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The Encyclopedia of Nails Free FREE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NAILS PDF Jacqui Jefford,Anne Swain | 480 pages | 30 Dec 2006 | Cengage Learning EMEA | 9781844804603 | English | Andover, United Kingdom Nail (anatomy) - Wikipedia Nailin the anatomy of humans and other primates, The Encyclopedia of Nails plate that grows on the back of each finger and toe at its outer end. It corresponds to the clawhoof, or talon of other vertebrates. The nail is a platelike, keratinous, translucent structure that consists of highly specialized epithelial cells. The nail grows from a deep groove in the dermis of the skin. The nail plate is also attached to The Encyclopedia of Nails underlying, richly vascularized nail bed, which supplies the plate with necessary nutrients. The cells at the front edge of the nail plate die and turn white as they lose contact with the nail bed. The whitish, crescent-moon-shaped part of the nail, known as the lunula, is also not attached to the underlying nail bed. On the fingers, the front edge of the nail assists in the manipulation of small objects, as well as in scratching. Nail Article Media Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know The Encyclopedia of Nails you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree See Article History. Britannica Quiz. Which of these glands is present as a pair in the human body? Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. A major characteristic of primates is that their fingers and toes terminate in nails rather than in claws. One can speculate that the development of nails into flattened plates reflects the discontinuation of their use for digging or for defending and attacking. In a…. The most common causes of diseased nails are chronic paronychia—infection of the soft The Encyclopedia of Nails of the fingers between the lateral edges of the nail plates and the lateral nail folds—fungus infections, trauma, psoriasis, impaired circulation, and dermatitis. Chronic paronychia is an occupational hazard of…. Some primates do have claws, but even among these there is a flat nail on the big toe hallux. In all primates except The Encyclopedia of Nails, the hallux diverges from the other toes and together with them forms a pincer capable of grasping objects such as…. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on The Encyclopedia of Nails lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Holy Nails Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. The question has long been debated whether Christ was crucified with three or with four nails. The treatment of The Encyclopedia of Nails Crucifixion in art during the earlier Middle Ages strongly supports the tradition of four nails, and the language of certain historical writers none, however, earlier than Gregory of Tours"De glor. Cyprian"De passione", is a medieval fabricationfavours the same view. On the other hand, in the thirteenth century, Western art began to represent the feet of the Crucified as placed one over the other and pierced with a single nail. This accords with the language of Nonnus and Socrates and with The Encyclopedia of Nails poem "Christus patiens" attributed to St. Gregory Nazianzuswhich speaks of three nails. More recent archaeological criticism has pointed out not only that the two earliest representations of the Crucifixion the Palatine graffito does not here come The Encyclopedia of Nails accountviz. Ambrose "De obitu Theodosii" in P. Further, St. Ambrose informs us that St. Helen had one nail converted into a bridle for The Encyclopedia of Nails horse early commentators quote Zechariahin this connectionand that an imperial diadem was made out of the other nail. Gregory of Tours speaks of a nail being thrown deponior possibly dipped into the Adriatic to calm a storm. It is impossible to discuss these problems adequately in brief space, but the information derivable from the general archaeology of the punishment of crucifixion as known to the Romans does not in any way contradict the Christian tradition of four nails. Very little reliance can be placed upon the authenticity of the thirty or more holy nails which are still veneratedor which have been venerated until recent The Encyclopedia of Nails, in such treasuries as that of Santa Croce in Romeor those of VeniceAachenthe Escurial, NurembergPragueetc. Probably the majority began by professing to be facsimiles which had touched or contained filings from some The Encyclopedia of Nails nail whose claim was more ancient. Without conscious fraud on the part of anyone, it is very easy for imitations in this way to come in a very brief space of time to be reputed originals. The bridle of Constantine is believed to be identical with a relic of this form which for several centuries has been preserved at Carpentras, but there is another claimant of the same kind at Milan. Similarly the diadem of Constantine is asserted to be at Monza, and it has long been known as "the iron crown of Lombardy. Thurston, H. Holy Nails. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. MLA citation. Thurston, Herbert. New York: Robert Appleton Company, This article was transcribed for New Advent by Sean Hyland. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, Remy Lafort, S. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. About this page APA citation. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The Encyclopedia of Nails by Jacqui Jefford A nail is a horn-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most primates. Nails correspond to claws found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called The Encyclopedia of Nails which is found in the hooves, hair, claws and horns of vertebrates. The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. The matrix, sometimes called [3] the matrix unguiskeratogenous membrane, nail matrix, or onychostroma, is the tissue or germinal matrix which the nail protects. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip bone determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color. The lunula "small moon" is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The nail bed is The Encyclopedia of Nails skin beneath the nail plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal "grooves" [6] called matrix crests cristae matricis unguis. The nail sinus sinus unguis is where the nail root is; [4] i. It originates from the The Encyclopedia of Nails growing tissue below, the matrix. The nail plate corpus unguis [4] is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, The Encyclopedia of Nails cells cause the nail to be strong but flexible. The free margin margo liber or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponds to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. It forms a The Encyclopedia of Nails that protects the nail bed. It is just under the free edge, in that portion of the nail where the nail bed ends and can be recognized in fair-skinned people by its glassy, greyish colour. It is not visible in some individuals while it is highly prominent on others. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle is the semi-circular layer of almost invisible dead skin cells that "ride out on" and cover the back of the visible nail plate while the eponychium is the fold of skin cells that produces the cuticle. They are continuous, and some references view them as one entity; in this classification, the names eponychiumcuticleand perionychium are synonymous. The The Encyclopedia of Nails wall vallum unguis is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and The Encyclopedia of Nails end of the nail. The lateral margin margo lateralis lies beneath the nail wall on the The Encyclopedia of Nails of the nail, and the nail groove or fold sulcus matricis unguis are the cutaneous slits into which the lateral margins are embedded. The paronychium is the soft tissue border around the nail, [13] and paronychia is an infection in this area. The Encyclopedia of Nails hyponychium is the area of epithelium, particularly the The Encyclopedia of Nails portion, underlying the free edge of the nail plate. It is sometimes called the quick as in the phrase 'cutting to the quick'. A healthy fingernail has the function of protecting the distal phalanxthe fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger. Finally, the nail functions as a tool enabling a so-called "extended precision grip" e. The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermiswhich The Encyclopedia of Nails the only living part of a nail.
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