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Wai 2180, #O2(a) Customary interests in the Kāweka and Gwavas CFL lands Te Maire Tau & Martin Fisher 27 November 2019 Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 2 List of Maps ........................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 Section 1: Definition of customary rights .............................................................................. 8 Section 2: Historical background and whakapapa ............................................................... 14 Ngāti Whatumamoa/Hotu conquests ................................................................................ 15 Whakapapa and traditions of Ngāti Hinemanu me Ngāti Paki ......................................... 21 The Ngāti Paki descent lines of Winiata Te Whaaro ........................................................ 28 Ngāti Hinemanu relations on both sides of the Ruahine range ........................................ 36 The battles of the 1810s-1830s ......................................................................................... 43 The Alliance between Te Pareihe and Te Wera Hauraki ................................................. 50 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 55 Section 3: Block studies ....................................................................................................... 56 Ahuriri .............................................................................................................................. 57 Aorangi ............................................................................................................................. 62 Otaranga ............................................................................................................................ 74 Ruataniwha North ............................................................................................................. 92 Manga-a-Rangipeke .......................................................................................................... 98 Otamauri ......................................................................................................................... 102 Kohurau .......................................................................................................................... 109 Mangaohane .................................................................................................................... 118 Owhaoko ......................................................................................................................... 123 Awarua............................................................................................................................ 129 Otaranga and Ruataniwha North Commission (Awarua Commission) .......................... 132 Timahanga ...................................................................................................................... 138 Omahaki.......................................................................................................................... 140 Te Koau .......................................................................................................................... 169 Awarua o Hinemanu ....................................................................................................... 170 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 189 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 190 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 193 1 List of Figures Figure 1: Descent line from Mahu Tapoanui to Whatumamoa 16 Figure 2: Different descent lines from Whatumamoa 19 Figure 3: Ngāti Hinemanu me Ngāti Paki’s view of descent lines through Te Ao-Pakiaka 22 Figure 4: Mokai Patea’s view of descent lines through Te Ao-Pakiaka 23 Figure 5: Descent lines from Hinemanu 25 Figure 6: Ngāti Hinemanu me Ngāti Paki’s view of descent lines to Winiata Te Whaaro 29 Figure 7: Blake whakapapa series, origin of “Ngāti Paki” 30 Figure 8: Ngāti Pouwharekura whakapapa 33 Figure 9: Descent lines of Te Upokoiri 36 Figure 10: Descendants of Tarahē 41 Figure 11: Descent lines of Hinemanu, Mahuika, Upokoiri and Honomokai 64 Figure 12: Second Aorangi (and other blocks) deed, 4 July 1857 67 Figure 13: Otaranga deed map 76 Figure 14: First Otaranga deed, 15 April 1857 81 Figure 15: Second Otaranga (and other blocks) deed, 4 July 1857 82 Figure 16: Descent line from Takaha to Paora Kaiwhata 100 Figure 17: Descent from Whatumamoa to Taraia II and Tuanewa 105 Figure 18: Descent lines to Otamauri grantees 106 Figure 19: Limited descent line from Ngāi Taita 110 Figure 20: Descent lines from Turauwha and Ruapirau to Kaiwhata and Ngahuka 111 Figure 21: Descent lines from Te Whatu to Kohurau grantees 113 Figure 22: Descent lines from Tamatea to Paora Torotoro 114 Figure 23: Descent lines from Taita to Kohurau 1 grantees 116 Figure 24: Descent lines from Taita to Kohurau 2 grantees 117 Figure 25: Awarua Commission information 133 Figure 26: Tauranga and Tiaki’s descendants 148 Figure 27: Children of Whiuwhiu as descendants of Honomokai and Mahuika 152 Figure 28: Mutual descendants of Te Umuwhakapono 158 Figure 29: Descent lines of Ngāti Hinemanu and Ngāti Mahuika claimants in Omahaki 160 2 List of Maps Map 1: Neighbouring Blocks 7 Map 2: Sites of significance 13 Map 3: Tracks over the ranges 27 Map 4: Ahuriri block 57 Map 5: Aorangi block 62 Map 6: Aorangi Reserve block 68 Map 7: Otaranga block 74 Map 8: New blocks from the Otaranga and Ruataniwha North Commission of Inquiry 84 Map 9: Ruataniwha North and Manga-a-Rangipeke blocks 92 Map 10: Manga-a-Rangipeke and Ruataniwha North blocks 98 Map 11: Otamauri block 102 Map 12: Kohurau block 109 Map 13: Omahaki block 140 3 Introduction The Kāweka and Gwavas Crown Forest Licensed (CFL) lands in the Kāweka, Ruahine and Whakarara ranges are located in mountainous and largely land-locked areas. The three major claimant groups that claim customary interests in the CFL lands are the Heretaunga-Tamatea Settlement Trust, Mana Ahuriri Settlement Trust and Ngāti Hinemanu Ngāti Paki Tribal Heritage Trust. The customary interests of Heretaunga-Tamatea and Mana Ahuriri in the forests are recognised by all parties, it is largely the Ngāti Hinemanu Ngāti Paki Tribal Heritage Trust who have been left out of previous assessments of customary interests. The key question facing us and the Tribunal is whether Ngāti Hinemanu me Ngāti Paki derive their interests from a different tupuna, Punakiao, than Ngāti Hinemanu ki Heretaunga, who derive their interest from Punakiao’s husband Taraia II, who are part of the Heretaunga-Tamatea Settlement Trust mandate. The shared whakapapa is undeniable, but the derivation of the interests from a specific tupuna is one that is certainly open to debate. Ngāti Hinemanu me Ngāti Paki stress that a key difference is their focus on descent flowing from a female tupuna on a different ancestral line than that of Ngāti Hinemanu ki Heretaunga. The Kāweka and Gwavas CFL lands, unfortunately like many CFL lands across the country, are located in mountainous areas that lay on the borders of interests between different hapu and different sections of the same hapu. The Kāweka and Gwavas CFL lands contain eight original Māori land blocks, five of which were early Crown purchases and three of which were Native Land Court (NLC) title investigations. The Kāweka CFL lands consist of the southwestern corner of the 1851 Ahuriri Crown purchase, nearly all of the Kohurau block investigated by the NLC in 1875, most of the northern section of the Omahaki block investigated by the NLC in 1886 and 1896, and a small section of the northwestern end of the Otamauri block investigated by the NLC in 1866. All of the Gwavas CFL lands were originally acquired through early Crown purchases. They consist of the southern section of the Otaranga block purchased from 1856-1857, the northern section of the Manga-a-Rangipeke block purchased in 1857, the western corner of the Aorangi block from 1856-1859, and most of the eastern section of the Ruataniwha North blocked purchased in the second half of the 1850s, all were purchased in a series of payments and deeds. Customary issues which had been accentuated by the introduction of European weapons such as guns, crops and potatoes were never resolved through tikanga. Instead the 4 advent of Christianity interrupted traditional methods of warfare and peace-making and eventually the Treaty/te Tiriti introduced new ways to establish customary interests. These new methods of customary rights classification had little in common with tikanga, but were instead geared towards the rapid alienation of Māori land. Essentially anyone willing to sell land was courted and as a result willing sellers rather than all or even most customary owners had their customary rights to the land recognised. This was especially egregious during the early Crown purchasing period from 1840-early 1860s, but it remained little better during the early

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