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GATA4/6 Regulate DHH Transcription in Rat Adrenocortical Autografts

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GATA4/6 Regulate DHH Transcription in Rat Adrenocortical Autografts www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN GATA4/6 regulate DHH transcription in rat adrenocortical autografts Takashi Yoshida 1,2, Nae Takizawa1,2, Tadashi Matsuda2, Hisao Yamada1, Masaaki Kitada1 & Susumu Tanaka1* Adrenal cortex autotransplantation with ACTH stimulation may be an alternative therapy for patients with bilateral adrenalectomy to avoid adrenal crisis, but its underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Previously, we detected Dhh upregulation in rat adrenocortical autografts after transplantation. Here, we investigated potential regulators such as Gata4, Gata6, Sry and Sox9 which afect Dhh transcription in adrenocortical autografts with or without ACTH stimulation. In ACTH- stimulated autografts, Gata4 and Gata6 were downregulated compared to control autografts. This response was linked to rDhh repression. A reporter assay using the upstream region of rDhh and a GATA binding motif revealed that rDhh promoters were signifcantly upregulated by co-transfection with Gata4 or Gata6 or both. Sry and Sox9 expression in autografts with or without ACTH stimulation were verifed by PCR and RNAscope analyses. The ovarian diferentiation factors Foxl2 and Rspo1 were also upregulated in the autografts. Gata4 and Gata6 were found to be signifcant factors in the regulation of rDhh expression and could be associated with adrenocortical autograft maintenance. Gonadal primordia with bipotential testicular and ovarian functions may also be present in these autografts. Pheochromocytomas arise from the adrenal medulla and are catecholamine-producing tumours. Hereditary phe- ochromocytoma can be treated with bilateral adrenalectomy and lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy1. Autotransplantation and allotransplantation of the adrenal cortex are potential alternatives that allow bilateral adrenalectomy patients to avoid adrenal crises1,2. However, adrenal autotransplantation has not been established in humans and its success rate is only 20–35%3,4. Possible reasons for this poor performance include ACTH sup- pression by negative feedback from excessive postoperative glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Tis response causes autograf regression. According to previous reports, adrenal autotransplantation has been highly suc- cessful in the management of Cushing’s disease (ACTH hypersecretion from the pars distalis)5–7. Four patients who underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and ACTH replacement were able to withdraw from glucocorticoid replacement immediately afer adrenal autotransplantation8. Dexamethasone-induced adrenal atrophy in mice was restored with daily ACTH stimulation9. ACTH stimulation afer autotransplantation preserves autografs and may involve an unidentifed pathway which promotes adrenal cortical regeneration and recovers endocrine function. In the search for factors afecting post-transplant adrenocortical autograf remodelling and regeneration, we found that Dhh was upregulated and Shh was downregulated in the regeneration step of rat adrenocortical auto- graf8. Te HH signalling pathway may participate in adrenocortical autograf regeneration as well as adrenal cor- tex development. Te regulation of Dhh transcription during gonadal development involves transcription factors such as Wt1, Gata4, Gata6, Sox9 and Sry9,10. In this study, we examined whether they afect Dhh transcription in adrenocortical autografs. Although ACTH stimulation is important, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the infuence of transient ACTH stimulation on adrenal autografs. Terefore, we also assessed the efects of transient ACTH and rDhh transcription-associated factors. 1Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan. 2Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan. *email: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:446 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57351-5 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Figure 1. Relative expression of angiogenesis factors in adrenal glands. Rats without injection (Intact group), injected with natural saline (Saline group) or injected with ACTH (ACTH group) were euthanized afer 2 h. Relative expression levels in the adrenal glands were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Changes in transcription level were analysed by ANOVA with a Steel multiple comparisons test *P < 0.05 vs. Intact group. Vegfa: vascular endothelial growth factor a; Angpt: Angiopoietin. Results and Discussion ACTH stimulation induced angiogenic factor in adrenal glands. Afer ACTH stimulation for 2 h, Veg fa showed a 1.8-fold increase in the adrenal gland compared with that in the intact group (Fig. 1). Angpt1 in the adrenal gland afer ACTH stimulation showed a 0.5-fold decrease compared with that in the intact group (Fig. 1). Tere was no diference between the intact and saline groups in terms of Veg fa and Angpt1 expression (Fig. 1). Further, no diferences in Angpt2 expression among the three groups were observed (Fig. 1). Tese results corroborated those of previous reports11–13. Even the 2-h ACTH stimulation of the adrenal gland in the present study suggested that ACTH regulates angiogenic factors which could afect adrenal autograf conditions. ACTH suppressed the HH signal in the adrenal autografts. RNAscope analysis in our previous study confrmed that Shh was downregulated and Dhh was upregulated in the autografs 2–3 wks afer surgery10. Similarly, Shh expression showed a 0.05-fold decrease in the control autografs compared to that in the sham (Fig. 2). Dhh expression was 5-fold higher in the autografs than in the sham (Fig. 2). In the ACTH-stimulated autograf, neither Shh nor Dhh was upregulated in the adrenocortical autografs relative to the sham. Similar results were observed for Gil1 expression (4.2-fold increase in the control autografts, no difference in the ACTH-stimulated autograf) (Fig. 2). Terefore, 2-h ACTH stimulation dysregulated HH signal-related genes in the autografs 2 wks afer surgery. Disp1 encodes HH ligand secretion receptors and is co-localised with the HH ligand in the same cells14. Disp1 showed a 2.1-fold upregulation in the control autograf but a 0.6-fold downregulation by ACTH stimu- lation (Fig. 2). Terefore, both DHH synthesis and release were suppressed in the DHH-producing cells of the ACTH-stimulated autograf. On postoperative day (POD)14, there might be slight HH ligand binding in the autograf HH target cells. Transcriptional Dhh regulator and efect of ACTH stimulation. Te expression of certain Dhh tran- scriptional regulators may be linked to Dhh expression in the 2–3 wks afer surgery, during which time Dhh was upregulated. Terefore, we measured the expression levels of candidate transcription factors in adrenal autografs at POD14. Wt1 was upregulated in the control- (4.0-fold) and ACTH-stimulated (4.5-fold) adrenal autografs compared with that in the sham adrenal gland (Fig. 3). We were, then, the frst to identify Sry and Sox9 expression in adult adrenal cortex using their cDNA in qRT-PCR. Both were elevated in autografs independently of ACTH stimula- tion (Sry: 4.3-fold change, Sox9: 3.4-fold change) (Fig. 3). Cycle sequence analysis disclosed that these PCR prod- ucts were indeed Sry and Sox9. RNAscope analysis also confrmed that Sry and Sox9 were localised in the adrenal gland and the autograf. Sry and Sox9 were detected in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and the estimated undifer- entiated zone (ZU), respectively (Fig. 4A,B; Supplementary Fig. 1). Sry was detected at low levels in the capsule and the zona fasciculate (ZF). In the adrenocortical autograf, Sry was expressed in the stromal cells adjacent to the remnant adrenocortical cells. It was also found in the remnant adrenocortical cells around the capillary cir- cumference at POD14. GATA4 and GATA6 are Shh transcriptional regulators in the limb bud15. Gata4 showed a 2.6-fold increase in the autograf (Fig. 3). In the ACTH-stimulated autograf, the transcription factors remained upregulated but both Gata4 (0.5-fold change) and Gata6 (0.6-fold change) were inhibited from linking to Dhh compared with that in the control autografs (Gata4: 0.5-fold change, Gata6: 0.6-fold change) (Fig. 3). Terefore, Gata4 and/or Gata6 were considered Dhh regulators in the adrenal autografs. To clarify this hypothesis, a SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:446 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57351-5 2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Figure 2. Relative expression of HH signalling molecules in adrenal tissues. Rats with Sham operation (Sham), adrenocortical autotransplantation (Control group) or adrenocortical autotransplantation plus ACTH (ACTH group) were sacrifced at POD14. Relative expression levels in the adrenal tissues were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Changes in transcription level were analysed by ANOVA with a Steel multiple comparisons test; *P < 0.05 vs. Sham rats. For non-parametric factors such as Shh and Dhh, the Mann-Whitney U test with a Bonferroni correction was used; †P < 0.0167 vs. Sham rats. Kif7: kinesin family member 7; Ptch1: human patched-1; Shh: sonic hedgehog; Smo: Smoothened; Sufu: Sufu negative regulator of hedgehog signalling; Dhh: desert hedgehog; Gli1: GLI family zinc fnger 1; Disp1: Dispatched RND Transporter Family Member 1. Figure 3. Relative expression of transcriptional regulators in adrenal tissues. Rats with Sham operation (Sham), adrenocortical autotransplantation (Control group) or adrenocortical autotransplantation plus ACTH (ACTH group) were sacrifced at POD14. Relative expression
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