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Component Control for the Zero Inertia Powertrain Component control for the Zero Inertia powertrain Citation for published version (APA): Vroemen, B. G. (2001). Component control for the Zero Inertia powertrain. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR549999 DOI: 10.6100/IR549999 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2001 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Component Control for The Zero Inertia Powertrain CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Vroemen, Bas G. Component control for the Zero Inertia Powertrain / by Bas G. Vroemen. – Eindhoven : Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2001. Proefschrift. – ISBN 90-386-2593-6 NUGI 834 Trefwoorden: aandrijflijn voor personenvoertuig / voertuig transmissie / continu variabele transmissie / CVT / duwband / verbrandingsmotor / brandstofverbruik / driveability / aandrijflijn ; vliegwiel / hybride voertuigen / Zero Inertia aandrijflijn / CVT ; hydrauliek regeling / CVT ; modellering / CVT ; effici¨entie / Stop-Go Subject headings: passenger car powertrain / vehicular transmission / continuously variable transmission / CVT ; pushbelt / internal combustion engine / fuel economy / driveability / powertrain ; flywheel / hybrid vehicles / Zero Inertia powertrain / CVT ; hydraulic control / CVT ; modeling / CVT ; efficiency / Stop-Go / engine idle shutdown A This thesis was prepared with the LTEX2" documentation system. Printed by University Press Facilities, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Cover Design by Dirk Vroemen and Nanne Verbruggen Copyright © 2001 by B. G. Vroemen All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright holder. This work forms a part of the EcoDrive project, subsidized by the Dutch program EET (Econ- omy, Ecology and Technology). Component Control for The Zero Inertia Powertrain PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr. R. A. van Santen, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 27 november 2001 om 15.00 uur door Bas Gerard Vroemen geboren te Breda Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.ir. M. Steinbuch en prof.ir. N. J. J. Liebrand Co-promotor: dr.ir. F. E. Veldpaus Contents Summary ix I General Introduction 1 1 Introduction and Project Goals 3 1.1Projectchronology................................... 5 1.2Problemdescription.................................. 6 1.3Researchobjectives................................... 7 1.4Maincontributionsandoutlineofthisthesis.................... 9 2 Fuel Saving Principles 11 2.1Introduction....................................... 11 2.2Improvingcomponentefficiency........................... 12 2.2.1 Engineefficiency................................ 12 2.2.2 Transmissionefficiency............................ 15 2.2.3 Powertake-off.................................. 15 2.3Reducingtheexternalload............................... 16 2.3.1 Vehiclemass................................... 16 2.3.2 Rolling resistance . ............................... 16 2.3.3 Airdrag..................................... 17 2.4Alternativepowertrainoperation........................... 18 2.5Non-vehicletechnology................................ 19 2.5.1 Drivingbehaviour............................... 19 2.5.2 Infrastructureandtrafficmanagement.................... 19 2.5.3 Law,policyandlegislation.......................... 20 3 Normalized Innovation Values 21 3.1Hybridpowertrains................................... 21 3.2Innovationvalues:fueleconomy........................... 23 3.2.1 Referencevehicle................................ 24 3.2.2 Influenceofdrivingcycles........................... 25 3.2.3 Fueleconomy.................................. 26 3.3Innovationefforts.................................... 28 3.3.1 E-linetracking.................................. 29 3.3.2 Stop-Gooperation............................... 35 3.3.3 Start-Stopoperation.............................. 36 3.3.4 Brakeenergyrecovery............................. 41 3.4Innovationvalueversuseffort............................. 41 4 The Zero Inertia Powertrain 45 4.1ZeroInertiaprinciple.................................. 45 4.2ZIConceptdesign.................................... 48 4.2.1 Resultingconfiguration............................ 48 4.3ZIStop-Go........................................ 49 4.4Furtherreading..................................... 50 II CVT Modeling and Control 51 5 The CVT in the ZI Powertrain 53 5.1Thepushbeltvariator.................................. 54 5.2Thepushbeltconstructionindetail.......................... 55 5.2.1 Segmentdesign................................. 56 5.2.2 Banddesign................................... 57 5.2.3 Pulleydesign.................................. 57 6 CVT Modeling and Validation 59 6.1Introduction....................................... 59 6.2Descriptionofthetestplatform............................ 59 6.3 Static variator models . ............................... 60 6.3.1 Geometryanddefinitions........................... 61 6.3.2 VariatormodelsbasedonCoulombfriction................. 62 6.3.3 Variatormodelbasedonviscousshear................... 68 6.4Transientvariatormodels............................... 69 6.4.1 Validationoftransientvariatormodels................... 71 6.5Hydraulics........................................ 71 6.5.1 Hydrauliccircuit................................ 72 6.5.2 Proportionalsolenoidvalves......................... 74 6.5.3 Rollervanepump................................ 78 6.5.4 Alternativehydraulicactuation........................ 78 6.6ZIpowertrain...................................... 79 6.6.1 Planetarygear.................................. 80 6.6.2 Flywheel..................................... 81 6.6.3 Combinedmodelforprimarysideofpowertrain.............. 81 6.7CVTefficiencyanalysisandmeasurements..................... 81 6.7.1 Powertransmissioninthevariator...................... 82 6.7.2 Speedandtorquelosses............................ 83 6.7.3 Efficiencymeasurements........................... 85 6.7.4 Empiricalefficiencymodel.......................... 89 6.8ZI-CVTloadenvelope................................. 90 6.8.1 Impactontransmissionandpowertraincontrollerdesign......... 90 6.8.2 ImpactonCVTcontrollerdesign....................... 93 Úi 7 Hydraulic CVT Control 97 7.1To-be-controlledquantity............................... 97 7.2Controlobjectives.................................... 101 7.3Inputsandoutputsofthecontroller......................... 101 7.4Constraintsandintegralwindup........................... 101 7.4.1 Conditionalanti-windup........................... 102 7.5Controlstrategy..................................... 103 7.6LiteratureonCVTcontrol............................... 104 7.7Controllerdesign.................................... 104 7.7.1 Pressurecontrol................................. 106 7.8Simulations....................................... 106 7.9Experimentalcontrolresults.............................. 109 III ZI Stop-Go 115 8 Introduction to Stop-Go 117 8.1CommercialStop-Goconcepts............................. 117 8.1.1 Stop-Goconfigurations............................ 118 8.1.2 AdditionalfunctionsofStop-Gosystems.................. 121 8.1.3 Waystogainacceptance............................ 122 8.2Mechanicalsolution:ZIStop-Go........................... 123 8.2.1 ZIStop-Gooperation.............................. 123 9 ZI Stop-Go Modeling 127 9.1ModeloftheZIStop-GoPowertrain......................... 127 9.1.1 Torqueconverter................................ 128 9.1.2 Clutchmodel.................................. 128 9.1.3 Abbreviations.................................
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