Birch - Oak Rocky Woodland These Plants Are Frequently Found in This Community Type

Characteristic Plants Birch - Oak Rocky Woodland These plants are frequently found in this community type. Those with an asterisk are State Rank S3 often diagnostic of this community. Similar Types Canopy Community Description Ironwood - Oak - Ash Woodlands are Big-toothed aspen These community types are partial similar. They may have a high cover Blue birch* canopy deciduous woodlands or of red oak, but also include ironwood Paper birch* patches of woodland among talus and sometimes sugar maple. Birches Red maple areas. Overall canopy closure may are less common, and the herbaceous Red oak* be <25% when the open areas are flora includes rich site indicators Striped maple included. Paper birch, red oak, and/ that are absent from this type. Other Yellow birch* or yellow birch are dominant. Sugar community types dominated by red oak Paper Birch Sapling/shrub maple, if present, is not abundant. occur on thin soil over bedrock or on Mountain maple* Marginal wood-fern, rock polypody, deeper soils. Oak - Pine Woodlands, Conservation, Wildlife, and Striped maple* and poison ivy are characteristic of the the most similar, typically include Management Considerations Yellow birch* herb layer, which is best developed in bracken fern and lowbush blueberry, Talus woodlands receive little human Dwarf Shrub open patches. Vegetation is generally which are rarely (or only sparsely) found use because of their inaccessibility and Lowbush blueberry very patchy, developing in pockets in talus woodlands. low timber value; however, areas at the Poison-ivy among the rocks. base of talus slopes that receive water Herb Birch - Oak Talus Woodland and nutrients from above sometimes Big-leaved aster Soil and Site Characteristics have enough large trees to make logging Common hairgrass Sites typically occur on dry, acidic Location Map economical. Conservation of these sites Marginal woodfern talus substrates with various aspects. should include the range of talus forest Rock polypody Documented elevations are from cover, from the base of the slope on up, Wild sarsaparilla nearly sea level to about 1500’. with a buffer of adjacent forest cover. Bryoid Dicranum moss Diagnostics South facing occurrences of this type Large hair-cap moss Sites occur on talus substrate; conifer in the southern part of the state may Pincushion moss cover can be one-fourth of the canopy, have provided historical habitat for the ironwood is absent and birches are timber rattlesnake, which is believed to Associated Rare Plants common. have been extirpated from Maine. Purple clematis Distribution Not well documented. Extends Examples on Conservation westward from Maine, and possibly in Lands You Can Visit other directions. • Acadia National Park – Hancock Co. Landscape Pattern: Small Patch • Caribou Mountain, Donnell Pond Public Lands – Hancock Co. • Horse Mountain, Baxter State Park – Penobscot Co. • Little Kineo Mountain Public Lands –Piscataquis Co. Striped Maple Maine Natural Areas Program.

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Lvl) Having Different Patterns of Assembly
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) HAVING DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF ASSEMBLY a,b a, Bing Xue, and Yingcheng Hu * Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels made from poplar (Populus ussuriensis Kom.) and birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) veneers were tested for mechanical properties. The effects of the assembly pattern on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the LVL with vertical load testing were investigated. Three analytical methods were used: composite material mechanics, computer simulation, and static testing. The reliability of the different LVL assembly patterns was assessed using the method of Monte-Carlo. The results showed that the theoretical and ANSYS analysis results of the LVL MOE and MOR were very close to those of the static test results, and the largest proportional error was not greater than 5%. The veneer amount was the same, but the strength and reliability of the LVL made of birch veneers on the top and bottom was much more than the LVL made of poplar veneers. Good assembly patterns can improve the utility value of wood. Keywords: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL); Mechanical properties; Assembly pattern; Reliability; Poplar; Birch Contact information: a: Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; b: Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150027, China; * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Wood is a hard fibrous tissue found in many plants. It has many favorable properties such as its processing ability, physical and mechanical properties, and aesthetics, as well as being environmentally and health friendly.
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Oak, Pine & Hemlock Silviculture
Pine‐Oak‐Hemlock‐‐Silviculture Institute 7/18/2017 Some Standard Silvicultural Methods • 1. Single‐tree selection • 2. Group \patch: includes group release and shelterwood groups • 3. Clearcutting • 4. Overstory removal Oak, Pine & Hemlock Silviculture • 5. Standard shelterwood • 6. Low‐density shelterwood • 7. Deferred shelterwood • 8. Irregular shelterwood W.B. Leak • 9.Precommercial thinning • 10. Commercial thinning • 11. Stand improvement • 12. Rehabilitation • 13. Ecological forestry • 14. Natural disturbance silviculture App. Percent Cu. Vol. and Sapling Numbers In New Hampshire Major Oak/Pine Silvi Problems • Species Vol. % Sapling % • Regen • Red oak 8.9 3.2 • White Pine 20.2 3.4 • Red Maple 14.6 11.9 • Regen • Regen 1 Pine‐Oak‐Hemlock‐‐Silviculture Institute 7/18/2017 Where Does Oak/Pine/Hemlock Like to Sources of Regen Problems Grow? Dry Sites: • Seed supply? Outwash • Seed losses? Shallow Bedrock • Germination? Sandy Tills • Browsing? • Competition? Hemlock: also on shallow, wet pan • All of the above!! 2 Pine‐Oak‐Hemlock‐‐Silviculture Institute 7/18/2017 Also: Old‐Field Pine A long history of white pine invasion of abandoned old‐fields on a variety of soils! Why?? Pine can handle eroded soils and grass/hay competition. Then…..After the Pine Harvest • Understory oak (a wildlife influence?) develops into a fine stand. Some of our best oak stands developed after pine (McKinnon 1935, Harv. Bull. 18). • But even after a careful oak shelterwood, the oak does not readily regenerate. • On some sites (e.g. sandy), pine regenerates under the oak – possibly another wildlife influence. 3 Pine‐Oak‐Hemlock‐‐Silviculture Institute 7/18/2017 The Oak/Pine Regeneration Process • Develops best from advanced regen.
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Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas-Fir to Phytophthora Ramorum1
Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and 1 Douglas-fir to Phytophthora ramorum Gary Chastagner,2 Kathy Riley,2 and Marianne Elliott2 Introduction The recent determination that Phytophthora ramorum is causing bleeding stem cankers on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière) in the United Kingdom (Forestry Commission 2012, Webber et al. 2010), and that inoculum from this host appears to have resulted in disease and canker development on other conifers, including western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), potentially has profound implications for the timber industry and forests in the United States Pacific Northwest (PNW). A clearer understanding of the susceptibility of these conifers to P. ramorum is needed to assess the risk of this occurring in the PNW. Methods An experiment was conducted to examine the susceptibility of new growth on European (L. decidua Mill.), Japanese, eastern (L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and western larch (L. occidentalis Nutt.); western and eastern hemlock (T. canadensis (L.) Carrière); Sitka spruce; and a coastal seed source of Douglas-fir to three genotypes (NA1, NA2, and EU1) of P. ramorum in 2011. In 2012, a similar experiment was conducted using only the four larch species. Container-grown seedlings or saplings were used in all experiments. Five trees or branches of each species were inoculated with a single isolate of the three genotypes by spraying the foliage with a suspension of zoospores (105/ml).
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Big Trees in the Southern Forest Inventory
United States Department of Big Trees in the Southern Agriculture Forest Inventory Forest Service Southern Christopher M. Oswalt, Sonja N. Oswalt, Research Station and Thomas J. Brandeis Research Note SRS–19 March 2010 Abstract or multiple years. Listings of big trees encountered during the most recent forest inventory activities in the South Big trees fascinate people worldwide, inspiring respect, awe, and oftentimes, even controversy. This paper uses a modified version of are reported in this research note and should supplement American Forests’ Big Trees Measuring Guide point system (May 1990) existing lists and registers. to rank trees sampled between January of 1998 and September of 2007 on over 89,000 plots by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, For more than 75 years, the FIA Program has been charged Forest Inventory and Analysis Program in the Southern United States. Trees were ranked across all States and for each State. There were 1,354,965 by Congress to “make and keep current a comprehensive trees from 12 continental States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands inventory and analysis of the present and prospective sampled. A bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) in Arkansas was the biggest conditions of and requirements for the renewable resources tree (according to the point system) recorded in the South, with a diameter of the forest and rangelands of the United States” of 78.5 inches and a height of 93 feet (total points = 339.615). The tallest tree recorded in the South was a 152-foot tall pecan (Carya illinoinensis) in (McSweeney-McNary Act of May 22, 1928.
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Chestnut Oak Botanical/Latin Name Quercus Montana
Chestnut Oak Botanical/Latin name Quercus Montana Chestnut Oak owes its name to its leaves, 4”-6” long, looking like those of the American Chestnut. It is a species of oak in the white oak group native to eastern U.S. Predominantly a ridge-top tree in hardwood forests. Also called Mountain Oak or Rock Oak because it grows in dry rocky habitats, sometimes even around large rocks. As a consequence of its dry habitat and harsh ridge-top exposure, it is not usually large, 59’–72’ tall; specimens growing in better conditions however can become large, up to 141’. It is a long-lived tree, with high-quality timber when well-formed. The heavy, durable, close-grained wood is used for fence posts, fuel, railroad ties and tannin. Saplings are easier to transplant than many other oaks because the taproot of the seedling disintegrates as the tree grows, and the remaining roots form a dense mat about three feet deep. It is monoecious, having pollen-bearing catkins in mid-spring that fertilize the inconspicuous female ﬂowers on the same tree. It reproduces from seed as well as stump sprouts. The 1”-1-1/2” long acorns mature in one growing season, are among the largest of native American oaks and are a valuable wildlife food. Acorns are produced when a tree grown from seed is about 20 years of age, but sprouts from cut stumps can produce acorns in as little as three years after cutting. Extensive confusion between the chestnut oak (Q. montana) and the swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) has historically occurred.
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Douglas Fir Release from Tanoak and Pacific Madrone Competition 1
I 5 Reprinted from Weed Science, Vol. 24, January 1976, pages 144-145 Douglas Fir Release from Tanoak and Pacific Madrone Competition 1 S. R. RADOSEVICH, P. C. PASSOF, and 0. A. LEONARD2 Abstract. Broadleaf species such as tanoak [Lithocarpus den to small Douglas fir were treated by the cut-surface method in siflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.] and pacific madrone (Arbutus April, 1964. Herbicides used were the amines of 2,4-0 and menziezii Pursh) reduced conifer growth on previously logged 2,4,5-T and the potassium salt of picloram. The amine formu or burned areas of the northern California and southwest Ore lations of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T contained 0.48 kg ae/L. Picloram gon coast range. Cut-surface applications of 2,4-D [ (2,4-di contained 0.24 kg ae/L. chlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophe noxy)acetic acid], and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropico Hatchet cuts wer.e made through the bark into the wood at linic acid) into tanoak and pacific madrone growing as over the base of 7 .6 to 10.2 cm stems of tanoak and madrone such story to Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] that all the bark was severed around the tree. No attem~t was were found to provide acceptable control for 10 years follow made, to have separate cuts connected since the objective was ing application. Increment cores obtained from Douglas fir in to sever vertical lines of flow of both water and carbohydrates.
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Wood from Midwestern Trees Purdue EXTENSION
PURDUE EXTENSION FNR-270 Daniel L. Cassens Professor, Wood Products Eva Haviarova Assistant Professor, Wood Science Sally Weeks Dendrology Laboratory Manager Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University Indiana and the Midwestern land, but the remaining areas soon states are home to a diverse array reforested themselves with young of tree species. In total there are stands of trees, many of which have approximately 100 native tree been harvested and replaced by yet species and 150 shrub species. another generation of trees. This Indiana is a long state, and because continuous process testifies to the of that, species composition changes renewability of the wood resource significantly from north to south. and the ecosystem associated with it. A number of species such as bald Today, the wood manufacturing cypress (Taxodium distichum), cherry sector ranks first among all bark, and overcup oak (Quercus agricultural commodities in terms pagoda and Q. lyrata) respectively are of economic impact. Indiana forests native only to the Ohio Valley region provide jobs to nearly 50,000 and areas further south; whereas, individuals and add about $2.75 northern Indiana has several species billion dollars to the state’s economy. such as tamarack (Larix laricina), There are not as many lumber quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), categories as there are species of and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) that trees. Once trees from the same are more commonly associated with genus, or taxon, such as ash, white the upper Great Lake states. oak, or red oak are processed into In urban environments, native lumber, there is no way to separate species provide shade and diversity the woods of individual species.
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Announcing the SMA Urban Tree of the Year: Chestnut Oak
Announcing the SMA Urban Tree of The Year: Chestnut Oak The 2017 SMA Urban Tree of the Year is native to much of the Eastern United States. Hikers from New York to Tennessee who ascend to dry ridges will often see the deeply furrowed, blocky barked trunks of chestnut oak (Quercus mon- tana) (syn. Q. prinus). The bark is so distinctive, it may be the only ID feature one needs. There’s growing interest in using chestnut oak in the urban environment because it is pH-adaptable, handles dry soils and periods of drought, has a beautiful mature form, requires mini- mal pruning, and tends to be free of major pests and diseases. The common name “chestnut oak” owes to the leaves looking like those of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and indeed both are members of the beech family, Fagaceae. Other com- mon names for chestnut oak include rock oak, rock chestnut oak, or mountain oak—referring to its customary sighting in dry, rocky soils on ridgetops, where it has a competitive advantage. Chestnut oak acorn • Photo by Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest However, if chestnut oak is open-grown in the moist, well- Service, Bugwood.org drained soil that all trees dream about, it will be significantly bigger than its scrappy ridgetop cousins. Typically it reaches 50 to 70 feet (15 to 21 m) tall and almost as wide. It’s hardy in USDA Zones 4 to 8 and prefers full sun. Dublin, Ohio Forestry Assistant Jocelyn Knerr nominated the tree. “We started using chestnut oak in Dublin in 2009 as a street tree,” she says.
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This File Was Created by Scanning the Printed
Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2012) 70:37-43 DOl 1O.1007/s00107 -0 10-0494-y OSB as substrate for engineered wood flooring Costel Barbuta . Pierre Blanchet· Alain Cloutier· Vikram Yadama . Eini Lowell Received: 26 August 2009 / Published online: 13 November 2010 © Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Oriented strand board (OSB) is a commodity sheathing, OSB web stock and ponderosa pine OSB sub product subject to market fluctuation.Development of a spe strates showed higher distortion. The PYA type I adhesive cialty OSB could lead to a better, and more stable, market led to weak bonding with high-density OSB surface.The re segment for OSB. It was demonstrated in a previous study sults of this study demonstrate the potential of OSB panels (Barbuta et al. in Eur. 1. Wood Prod. 2010), that OSB may to be used as substrate for EWF. be designed to obtain a high bending modulus of elasticity in the parallel direction, close to Baltic Birch Plywood (BBP) OSB als Tragerplatte ffir Doppelboden in its strongest direction. This study focused on the use of such specialty OSB in the manufacturing of engineered Zusammenfassung OSB ist ein Massenprodukt, das wood flooring (EWF) prototypes,a product that widely uses Marktschwankungen unterliegt. Die Entwicklung spezieller BBP as substrate in Canada. The performance of these two OSB-Platten konnte zu besseren und stabileren Absatzmog prototypes (aspen/birch and ponderosa pine) was studied. lichkeiten flir OSB flihren. In einer frliherenStudie (Barbuta Five types of substrates: BBP, sheathing OSB, web stock et al. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 20 I 0) wurde die Moglichkeit auf OSB and the two specialty OSB prototypes were used to gezeigt, OSB herzustellen, dessen Biege-Elastizitatsmodul manufacture EWF.
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Oak Wood Composition* by Dr
Oak Wood Composition* By Dr. Murli Dharmadhikari Significant variation occurs in the composition of oak heartwood. There are many factors that contribute to this variation. These include: differences within a tree, age of the tree, rate of growth, soil and climate of the region, and more importantly, the genetic differences between various species. Variation Within a Tree Within a given tree, variation in the heartwood composition can be considerable. For example, heartwood close to the sapwood is richer in tannin than the heartwood close to the pith. Higher tannin levels are found in the base of the tree than near the crown. The tannin content increases as the tree gets older. Soil, climate, and other environmental conditions also affect growth and composition of heartwood. Although significant differences in composition can be found within a tree, as well as among the trees, these differences are minimized during the process of barrel making. A 50-gallon barrel is made out of 30 plus staves. The staves in a given barrel may come from different segments of the same tree or from several trees grown in a given area. Variation Due to Rate of Growth The rate of growth also affects the heartwood composition. A slower rate of growth is characterized by a greater proportion of spring wood and a smaller proportion of summer wood. The spring growth consists of large vessels; whereas in summer growth, the pores are relatively small. In a slow growing tree, due to the higher proportion of spring growth, the heartwood is less dense, softer, and accumulates more phenolic extractives.
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Spruce - Pine Woodland These Plants Are Frequently Found in This Community Type
Characteristic Plants Spruce - Pine Woodland These plants are frequently found in this community type. Those with an asterisk are State Rank S4 often diagnostic of this community. (pH 4.6-5.2) and nutrient poor. Some Canopy Community Description sites show evidence of past fire, but many Balsam fir* This type is a mixed canopy woodland do not. Black spruce* (25-70% closure) in which red spruce Northern white cedar* and/or white pine is always present Diagnostics Paper birch* and associated species vary. Red spruce Sites are woodlands on bedrock, with Red spruce* or white pine is strongly dominant conifer cover exceeding deciduous cover. White pine* at some sites; at others, the canopy is Red spruce is typically dominant, or White spruce* occasionally co-dominant with white pine Sapling/shrub mixed, with no one tree species strongly Spruce – Pine Woodland dominant. White spruce may rarely or red spruce. Bayberry* replace red spruce at coastal sites. The spruce (an oak - spruce mix), but have Shadbush shrub layer is typically very sparse (and Similar Types more deciduous than coniferous tree Wild-raisin* variable in composition), and the herb Other upland coniferous woodlands cover. Moving downslope, or into areas of Dwarf Shrub layer has mostly 15-50% cover. Heath may include red spruce but will have greater soil development, these woodlands Black huckleberry* shrubs are the dominant feature of the other tree species (northern white cedar, can grade into spruce or pine forests, but Lowbush blueberry* herb layer; herb species rarely exceed pitch pine, red pine, jack pine, or black those have more continuous canopy and Sheep laurel* 8% cover.
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Mid-Rise Engineering Considerations for Engineered Wood Products
Mid-Rise Engineering Considerations for Engineered Wood Products PresentedPresented by [ byPresenter’s Jeff Olson, Name ]P.E. Please add relevant logo here Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board. “The Wood Products Council” is a This course is registered with AIA CES Registered Provider with The for continuing professional education. American Institute of Architects As such, it does not include content Continuing Education Systems that may be deemed or construed to (AIA/CES), Provider #G516. be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of Credit(s) earned on completion of this construction or any method or course will be reported to AIA CES for manner of handling, using, AIA members. Certificates of distributing, or dealing in any Completion for both AIA members material or product. and non-AIA members are available upon request. ______________________________ Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Course Description Wood products take on a seemingly infinite variety of shapes and forms. While many designers are familiar with engineered wood products such as I-joists, wood sheathing and structural composite lumber, it is important to understand the structural requirements associated with each in order to achieve proper performance—especially in mid-rise applications. With an emphasis on products used in commercial and multi-family buildings, this presentation will cover fastening requirements, load capacity and proper detailing. Learning Objectives 1. Dimension stability in regards to moisture content changes and the differences between solid wood products.
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