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Book Belongs to the CAMPBELL COLLECTION Purchased with the Aid of the Macdonald-Stewart Foundation and the Canada Council CAMPBELL COLLECTION This book belongs to THE CAMPBELL COLLECTION purchased with the aid of The MacDonald-Stewart Foundation and The Canada Council CAMPBELL COLLECTION Classiral ^^ri^s. THUCYDIDES BOOK III 'PTYC HI A SUnfbnA em^f ttttt'lfMii THUCYDIDES BOOK III KDITXD BT E. C. MARCHANT, M.A. SITB-RBCTOR OK LINCOUT COLLEGE, OXFOBO MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1952 This book is copyright in all countries which are signatories to the Berne Convention First Edition 1909 Reprinted 1918, 1939, 1952 PBINTSJ) IN QBEAT BBITAIN PREFACE Twenty years ago I hoped to edit five books of Thucjdides. I am glad that I have been able to do so ; and now that I have finished, I wish to acknowledge the unfailing courtesy and patience of the publishers. My chief purpose in this volume has been to enable readers to follow the narrative of the four great episodes contained in Book IIL without difficulty. To read the account of them with the aid of a good map and the necessary explanations is an interesting and even exciting experience. My obligations to the following books are \ ery great : —Busolt's History, and for Lesbos, li. Koldewey's Die antiken Bainverke der Insel L. and W. Herbst's Der AbfaJl MytUenes ; for Corcyra, B. Schmidt's Korkyraeische Studien ; for Plataea, H. Wagner's Die Belagencnff von Plataeae and G. B. Grundy's The Topography of the Battle viii PREFACE of Plataea ; for Acarnania and Aetolia, Ober- huiiiiner's Akariianien and Woodhouse's Aetolia. The list of readings at the end of the Intro- duction will show the small extent to which I have felt it necessary to differ from Mr. Stuart Jones in textual matters. A few conjectures are appended to the list. CONTENTS PAOK Introdvction— I. Table of Principal Events xi II. The Four Great Episodes :— 1. The revolt of Lesbos xiii 2. The escape from Plataea .... xvi 3. The troubles in Corcyra . xx 4. Demosthenes in Aetolia and Amphilochia . xxiii III. Style and Diction xxvi IV. The Speeches xxxii V. Manuscripts and Text xxxix VI. Differences of Reading and Conjectures . xlii Text 1 Notes 107 Index—Greek , . .217 English 223 ix INTRODUCTION I. Table of Principal Events 428. Spring. Sedition rife in Lesbos (c. 2). June. Athenian Embassy sent to Lesboe. Athenian deet of 40 ships sent to Lesbos (C.3). The Peloponnesians invade Attica (c. 1). July. Lesbos revolts. The Athenians establish two camps at Lesbos (c. 6). August. At the Olympic games the Lesbians become allies of Sparta (c. 15). September. The Peloponnesians prepare to invade Attica again, but the plan is frustrated by the dispatch of a fleet of 100 ships from Athens (c. 16). The Mytileneans attack Methymna and other places (c. 18). Paches sent from Athens to Lesbos with 1000 hoplites. October. Circumvallation of Mytilene. 427. Jan. or Feb. Escape of 212 besieged Plataeans (c. 20). May. A Peloponnesian fleet of 42 ships under Alcidas sent to Lesboe (c 26). xi INTRODUCTION June. The Peloponnesians invade Attica (c. 27). July. Fall of Mytilene. Nicias seizes the island of Minoa (c. 51). August. Fall of Plataea (c. 52). Faction-fighting in Corcyra (cc. 70-81). Embassy from Leontini to Athens (c. 86). September. Laches sent to Sicily with a fleet of 20 ships. 426. June. Demosthenes sent round the Peloponnese withi a fleet of 30 ships (c. 91). The Spartans establish the colony of Heraclea. Demosthenes invades Aetolia. The Aetolians send to Sparta for assistance August. Demosthenes defeated in Aetolia. The fleet returns to Athens (c. 98). Autumn. Eurylochus with a Peloponnesian force marches to the aid of the Aetolians (c. 100). Battle of Olpae, and slaughter of the Ambraciots. Demosthenes returns to Athens. 425. Winter. Purification of Delos (c. 104). Embassy from the Siceliots to Athens (c. 115). Feb. or March. Eruption of Mt. Etna (c. 116). ; n. The Four Great Episodes 1. THE REVOLT OF LESBOS At the time of the outbreak of war between Athens and Sparta, only two among the islands of the Aegean retained the status that had originally belonged to all the states which formed the Delian confederacy in 476 B.C. Only Chios and Lesbos were free and independent allies of Athens. The chief city of Lesbos was Mytilene, on the east coast. It was governed by an oligarchy, which, until a few years before the war, had remained outwardly loyal to the alliance with Athens. The city was powerful and prosperous : it possessed at least fifty ships of war : it had gained a commanding position in the island, so much so that the towns Antissa, Eresus, and Pyrrha were its dependencies only Methymna, which also possessed a fleet, remained outside its influence. The oligarchs who controlled its policy viewed with apprehension the advance of Athenian power in the Aegean ; and they were on the look-out for a favourable moment to break with Athens and join Sparta. An attempt to carry out this design had been made already some two years before the war broke out, but the appeal to Sparta had met with an unfavourable response. The outbreak of the Peloponnesian war xiv INTRODUCTION must have been a powerful incentive to the oligarchs to renew their efforts. They strengthened their walls, built ships, closed their harbours, sent to Pontus to buy corn and hire archers. They even tried to absorb the governments of the other Lesbian cities, and to establish their supremacy over the whole island. These measures were encouraged not only by Sparta, but by the Boeotians, who probably wanted to prevent Athens from sending relief to Plataea. The narrative of the siege of Mytilene is easy to follow, once the leading features of the topography of the city are understood. 1. XiJucNcc (cc. 2, 2 ; 3, 6 ; 6, 1). The Acropolis and a small part of the city lay on a little island or rather peninsula on the east coast ; this peninsula was divided from the mainland by a channel or Euripus —which is now silted up, and apparently was not navigable in 428 B.c.^ The larger and newer part of the city lay on the mainland. The channel formed a connecting link between the two harbours. The northern harbour was the principal one (cf. c. 4, 2) and was included in the city by prolonging the ends of the city walls where they ran down to the coast, both on the acropolis and on the mainland side, far out to sea (cf. c. 2, 2). The works were incomplete when the siege began ; and the southern harbour, which is the one now in use, does not seem to have been enclosed at all at that date. This southern harbour, then, was outside the city. ' Diodorus xiii. 79. 6, and Xen. tlell. i. 6. 22 show that the Euripus was navigable in 406 B.C. From the narrative of the siege, I should judge that this was not so in 428 B.C. ' The caual,' says Tozer, ' was a natural one, hut was afterwards artificially improved.' This imi)roveinent may have been carried out soou after the siege. — THE REVOLT OF LESBOS xv 2. TCiXH (c. 3, 6). The acropolis was fortified, but at the time of the siege the city-walls were incom- plete. They were to run right round the city, both on the land and on the sea side, and to tenninate in the harbours, so as to enable them to be closed at need. 3. MaXo€ic 'AnoXXcoN (c. 3, 3, 6), h MaXea (c. 4, 5). Maloeis appears to have been the name of the low coast-line after you leave the city, at the north-west of the northern harbour. The temple seems to have lain at the northern extremity of this strip of coast, in a little valley. The position is so low that city and harbour cannot be overlooked from it (cf. c. 3, 3). Malea has been identified as a low promontory on this strip of coast, a suitable position from which to keep a watch towards the city and the nortliern harbour. 4. YF^pabpa (c. 25, 1). This torrent-bed by which Salaethus contrived to get into Mytilene is to be identified in the modem stream of Alissida, which flows at the south of the city and approaches at one place within 150 yards of the ancient wall. It would have been much more difficult for Salaethus to get in from the north, where the main Athenian station was, and the lines of Paches cannot have crossed any stream on that side. Paches may well have supposed that the Alissida was sufficient protection, and may have omitted to build securely across it. The route from Pyrrha naturally brings one out at the head of the Bay of lero, and thence through the narrow valley of the Alissida. As regards the Athenian dispositions, the follow- ing points are to be observed : (1) The first station of the fleet was at Malea, and this continued to serve as the naval base (c. 6, 2). : xvi INTEODUCTION The a-TpaToireSoi' (c. 5, 2) was, of course, on the coast, close by. Presently a part of the fleet was sent round (Treptop/xia-dfjuvot, c. 6, 1) the peninsula, to keep a watch on the southern harbour. At the same time the northern a-TpaToireSov was fortified, and a second fortified camp was established on the mainland on the coast, south-west of the southern harbour. (2) Paches landed at Malea. When it is said that he built a single wall round the city (c. 18, 4), the meaning is that he built it across the mainland on the western side of the city, from coast to coast, presumably from the northern to the southern crT/9aT07re8ov.
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