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Migration Public Disclosure Authorized and Remittances during the Global Financial Public Disclosure Authorized Crisis and Beyond Ibrahim Sirkeci Jeffrey H. Cohen Dilip Ratha Public Disclosure Authorized Editors Public Disclosure Authorized Migration and Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond Migration and Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond Edited by Ibrahim Sirkeci Jeffrey H. Cohen Dilip Ratha Washington, D.C. © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or Th e World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org 1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 Th is volume is a product of the staff of Th e World Bank with external contributions. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of Th e World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Th e World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Th e boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of Th e World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions Th e material in this work is subject to copyright. Because Th e World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to the work is given. For permission to reproduce any part of this work for commercial purposes, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Offi ce of the Publisher, Th e World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-8826-6 ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-8827-3 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8826-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Migration and remittances during the global fi nancial crisis and beyond / edited by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeff rey H. Cohen and Dilip Ratha. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-8826-6 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8827-3 (electronic) 1. Emigration and immigration—Economic aspects. 2. Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. 3. Immigrants—Economic aspects. 4. Emigrant remittances—Cross-cultural studies. I. Sirkeci, Ibrahim. II. Cohen, Jeff rey H. (Jeff rey Harris) III. Ratha, Dilip. JV6217.M545 2011 332’.04246090511—dc23 2011032374 Cover image: Diana Ong/Superstock by Getty Images Cover design: Critical Stages Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................xv Otaviano Canuto and Hans Timmer Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... xvii Contributors ......................................................................................................................xix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xxvii Introduction: Remittance Flows and Practices during the Crisis ...................................... 1 Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeff rey H. Cohen, and Dilip Ratha PART I Chapter 1. Theoretical Appraisal: Understanding Remittances ...................................... 15 Jeff rey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci Chapter 2. Forecasting Migrant Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis ........... 23 Sanket Mohapatra and Dilip Ratha Chapter 3. Economic Crises and Migration: Learning from the Past and the Present ... 35 Tim Green and L. Alan Winters Chapter 4. Remittance Flow, Working Capital Formation, and Economic Growth ........ 53 Gabriela Mundaca PART II Chapter 5. The Financial Crisis in the Gulf and Its Impact on South Asian Migration and Remittances .......................................................................... 67 S. Irudaya Rajan and D. Narayana Chapter 6. Gendered Use of Remittances: The United Arab Emirates–Bangladesh Remittance Corridor ......................................................................................................... 81 Md Mizanur Rahman and Danièle Bélanger Chapter 7 Trends and Correlates of Remittances to India ............................................. 93 Poonam Gupta and Karan Singh v vi l CONTENTS Chapter 8. Shocks Affecting the Flow and Stability of Workers’ Remittances to India ....................................................................................................... 107 Bhupal Singh Chapter 9. Migrant Remittances in Nepal: Impact of Global Financial Crisis and Policy Options ................................................................................................................ 121 Sanket Mohapatra, Dilip Ratha, and Ani Silwal Chapter 10. Nepal: Migration History and Trends ........................................................ 137 Jeevan Raj Sharma Chapter 11. Resilience of Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and the Entrenchment of Migration ............................................................................................ 141 Andrea Riester Chapter 12. Rural-Urban Migration in the Context of Thailand’s Ongoing Uneven Development ................................................................................................................. 149 Gregory S. Gullette Chapter 13. Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh and Pakistan: Evidence from Two Host Countries ............................................................................... 153 Guntur Sugiyarto, Carlos Vargas-Silva, and Shikha Jha Chapter 14. Impacts of the Crisis on Migrants and Their Families: A Case Study from Bangladesh ...................................................................................... 171 Guntur Sugiyarto, Selim Raihan, Carlos Vargas-Silva, and Shikha Jha PART III Chapter 15. The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Remittance Flows: The Case of El Salvador .................................................................................................. 183 Pablo Acosta, Javier Baez, Rodolfo Beazley, and Edmundo Murrugarra Chapter 16. Remittance Flows to Mexico and Employment and Total Earnings of Mexican Immigrant Workers in the United States ......................................................... 193 Jesús A. Cervantes González and Alejandro Barajas del Pino PART IV Chapter 17. The Impact of the Global Economic Downturn on Remittances from the European Union ............................................................................................... 215 Oscar Gómez Lacalle Chapter 18. Remittances and Evolving Migration Flows from Central and Eastern Europe to the United Kingdom ......................................................................... 227 Simon Pemberton and Lisa Scullion Chapter 19. Effects of the Global Crisis on Migration and Remittances in Albania .... 237 Ilir Gedeshi and Nicolaas de Zwager Chapter 20. The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Migration to and Remittance Flows from Spain ......................................................................................... 255 Marta Roig and Joaquín Recaño-Valverde PART V Chapter 21. Forecasting Turkish Workers’ Remittances from Germany during the Financial Crisis .............................................................................................. 273 Şule Akkoyunlu CONTENTS l vii Chapter 22. Remittances in an Environment of Human Insecurity: The Kurdish Case ............................................................................................................ 289 Ibrahim Sirkeci Chapter 23. Financial Crisis and Remittances from Denmark to Turkey ....................... 295 Pinar Yazgan and Ibrahim Sirkeci Chapter 24. Work and Remittance Patterns of Irregular Immigrants in Turkey ............ 303 Oğuzhan Ömer Demir and M. Alper Sozer PART VI Chapter 25. Labor Migration, Overseas Remittances, and Local Outcomes in the Contemporary Philippines .............................................................................................. 315 Ty Matejowsky Chapter 26. The New Zealand–Pacifi c Remittance Corridor: Lowering Remittance Costs ............................................................................................ 319 Don Abel and Kim Hailwood Chapter 27. Role of Trade Openness, Remittances, Capital Infl ows, and Financial Development in Vanuatu ................................................................................................ 325 Ronald R. Kumar PART VII Chapter 28. Remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of a Financial Crisis: Source of Resilience or Vulnerability? ............................................................................. 337 Wim Naudé and Henri Bezuidenhout Chapter 29. From Shock Absorber to Shock Transmitter: Determinants of Remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa...................................................... 349 Raju Jan Singh Chapter 30. A Comparative Examination of Women’s Remittance Practices in Two Somali Communities: Johannesburg, South Africa, and Columbus, Ohio ............. 359 Marnie Shaff er PART VIII Chapter 31. The Global Crisis and Expatriates’ Remittances to Lebanon .................... 365 Nassib

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