors projections of forest recreation use that in local less-developed areas, especially now threaten to destroy the quality that when viewed from the standpoint of net makes it valuable. gains and trade-offs for the larger economy. Relating somewhat to this concept, Prof. Even the probable local benefits that accrue Fabos' critical analysis of the many new from public investment in a large recrea- quantitative ranking systems that have been tion reservoir must be reconciled against developed in recent years for measuring the priorities and opportunity costs, or environmental qualities brought out other benefits lost, to society from other uses of aspects of our developing state of knowl- the funds that were foregone in building edge for evaluating peoples' preferences the reservoir. This sort of concern has be- and landscape qualities for support of plan- come critical and preemptive under the ning and action. While also emphasizing the climate of overdrawn government expendi- importance of being able to predict en- tures that has finally swept in upon us, un- vironmental quality values on various levels, der which the competition among high- as some of these systems may be able to do, priority public needs has become severe, he suggested that their greatest value may and forceful examination of justification ex- be to create new social norms for greater cludes many heretofore accepted proposals. appreciation of environmental qualities. Sustained local economic growth not only Here again, however, much more needs to is not enhanced, but on the contrary is be done toward making the existing ranking often hindered where recreation-related systems more valuable, and more and deeper spending is seasonal and is concentrated in research is needed in user preferences to a short period of the year, resulting in idle provide a base of understanding for norma- investments, loss of quality labor force, and tive values that should be used in place of heavy leakage of recreation income from intuitive values in the ranking systems. the local area. We have seen the long-term impacts of this condition in our Adirondack service that the consumer expects to receive Region in New York State. Even the estab- at a minimal price. This attitude has been lishment of major national programs that conditioned over the years through public are unable to overcome the seasonal char- facilities being made ever bigger and more acteristic of disutility, such as the Cape Cod elaborate to meet user desires, always at National Seashore, makes little difference much less than full-cost pricing. One could in local jobs, population, and tax income. take the position, unpopular in today's set- Some disproportionate increases in local ting, that this is patently inequitable. Per- private land values do seem to occur, which haps more serious, however, are three other is not necessarily good. One might observe factors: that generally comparable impacts have 1. The basic rationale for forest recreation been experienced locally from the St. Law- being provided by the public at heavily rence Seaway, which also is confined to subsidized cost may not any longer be seasonal use. sound or defensible. Mr. Lyons expressed hope in recent trends toward integrated year-round recre- 2. The best opportunities for providing ation communities. This would enable rec- whatever benefits are derivable from reation enterprises to be conducted much forest recreation to the urban popula- more as efficient and sustainable business tions likely needing it most, exist on investments. with the stabilitv that contrib- privately owned lands relatively close- utes to livelihoods. commuhities, and ca- in and quickly accessible to cities. reers. At the same time, it could provide excellent promise as a cure for many of the 3. Public recreation lands cannot indefi- maladies that Prof. Bevins found now afflict nitely fulfill the enlarging interests of private recreation enterprises. the American people in providing suita- The relatively limited opportunity for ble quality recreational experiences. The financial success in the privately managed much more abundant private forest rec- outdoor recreation business should be a reation opportunities must be provided cause for major concern to all of us. We a healthy place in the scene, perhaps should recognize that the great bulk of sooner than many public agencies care forest lands and their attractive outdoor to consider, and such an ultimate goal recreation opportunities is in private owner- should be made a part of recreation- ship, and near at hand for the burgeoning resource planning and development. metropolitan populations. Further, land costs have reached levels prohibitive for purchase to provide any sizable increases in MANAGING THE public ownership, with the consequence RECREATI'ON RESOURCE that ~ublicforest recreation facilities can- 1 Because some of our most outstanding not continue to sustain the pressures of use public recreation-resource assets depend without ultimate loss of the qualities people for their clualitvI, and uniauenessI uDon11 Dre- seek. In the face of this impending crisis, serving trees, and the prevailing ecological however, public recreation managers still balance of the forest community, it is ex- seem impelled to out-service and out-com- tremely important to management to un- Pete private efforts to serve recreationists derstand the dynamic character of forested on a business basis. wilderness areas and parks and the likeli- Recreational service pricing, Prof. Bevins hood of our failure in trying to preserve brought out, is unrealistic and below op- nature. Mr. Lime, speaking for Dr. Heinsel- erating costs. Obviously then, forest rec- man, offered convincing evidence that cur- reation cannot be kept solvent without rent management, with its strict protection subsidy. Why is this, if recreation is so valu- both from the elemental forces of nature able and in such demand? The reason seems and from man's artificial substitutes, is not to be that because public agencies histori- resulting in the preservation of nature. It cally made formerly little-used public lands may surprise many people that we are liter- available without charge, all outdoor recrea- ally protecting these recreation resources to tion gradually came to be regarded as a extinction, for under present management concepts we are not providing for their re- as it does upon the very important motiva- cycling and natural ecological succession. tional and behavioral characteristics of the Ways must be found to restore and then individual. This should give managers some manage the dynamic primeval environ- assurance that their efforts can be significant mental system as it lives and maintains it- in providing the qualities sought. self, rather than trying to freeze ir into a Another facet of perception is the value static mold. In this concept, we do not of external or largely unrealized benefits, know how to manage them, and perhaps such as "existence value" discussed by Dr. cannot do so. Feasible compromises be- Tombaugh. He feels that these important tween nature's way and man's management values, which help keep the price system need to be spelled out in the form of spe- from working in the forest recreation field, cific ecosystem objectives, and then action do exist but are not yet fully understood or should be taken to attain these objectives. evaluated. Quite possibly many people feel Ecologist Heinselman expressed the view that what he terms "existence value" may that only natural environmental forces be thought of as being important because of should be used, particularly fires, insects many other reasons than recreation, such as and diseases, but not logging or profes- watershed or open-space social values, sense sional forestry practices, which he feels are of ownership and participation cven though inconsistent with thc preservation philos- at a distance, strong sense of kinship to ophy. mankind, or simply a desire to do the "right Whether he is correct or not, it sccms thing," whatevcr societal sentiment indi- difficult to belicvc that widespread public cates that that might be. opinion would long accept deliberate burn- hlanagement of the recreation resource ing of park or wilderness forests, which increasingly requires reliablc infoxmation people surely would think a greater sin about the user public as well as about the than the carcfully managed clear-cutting of resource itself, and Mr. James' analysis of commercial timber that public sentiment numerous inventory-samplin~ techniques has already condemned so vigorously, if dealt ably with the hard realities of asses- ignorantly. Obviously some sort of manage- sing current conditions. All of these meth- ment attention is needed, other than pro- ods now available appear to need improve- tection from destruction and from man ment; and as in other sectors of our con- tearing it apart, but there must be less risky cern, much remains to be done, particularly and wasteful strategies that u7e can devise. in reducing costs and increasing practical Wilderness, virgin forest conditions, and applicability. It might be interesting to ob- desirable qualities of the environment are serve here that as soon as we begin to really "what we see them to ben-a frame of understand more about recreation benefits mind. Natural landscapes are of any age in and peoples' quality perception of the en- most any location, and to many people wild vironment, it is likely that most of our in- forest land is any wooded place where the ventory approaches will be found inade- usual signs of man's habitation are not evi- quate. dent. Proper management of recreation re- Multiple-use management as applied on sources requires that we understand much National Forest lands attempts to integrate more than we do today about the processes recreation-resource management into the and mechanisms of how man visualizes and total complex of resource utility to society. perceives his environment. It is fine in theory, but difficult and stiII Dr. Newby brought out the importanr largely unrealized in application. While, as concept that recreation resources must be Mr. Prausa noted, it comes down mostly to psychologically accessible; that is, that in- a management of conflicts, it is basically dividuals perceive much more in the rec- much more a set of people problems than reational or esthetic experience if they are of resource problems. For too long the able to approach it with a conceptually Forest Service has tried to be all things to receptive frame of mind or understanding. ail people, especially in servicing user de- His research also indicated, however, that sires in outdoor recreation, to the point perception depends as much upon com- where many recreation-use desires them- plexity and order in the visual environment selves are in conflict. It is interesting to re- flect on how this situation could have been prefers public-owned campgrounds because permitted to come about in view of the they have better facilities, are less expen- basic purposes for which the National sive, and are better maintained. Forests in the East were acquired, but this A number of management implications is quite another component of constitution- are raised by the profile of campers, includ- ality and Federal land management. As Mr. ing the particular purposes for which public Prausa said, we must now recognize and agencies supply camping opportunity. How "be concerned with the fact that full de- far is it their responsibility to go in provid- velopment of National forest lands and ing home-type facilities? What allocation waters for recreation opportunities in the mechanism will be acceptable for rationing East may not be in the best public interest." use of well-developed areas? Is attraction A crying need to make the multiple-use of campers to campgrounds appro- management concept work appears to be priate? And to what extent is less-than-cost much better coordinated planning, both pricing of facilities and services to users a between the Forest Service and other land- desirable policy? Differential pricing will owners in regard to capabilities and inter- likelvJ become more necessarvJ to renulateU ests, and among all the many purposes, in- and balance uses between areas. cluding recreation on the lands for which Hikers and trail users are a much less the Forest Service is obligated to serve the favored breed-the neglected outdoorsmen public interest. Realistic goals and priorities -as re~ortedbv Dr. Lucas. One reason must be developed and followed to assure seems tb be thei; inconspicuousness and dis- that the whole public interest is being con- persal, with consequent lack of pressure and sidered and aimed at, and not rationalized demand. The trail svstemi seems to be de- away to serve vociferous pressure groups clining slowly, with no national pressure and opportunism as demands are made and for hiking opportunities outside wilderness decisions reached. areas. Hikers and trail users are predomi- Multiple-use management efforts can be nantly younger people who seek- esthetic so directed that maximum advantage of values and contact with the natural environ- complementarity among functional objec- ment rather than exercise or specific activ- tives far exceed the benefits from single- ities. Much of their need could readily be purpose management. The optimum mix satisfied in a semi-wild setting, leading to for complementarity is not static, and it also the management implication that non- requires understanding and tolerance by the wilderness "trail recreation areas" could fill user public of the extent to which less than a real void and ~rovidefor hikers' needs maximum dedication by the Forest Service better and cheap& than do wilderness trails. to any one use is essential. Diversity and variety are necessary, but the greatest need now is for day-use opportu- CHARACTERIZING nity necessarily close to urban populations. THE RECREATION USER There appears to be no reason why such The camper, as one of the major outdoor trails need to be confined to public lands. recreation user groups, was characterized The I heno omen on of recreation users in the overview by Dr. Cole and Dr. Wil- articulating power and influence over pub- kins as tending toward higher incomes than lic agencies through membership in highly the average citizen, residing in suburban organized clubs and groups is well recog- areas, having significantly higher levels of nized today. Their accomplishments are far education, and being heavily represented in out of proportion to their segment of the the professional-technical employment cate- population. Dr. Hendee's synopsis indicated gories and other responsible positions. The that they are urban-oriented, well above camper tends to place extreme and increas- average in education, in income, and in ing pressures upon public agencies to pro- occupational group. Their activism and vide the facilities and sophistication in multiple memberships are typical of other recreation areas that he has become accus- sociallv active interests todav. Their num- tomed to at home, and his reasons for camp- bers likely will increase as ;percentage of ing are closely associated with extent and total population in consonance with both quality of facilities he expects to find. He rising educational levels and rising urbani- zation. It is critical that I~ublic recreation- length. More are sought by snowmobile resource managersU realize that members of owners, but they are costly to develop conservation groups and outdoor clubs are ($100 to $150 per mile) and to maintain not representative of all outdoor recreation- ($100 per mile per season). Public resource ists: Dr. Hendee estimated that less than 1 agency officials need to consider the poten- percent of recreationists hold such member- tially serious impact upon their existing ship. Too often, especially of late, resource primary-purpose programs that might well managers do consider such groups as being result from snowmobile accommodations re~resentativeof all recreationists and mob- they may enter into, especially since tech- ady give undue weight to their conkerns. nological advances will continue to bring Further, this small fractional interest invari- new types of outdoor vehicles into the na- ablvi Dresents1 its articular desires in such tural recreation-resource setting. Also, an a wav that it ratiGnalizes or identifies them overall reading on where the public interest into ;he public interest. Public land man- lies is provided by the array of snowmobile agers should appreciate the value to them regulatory laws being enacted by the states. of the challenges being raised, but they seri- ously slight their obligations when they forget that the public interest is determined SPECIFIC MANAGERIAL by all the people, not by a group or class CONSIDERATIONS seeking to speak for all. De~reciativebehavior of recreationists is Dr. Bond and Dr. Whittaker see a de- a maior managerial problem that we have clining population of hunters and fisher- not found a suitable solution to as yet. Mr. men, despite the traditional free use of the Clark, in studies in the State of Washing- resource base as the acce~tednorm. Moti- 1 ton. found various reasons for such behavior vations for hunting and fishing were found and some hope for controlling it. Recrea- to be much more than killing game and tional sociology is changing as society as a catching fish, with a wide range of implica- whole does, and some heretofore standard tions for resource manapers. and with indi- 0' rules designed to control recreational be- cations that privately managed hunting and havior need review and possible adjustment. fishing opportunities may fulfill needs for Further standardization of rules and en- an increasing percentage of these recrea- forcement, and strengthening of the police tionists in the future. Needed in-de~thre- 1 powers of park authorities are suggested. search into motivations may ultimately find But greater acceptance of responsibility by possible substitute activities as well. individual campers or development of a new The characteristics and preferences of the ethic. is likelv to reach more widemread skier as brounht out bv Dr. Leuschner indi- i I " i and lasting results. Experiments in using cate the overriding importance of locating anti-litter incentives have proven economi- ski areas near population centers, managing cal and surprisingly effective, offering con- toward the preferences of the user, such siderable potential for managerial innova- as day-skiing, and providing ski-schools and tion. varied ski slopes. There appears to be an Additional perspectives on law enforce- excellent opportunity in this sector for pri- ment in recreation areas, discussed by Mr. vate rather than public ski facilities to fur- Arthur for Mr. Hadley, also stressed that nish the services sought by this user popu- the changing nature of American society is lation, if permitted to do so without the causing millions of people to question the competition of below-cost public ski enter- validitv of some acce~tedtraditions and prises. Ski touring also seems to offer good values: and this philosoihy carries over into potential for offsetting excessive pressure on park-user populations. He suggested that ski slopes. both the traditional functions and educa- The snowmobile, discussed by Mr. Heth- tional preparation of park personnel are erington, is probably w-ith us to stay, judg- unsuited to the emerging situations that de- ing from the heavy investment already mand involvement, especially law enforce- made by over a million owners. Trail sys- ment. Park managers must see that the law tems are available on both public and pri- is up to date, and also use the law vigorously vate lands, averagi~gsome 50 miles in for control of hard crime, but make needed innovations in management programs that areas depends on the site characteristics, the offer alternatives to law enforcement as the objectives for the area in question, and the ultimate action. Considerable organizational user values involved. Often some determi- and training actions have been taken by the nation must be made as to who shall be Park Service to achieve an effective posture permitted to use, or not use, a particular in law enforcement. As pressure of use con- site in order to hold numbers within neces- tinues to build up in public recreation areas, sarvJ limits. Such acti~ndoes little to en- we in forest recreation will no doubt face hance user satisfaction. However, there are similar behavior problems. It is essential that still many ways to greatly increase the rec- we as resource managers must develop the reation load without damage to the re- sociological insights suitable to enlightened source, as illustrated by heavy use of some human management in recreational settings. forest areas in ~ermankand ~rance. Another aspect of the recreationist's be- A specific illustration of the problems of havior is how he thinks of the recreation managing for carrying capacity and rehabili- resource and what it is that he wants to get tating overused sites was brought out by from his experience there. Dr. Wagar's Prof. Ketchledge in describing research and studies into the effectiveness of communi- restoration work on trails and alpine surn- cating and interpreting the meaning of the mit excessively trampled by hikers. His environment to recreationists showed that experience revealed the possi'ble utility of a motivation and interest are generally low, new dimension in site rehabilitation. that of and that considerable innovation, use of dy- involving the recreationists themsklves in namic presentations, participation arrange- some aspects of overuse control and restora- ments, and rewards for learning are re- tion. Its main value would amear1 I to be its quired for success, all handled at quite a educational and corrective impact upon the sophisticated level. Pre-programming with behavior of recreationists as users. script, tape players, and orientation movies has beer, found to be very successful. Ap- parently the underlying need is to generate LOOK AT THE RESEARCH a sense of motivation and interest on the TASK AHEAD part of the recreationist. There are limitless Recreation research and recreation-re- opportunities for applying educational and source management have suffered severely teaching concepts here, but recreation man- from the cultural blinding, cultural myths, agers may well question the validity of pro- and similar cultural "fogweed" that Dr. viding the recreational opportunity in the LaPage and Dr. Lloyd so effectively up- first place if the recreationist's interest re- rooted for us. Outdoor recreation is an in- quires this degree of electric prodding. On separable part of our culture and is a focal the other hand. ~erha~swith a little more ' I I point for cultural clashes. Now that our such innovation, we could go all the way whole American society is in the midst of and move the resource to the people via change in some of its most important cul- TV. tural values, basic changes are also appear- An increasing problem of recreation man- ing in the underlying precepts that have agers is controlling carrying capacity at a long supported planning, management, and level within which it is possible to maintain research in outdoor recreation. The grand resource and recreation quality. Dr. Lime theories of perfect planning and neatly and Dr. Stankey defined the concept and ordered systems do not fit the turmoil of offered many useful suggestions for those reality. The challenge to recreation re- planning and managing recreational uses, search is to recognize and avoid the many involving either site management or modi- fictions, and get on with the important fication of visitor behavior. Rotating use questions. among available sites, or overdeveloping What are the important questions? They sites to 1~ermit non-use of one site for ex- are many, and can be categorized in various tended periods, are ways that carrying ways. It seems to me that our most im- capacity can be spread and overused areas portant and critical needs and challenges for can be allowed to recuperate. But the vari- research revolve around the people aspects able carrying capacity of specific recreation of outdoor recreation. As Keith Arnold put it 5 years ago at the National Conference No doubt our recreation case has been built on Policy Issues in Outdoor Recreation, on several fictions that we can no longer "Federal outdoor recreation programs have afford to accept. been converted rapidly and dramatically Meanwhile, those involved in managing from resource oriented byproducts of con- recreation resources must respond to the servation and preservation to a people- burgeoning demands facing them and must oriented major public purpose." It is time make plans and investment decisions with we recognized that forest recreation is the whatever knowledge, experience, and intui- social service of the forest and hence is far tion they can muster. They need the clair- more a people problem than it is a forest voyance to see the future needs to be satis- problem. fied at a given time commitment, both in As with the disorientation of current park quality and amount. The important need rangers toward deviant behavior of recrea- here is for research to provide the resource tionists, we have been perceiving the man- manager with a sound basis for predictabil- agerial needs and research tasks of forest ity that he will use in place of his own recreation through the eyes of foresters and intuition. But such predictive outlook must others with a resource-culture blindness. As somehow give full cognizance to the a result, the great bulk of research con- changes occurring in societal value systems ducted over the past decade and more has and future life styles that will really call dealt with concerns over the resource base the tune on what people will be doing at and with the pressing problems daily con- future time of plan horizon. fronting resource managers. While this was The relationships that should pertain be- initially necessary, it is time for us to begin tween public and private responsibilities in to come to grips with underlying causes the American system for providing the best and realities, to try to elicit and assess the utility of forest recreation to the people difficult concepts and facts necessary to in- must also be determined soon, and ways telligently determine the proper courses to must be found to nurture and implement pursue in recreation-resource use. There them. It is abundantly clear that public have been many illustrations during this agencies cannot fulfill the public's expecta- conference of how handicapped we are tions for quality recreational experience, without better basic information about the nor are public recreation needs likely to purposes we are serving and the appropriate compete at desired funding levels against methods for reaching public-interest goals. other priority demands looming in future. We need to understand much better than A somewhat more mundane question of we do what it is that human beings seek to critical importance in the research and satisfy through outdoor recreation, what management task ahead is to find ways to are man's perceptions of a quality recrea- implement optimal multiple use or multi- tional environment, what motivates him to purpose management of public resources. such participation. This is an extremely Little real progress has been made in devel- complex area, but is basic to policy judg- oping the dynamics of interrelated priori- ments, to intelligent planning of both cur- ties, goals, optimal levels of use and com- rent and long-term programs, to deter- plementarity, and user acceptance for the mining potentially substitutable activities, array of resource conditions that prevail. and many similar practical considerations. Public forest lands must serve the whole Another important question is the value public, and we no longer can afford the of forest recreation to participants and luxury of preemptive commitment of ma- through them to society and particularly to jor areas for any particular use. urban populations. What actual benefits ac- This is only a brief glance at part of the crue to both, what do we get out of it, how research task ahead. There are many other really important or necessary is it? As a important sectors, some no doubt much corollary of this, there are certain assump- easier to handle, but these few I have men- tions that provide the basis for public sub- tioned may be sufficient to indicate the sidization of forest recreation for the public kinds of effort that seem important to me. good that need serious examination of their Empirical studies and measurement of all validity in the light of experience to date. kinds have tended to clutter the field of recreation research in the past, and they cietal pressures upon all resources being were necessary to meet needs of resource already severe and sharply increasing, we managers. But it is time now that we get need urgently to keep up the momentum into the complexity that actually controls of this great effort. In doing so, however, where we should go and what we should we must be ever mindful that momentum be doing in resource use to establish the alone can throw us off some curve in the mutually compatible and beneficial rela- road ahead that we have not foreseen. tionships that must be made to endure be- This has been a provocative and produc- tween our people and our landed resources tive conference. It has been valuable in from here on out. identifying and cross-communicating poten- In concluding this conference, I think tial solutions for concerns of common in- we have all been especially impressed with terest, and thereby enhancing progress to the magnitude of the problems and the op- the best of our present ability. But perhaps portunities and the responsibilities that we most important, this conference should collectively share. At the same time, it is a also have impressed upon us the necessity great credit to the rather young field of for collective and joint action among many concerted forest recreation and to those diverse interests and agencies concerned dedicated to the work going on within it with outdoor recreation if we are to suc- that an enormous body of useful research ceed in attaining the highest level of en- and managerial expertise has been developed lightened interactions for man with his over the past decade or so. With the so- natural environment. THE FOREST SERVICE of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation's forest re- sources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives - as directed by Congress - to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.