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Surveys for Natural Enemies of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum Mantegazzianum)

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Surveys for Natural Enemies of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum Mantegazzianum) Surveys for natural enemies of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Caucasus region and assessment for their classical biological control potential in Europe Marion K. Seier,1 Rüdiger Wittenberg,2 Carol A. Ellison,1 Djamila H. Djeddour1 and Harry C. Evans1 Summary Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) (giant hogweed), a biennial or perennial herb indigenous to the Caucasus mountains, has become an important invasive alien weed throughout Europe as well as in parts of North America. First introduced into botanical gardens in central and northern Europe in the late 1800s, H. mantegazzianum was subsequently widely planted as an ornamental and has now become invasive in most of its introduced range in western Europe. Giant hogweed not only replaces the native flora and alters ecosystems along waterways, but also poses a risk to human health by causing phytophotodermatitis after contact with its sap. In January 2002, a collaborative European Union-funded program was initiated aiming to develop an integrated strategy for management of H. mantegazzianum in its exotic range. Biological control forms a central theme in this program and a series of surveys for both arthropod and pathogen natural enemies are being undertaken in the Caucasus region. The initial surveys have revealed an extensive mycobiota associated with H. mantegazzianum, most species of which are new records for this host. At least four, purportedly co-evolved pathogens belonging to the genera Ramulariopsis, Septoria, Phloe- ospora and Phoma were collected, of which the first three are under evaluation regarding their potential as biological control agents. The most prominent phytophagous insect present on H. mantegazzinanum was found to be the stem-boring curculionid Lixus iridis. Other insects collected attacked different parts of the host plant: Diptera species in the roots, Lepidoptera feeding on the leaves and flowers, and thrips species sucking on leaves, stems and flower heads. Likewise, the potential of these insect agents is currently being assessed. Keywords: biological control, Caucasus, fungal pathogens, Heracleum mantegazzianum, phytophagous insects. Introduction stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, the plant was first introduced into botanical gardens in Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev., central and northern Europe in the late 19th century commonly known as giant hogweed, is a biennial or (Briggs 1979, Lundström 1984). With its impressive perennial herb belonging to the Apiaceae. Native to the height of up to 5 metres and its large showy leaves and western part of the Caucasus, the mountain range flowerheads, H. mantegazzianum was subsequently promoted by nurseries and actively planted as an orna- mental curiosity in large private gardens and parks. 1 CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TA, UK. Since then, the plant has escaped, spreading naturally 2 CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, 1 Rue des Grillons, CH-2800 by seed propagation, with each individual potentially Delémont, Switzerland. producing up to 120,000 seeds per year (Dodd et al. Corresponding author: Marion Seier, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TA, UK. [email protected] 1994). The initial spread occurred mainly along rivers 149 Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds and streams, affecting riparian habitats (Caffrey 1994; has been considered as an alternative or additional Dodd et al. 1994). However, due to human activities, H. strategy for the management of giant hogweed, little mantegazzianum has colonized a variety of habitats research has been undertaken in this field to date such as agricultural land, abandoned fields, and road (Sampson 1990, 1994, Fowler et al. 1991, Caffrey 1994). and railway embankments, as well as urban sites (Pys˘ek The need to develop an integrated management 1994, Tiley et al. 1996). It is now a widespread weed in strategy that comprises effective, practicable and sustain- most of its introduced European range as well as in able means to control the spread of H. mantegazzianum parts of North America (Morton 1978). in its introduced European range, led to the initiation of Rapid growth and a large leaf area forming dense a collaborative multidisciplinary project funded by the canopies makes giant hogweed highly competitive and European Union in January 2002. Biological control, capable of shading out native herbaceous species, thus particularly the evaluation of co-evolved natural enemies posing a significant threat to the local biodiversity and from the native range of the plant as classical biocontrol altering whole ecosystems (Vogt Andersen 1994, agents, forms a central theme of this project. Pys˘ek & Pys˘ek 1995, Otte & Franke 1998). Following its annual winter die-back the weed exposes large areas Materials and methods of bare ground leaving the soil vulnerable to erosion, especially along riverbanks (Williamson & Forbes 1982). The sap, which is present in all parts of H. Field surveys mantegazzianum, contains a number of furanocumarins Two field trips were undertaken to the Russian part giving it photosensitizing properties (Hipkin 1991). of the Caucasus mountains to establish the mycobiota Skin contact with the plant causes severe blistering and and herbivore fauna associated with H. mante- dermatitis in affected humans, making the plant a gazzianum in its native range and to assess the damage serious public health hazard, especially when growing caused by individual fungal and arthropod species to in amenity areas (Dodd et. al. 1994). this host, as well as to related plant species. The surveys Current methods of control are based on herbicide were undertaken at the beginning of June and July application, particularly as glyphosate, animal grazing 2002, respectively, covering 11 field sites between and mechanical control, such as cutting and ploughing Pyatigorsk in the east and the Krasnodar territory in the (Dodd et al., 1994, Lundström & Darby 1994). However, west. The altitude of these sites ranges from 510 to overall, these methods have failed to give lasting control 1670 m.a.s.l. A map showing the location of individual of the weed (Sampson 1994). While biological control field sites is given in Figure 1. Figure 1. Map showing the sites surveyed ( ) in the Caucasus region in 2002. (ref. http://caspian.hypermart.net/caucasus.gif) 150 Natural enemies of Heracleum mantegazzianum Fungal pathogens length of the longest leaf, number of flower heads and the diameter of the central flower head. Observations of At each field site, a representative number of H. phytophagous insects on and in these parts of the plant mantegazzianum plants and related species was were also noted. Each plant was dug out completely and assessed, comprising all ages of plants present. Level all stems, petioles, and roots were dissected. In addition and type of pathogen damage was recorded and to these randomly chosen plants, as many plants as samples were taken. These were brought back in a plant possible were assessed for signs of insect attack. press into the quarantine facilities at CABI Bioscience All stages of insects found were collected together UK Centre where all subsequent work was carried out. with pieces of the plant parts, where they were feeding, Suspected biotrophic pathogens were isolated immedi- and kept in plastic boxes. When necessary, plant material ately onto H. mantegazzianum plants grown from seeds was replaced with fresh material. The samples were trans- ex Kew Botantical Gardens, purportedly obtained from ported into quarantine at the CABI Switzerland Centre, original plant collections in the Caucasus. Facultative where they were transferred onto potted plants. Adults pathogens were isolated onto potato carrot agar. A emerging out of the rearing cages are being identified. representative range of fungal specimens was taxonom- ically identified and deposited either in the culture As with fungal pathogens, initial host-specificity collection or the dried reference collection of the CABI tests were carried out using the following closely Bioscience fungal herbarium (Herb. IMI). related native and economically important plants: cori- ander, carrot, Foeniculum vulgare Miller (fennel) and Plant inoculations with fungal pathogens were Heracleum sphondylium L. The adult feeding and undertaken using spores obtained either from infected oviposition tests were carried out under single-choice plant material or from agar cultures. Spore suspensions as well as multiple-choice conditions, using potted in sterile distilled water containing 0.01% Tween 80 plants in cages. All plants were examined for feeding were applied to leaf surfaces of H. mantegazzianum at traces and dissected for eggs. a concentration of 106 spores ml–1 using a fine paint- brush. Either both upper and lower leaf surfaces were treated, or exclusively one or the other. Inoculated Results plants were placed in a dew chamber (Mercia Scien- tific, Birmingham, UK) for two days at 16°C and were Fungal pathogens subsequently maintained in a controlled environment room at 20°C, with a light regime of 12h light/12h dark. An extensive mycobiota was found to be associated Treated plants were regularly assessed for the develop- with H. mantegazzianum in its native Caucasus region, ment of macroscopic symptoms of infection, and with a number of species newly recorded from this host. disease development was closely monitored and At least four potentially co-evolved pathogens were recorded.
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