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Downloaded from USGS UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Bias Adjustment of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimation Using Limited Gauge Measurements and Its Implementation on Hydrologic Modeling Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0f88z1mf Author Alharbi, Raied Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Bias Adjustment of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimation Using Limited Gauge Measurements and Its Implementation on Hydrologic Modeling DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Civil and Environmental Engineering by Raied Saad Alharbi Dissertation Committee: Professor Kuo-Lin Hsu, Chair Distinguished Professor Soroosh Sorooshian Associate Professor Amir AghaKouchak 2019 Portion of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 © Arabian Journal of Geosciences All other materials © 2019 Raied Alharbi DEDICATION To My parents, Saad and Moody, my wonderful and supportive wife, Eman, my uncle, Mohammad, my lovely sons, Yusuf and Musab, my brother and my sisters. Without your supports, encouragement, and beliefs, this dissertation would have never been possible ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... xiii CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................................. xiv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Motivations ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Dissertation Outline ............................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: Bias Adjustment of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimation Using Limited Gauge Measurements ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Linear Bias Correction ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Non-Linear Bias Correction ......................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Distribution-Based Bias Correction. ............................................................................ 12 2.2 Climate and Precipitation over the Study Area and Data Source ........................................ 21 2.2.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................... 21 iii 2.2.2 Climate and Precipitation in Study Area ...................................................................... 22 2.3 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Historical Rain Gauges ................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Satellite-based Precipitataion Estimation ..................................................................... 26 2.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.4.1 Data Quality .................................................................................................................. 28 2.4.2 Localized Quantile Mapping ........................................................................................ 30 2.4.3 Quantile Mapping and Climate Zone ........................................................................... 30 2.4.4 Cumulative Distribution Function of Climate Zones ................................................... 30 2.4.5 Bias Adjustment of Satellite Estimation ........................................................................ 32 2.4.6 Evaluations ................................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 36 2.5.1 Data Quality .................................................................................................................. 36 2.5.2 Spatial Distribution of Precipitation in Saudi Arabia ................................................... 37 2.5.3 Time Series of Precipitations over Saudi Arabia ......................................................... 46 2.5.4 Daily Time Series ......................................................................................................... 53 2.6 conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 60 CHAPTER 3: Merging Satellite Precipitation Estimates and Rain Gauges over Saudi Arabia .... 61 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.1 Direct Combinations ..................................................................................................... 62 iv 3.1.2 Indirect Combinations .................................................................................................. 63 3.2 Study Area and Data Source ................................................................................................ 66 3.2.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................... 66 3.2.2 Data Source .................................................................................................................. 67 3.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 69 3.3.1 The Removing of Systematic Bias ................................................................................. 69 3.3.2 Gridding Rain Gauges .................................................................................................. 70 3.3.3 Merging Two Datasets ................................................................................................. 71 3.3.4 Evaluations ................................................................................................................... 74 3.4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 76 3.4.1 Bias adjustment ............................................................................................................ 76 3.4.2 Parameterization of Gridding the Rain Gauges ............................................................ 77 3.4.3 Fitting Monthly Weighting Functions for Data Merging ............................................. 78 3.4.4 Spatial distribution of precipitation in Saudi Arabia .................................................... 80 3.4.5 Time series of precipitations over Saudi Arabia .......................................................... 87 3.5 Conclusion and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 4: Assessing the Efficacy of Bias Corrected Satellite-based Precipitation Estimation and Merging over Three Watersheds in Saudi Arabia .................................................................. 99 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 99 4.2 Methodology and data acquisition ..................................................................................... 102 v 4.2.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 102 4.2.2 Precipitation ................................................................................................................ 103 4.2.3 Runoff Measurements ................................................................................................ 104 4.3 Rainfall–runoff modeling .................................................................................................. 104 4.4 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 106 4.5 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 107 4.5.1 Calculating Curve Number ........................................................................................
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