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Biological Science in Conservation Portland State University PDXScholar Political Science Faculty Publications and Presentations Political Science 2000 Biological Science in Conservation David Johns Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/polisci_fac Part of the Environmental Policy Commons, and the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Johns, David. Biological Science in Conservation. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-2. 2000 This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Biological Science in Conservation David M. Johns Abstract—Large-scale wildlands reserve systems offer one of the America (from Alaska and Greenland to Panama) that best hopes for slowing, if not reversing, the loss of biodiversity and would achieve the following conservation goals: 1) the pro- wilderness. Establishing such reserves requires both sound biology tection or recovery of all indigenous species in natural and effective advocacy. Attempts by The Wildlands Project and its patterns of abundance, emphasizing top predators, 2) the cooperators to meld science and advocacy in the service of conserva- protection of all ecosystem types and ecological processes in tion is working, but is not without some problems. Scientists and a healthy state, 3) the unencumbered operation of natural advocates have differences in methods of work, different under- disturbance regimes such as fire, and 4) resilience in the face standings of the origins and place of values in conservation, and of anthropogenic change, such as global climate change differing expectations about the efficacy of biological information in (Noss 1992). achieving protection. Despite these differences, successful relation- For a reserve system to achieve these goals, it would need ships can be forged where these differences are recognized and made to be science-based. Just as conservation biology, ecology part of the conservation planning process. and island biogeography had helped to identify the causes for biological decline of species and the unraveling of ecosystems, so they could contribute to the design of solu- tions. The biological sciences, in the view of TWP, could Albert Einstein was asked one day by a friend “Do you answer questions such as: What areas need to be protected? believe that absolutely everything can be expressed scien- tifically?” “Yes, it would be possible,” he replied, “but it How much needs to be protected? How should protected would make no sense. It would be description without areas be connected to maintain genetic and other flows? meaning—as if you described a Beethoven symphony as a What management regimes should govern protected areas variation in wave pressure.” (Clark 1971) and connections? To answer these questions, scientific findings would at If nature is the symphony, and conservationists are those least inform and at best be the basis for, a concrete vision of who love it and want it to remain alive and intact, what can what the conservation movement needed to advocate to biological science contribute? Perhaps not a perfect analogy. realize its goals. Advocates and their organizations would Nature is more complex and sublime than a symphony, even provide the political muscle to make the reserve systems a one of Beethoven’s. But it does suggest that while science is reality. central, it also has limitations. These limitations are under- This marriage of science and advocacy has been successful stood differently by scientists and advocates, often con- in many respects—several science-based large-scale reserve founding cooperation between the two groups. I will examine designs are in the final stages of peer-review (Wild Earth below the experience of The Wildlands Project and its coop- 2000). All marriages have problems, however, and simple in erators in attempting to marry science and advocacy to concept doesn’t mean simple in practice. Partners come to achieve large-scale conservation goals. (I use the term “sci- this relationship with differing expectations, backgrounds, ence” throughout this paper to mean the biological sciences, training and experience, but their goals and motives are especially conservation biology. Cooperators includes doz- much the same: a love of the natural world and a desire to ens of grassroots groups and networks of such groups; protect it (Foreman 1992, Society for Conservation Biology scientists; local chapters of national groups; and national 1999). The problems TWP and it’s cooperators have experi- and international conservation groups; and others.) enced in integrating science and advocacy fall into three The Wildlands Project (TWP) was founded in 1991 by categories: 1) differences between scientists and advocates prominent conservation biologists such as Michael Soulé in methods of work, 2) differences in understanding the and Reed Noss and activists such as Dave Foreman, Jamie origins and place of values, and 3) differences in expecta- Sayen and Mitch Friedman. Both groups had come to realize tions about the efficacy of biological information in the that existing protected areas—given the historic criteria for political world. their selection and their increasing islandization–were prov- These abstract categories translate into complaints like ing inadequate to stem the loss of biodiversity in the face of the following: “Advocates treat scientists like lawyers, look- burgeoning human numbers and consumption (Foreman ing for quick answers and easy certitude.” “Scientists take 1992). The Wildlands Project set out to design and imple- too long and cost too much; all you really need to do is draw ment a series of regional reserve systems across North a circle in the dirt and fight like hell for it.” I will look at each category, exploring the sources of friction and how these have been addressed in the field. The In: McCool, Stephen F.; Cole, David N.; Borrie, William T.; O’Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference— findings are limited to English-speaking North America. Volume 2: Wilderness within the context of larger systems; 1999 May 23–27; Although TWP works in Spanish-speaking North America, Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department project work is less developed there and the nature of of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. David M. Johns is Assistant Professor of Political Science, Hatfield School advocacy is different than in English-speaking North America of Government, Portland State University, and a founder and director of The (Riding 1985). What the findings suggest is that if these Wildlands Project, P.O. Box 725 McMinnville, OR 97128-0725 U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected] differences between scientists and advocates are ignored, USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-2. 2000 223 progress in conservation planning can be confusing and Some differences between scientists and advocates result slow. Where the differences are addressed directly, it is from constraints imposed by institutions or forces external much easier to achieve clarity of vision and purpose, and to the conservation planning relationship: universities, the conservation work is thereby more effective and timely. press or legislatures. Funders or tenure committees may Given the human onslaught against the natural world, time punish scientists for activism, the press does demand sound is critical. bites, and Congress operates on its schedule. Conservation- ists must accommodate these factors. In other cases differ- ences are about matters internal to the conservation plan- Methods of Work ________________ ning process. Perceptions and behaviors can be explored and changed because they are under the control of the partici- Scientists and advocates have different methods of work. pants. In either case the successful development of a conser- Mission-oriented sciences like conservation biology are not vation plan requires that these issues be placed on the agenda essentially different than “pure” science—they aim to ad- in each region and addressed. Resolution does not occur in here to generally accepted standards of investigation and one meeting, but over time, as trust is built and as issues are analysis (Schrader-Frechette 1996). Biologists, like other dealt with concretely in an ongoing process. Issues seem- scientists, generally aim to avoid type-I errors, or false ingly once resolved resurface and need to be addressed positives. Avoidance of finding an effect when there isn’t one again. Sometimes this is due to new participants; other is considered a conservative approach—best serving the times it is due to the difficulty in overcoming long held beliefs development of a reliable body of knowledge. But for advo- or habits. cates—and increasingly for many conservation biologists— Resolution of these differences and complaints rest upon being conservative means something else. Because species the shared goals of the work: to create reserve systems that loss and much ecosystem damage is irreversible, it is better have a high probability of restoring and protecting natural (from a policy standpoint) to assume there is an effect and systems. Only biologically-based reserve design can provide place the burden on developers, road builders and others a concrete vision for attaining the goals of large-scale conser- who seek to alter the world to prove their actions will have vation outlined above. Biologically-based reserve design no adverse biological effect. This precautionary approach does take time and can be complex, although methods are provides the same sort of safety for species and ecosys- being developed that allow reserve design to be accom- tems the U.S. Food and Drug Administration tries to plished more quickly and less expensively. While the science ensure for people by not allowing drugs to be sold until is never complete, at some point it becomes defensible— they’ve been tested.
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