Aschaffenburg April – 3 October: Sat., Sun
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„Historische Türme, Tore, Mauern Und Pfade“ - Die Ortsbefestigung in Sulzbach Am Main
„Historische Türme, Tore, Mauern und Pfade“ - Die Ortsbefestigung in Sulzbach am Main Susanna Rizzo Grundlage: Uraufnahme / Flurkarte © Bayer. Vermessungsverwaltung; 7/15 1 Ortsbefestigungen und vor allem Dorfbefestigungen standen lange nicht im Focus des Interesses weder in der Forschung noch beim Erhalt historischer Bausubstanz. Auch für die Sulzbacher Ortsbefestigung lagen nur wenige schriftliche Informationen vor. Über eine vielseitige Recherche gelang es, ein fundiertes und spannendes Bild von der Geschichte und Funktion der Sulzbacher Ortsmauer zu zeichnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden 2008 in einem über 150 Seiten umfassenden Forschungsbericht festgehalten. Die archivalischen Untersuchungen dienten als Basis für die Restaurierung der ehemaligen Ortsbefestigung, die im Zeitraum 2012 - 2015 erfolgte, und waren Grundlage dieses Kapitels. Stellte die Errichtung der Sulzbacher Befestigung im Mittelalter ein bedeutendes Ereignis für die Ortschaft dar, das über Jahrhunderte die Ausdehnung der Dorfmark festlegte und dem Ort seinen ganz eigenen Charakter verlieh, steht die Ortsmauer heute für den positiven Umgang mit der Geschichte des Ortes und der historischen Bausubstanz. Westturm des Unteren Tores nach der Restaurierung von der Hauptstraße aus gesehen 2 Die Ausgangslage und die ersten Schritte Für die älteren Sulzbacher, denen die Mauer während der Kindheit als Spielplatz diente, gehörten die noch vorhandenen Mauerteile der ehemaligen Befestigung zum Ortsbild. Ihre historische Funktion und Bedeutung kam jedoch nicht zum Tragen. „Sie war halt da!“, hieß es unisono.(1) Bis dato war die Ortsmauer ebenfalls kaum Gegenstand heimatgeschichtlicher und wissenschaftlicher Forschungen gewesen und fand selten Erwähnung: Im Auszug der Denkmalliste(2) fanden sich drei Einträge zur Ortsbefestigung und ihren erhaltenen Bestandteilen in der Gemarkung Sulzbach am Main, nach denen sich von der um 1500 angelegten Ortsbefestigung vor allem Mauerteile am ehemaligen nördlichen Ortsrand sowie Rundtürme in der Haupt- und Jahnstraße erhalten hatten. -
Martin Luther Extended Timeline Session 1
TIMELINES: MARTIN LUTHER & CHRISTIAN HISTORY A. LUTHER the MAN (1483 – 1546) 1502: Receives B.A. at University of Erfurt 1505: Earns M.A. at Erfurt; begins to study law 1505 Luther “struck by lightning” and vows to become a monk 1505 Luther enters the Order of Augustinian Hermits 1507: Luther is ordained and celebrates his first Mass; he panics during the ceremony 1510: Luther visits Rome as representative of Augustinians 1511: Luther transfers to Wittenberg to teach at the new university. 1512: Luther earns his doctorate of theology 1513: Luther begins lecturing on The Psalms 1515: Luther lectures on Paul’s Epistles to the Romans 1517: October 31, he posts his “95 Theses (points to debate)” concerning indulgences on Wittenberg Church door. 1518: At meeting in Augsburg, Luther defends his theology & refuses to recant 1518: Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony places Luther under his protection. 1519: In debates with Professor John Eck at Leipzig, Luther denies supreme authority of popes and councils 1520: Papal bull (Exsurge Domine) gives Luther 60 days to recant or be excommunicated 1520: Luther burns the papal bull and writes 3 seminal documents: “To the Christian Nobility,” “On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church,” & “The Freedom of a Christian” 1521: Luther is excommunicated by the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem 1521: He refuses to recant his writings at the Diet of Worms 1521: New HRE Charles V condemns Luther as heretic and outlaw Luther is “kidnapped” and hidden in Wartburg Castle Luther begins translating the New Testament -
Directions to Campus II (Würzburger Strasse 164, Aschaffenburg)
Directions to Campus I (Würzburger Strasse 45, Aschaffenburg) By public transport: You can reach us via Aschaffenburg main station. From there take the regional train (direction Miltenberg) to the regional train station "Aschaffenburg Hochschule", or take the bus lines 5, 15, 40, 41, 47 or 63 to the stop "Hochschule". By car, coming from "Würzburg": Leave the A3 motorway at the exit "Aschaffenburg Ost" and stay on B26 state road. Turn left into "Stengerstrasse" and drive onto the Südring. After approx. 2 km take the ramp on to "Würzburger Str." and turn left into Würzburger Strasse. To get to the entrance, take "Flachstrasse" following the left-hand bend into the "Bessenbacher Weg". By car, coming from "Frankfurt/M." Leave the A3 at the exit "Aschaffenburg Stockstadt" and take the B8 in the direction of "Mainaschaff". Then take the B26 ramp in the direction of "Darmstadt/Stadtring". Turn onto the "Westring" until you reach "Adenauerbrücke/Westring". Now you are on the "Südring", which you follow until you reach the ramp in the direction of "Haibach/Zentrum/Gailbach" or "Hochschule". From there turn right into Würzburger Strasse. To get to the entrance, take "Flachstrasse" following the left-hand bend into the "Bessenbacher Weg". Directions to Campus II (Würzburger Strasse 164, Aschaffenburg) On foot: From Campus I you walk up Würzburger Strasse for about 12 minutes to get to Campus II. By car: From Campus I, it is a 2 minute drive up Würzburger Strasse to Campus II. By public transport: Take the bus lines 5, 15, 40, 41 and 63 to "Sälzerweg". -
Aschaffenburg - Miltenberg - Wertheim Streikfahrplan 2007 Westfrankenbahn Keine Ausfälle! Gesamtverkehr - Keine Streikausfälle Keine Ausfälle
DB RegioNetz Aschaffenburg - Miltenberg - Wertheim Streikfahrplan 2007 WestFrankenBahn Keine Ausfälle! Gesamtverkehr - keine Streikausfälle Keine Ausfälle Zugtyp RB RB RB RE RE RB RB RE RB RB RE RE Zugnummer 33467 33470 33477 4399 4381 33469 33401 4383 33403 33405 4385 4387 Verkehrstag Mo-Fr (BY) Sa (BW) TGL Sa+S (BW) Mo-Fr (BW) Mo-Fr (BY) TGL TGL Mo-Fr (BY) TGL Mo-Fr (BW) Sa+S (BW) km Von: 0 Aschaffenburg Hbf 5:50 6:53 6:53 7:53 8:41 9:23 9:41 10:41 11:23 11:23 3 Aschaffenburg Süd 5:55 6:58 6:58 7:58 8:45 | 9:45 10:45 | | 7 Obernau X 5:59 X 7:02 X 7:02 X 8:02 X 8:49 | X 9:49 X 10:49 | | 9 Sulzbach (Main) 6:02 7:05 7:05 8:05 8:52 | 9:52 10:52 | | 15 Kleinwallstadt o 6:06 7:12 7:12 8:10 8:56 | 9:56 10:56 | | Kleinwallstadt 6:07 7:12 7:12 8:14 8:57 | 9:56 10:56 | | 18 Obernburg-Elsenfeld o 6:11 7:16 7:16 8:18 9:01 9:36 9:59 10:59 11:36 11:36 Obernburg-Elsenfeld 6:14 7:18 7:18 8:18 9:09 9:36 10:00 11:00 11:36 11:36 20 Glanzstoffwerke X 6:16 X 7:20 X 7:20 X 8:20 X 9:11 | X 10:02 X 11:02 | | 23 Erlenbach (Main) 6:19 7:24 7:24 8:24 9:15 9:40 10:05 11:05 11:40 11:40 24 Wörth (Main) 6:22 7:26 7:26 8:26 9:17 | 10:07 11:07 | | 26 Klingenberg (Main) o 6:24 7:29 7:29 8:29 9:19 9:44 10:10 11:10 11:44 11:44 Klingenberg (Main) 6:29 7:29 7:29 8:29 9:20 9:49 10:10 11:10 11:49 11:49 30 Laudenbach (b Kleinheubach) X 6:33 X 7:34 X 7:34 X 8:34 X 9:24 | X 10:14 X 11:14 | | 33 Kleinheubach 6:37 7:38 7:38 8:38 9:28 | 10:18 11:18 | | 37 Miltenberg o 6:41 7:43 7:43 8:43 9:32 9:58 10:23 11:23 11:58 11:58 VTS-Änderung Mo-Fr (BY) Miltenberg 5:56 6:24 6:56 7:44 7:59 -
Destination Factsheets 2021
HEART OF Altötting BAVARIA TOP SIGHTSEEING SEASONAL HIGHLIGHTS TOP DAY HIGHLIGHTS 2021–22 EXCURSIONS 01 Chapel of Grace – with the “Black May: Pentecost weekend sees the 01 Burghausen – with the world’s Madonna” on the Baroque Chapel arrival of thousands of pilgrims on longest medieval castle (1.051 m) Square (Kapellplatz) foot May/June: Traditional beer-festi- 02 Munich – capital of Bavaria with Neobaroque papal Basilica val “Hofdult” with 2 local brewer- the Oktoberfest, museums … 02 St. Anna – Altötting’s largest ies, traditional Bavarian music and church and built due to the increase costumes (beginning 1 week after 03 Lake Chiemsee – with the fairytale of pilgrims pentecost) castle “Herrenchiemsee”, commis- July: Altötting Monastery Market sioned by Ludwig II 03 Museum: Jerusalem Panorama at the Chapel Square –one of three crucifixion panorama Nov./Dec.: Altötting Christmas paintings world-wide and protected Market (on weekends) with DID YOU by UNESCO numerous Christmas concerts in KNOW THAT … traditional style of the alps 04 Treasury & Pilgrimage Museum the bridal wreath of the world-fa- – wealth of artistic votive offerings mous Austrian Empress “Sissi” is to Altötting, the Place of Mercy, CITY’S on display in the Altötting-Trea- including famous “Golden Horse” HISTORY sury? Altötting and Oberammergau can 05 Incense Museum – reveals the 1489 marks the beginning of the be combined in a religious round myth and the 3,000 year history of pilgrimage to Altötting in venera- trip through Bavaria? incense tion of the Virgin Mary. Two healing © Heiner Heine (2) © miracles are reported from that year with the first one being described as follows: A young boy fell into a nearby river. -
SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Alle Vereinsspiele in Der Übersicht Zeit: 27.09.2021 - 03.12.2021
SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Alle Vereinsspiele in der Übersicht Zeit: 27.09.2021 - 03.12.2021 Seite 1 von 5 Stand: Montag, 27. September 2021 Spieltyp Spielklasse Datum Anstoß Spielpaarung Herren ME Regionalliga Bayern 01.10.2021 19:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg SpVgg Unterhaching ME Regionalliga Bayern 05.10.2021 19:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg FC Pipinsried Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 09.10.2021 14:00 TSV 1860 Rosenheim SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Sportanlage Jahnstraße, Stadion,Jahnstr. 25,83022 Rosenheim ME Regionalliga Bayern 15.10.2021 19:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg SpVgg Bayreuth Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 19.10.2021 19:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg SpVgg Unterhaching Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 23.10.2021 14:00 1. FC Schweinfurt SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Willy - Sachs - Stadion Schweinfurt,Ander-Kupfer-Platz 2,97424 Schweinfurt ME Regionalliga Bayern 30.10.2021 14:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg FV Illertissen Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 06.11.2021 14:00 TSV Buchbach SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg SMR-Arena Buchbach,Jahnstr. 7,84428 Buchbach ME Regionalliga Bayern 13.11.2021 14:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg TSV Rain/Lech Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 20.11.2021 14:00 SpVgg Greuther Fürth II SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Konrad Ammon Platz,Tulpenweg 60,90768 Fürth ME Regionalliga Bayern 27.11.2021 14:00 SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg TSV Aubstadt Stadion Am Schönbusch Aschaffenburg,Kleine Schönbuschallee,63741 Aschaffenburg ME Regionalliga Bayern 03.12.2021 19:00 SV Wacker Burghausen SV Viktoria Aschaffenburg Wacker-Arena,Franz-Alexander-Str. -
Abfahrt Departure Aschaffenburg Süd
11.12.2011—08.12.2012 Abfahrt Departure Aschaffenburg Süd Zeit Zug in Richtung Gleis Zeit Zug in Richtung Gleis Zeit Zug in Richtung Gleis Time Train Destination Track Time Train Destination Track Time Train Destination Track 0:00 12:56 RB 23354 Aschaffenburg Hochschule 12:58 — 2 23:00 f Q 0:50 RB 23357 Obernau 0:54 — Sulzbach 0:56 — Schule-AB Aschaffenburg Hbf 13:01 23:02 RB 4198 Aschaffenburg Hochschule 23:04 — 2 * *an Schultagen in Aschaffenburg 3 Nacht f Kleinwallstadt 1:01 — nicht 24., RB 23398 Aschaffenburg Hbf 23:07 Q Fr/Sa* Obernburg-Elsenfeld 1:06 Q 13:00 31. Dez f Miltenberg 1:30 13:16 RB 23368 Aschaffenburg Hochschule 13:17 — 3 23:30 RB 23335 Obernau 23:34 — Sulzbach 23:36 — 2 *nicht 7. Jan, 7. Apr Sa, s f Aschaffenburg Hbf 13:21 Q nicht 24., RB 23377 Kleinwallstadt 23:41 — 31. Dez f Q 5:00 13:26 RB 23320 Aschaffenburg Hochschule 13:28 — 3 Obernburg-Elsenfeld 23:46 f Miltenberg 0:10 5:23 RB 23304 Aschaffenburg Hochschule 5:24 — 3 Mo-Fr* Aschaffenburg Hbf 13:33 Q f Mo-Fr* Aschaffenburg Hbf 5:30 Q *nicht an Feiertagen Zeichenerklärung *nicht an Feiertagen 13:44 RB 23317 Obernau 13:48 — Sulzbach 13:50 — 2 Züge im Regional- und Nahverkehr f RB 23303 Obernau 5:52 — Sulzbach 5:54 — Mo-Fr* Kleinwallstadt 13:55 — RE Regional-Express, 2. Klasse 5:48 2 Q RB 23361 Kleinwallstadt 5:59 — Obernburg-Elsenfeld 14:00 Zug hält nicht überall, Ausnahmen sind angegeben. -
Invest in Bavaria Facts and Figures
Invest in Bavaria Investors’guide Facts and Figures and Figures Facts www.invest-in-bavaria.com Invest Facts and in Bavaria Figures Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology Table of contents Part 1 A state and its economy 1 Bavaria: portrait of a state 2 Bavaria: its government and its people 4 Bavaria’s economy: its main features 8 Bavaria’s economy: key figures 25 International trade 32 Part 2 Learning and working 47 Primary, secondary and post-secondary education 48 Bavaria’s labor market 58 Unitized and absolute labor costs, productivity 61 Occupational co-determination and working relationships in companies 68 Days lost to illness and strikes 70 Part 3 Research and development 73 Infrastructure of innovation 74 Bavaria’s technology transfer network 82 Patenting and licensing institutions 89 Public sector support provided to private-sector R & D projects 92 Bavaria’s high-tech campaign 94 Alliance Bavaria Innovative: Bavaria’s cluster-building campaign 96 Part 4 Bavaria’s economic infrastructure 99 Bavaria’s transport infrastructure 100 Energy 117 Telecommunications 126 Part 5 Business development 127 Services available to investors in Bavaria 128 Business sites in Bavaria 130 Companies and corporate institutions: potential partners and sources of expertise 132 Incubation centers in Bavaria’s communities 133 Public-sector financial support 134 Promotion of sales outside Germany 142 Representative offices outside Germany 149 Important addresses for investors 151 Invest in Bavaria Investors’guide Part 1 Invest A state and in Bavaria its economy Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Transport and Technology Bavaria: portrait of a state Bavaria: part of Europe Bavaria is located in the heart of central Europe. -
Gustav Aschaffenburg (1866-1944) Hans Von Hentig
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 45 | Issue 2 Article 1 1954 Pioneers in Criminology II--Gustav Aschaffenburg (1866-1944) Hans von Hentig Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Hans von Hentig, Pioneers in Criminology II--Gustav Aschaffenburg (1866-1944), 45 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 117 (1954-1955) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. The Journal of CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY, AND POLICE SCIENCE VOL. 45 July-August 1954 NO. 2 PIONEERS IN CRIMINOLOGY II. Gustav Aschaffenburg (1866-1944) HANS VON HENTIG Professor Hans von Hentig, Dean of the Bonn Law School, has been for ten years the Co-Editor of the Monatschrift fuer Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform which was founded by Professor Aschaffenburg. He was dismissed by Hitler in 1935, came to America in 1936, taught at Yale, State Universities of California, Oregon, Iowa, Colorado and Kansas City. He has been Research Assistant to the Attorney General in Washington, D. C. and Director of the Colorado Crime Survey. Three years ago he was called back to assume the chair of Criminology at the University of Bonn. Professor von Hentig is author of Crime, Causes and Conditions, McGraw-Hill, 1947 and The Criminal and His Victim, Yale University Press, 1948. -
Experience Historic Bavaria
Regensburg: The Old Stone Bridge is the oldest surviving stone bridge in Germany. © RTG Experience Historic Bavaria 5 DAYS TOUR INCLUDING: REGENSBURG ⋅ NUREMBERG ⋅ WÜZBURG ⋅ ASCHAFFENBURG ⋅ Aschaffenburg Main Bayreuth ROTHENBURG OB DER TAUBER Würzburg Nuremberg Travel back in time to Bavaria’s magnificent Rothenburg Main-Danube-Canal i past. Bavaria’s more than 2,000 year history o. d. Tauber Regensburg spans as an important center of economy Nördlingen and trade during the Romans times to Danube Passau developing into a prestigious kingdom in the 19th century. Throughout history, Erding Augsburg Altötting Bavaria has been part of many important Munich events and its proud heritage of important Memmingen names is firmly anchored in its Bavarian identity. Come and experience Bavaria’s Berchtesgaden history up close. Lindau Füssen Garmisch- Partenkirchen BAVARIA TOURISM ― www.bavaria.travel ― www.bavaria.by/travel-trade ― www.pictures.bavaria.by 02 Experience Historic Bavaria DAY 1 Morning Arrival at Munich Airport. Transfer to Regensburg (2 h*) WELCOME TO REGENSBURG! Nuremberg: The city of Regensburg is situated beautifully on the It is the second banks of the Danube River. Founded by the Romans largest city in Bavaria over 2,000 years ago, it is the best preserved medie- val town in Germany. Regensburg’s entire old town is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The Stone Bridge is an exceptional engineering achieve- ment dating to the 12th century. Guided Historic Walking Tour Get acquainted with the Old Town, with its patrician towered houses, the cathedral, the Old Town Hall, the Afternoon Stone Bridge and the Porta Praetoria. Lunch at “Historic Sausage Kitchen” Taste traditional and hand-made sausages from the oldest sausage kitchen in the world, right on the banks of the Danube River. -
Archbp. = Archbishop/Archbishopric; B
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88909-4 - German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400-1650 Thomas A. Brady Index More information Index Abbreviations: archbp. = archbishop/archbishopric; b. = born; bp. = bishop/bishopric; d. = died; r. = reigned/ruled Aachen, 89, 207, 252, 303, 312 Albert V ‘‘the Magnanimous’’ (b. 1528,r. absolutism, 7. See also European imperial 1550–79), duke of Bavaria, 294 nation-state Albert ‘‘the Stout-hearted’’ (1443–1500), duke academies: Bremen, 253; Herborn, 253, 279 of Saxony, 244 Acceptance of Mainz, 92n13 Albertine Saxony. See Saxony, Albertine acculturation, 289n101 Alcala´de Henares (Castile), 210 accumulation, benefices, 57n25 Alexander VI (r. 1492–1503), pope, 144 Adalbero (d. 1030), bp. of Laon, 29–30, 34, 49 Alexander VII (r. 1655–67), pope, 401n83, 410 Admont, abbey (Styria), 81 Alfonso I (b. 1396,r.1442–58), king of Naples, Adrian VI (r. 1522–23), pope, 145n63, 208 93 AEIOU, 91 Allga¨u, 193 Agnes (1551–1637), countess of Mansfeld- alliances, confessional: Catholics 1525, 215; Eisleben, 365 League of Gotha 1526, 215; Protestants 1529, Agricola, Gregor, pastor of Hatzendorf 216; Swiss cities with Strasbourg and Hesse (Styria), 344 1530, 217. See also Smalkaldic League Agricola, Johannes (1494–1566), 39 Alsace, 18, 23, 190; religious wars, 239; Swabian agriculture, 31 War, 119 Agrippa of Nettesheim, Cornelius (1486–1535), Alt, Salome (1568–1633), domestic partner of 54n10 Archbp. Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, 306 Ahausen (Franconia), 368 Alte Veste, battle 1632, 382 Alba, duke of, Francisco Alvarez de Toledo Altenstetter, David (1547–1617), goldsmith of (1507–82), 238n41, 250n80 Augsburg, 332 Alber, Erasmus (1500–53), 264, 281 Alto¨ tting, shrine (Bavaria), 286 Albert (b. -
Elector Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria
AneĴ e Bangert Elector Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria Bavarian Imperial Politics during the Interregnum 1657–58 Herbert Utz Verlag · München GeschichtswissenschaĞ en · Band 20 Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über hĴ p://dnb.d-nb.de abruĠ ar. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nach- drucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben – auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwendung – vorbehalten. © 2008 Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH ISBN 978-3-8316-0772-3 · Printed in Germany Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, München · 089-277791-00 · www.utz.de Preface 7 Abbreviations 9 Notes 9 Introduction 11 1. General 19 2. Bavaria 49 3. The Vicariate 95 4. The French Connection 131 5. Initial Negotiations with the Habsburgs 183 6. Preparations for the Election in Frankfurt 203 7. The Treaty of Waldmünchen and the Wahltag in Frankfurt 237 Conclusion 281 Bibliography 287 Preface The unexpected death of Emperor Ferdinand III in April 1657 leĞ the Holy Roman Empire without a King of the Romans and conse- quently facing an interregnum prior to the election of a new Em- peror. The result was an exceptionally long interregnum creating the fi rst test the imperial institutions had to face since the constitu- tional changes introduced by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The choice of Habsburg candidate was not immediately clear. Some of the Electors were undecided and, under Cardinal Mazarin's infl u- ence, France used this opportunity to infl uence the election by pro- posing several candidates.