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Appoptosin Interacts with Mitochondrial Outer-Membrane Fusion Proteins and Regulates Mitochondrial Morphology

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Appoptosin Interacts with Mitochondrial Outer-Membrane Fusion Proteins and Regulates Mitochondrial Morphology © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2016) 129, 994-1002 doi:10.1242/jcs.176792 RESEARCH ARTICLE Appoptosin interacts with mitochondrial outer-membrane fusion proteins and regulates mitochondrial morphology Cuilin Zhang1, Zhun Shi1, Lingzhi Zhang1, Zehua Zhou1, Xiaoyuan Zheng1, Guiying Liu1, Guojun Bu1, Paul E. Fraser2, Huaxi Xu1,3 and Yun-wu Zhang1,* ABSTRACT mitochondrial mobility, mitophagy, cell mitosis and apoptosis Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by fusion and fission (Youle and van der Bliek, 2012). – machinery. Impaired mitochondria dynamics cause various Mitochondrial fusion comprises two events outer-membrane diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Appoptosin (encoded by fusion and inner-membrane fusion. In mammalian cells, two SLC25A38) is a mitochondrial carrier protein that is located in the GTPases MFN1 and MFN2, which anchor on the outer mitochondrial inner membrane. Appoptosin overexpression causes membrane of mitochondria, are responsible for the outer- overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase- membrane fusion (Chen et al., 2003; Koshiba et al., 2004). dependent apoptosis, whereas appoptosin downregulation abolishes However, compared to MFN2, MFN1 is relatively specific in β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal death regulating mitochondrial fusion (Shen et al., 2007). MFN1- during Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we found that overexpression harboring mitochondria have a higher tethering efficiency than of appoptosin resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation in a manner those with MFN2, and purified MFN1 also possesses higher independent of its carrier function, ROS production or caspase GTPase activity than MFN2 (Ishihara et al., 2004). In contrast, activation. Although appoptosin did not affect levels of mitochondrial MFN2 is more tissue specific in its expression pattern than MFN1 outer-membrane fusion (MFN1 and MFN2), inner-membrane fusion (Liesa et al., 2009). In addition to promoting mitochondrial fusion (OPA1) and fission [DRP1 (also known as DNM1L) and FIS1] (Chen et al., 2003; Neuspiel et al., 2005), MFN2 is also reported to proteins, appoptosin interacted with MFN1 and MFN2, as well as with be involved in various signaling cascades and acts as a pro-apoptotic the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL (also known as MARCH5) and anti-proliferative protein (Guo et al., 2007; Papanicolaou et al., but not OPA1, FIS1 or DRP1. Appoptosin overexpression impaired 2011; Shen et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2015). Mitochondrial inner- the interaction between MFN1 and MFN2, and mitochondrial fusion. membrane fusion is mediated by the protein OPA1, which is located By contrast, co-expression of MFN1, MITOL and a dominant-negative in the intra-mitochondrial space (Alavi and Fuhrmann, 2013). form of DRP1, DRP1K38A, partially rescued appoptosin-induced However, there are eight OPA1 isoforms generated from alternative mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis, whereas co-expression splicing and processing during maturation, making the mechanism of FIS1 aggravated appoptosin-induced apoptosis. Together, our of inner-membrane fusion much more complicated (Westermann, results demonstrate that appoptosin can interact with mitochondrial 2010). outer-membrane fusion proteins and regulates mitochondrial Mitochondrial fission is primarily mediated by FIS1 and DRP1 morphology. (also known as DNM1L) in mammalian cells. During the fission process, mitochondrial outer-membrane protein FIS1 recruits the KEY WORDS: Appoptosin, Apoptosis, Mitochondrial dynamics, GTPase DRP1 from the cytosol to the cytosolic face of MFN1, MFN2, MITOL mitochondria, where oligomeric DRP1 assembles into a spiral structure and severs mitochondria membranes following GTP INTRODUCTION hydrolysis (Westermann, 2010). Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, whose shapes continually Recently, MITOL (also known as MARCH5), which belongs to change from filament to fragment (and vice versa) through balance the membrane-associated RING-CH E3 ubiquitin ligase (MARCH) between the rates of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Morphology family, has been illustrated to be an important regulator of variations in the mitochondria are physiologically important for cell mitochondrial morphology. MITOL is a mitochondrial ubiquitin homeostasis. Mitochondrial fusion is necessary for the fidelity of ligase and has been reported to interact with DRP1, FIS1, MFN2 oxidative phosphorylation, the complementation of damaged (Nakamura et al., 2006) and acetylated MFN1 (Park et al., 2014). mitochondria and the repairing of small amounts of mitochondrial MITOL ubiquitylates FIS1 and DRP1, resulting in their damage. Although mitochondrial fission is required for the degradation. Overexpression of MITOL can also promote the formation of new mitochondria, it is also involved in formation of long tubular mitochondria in a manner that is dependent on MFN2 activity (Nakamura et al., 2006); MITOL 1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging can also reverse the phenotypes caused by FIS1 overexpression Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College (Yonashiro et al., 2006). By contrast, MITOL is also reported to be a of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, regulator of the subcellular trafficking of DRP1 and, therefore, is Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China. 2Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, required for DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission (Karbowski Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada. 3Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford- et al., 2007). Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Disruption of mitochondria homeostasis has been found in and *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) proposed as the cause of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases (Archer, 2013; Received 30 June 2015; Accepted 20 January 2016 Jheng et al., 2012). Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common Journal of Cell Science 994 RESEARCH ARTICLE Journal of Cell Science (2016) 129, 994-1002 doi:10.1242/jcs.176792 neurodegenerative diseases and is primarily caused by the form of DRP1, DRP1K38A, rescued appoptosin-induced apoptosis, accumulation and deposition of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) whereas co-expression of FIS1 aggravated appoptosin-induced peptides in vulnerable brain regions (Jiang et al., 2014; Lemere, apoptosis. Finally, we found that SLC25A26, another MCP-family 2013). Mitochondrial morphology has been found to be abnormal in member that is closely related to appoptosin based on their protein degenerating dendrites in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s sequence similarity, could interact with MITOL but not MFN1 or disease (Saraiva et al., 1985). More recently, mitochondria have MFN2, and the expression of SLC25A26 did not affect been found to be redistributed away from axons in the pyramidal mitochondrial morphology. Taken together, these results suggest neurons of Alzheimer’s disease brain, accompanied by decreased that appoptosin is a unique MCP that can interact with levels of DRP1, OPA1, MFN1 and MFN2, and increased levels mitochondrial outer-membrane fusion proteins and regulate of FIS1 (Wang et al., 2009). Another research group has also mitochondrial morphology. confirmed the change of FIS1, OPA1, MFN1 and MFN2, except that they report increased levels of DRP1 in Alzheimer’s disease RESULTS brain instead (Manczak et al., 2011). Moreover, overproduction Overexpression of appoptosin induces mitochondrial of Aβ as well as treatment with Aβ can cause mitochondrial fragmentation fragmentation by affecting these mitochondrial-morphology- We have previously found that downregulation of appoptosin regulating proteins (Manczak et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2008). prevents mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis that is induced These results demonstrate that mitochondria dynamics are perturbed by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and treatment with glutamate in during Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanism neuronal cells (Zhang et al., 2012). These results imply that has yet to be fully elucidated. appoptosin modulates mitochondrial morphology. To prove this, we We have recently identified a new pro-apoptotic protein, overexpressed appoptosin in HeLa cells (Fig. 1A) and neurons appoptosin (also known as SLC25A38), that belongs to the (Fig. 1B). We found that overexpressed Myc–appoptosin mitochondria carrier family (MCP) and resides in the colocalized well with the mitochondrial marker MitoTracker Red, mitochondrial inner membrane. The physiological function of and this is consistent with the suggested mitochondrial inner- appoptosin is to transport glycine and δ-aminolevulinic acid membrane localization of appoptosin. Notably, we also found that between mitochondria and the cytosol to initiate heme mitochondria in Myc–appoptosin-overexpressing cells had dot-like biosynthesis (Guernsey et al., 2009; Kannengiesser et al., 2011). small punctum morphology, in contrast to the long filamentous We found that overexpression of appoptosin results in the morphology in pCMV-Myc (empty vector) transfected cells overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase- (Fig. 1A,B). These results suggest that overexpression of dependent apoptosis. Importantly, the levels of appoptosin are appoptosin leads to dramatic mitochondrial fragmentation. upregulated in neurons
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