Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation

9. Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation

366 9.1. Urban and Rural Water Supply

The quantity of water on earth is finite This is the first inescapable physical reality - Larbi Bouguerra, water Under Threatr, 2006, p.10

9.1.1. Introduction

Water Supply, sewerage and sanitation are not only the basic necessities of life, they are also crucial for achieving the goal of “Health for All”. Increased sanitation coverage is directly linked to improvement of health status. Water Supply is perhaps the most important and basic need that has to be provided with reliability, sustainability and affordability. In a water starved State like Tamil Nadu, which depends largely on seasonal rainfall, the provision of drinking water to the population acquires even more significance. Improving the quality of life, water supply coupled with sanitation are essential in order to facilitate the citizens to lead a health and productive life will be the major objective of the Eleventh Plan.

Water Supply

Water Security has been one of the important objectives of the Government of Tamil Nadu during successive Five Year Plan Periods. Provision of drinking water security is seen not only as an end in itself but as a means of achieving health and ecological security.

The drinking water demand for the rural and urban population for the present population is assessed as under

The present water demand for the various sectors and its availability is tabulated as under.

367 Table 9.1. 1

The requirement of water for drinking purposes in the year 2020 would be twice the present demand. The availability of water earmarked for drinking purposes of the state population may not be adequate to cater to the needs of growing demand. The gap could be bridged either by reducing the demand or by efficient water management. The surplus flow in the sea could be curtailed allowing minimum flow to the sea by constructing recharge structures at feasible locations in the major rivers.

While the task of providing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for the rural areas in the State is appropriately executed by the Rural Development Department through a number of schemes and programmes, it is the Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department which meets the need of water supply and sanitation in the urban areas by executing different schemes through the local bodies and specialized Boards.

9.1.2. Rural Water Supply Performance of Tenth Five Year Plan

Based on 1992 survey, all the 66631 habitations were provided with drinking water by the end of the Ninth Plan Period. The subsequent survey classified the habitations based on the quantum of water provided. The habitations with a service level of 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd) and above are classified as fully covered, habitations with a service level of 10 – 39 lpcd are classified as partially covered and habitations with service level of less than 10 lpcd are classified as not covered. Based on this classification, the status of the rural habitations at the beginning of the Tenth Plan Period is detailed below.

368 By the end of the Plan period, the number of habitations had increased to 86981 and status of coverage is detailed in the ensuing paras, the priority being to cover all the uncovered and partially covered habitations. Schemes for provision of water supply to the rural areas are implemented through the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board and the local bodies on full grant basis under the State supported Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) and the Centrally Sponsored Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARP). The Swajaldhara Programme, a Centrally Sponsored Programme has a Community Participation Component of 10 per cent from the user public. The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme also caters to the construction of recharge structures and enhancing the sustainability of the ground water sources for drinking water supply schemes.

The total outlay proposed from various sources for this sector during the Tenth Plan was Rs.2803.63 crore and the total expenditure achieved was Rs. 2452 crore being an achievement of 88% only. This shortfall of around Rs.351.63 crore for the Plan period was due to inadequate allocation under Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARP).

Providing adequate rural drinking water to the 86981 rural habitations assumed critical importance during the Tenth Five Year Plan. Two key problems in connection with drinking water viz. (i) sustained availability and (ii) potability of the water were sought to be addressed during the Plan period. The programmes of TWAD Board and the local bodies resulted in 50529 number of habitations becoming fully covered with more than 40lpcd. At the end of the Plan period, it is noted that there were 1211 not covered habitations and 678 habitations with poor water quality. All the other habitations are covered in one way or the other with more than 10 lpcd.

369 Chart 9.1. 1

Source: TWAD Board & Policy Note 2007-08

Minimum Needs Programme and the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme

With regard to the drinking water sector, the year wise physical and financial progress achieved during the Tenth Plan Period under the two major schemes for funding, the Minimum Needs Programme and the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme are presented below.

Table 9.1. 2

Special Programme - Swajaldhara Programme

The Government of India have launched the Swajaldhara Programme on the the principle of the Sector Reform Projects which include (i) demand driven approach, (ii) user participation and (iii) cost sharing by the user community during 2002-2003. The physical and financial status of the schemes implemented under Swajaldhara for the four years from 2002 03 to 2005 -06 is furnished below.

370 Table 9.1.3

Other Programmes

With a view to enhance the sustainability of the drinking water sources, water recharge structures were constructed by the TWAD Board under the Prime Minister’s Gramodaya Yojna (PMGY) Programme, ARP Programme and using National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) assistance since 2001-02 onwards. The PMGY funding is shared between the State and Centre in the ratio of 25 : 75 whereas under NABARD financing the State provides 15% with the rest being the loan component. During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, construction of recharge structures have been taken up and completed under the following programmes as detailed below. The allotment under the PMGY/ NABARD programmes are pooled in the Minimum Needs Programme and shown in the Table 9.1. 4

Table 9.1. 4

Eleventh Plan Objectives and Strategies

During the Eleventh Five Year Plan, the focus would be on optimum utilization of the available ground water resource with check on over- exploitation.

371 Eleventh Plan proposals

It is proposed to cover all the newly emerging habitations with adequate safe drinking water supply in addition to upgrading the status of 1211 not covered habitations to at least partially covered and the status of 35241 partially covered habitations to fully covered. This is proposed to be achieved through 1) Rejuvenation of individual power pump schemes 2) Covering additional habitations under Combined Water Supply Schemes. 3) Taking up construction of recharge structures like ooranies. 4) Providing separate overhead tanks (OHT) in SC/ST habitations which do not have individual OHTs. 5) Creating awareness on Sector Reforms Projects for Community Mobilisation.

For the Eleventh Plan Period, the outlay including other sources of funding proposed under Rural Water Supply component is detailed in Table 9.1. 5.

Table 9.1. 5

Out of the total proposed requirement of Rs.4002 crore, the State Plan outlay, works out to Rs.3002 crore, with Rs.800 crore from the Central Government and other sources.

372 The major sources of funding would continue to be the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme and Minimum Needs Programme as discussed in the earlier section. There is a small component of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation funded under the ETRP. The proposed expenditure of Rs.4002 crore anticipated for the Eleventh Five Year Plan includes two major combined water supply schemes in addition to the ongoing programmes.

Combined Water Supply Scheme

Two new Combined Water Supply schemes (CWSS) are proposed to be implemented during the Eleventh Five Year Plan catering to both urban and rural areas of Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai, Pudukottai, Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts.

Ramanathapuram Combined Water Supply Scheme

Ramanathapuram district is one of the most backward districts in the State. The deficit rainfall and brackish source containing high concentration of total dissolved solids and chlorides causes shortage of potable drinking water. This scheme has been formulated at a cost of Rs.616 crore to benefit 4 Municipalities and 7 Town Panchayats along with 2332 Rural habitations in 11 Panchayat Unions of Ramanathapuram District, in addition to one municipality, three town panchayats and 799 rural habitations in Sivagangai District. The same CWSS will also cater to one town panchayats and 32 rural habitations of Pudukottai District also. The population to be covered by this major combined water supply scheme would be 12.18 lakh in Ramanathapuram District, 3.18 lakh in Sivagangai District and 0.38 lakh in Pudukottai District.

The source for this CWSS will be located in the river Cauvery in Trichy District and the water will be conveyed through 831 kilometres of pumping mains and Branch pumping mains to provide 40 lpcd of drinking water to rural habitations, 70 lpcd to town panchayats and 90 lpcd to municipalities.

The rural component under this major CWSS will be Rs.334 crore.

Hogenakkal Water Supply Scheme

The Hogenakkal water supply scheme has been formulated to provide safe drinking water to one municipality, 10 town panchayats and 2890 rural

373 habitations of Dharmapuri and two municipalities, seven town panchayats and 3865 rural habitations of Krishnagiri District.

The ground water in the project area is moderately hard and is suitable for agricultural purpose only. Both Dharmapuri & Krishnagiri districts are drought prone. Drinking water supply as well as its management poses problems during summer and drought periods.

The source for this CWSS will be located in the river Cauvery in Hogenakkal and the water will be conveyed through 8977 kilometres of pumping mains/distribution system to provide the required normative levels to rural habitations, town panchayats and municipalities. This is expected to provide a permanent solution for the water supply of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts. This project will be posed for external funding in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period with an outlay of Rs. 1160 crore out of which Rs.843 crore will form the rural component.

Outlay

The scheme wise outlay for the Rural Water Supply Sector for the Eleventh Plan is given in the following Table 9.1. 6

Table 9.1. 6

9.1.3. Urban Water Supply Agencies Involved

With the growth in urbanization leading to increasing pressure on scarce resources, the provision of adequate urban infrastructure including water supply becomes a major challenge.

374 The task of providing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for the urban areas in the State except Chennai Corporation Area rests with the concerned urban local bodies. In Chennai Corporation Area and in other urban local bodies within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, this responsibility has been entrusted with the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB).

In respect of urban local bodies (other than those in Chennai Metropolitan Area, Municipal Corporations and Special Grade Municipalities), the TWAD Board is entrusted with the responsibility of project investigation, formulation and execution of large water supply projects at the instance of the concerned urban local body or the Government. In these areas, the concerned urban local bodies also continue to implement water supply schemes on a limited scale. The Corporations and Special Grade Municipalities are also empowered to take up water supply schemes on their own.

The major water supply augmentation schemes, on completion, are handed over to the respective local bodies for maintenance. TWAD Board is maintaining schemes of composite nature covering more than one local body. Here too, the maintenance of the internal distribution lines is the responsibility of the respective local body.

Objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan

The main objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan under Urban Water Supply were to cover the towns with poor service level on priority basis, toning up of the existing water supply scheme to derive full benefit, waste water management including recycling and reuse of waste water, energy audit to improve the performance of electrical installations, ensuring sustainability of water supply through rain water harvesting, recharging techniques and conservation of water, standardisation of operation and maintenance procedures and periodical water quality monitoring.

Keeping in view the above objectives, water supply schemes have been formulated and implemented during the Tenth Five Year Plan.

375 Status of Water Supply Position in Urban areas (a) Chennai Corporation Area and in other urban local bodies within the Chennai Metropolitan Area

The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSS Board) was constituted as a statutory body in August 1978 for exclusively attending to the growing needs of, and for planned development and appropriate regulation of water supply and sewerage services in the Chennai Metropolitan Area. Though its major operation is limited to the Chennai Corporation Area, the Board is also extending its services to the surrounding urban local bodies

(including extension areas and Manali Metro water supply by Tankers in Chennai New Town) and has already initiated measures to provide services for the entire Metropolitan Area.

Surface water sources such as reservoirs at Poondi, Cholavaram, Redhills, Chembarambakkam, Veeranam Lake, Rettai Eri, Porur Lake and Kandaleru Reservoir in Andhra Pradesh under Krishna Water Supply Scheme are the main sources of water supply for Chennai City and the adjacent urban areas. Ground water from the well fields developed in the Araniyar - Kortaliar River Basin, the Southern Coastal Aquifer and Brackish Water based Reverse Osmosis Plants are other sources of water supply. Daily water supply is maintained in the Chennai city at the rate of nearly 640 million litres per day. Of this, 575 million litres of water is supplied to the domestic consumers and another 65 to 70 million litres to the industries and bulk consumers. Nearly 98% of water is supplied through pipelines and only 2% of water is supplied through tankers.

The CMWSS Board is supplying drinking water in bulk to the Urban Local Bodies adjacent to Chennai city on payment of fixed charges. A quantity of about 27 MLD of water is supplied to these local bodies. The water received from the CMWSS Board is distributed to the consumers by the respective local bodies through the network operated and maintained by them.

376 b) Outside the Chennai Metropolitan Area

The status of water supply in other urban towns at the beginning and end of Tenth Five Year Plan is as follows:

Table 9.1.7 Status of water supply in other urban towns

The above table shows that while the number of municipalities and town panchayats classified as “poor” has been reduced due to various efforts of the Government and the local bodies, most of the urban local bodies have moved to the `average status’. The number of local bodies having “good” performance remain almost the same. It is noted that during summer and periods of drought, the situation becomes more adverse.

Thus, the provision of satisfactory coverage to all urban local bodies seems a distant dream. This is largely due to increasing demand as well as the over- exploitation of surface and ground water by those who have access to it. This is further compounded by contamination of existing water sources by different forms of pollution as well as due to leakage of water during transmission and distribution. Thus, there is a lot to be done, not only in sanctioning and implementing new schemes for urban water supply but also for recharging the ground water and protecting the water sources from pollution through appropriate measures.

Review of the Tenth Five Year Plan

The table below gives the total and the State outlays and the corresponding achievement during the Tenth Plan.

377 Table 9.1. 8

In spite of the anticipated externally-aided project not materializing during the Plan period, the expenditure incurred was Rs.3114.38 crore against a planned outlay of Rs.2297.59 crore. This was largely due to the implementation of the Tirupur Water Supply Scheme in the public-private partnership mode which is discussed later in the chapter.

The major schemes implemented during the Tenth Plan are discussed below:

1. Chennai Metropolitan Water supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSS Board) Second Chennai Water Supply Project

This project, taken up in 1996 with World Bank assistance was completed in March 2004. In order to ensure equitable distribution of water in Chennai City, 7 new water distribution stations have been commissioned. Work on the 7 Transmission mains has been completed. Under Leak detection and Rectification works, renewal of 1.95 lakh House Service Connections and of 5.85 kms of cast iron mainline pipes have been completed.

Chembarambakkam Water Treatment Plant

In order to treat additional water to be drawn under the Telugu Ganga Project, additional treatment capacity of 530 MLD has been constructed at Chembarambakkam with assistance from the French Government. The Treatment Plant and the transmission pipeline have been constructed in modules. The first module for supply of 200 mld of water to Chennai city started functioning in September 2006.

378 Chennai Water Supply Augmentation Project – I (New Veeranam Project)

This project draws 190 mld from Veeranam lake located in Cuddalore District, treats and conveys 180 mld of treated water over a distance of about 230 kms for distribution to Chennai city.

Chennai Water Supply Augmentation Project – II

Under this project, checkdams, reservoirs, percolation tanks etc., have been constructed to store surplus water for enhancing recharge in Kortalaiyar, Cooum, Adyar and Palar rivers. The aim of the Project is to tap about 60 mld of water from different sources surrounding the city.

Master Plan III stage Sewerage scheme

Strengthening of the existing water distribution system in the five Zones in Chennai has been taken up and 305 Km pipelines have been laid at a total cost of Rs.150.00 crore.

Valasaravakkam water supply scheme

This scheme, meant for providing water supply facilities to various local bodies adjacent to Chennai, was implemented at a cost of Rs. 6.22 crore during the Tenth Plan. Works have been carried out in the 12 urban local bodies bordering Chennai who are supplied water in bulk. The internal distribution system was executed by the concerned local bodies. 2. Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

During the Tenth Five Year Plan, against the target of 320 towns, water supply schemes have been implemented in 330 urban towns. The following table shows the year wise achievement by the TWAD Board in respect of urban towns:

Table 9.1. 9

379 3. New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited

Tirupur is India’s leading export knitwear centre. In order to provide urban infrastructure to this town, New Tirupur Area Development Corporation Limited (NTADCL) was established under the Indian Companies Act of 1956, in February 1995, as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) by Government of Tamil Nadu (GOTN), Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited (ILFS) and Tirupur Exporters Association (TEA) with the primary objective of implementing the Tirupur Area Development Project (TADP). The Tirupur Water Supply and Sanitation Project, implemented by NTADCL, is the first Water Sector related project developed under the public-private partnership framework in the country.

The project is designed to supply 185 million litres per day of treated water to the domestic and industrial consumers in Tirupur Local Planning Area (TLPA) comprising the Tirupur Municipality (TM), 15 Village Panchayats and three Town Panchayats. In addition, water supply to five wayside unions which lie enroute on the water transmission system corridor is envisaged. The project also envisages the construction of a sewerage system covering 60% of Tirupur. Construction of the Project commenced in November 2002 and the water supply portion was completed in May 2005. Water supply to consumers commenced from June 2005. The project has ended the acute scarcity of water in the city and consumers are benefited by the project.

The dyeing and bleaching industries in Tirupur are supplied with good quality water in adequate quantity and this is proving to be very beneficial for the industry. The total cost of the project is Rs.1023 crore. A sum of Rs.984 crore has been spent during the Plan period.

Eleventh Five Year Plan

The demand for water is on the rise because of fast urbanization. Provision of drinking water to all habitations with reliability, sustainability and affordability is one of the major objectives of the Plan.

Critical issues pertaining to water supply are erratic rainfall pattern over space and time, over-exploitation of groundwater leading to decline in water levels and contamination of water supply due to industrial pollution and untreated sewerage, encroachments of waterways and water bodies leading to

380 shrinkage in storage area, illegal sand mining close to the head works which poses threat to quantity and quality of the water supplied, huge project costs and poor viability of urban local bodies for funding of new projects.

The inability of Urban Local Bodies to effect 24 hours water supply in urban areas has given rise to many problems like avoidable expenditure incurred by individual consumers on ground level sumps and roof level tanks and back-siphoning resulting in contamination of the water in the distribution network. A beginning should be made during the Eleventh Plan to introduce the concept of 24 hours water supply in the urban areas.

The old transmission and distribution systems, poor maintenance and inadequate vigilance result in high levels of unaccounted quantity of water in urban towns. It is estimated that unaccounted water accounts for 25 to 40 % of the quantity delivered. The zoning of distribution systems is not generally practised with the result that there is no reliable information on physical water losses in the distribution systems. Where meters for measurement of flow exist they are generally not recalibrated. The Government has decided to provide measures like SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and telemetry to ensure effective operation and maintenance of combined water supply schemes and minimize leakage loss of water during the Plan period.

Objectives

To increase the coverage of water supply in all towns to achieve the norms for per capita supply ensuring quality of the water.

To ensure reliability of supply of water for 24 hours in towns in a phased manner.

To install Desalination Plants in all coastal towns with appropriate subsidy.

To increase the norm levels for per capita in line with JNNURM norms.

To create small water supply undertakings similar to electrical undertakings run earlier by local bodies (now merged with the EB) under the management and supervision of the urban local bodies and entrust them under qualified professional management.

381 To implement HRD programs aiming at capacity building for operating the water supply schemes by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

To avoid physical losses, zoning of distribution system and leak detection study should be carried out periodically as a preventive measure to arrest the unaccounted water.

To encourage innovative and cost-effective technologies in the implementation and administration of water supply schemes.

To safeguard the water supply sources against pollution and degradation.

To protect water sources against encroachments by legislative measures.

To safeguard the watercourses, only treated effluent will be allowed to enter the water bodies and regulatory provisions will be made for the safe disposal of Solid and Hazardous waste.

To encourage recycling and reuse of water by all major/medium industrial establishments.

To control over-exploitation and degradation of ground water.

To prepare Master Plans for implementation of recharge structures in all river basins.

To develop State Water Policy constituting a team solely for the purpose since different agencies are involved.

Major projects 1. CMWSS Board

Sea Water Desalination Plant -I (Kattupalli / Minjur)

As the present water supply sources of Chennai City are dependent on the monsoon rainfall and any failure of the monsoon adversely affects the city water supply, the CMWSS Board had proposed to set up a desalination Plant as a drought proofing measure. The Government has decided to commission a 100 mld Desalination Plant on DBOOT (Design, Build, Own, Operate and

382 Transfer) basis at Kattupalli near Minjur. The first phase of the Plant with 15 mld water supply will be commissioned in June 2008. The full capacity of the Plant for 100 mld water supply will be commissioned in three months thereafter.

Sea Water Desalination Plant - II (at Nemmeli)

To reduce the gap between the demand and supply of water in the Chennai Metropolitan Area and to augment the city’s water supply, the Government has proposed to construct another 100 mld Sea Water Reverse Osmosis Plant, South of Chennai with the financial assistance of the Government of India. An extent of 40.05 acres of land at Nemmeli Village on East Coast Road has been identified for this project. The total expenditure proposed during the Plan period for both the desalination Plants is Rs.1250.00 crore.

24 x 7 Uninterrupted Water Supply

Though the CMWSS Board is presently supplying water on a day –to-day basis, the water is received by the public either through hand pumps or in the sumps within their premises. Further, the water is supplied only for four to six hours during daytime. In order to ensure water supply at reasonable pressure at all times, the CMWSS Board has initiated proposals for providing 24x7(continuous daily) uninterrupted water supply to Valluvarkottam Water Distribution Zone in Chennai City on an experimental basis, covering nearly 3.5 lakh beneficiaries.Based on the success of this trail,continuous daily water supply will be extended to other urban areas.

2.TWAD Board Major Combined Water supply Schemes (CWSS) Ramanathapuram Combined Water Supply Scheme

The Ramanathapuram Combined Water Supply Scheme discussed earlier in the chapter has been formulated to benefit the districts of Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai and Pudukkottai for both rural and urban areas. The urban component of the Scheme has a proposed outlay of Rs.282 crore.

383 Hogenakkal combined water supply scheme to Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts

The Hogenakkal combined water supply scheme has been designed to benefit the districts of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri for both rural and urban areas. The total cost of the urban water supply component is Rs.317 crore during the Plan period.

Revamping of Combined Water Supply Schemes

TWAD Board is maintaining 454 Combined water supply schemes covering 4 Corporations, 50 municipalities, 253 town panchayats, 15724 habitations and 391 Industries / Institutions benefiting a population of 1.78 crore. In order to decentralize and streamline the maintenance, all the combined water supply schemes which were maintained by TWAD Board, have been brought under the administrative control of the District Collectors. Further, separate feeder mains have been provided in 14 CWSS to improve their performance. The remaining CWSS will be provided with this facility during the Eleventh Five Year Plan.

The following are the other major Combined water supply schemes to be implemented during the Eleventh Five Year Plan.

CWSS covering Narasingapuram Municipality, 12 town panchayats and 743 rural habitations in Salem district.

CWSS covering Melur Municipality, A. Vellalapatti town panchayat and 1332 rural habitations in Madurai district.

Management Information System

The Computer Management Project is being implemented in TWAD Board with the financial assistance of the Government of India. All the offices of TWAD Board up to the division level are being connected and provided with applied software. Using this network, E-tendering system will be implemented for all major tenders in water supply schemes implemented by TWAD Board.

384 3. Projects under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) In Chennai Corporation

The infrastructure development of the water supply and sewerage system in Chennai, has been proposed to be taken up as part of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. The major projects in the pipeline are

Improvement of water supply system in Chennai City

In Chennai city, water is distributed through 16 water distribution systems. Under the Second Chennai Project, improvements to 7 water distribution stations have been completed with the financial assistance from World Bank and HUDCO. For the improvement to balance 4 water distribution stations, 5 water distribution systems and other allied works will be taken up under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission for an amount of Rs.322 crore. The water supply improvement scheme in Tambaram (Chennai suburban area) is also proposed to be taken up at a cost of Rs.32.60 crore during the Plan period.

Providing water supply along I.T. Corridor

The Government of Tamil Nadu has declared the Old Mamallapuram Road as IT Corridor. The CMWSSB has proposed to provide both water supply and sewerage infrastructure in the IT Corridor. The work has been taken up and is programmed to be completed in the year 2008 .The works for the remaining portion from Siruseri to Thiruporur will be taken up during the Eleventh Plan period under JNNURM.

Conveyance of drinking water from Desalination Plant at Minjur to Madhavaram & Redhills for city distribution

To convey the water from the proposed desalination Plant at Kattupalli to Madhavaram and Redhills for further distribution to the consumers, necessary infrastructure like pipeline, underground tanks and pumping arrangements will be provided at a cost of Rs.93.00 crore under JNNURM. The pipeline works will be completed along with the construction of Desalination Plant during the Plan period.

385 The following additional projects are also being taken up with JNNURM and other institutional funding

Augmentation of Combined Water Supply Schemes to augument the water supply of Coimbatore Corporation, 24 town panchayats and 924 rural habitations from Pillur Dam (Phase-II) at an approximate cost of Rs. 110.00 crores benefiting a population of 8,70,582 will be taken up in the Eleventh Plan.

The second Vaigai Water Supply scheme at a cost of Rs. 48.87 crore has been taken up for execution during the end of the Tenth Plan period. On completion of this project during the Eleventh Plan period, the Madurai Corporation will be supplying 110 litres of water against the present supplying of 65 litres per capita, to its residents.

4. Water Supply Improvement Schemes under UIDSSMT

This urban infrastructure development scheme aims at improvement in urban infrastructure in small and medium towns in a phased manner. Out of the total expenditure of Rs.625 crore allocated for Water Supply Scheme, Rs.125 crore is provided as State share for the Plan period.

5. TNUDP-III

The water supply sector is one among the key sectors covered under the urban investment component of TNUDP – III. The total amount of Rs.119 crore (Rs.32 crore grant and Rs.87 crore loan component) has been proposed as state Plan outlay for the water supply sector in the Eleventh Plan period.

Outlay for the Eleventh Plan

The total outlay for the urban water supply sector in the Eleventh Plan period including other sources of funding is proposed at Rs.5024 crore.

The projectwise details of the total outlay for the urban water supply sector along with the funding agencies and their pattern of funding are given in the following table:

386 Table 9.1. 10

Of this, the Government of Tamil Nadu along with external agencies is expected to contribute Rs.3130 crore, while the GOI would contribute Rs.1644 crore. The remaining Rs.250 crore is expected to be raised from other sources. The details of Eleventh Five Year Plan outlay are given in the following table.

Table 9.1. 11

387 Box 9.1.1

Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund

Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF), a Government Trust has been created to cater to the civic needs like water and sanitation for small and medium towns which are pooled together and debt raised through market driven approach thereby reducing transaction and borrowing cost for essential infrastructure.

The objectives of WSPF are a) Provide financial assistance for setting up infrastructure projects. b) Mobilize resources from the capital market under pooled finance structure c) Facilitate the participation of private sector in water and waste water sectors through direct investment and through joint delivery mechanism of Public Private Partnership d) Enable Urban Local Bodies to access debt finance from markets; and e) Act as Nodal agency on behalf of Central and / or State Government for water, sanitation and / or any other infrastructure projects.

This pool financing entity raised Rs.30.41 crores by way of a bond issue in respect of Urban Local Bodies in the year 2002.

POOLED FINANCE DEVELOPMENT FUND:

During 2006, the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has introduced a Pooled Finance Development Fund (PFDF) Scheme.

The main objectives of State Level Pooled Finance Mechanism are as follows: i) development of bankable urban infrastructure projects. iii) Reduce the cost of borrowing to local bodies with appropriate credit enhancement measures and through restructuring of existing costly debts.

388 iv) Facilitate development of Municipal Bond market. Bankable projects within the context of PFDF are defined as “those projects structured with appropriate credit enhancements in such a way that they demonstrate the capacity for servicing the market debt to the satisfaction of the rating agencies and potential investors”.

The Government has designated the Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF) as the State Pooled Finance Entity (SPFE) under PFDF Scheme and authorized it to operate according to the guidelines issued by the Central Government. WSPF has proposed to approach the capital market for mobilizing resources of about Rs.100 crores by way of issue of Tax Free Pooled Bonds during 2007-2008 under PFDF Scheme.

389 9.2. Sewerage and Sanitation

Unclean water and poor sanitation have claimed more lives over the past century than any other cause. - U.N. Human Development Report 2006, P.18.

9.2.1. Introduction

Sewerage and Sanitation are important basic needs for the improvement of quality of life and enhancement of productive efficiency of the people. Sani- tation is one of the functions of local bodies enshrined under the 12th Sched- ule of the Constitution of India. The major sanitation programmes relating to rural areas (except for a Small Component under the ETRP) are being implemented by the Rural Development Department through the Total Sanitation Campaign. The scheme details and outlays are given in Rural Development Chapter.

The Urban Sewerage and Sanitation sector is at a crossroads. It faces an increased demand due to the migration of rural population to urban areas leading to demographic pressure and growing pollution problems in cities and towns. Cities are unable to provide services that are adequate, either quantitatively or qualitatively. Considerable investments are required to fill the gap as far as sewerage and sanitation services are concerned.

Though successive Five Year Plans have placed emphasis on provision of sanitation, there has been a gradual shift in priority from the urban to the rural sector. This has led to a decreasing allocation of funds for urban sanitation. Further, most urban sewerage services are based on conventional high cost systems, which require large investments. Low cost alternatives for sanitary disposal of waste water and on-site sanitation for use in dispersed housing areas are slowly gaining importance over the last few years.

9.2.2. Review of Achievement in the Tenth Five Year Plan

The total outlay allocated for this sector during the Tenth Five Year Plan from all sources was Rs.3176 crore and the expenditure incurred was Rs. 2254.85 crore.

390 The detailed financial outlay and achievement are given in the Table below:

Table 9.2. 1

As in many other states, in Tamil Nadu, the provision of water supply and sewerage is the shared responsibility of the State utilities and the local body. The two major State level agencies associated with the provision of sewerage services are the CMWSSB (covering Chennai Corporation area and adjacent Municipalities) and TWAD Board, covering the other urban areas.

Chennai Water Supply and Sewerage Board

Collection, treatment and safe disposal of the wastewater in Chennai city is one of the primary duties of CMWSS Board. The underground sewerage network installed in the year 1891 covers 99% of the city. Apart from the five Zonal systems, other small systems developed by the Tamil Nadu Housing Board in their neighbourhood scheme areas are also functioning and are connected to the nearest sewer mains. The CMWSS Board maintains about 2663 km. length of sewer mains, 180 Pumping Stations and Sewage Treatment Plants at five locations with a combined capacity of 486 MLD. Collection, treatment and safe disposal of the wastewater in Chennai city is one of the primary duties of CMWSS Board. During the last year of the Tenth Plan, the CMWSS Board has initiated action and provided sewer mains in the streets in order to have 100% coverage of the City.

391 Strengthening of existing sewerage system

During the Tenth Plan period, two sewage pumping stations have been commissioned at Kodungaiyur. Under the Master Plan, Third Stage Sewerage Scheme, a 50 Mld Tertiary Treated Reverse Osmosis Plant has been set up for treating secondary treated sewage from Koyambedu, Nesapakkam and Kodungaiyur. The tertiary treated sewage has been supplied to Manali industrial area.

Chennai City Rivers Conservation Programme (CCRP)

In order to cope with the increased sewage flow resulting from water supply augmentation schemes under implementation and to prevent the overflow of sewage into the city water ways, the Chennai City Rivers Conservation Programme has been taken up at a cost of Rs.720.15 crore with the grant of Rs.378.25 crore from the Government of India and rest from Board’s own fund. The works were commenced during the year 2001 and have been completed. The works taken up include improvement to the collection system, providing interceptor sewers, construction of new Sewage Pumping Stations, improvement to the existing Sewage Pumping Stations and construction of four new Sewage Treatment Plants.

National River Conservation Programme (NRCP) (Madurai and Kumbakonam)

The CMWSS Board also took up the implementation of sewerage schemes for Madurai and Kumbakonam Municipalities under the National River Conservation Project (NRCP). The sewerage schemes for these two towns, started in the year 2001, have been completed in two phases by the end of the Tenth Plan period. The works taken up include improvement of the collection system, construction of pumping stations and Treatment Plants. Additional areas were also covered with underground sewerage under the project. By improving the sewerage system, these projects have helped to reduce the pollution in the rivers Vagai and Cauvery.

Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD Board)

The Board is entrusted with the responsibility of implementing water supply and sewerage schemes all over the state except Chennai Metropolitan

392 area. Out of 150 Municipalities and 8 Corporations in the State, only 15 Municipalities and 4 Corporations have partial underground sewerage systems.

Urban sewerage schemes are normally implemented only in places with population of more than one lakh. However, the State Government have accorded priority for implementation of sewerage schemes for district headquarters and all towns of tourist importance. During the Tenth Plan period, these schemes were taken up on full loan basis, funded by the State Government and the financial institutions.

National River Conservation Programme (NRCP)

The Government of India has also provided grant under the National River Conservation Project for the implementation of sewerage schemes in certain towns situated alongside the Cauvery as a measure of abatement of pollution of the river course. The towns covered under the first phase of this scheme included Erode, Pallipalayam, Bhavani, Komarapalayam and Tiruchirappalli Corporation.In addition, implementation of underground sewerage schemes in five towns namely Tirunelveli, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai, Trichy- Srirangam, Karur- Inam Karur has also been taken up under National River Conservation Programme.

National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP)

Environmental upgradation through bioremediation of Ooty and Kodaikanal Lakes is being undertaken under National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP) at a total cost of Rs.6.88 crore. The works are being executed by the TWAD Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies. The Ooty Lake has become clean now after the treatment. Due to legal tangle, the work has been held up in Kodaikanal Lake.

9.2.3. Urban Sanitation

At the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan, nearly 60% people alone have access to improved sanitation, which has been defined by WHO and UNESCO as

Connection to a public sewer

Connection to a septic system

393 Pour flush latrine

Simple latrine

Ventilated improved pit latrine

The present status of urban toilets such as improper design, improper ventilation, inadequate water supply, no connection with sewerage system or proper septic tanks result in contamination of drinking water and spread of communicable diseases.

Realizing the need for improved sanitation facilities in urban areas, schemes for Integrated Sanitation Complexes have been taken up for implementation by the Government of Tamil Nadu with financial assistance of under TNUDP-III in order to provide public sanitation facilities viz. toilets with bathing and washing areas. The facilities have been planned for those who are living below poverty line in slum areas or where open area defecation is a problem. All Municipal Corporations (except Chennai) and all the Municipalities and Town Panchayats (erstwhile) are implementing the scheme. The programme also envisages support from the existing community organisations and structures to provide the maintenance. The special feature of the programme is active participation of the user group and this is ensured from the preliminary stages of the programme viz. selection of project sites till handing over the sanitary complex to user groups for maintenance by them.

The main objective of the Centrally sponsored scheme of Urban Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers, taken up during the Tenth Plan period is to convert the existing dry latrines and providing alternative employment to the liberated scavengers. The scheme has been taken up on “Whole town basis”. It is being operated through the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) by providing a mix of subsidy from the Central Government and loan from HUDCO. During this period, 491229 dry latrines were converted into flush out latrines.155561 new individual latrines and 372 Community toilets were constructed. But due to practical problems faced during implementation, non-adoption of appropriate technology and lack of awareness on the need for proper sanitation, the target of this scheme was not fully achieved.

394 To promote personal hygiene and community hygiene and to improve the toilet habits of school going children, the Tamil Nadu Society for Awareness Creation in areas of Urban Hygiene and Sanitation was created, with a corpus fund of Rs.2.5 crore by the Government. This Society is working to improve the awareness on urban hygiene and sanitation and to eradicate the obnoxious practice of open defecation / urination.

In the last year of the Tenth Plan, the State Government sanctioned an amount of Rs. 5.00 crore to provide financial assistance for construction of individual toilets to the urban poor. Under this scheme Rs. 1000/- is given to a family to construct individual toilets in his house. This scheme which covers 50,000 beneficiaries per year has been extended during the Eleventh Plan period also.

9.2.4. Eleventh Five Year Plan Objectives of the Eleventh Plan

The following are the objectives for the Sewerage and Sanitation Sector during the Eleventh Plan period:

Integration of sanitation and sewerage schemes with water supply so that it is given adequate priority during the Plan period.

Treating of wastewater from storm water drains and industrial effluents before they enter the watercourses.

Adoption of innovative and alternate technologies for safe disposal, recycling and reuse of waste water wherever possible.

Urban Sewerage Schemes for the Eleventh Plan 1. CMWSS Board

Under Ground Sewerage Scheme in the Adjacent Urban Local Bodies

It is proposed to provide Underground Sewerage Schemes in 19 Town Panchayats, (except Porur Town Panchayat, which has already been sanctioned using its own funds), in the Chennai Metropolitan Area as a priority. CMWSS Board has been appointed as a nodal agency to implement underground

395 sewerage schemes in these urban areas adjacent to the city during the Plan period

Works to be implemented under JNNURM

During the Plan period, works relating to the improvement of underground sewerage schemes in and around Chennai Metropolitan Area will be taken up under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. The works which have already been proposed and approved for funding include the following:

1) Providing water supply & sewerage facilities along I.T. Corridor.

2) Construction of additional sewage treatment Plant at Perungudi.

3) Construction of an additional 54 MLD capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Perungudi.

In addition, detailed project reports for schemes covering the entire requirement of sewerage schemes in this area are being prepared. An amount of Rs.149.28 crore has been provided as State sector outlay for JNNURM works in and around Chennai city for the Eleventh Plan.

Chennai City Rivers Conservation Programme (CCRCP)

CMWSS has proposed to take up further improvement works in the city sewerage system utilizing the savings under CCRCP. Fourteen sub-projects at a total cost of Rs.31.41 crore are to be implemented during the Eleventh Plan period. After implementation of this project, the sewerage network will be improved in the areas. Improvements of the capacity of the interceptors will result in reduction of sewage overflow and sewerage obstructions resulting in environment protection.

National River Conservation Programme (NRCP)

CMWSS Board has taken up the implementation of sewerage schemes for Madurai Corporation and Kumbakonam Municipality under the National River Conservation Project.

396 Madurai Corporation

Under Phase-II of this project, the collection system, construction of Pumping Stations and conveying main at north and south of River Vaigai have been taken up. All the works will be commissioned during the Eleventh Plan period. Under Phase-III, two Sewage Treatment Plants each at Avaniapuram (67 MLD) and Sakkimangalam (32 MLD) will be constructed and commissioned.

Kumbakonam Municipality

The work on construction of Sewage Treatment Plant commenced during December 2006 as part of the third phase of this project. It is programmed to be completed by March 2008.

2. TWAD Board Underground Sewerage Schemes in Municipalities and Town Panchayats

The Tamil Nadu Urban Sewerage Master Action Plan has been initiated with the objective of providing underground sewerage schemes to five Corporations, 102 Municipalities, and 367 urban town panchayats at an estimated cost of Rs. 4500.00 crore.

During 2006-07, under

Underground Sewerage Schemes in Cuddalore ground sewerage schemes in 13 District Headquarter towns have been taken up and will be completed in 2008-09. During the Plan period, it is proposed to take up implementation of underground sewerage schemes in all the other District Head quarter towns. Investigation works for providing underground sewerage schemes in the other municipal towns will be completed by TWAD Board and the underground sewerage schemes will be implemented during the Plan period. The works will be funded by a combination of sources including funds from TNUDP III and the UIDSSMT scheme of the Central

397 Government (details of the scheme are given in the chapter on Urban Development).

The UIDSSMT scheme will also be used to fund underground sewerage works in Town Panchayats. As a first phase, works have been taken up in 58 major Town Panchayats.

National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP)

Providing underground sewage scheme with Sewage Treatment Plant in localities affecting Kodaikanal Lake shall be undertaken under the National Lake Conservation Programme at a total cost of Rs.10.43 crore.

A table showing the details of Sewerage schemes to be implemented by various agencies is given below:

Table 9.2. 2

Sanitation schemes for the Eleventh Plan

In addition to the ongoing schemes for provision of individual toilets (Rs 25 crore) and support to the Society for creating awareness on personal

398 hygiene (Rs 2.5 crore), the State Government Plans to give a major thrust to renovation of community toilets in various urban areas.

The total number of community toilets in Municipalities, Corporations and Town Panchayat are 5777. Of these, 3116 toilets require renovation, which will be taken up during the Eleventh Plan period. The detailed break-up is given below.

Table 9.2. 3

The table below summarizes the details of Sanitation Schemes to be implemented by various agencies.

Table 9.2. 4

In this chapter, only sanitation schemes pertaining to construction works and renovation works have been discussed with financial outlay, whereas the financial outlay for the schemes pertaining to provision of recurring sanitation services for the urban local bodies are provided in the Urban Development Chapter.

The Project wise outlays for sewerage along with the agencies are given below:

399 Table 9.2. 5

Table 9.2. 6

Eleventh Plan outlay

The total State Plan outlay for Water Supply and Sanitation is proposed at Rs. 7555.35 crore. The component wise details are as follows:

Table 9.2. 7

400