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Diversité Virale Et Potentiel D'adaptation

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Diversité Virale Et Potentiel D'adaptation Réponse des chiroptères aux environnements : diversité virale et potentiel d’adaptation Arielle Salmier To cite this version: Arielle Salmier. Réponse des chiroptères aux environnements : diversité virale et potentiel d’adaptation. Biologie animale. Université de Guyane, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016YANE0009. tel-01527554 HAL Id: tel-01527554 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01527554 Submitted on 24 May 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. École doctorale « Diversités, santé et développement en Amazonie » Thèse pour le doctorat en Physiologie et biologie des organismes-populations- interactions Arielle SALMIER Réponses des chiroptères aux environnements : diversité virale et potentiel d’adaptation Sous la direction du Dr. Anne LAVERGNE, Ph. D., HDR Soutenue le 13 décembre 2016 à Cayenne Jury : Jean-François COSSON, DR, HDR, INRA CBGP Montpellier, Rapporteur Jean-Claude MANUGUERRA, DR, HDR, Institut Pasteur Paris, Rapporteur Alain FRANC, DR, HDR, INRA Biogeco Bordeaux, Examinateur Mathieu NACHER, PU-PH, MD, HDR, EPAT Cayenne, Examinateur, Président du jury de thèse Brigitte CROAU-ROY, PrCE-HDR, EDB Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Examinateur Anne LAVERGNE, IR, HDR, Institut Pasteur Cayenne, Directrice de thèse À ma mère, merci pour le tout le soutien, ce travail est aussi le tien - ii - TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES .............................................................................................................. III Remerciements .................................................................................................................................... v Résumé du manuscrit ........................................................................................................................ vii Abstract of the manuscript ................................................................................................................... x Avant-propos ..................................................................................................................................... xii Organisation du manuscrit ................................................................................................................ xiii Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................ xiv 1. DIVERSITÉ, INTERACTIONS, ÉVOLUTION : LES CHIROPTÈRES, UN MODÈLE ........................ 1 1.1. Diversité biologique et adaptation ................................................................................................ 2 A. Facteurs évolutifs et adaptation ....................................................................................................................................................................................................4 i. Les forces génomiques .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ii. La sélection naturelle .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 • La sélection négative ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 • La sélection positive ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 • La sélection balancée ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 iii. Le flux génique .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 iv. La dérive génétique ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 B. Les relations hôtes-pathogènes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 i. Interactions sociales ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 ii. Interactions trophiques ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 iii. Perturbations et diversité biologique ...........................................................................................................................................16 C. Les chiroptères : diversité et adaptation ..................................................................................................................................................................................17 1.2. Diversité biologique des chiroptères .......................................................................................... 19 A. Richesse spécifique et classification ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 B. Socialité, reproduction et longévité .............................................................................................................................................................................................21 C. Les chiroptères en Guyane .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 1.3. Chiroptera et microorganismes ................................................................................................... 24 A. Diversité de microorganismes non-viraux ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24 B. Diversité des microorganismes viraux .....................................................................................................................................................................................25 i. Rhabdoviridae, Rage et facteurs environnementaux ................................................................................................................. 26 • Les lyssavirus de chauves-souris ................................................................................................................................................ 27 • RABV en Amérique Latine .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 ii. Autres virus de chauves-souris ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 - iii - 1.4. Chiroptera, coévolution et adaptation ......................................................................................... 30 A. Système immunitaire de l’hôte ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 B. Immunité innée ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 C. Immunité adaptative .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 i. Le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité, CMH ........................................................................................................................ 37 ii. Variabilité du CMH ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 iii. CMH chez les chauves-souris ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 1.5. Modèles d’étude ......................................................................................................................... 43 i. Les Phyllostomidae ............................................................................................................................................................................
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