Martin Allan Harper
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THE PASSIVE The passive = The verb “to be” + The past participle ACTIVE PASSIVE SIMPLE The government will raise taxes FUTURE SIMPLE Italy imports energy from France PRESENT PRESENT The mechanic is repairing the car CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST Lufthansa made 650 staff redundant PAST TESLA was producing a record number CONTINUOUS of electric cars in 2019 PRESENT Google has taken over Fitbit Inc. PERFECT PAST PERFECT Apple had sold 10 million iPhone 11’s within three days of the product launch USE: We use the passive, i) When the object or the action is more important than the subject of the sentence. ii) To avoid using the subject or when the subject is not important or unknown. iii) When the subject is so obvious that it does not need to be stated. iv) To establish a more objective and scientific style. THE PASSIVE: Modal Verbs MODAL VERB + “BE” + PAST PARTICIPLE Can used Could be told Must sold Had to replaced + This medicine must be used by 2022 — The machines couldn’t be replaced ? Can the computer be repaired? Gianni Versace ……………….. (born) in 1946 in Reggio Calabria. When he ……………….. (be) twenty-five, he ……………….. (decide) to go to Milan and become a fashion designer. His company, Gianni Versace SPA, ……………….. (found) in 1978 and at the age of thirty-six, he ……………….. (award) a prize for being the best designer of women’s clothes. During the 1980’s, the Versace brand ………………..firmly……………….. (establish) as a symbol of Italian luxury and ………………… (diversify) into accessories, cosmetics, jewellery and fragrances. In 1984, he ……………….. (create) an unusual perfume for men which ……………….. (call) ‘Versace l’Homme’. Four years later, Spain’s first Versace shop ………………….. (open) in Madrid. Expansion continued steadily until, by now, Versace products ………………… (distribute) all over the world via an impressive international retail network, including 81 Versace boutiques which …..……………….. (locate) in the primary commercial avenues of major cities, such as Via Montenapoleone in Milan and Bond Street in London. In 1995, Gianni Versace ………………… (organize) a party with Elton John where he personally ……………….. (sign) copies of his new book ‘Men without Ties’, which …………… then ……………. (sell) to the invited guests. All the money that ………………… (raise) by the party and the book ……………….. (give) to AIDS charities. Sadly, Versace ………………….. (kill) in Miami on July 15th 1997. The FBI …………………….. (suspect) that the notorious serial killer, Andrew Cunanan, might ………………….. (involve) in the Versace case. Nine days later, however, Cunanan ………………………. (find) dead in Miami so the police still ………………………….. (not know) why Gianni Versace ………………… (murder). Meanwhile, Gianni Versace SPA ………………….. (take over) by his brother, Santo, and his sister, Donatella, which means that, if the company’s success continues, the products he designed …………………………. (sell) long after his death. BLACK LIVES MATTER The wave of protests in the US over the killing of George Floyd are the latest outpourings of anger that have erupted after the deaths of African Americans in police custody. The Black Lives Matter movement emerged in response to the acquittal of the man who killed teenager Trayvon Martin in Florida. Here are some of the major incidents from 2012 onwards. Read the text and put the verbs into the correct form. February 26, 2012: Trayvon Martin Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African-American high school student, ……………….. (shoot) in Sanford, Florida. The culprit, George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old man of mixed race was the Neighbourhood Watch coordinator for his gated community where Martin ……………….. (visit) his relatives at the time of the shooting. Zimmerman killed Martin, who was unarmed, during a physical altercation between the two. Zimmerman, who ………………….. (injure) during the encounter, claimed self-defence in the confrontation. The trial ………………. widely …….………. (report). Although Zimmerman ……………….. (charge) with murder for Martin's death, he ……………….. (acquit) after claiming self-defence. 17 July 2014: Eric Garner Eric Garner died after he ……………….. (wrestle) to the ground by a New York police officer on suspicion of illegally selling cigarettes. While in a choke hold, Mr Garner uttered the words, "I can't breathe" 11 times. The incident ……………….. (film) by a bystander and led to protests across the country. The police officer involved ………..………….. (fire) but ………………….. (not prosecute). 9 August 2014: Michael Brown Michael Brown, 18, ……………….. (kill) by a police officer, in Ferguson, Missouri, who was responding to reports that Brown - who was not armed - had stolen a box of cigars. The exact circumstances of the encounter ……………….. (dispute) but Brown ……………….. (shoot) six times, according to the autopsy. A report by the Department of Justice later concluded that the police force ……………….. (display) racial bias against Brown and excessive force ……………….. (use). The officer involved resigned but ……………….. (not prosecute). The incident led to multiple waves of protests and civil unrest in Ferguson, raising the profile of the Black Lives Matter movement. 22 November 2014: Tamir Rice Tamir Rice, a boy of 12, ……………….. (shoot) dead in Cleveland, Ohio by a police officer after reports of a male, who was "probably a juvenile", pointing a gun that was "probably fake" at passers by. Police claimed that they told Rice to drop the weapon but he pointed it at them, instead. The officers confirmed that the gun was a toy after Rice ……………….. (shoot) dead. There were no prosecutions after this case. The police officer involved ……………….. (sack) three years later for lying on his job application form. 6 July 2016: Philando Castile Philando Castile ……………….. (kill) while out driving with his girlfriend in St Paul, Minnesota. He ……………….. (pull) over by the police during a routine check and told them he ……………….. (license) to carry a weapon and had one in his possession. According to his girlfriend, he ……………….. (shoot) as he was reaching for his licence. The whole encounter ……………….. (live stream) on Facebook. The officer involved ……………….. (clear) of murder charges. 18 March 2018: Stephon Clark Stephon Clark ……………………….. (shoot) at least seven times in Sacramento, California, by police who ……………….. (investigate) a break-in. The district attorney said that the police ……………….. (not commit) a crime, as the officers said they feared for their lives, believing Mr Clark was armed. No weapons ……………….. (find) at the scene of the crime, only Clark’s mobile phone, next to his body, in the garden, where he …………………… (make) a phone-call. When a police video of the incident ………………….. (release), it prompted major protests in the city. 13 March 2020: Breonna Taylor Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician, was at home in bed when she ……………….. (shoot) eight times as officers ……………….. (raid) her apartment in Louisville, Kentucky. The police were executing a search warrant as part of a drugs raid but no drugs ……………….. (find). Louisville police said they returned fire after one officer ……………….. (shoot) and wounded in the incident. The family has filed a lawsuit which says that Ms Taylor's partner fired in self-defence because the police did not identify themselves and he believed their home ……………….. (burgle). One of the policemen involved ………………………….. (fire) and two others ……………….. (put) on administrative leave 25 May 2020: George Floyd George Floyd died after he ……………………….. (arrest) in Minneapolis and ………………………. (hold) down by police officers, one of whom had his knee on Mr Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes. He pleaded that he couldn't breathe. Protests broke out in cities across the US and there were demonstrations in other parts of the world. One officer …………………………….. (accuse) of second-degree murder and three others will face charges of aiding and abetting murder. 26 August 2020: Jacob Blake Police in Kenosha, Wisconsin, ………………………….. (shoot) a black man seven times in the back as he ……………….. (get) into a car with his children inside, according to video and a statement from the attorney representing the man’s family. Violent unrest broke out after video of the shooting of Jacob Blake, 29, ………………………… (disseminate) on social media, prompting Gov. Tony Evers on Monday to call out the National Guard. The incident also propelled Wisconsin, already a battleground state in the upcoming presidential election, into the centre of the Black Lives Matter movement. Jacob Blake, father of six, ………………………….. (handcuff) to his hospital bed, despite being paralysed from the waist down, but is now in a stable condition. 2.5.Welcome to the Marche 2.5.1.Gradara Castle: Reading Comprehension a) First, watch the Gradara Castle promotional video: www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=162&v=WF4XT_LqP1k&feature=emb_logo b) Now read this extract from a guide book to the Marche region of Italy. Gradara Castle is the most visited monument in the Marche. This imposing Mediaeval fortress is located in the village of Gradara and is protected by two walls: an outer rampart which extends for over 700 metres and an inner one where visitors can stroll at their leisure, enjoying spectacular views of Romagna, Carpegna and the Republic of San Marino. The castle was built in about 1150 by the De Griffo family to regulate trade along the Adriatic coast but was later taken over by the House of Malatesta whose domain comprised Rimini, Cesena and Pesaro. Ownership of the citadel was keenly contested by troops belonging to the Montefeltro and the Sforza dynasties until it was reclaimed by the church in 1641. In 1920, the Zanvettori family bought the fortress which, in the intervening centuries, had been reduced to ruins. The famous architect, Giuseppe Sacconi, was commissioned to restore the central tower and its surrounding walls and now, thanks to him, Gradara can be seen in all its original glory. As every Italian school-pupil knows, this is where Francesca da Rimini fell in love with Paolo Malatesta. Unfortunately, she was already married to Gianciotto Malatesta, his older brother, and the story ended tragically when their affair was discovered. Gianciotto was furious and the adulterous lovers were both killed. The episode was immortalized in Dante’s ‘Inferno’ and Gradara Castle has been a symbol of romance and overpowering passion ever since.