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Manuscript Details Manuscript Details Manuscript number PSS_2020_4_R1 Title Ice Giant Systems: The Scientific Potential of Orbital Missions to Uranus and Neptune Article type Review Article Abstract Uranus and Neptune, and their diverse satellite and ring systems, represent the least explored environments of our Solar System, and yet may provide the archetype for the most common outcome of planetary formation throughout our galaxy. Ice Giants will be the last remaining class of Solar System planet to have a dedicated orbital explorer, and international efforts are under way to realise such an ambitious mission in the coming decades. In 2019, the European Space Agency released a call for scientific themes for its strategic science planning process for the 2030s and 2040s, known as Voyage 2050. We used this opportunity to review our present-day knowledge of the Uranus and Neptune systems, producing a revised and updated set of scientific questions and motivations for their exploration. This review article describes how such a mission could explore their origins, ice-rich interiors, dynamic atmospheres, unique magnetospheres, and myriad icy satellites, to address questions at the heart of modern planetary science. These two worlds are superb examples of how planets with shared origins can exhibit remarkably different evolutionary paths: Neptune as the archetype for Ice Giants, whereas Uranus may be atypical. Exploring Uranus’ natural satellites and Neptune’s captured moon Triton could reveal how Ocean Worlds form and remain active, redefining the extent of the habitable zone in our Solar System. For these reasons and more, we advocate that an Ice Giant System explorer should become a strategic cornerstone mission within ESA’s Voyage 2050 programme, in partnership with international collaborators, and targeting launch opportunities in the early 2030s. Keywords Giant Planets; Ice Giants; Robotic Missions; Orbiters; Probes Corresponding Author Leigh Fletcher Corresponding Author's University of Leicester Institution Order of Authors Leigh Fletcher, Ravit Helled, Elias Roussos, Geraint Jones, sebastien charnoz, Nicolas Andre, David Andrews, Michele Bannister, Emma Bunce, Thibault Cavalié, Francesca Ferri, Jonathan Fortney, Davide Grassi, Léa Griton, Paul Hartogh, Ricardo Hueso, Yohai Kaspi, Laurent Lamy, Adam Masters, Henrik Melin, Julianne Moses, Olivier Mousis, Nadine Nettelmann, Christina Plainaki, Juergen Schmidt, Amy Simon, Gabriel Tobie, Paolo Tortora, Federico Tosi, Diego Turrini Suggested reviewers Ian Cohen, Sushil Atreya, Athena Coustenis, Olivier Grasset Submission Files Included in this PDF File Name [File Type] response2reviews.pdf [Response to Reviewers] 2020fletcher_Voyage2050_IceGiantSystems_trackchanges.docx [Revised Manuscript with Changes Marked] 2020fletcher_Voyage2050_IceGiantSystems_final.docx [Manuscript File] fig1_montage.jpg [Figure] fig7_exoplanets.jpg [Figure] declaration-of-competing-interests.pdf [Conflict of Interest] Submission Files Not Included in this PDF File Name [File Type] fig2_interior.png [Figure] fig3_atmos.png [Figure] fig4_mag.png [Figure] fig5_moons.png [Figure] fig6_rings.png [Figure] fig8_launch.png [Figure] fig9_questions.png [Figure] To view all the submission files, including those not included in the PDF, click on the manuscript title on your EVISE Homepage, then click 'Download zip file'. Research Data Related to this Submission There are no linked research data sets for this submission. The following reason is given: No data was used for the research described in the article Response to Reviews Ref: PSS_2020_4 Title: Ice Giant Systems: The Scientific Potential of Missions to Uranus and Neptune Journal: Planetary and Space Science I have received comments from reviewers on your manuscript. Your paper should become acceptable for publication pending suitable minor revision and modification of the article in light of the appended reviewer comments. When resubmitting your manuscript, please carefully consider all issues mentioned in the reviewers' comments, outline every change made point by point, and provide suitable rebuttals for any comments not addressed. Thank you for the reviews of our manuscript – we have addressed each one below in bold, italic text, and appreciate the opportunity to publish with PSS. Reviewer One: This is an excellent, well organized, well written paper. It is timely and very important. I have few suggestions on content, but I do have a number of wording and grammatical suggestions, with several questions and comments that may illustrate possible points of confusion with the current wording. Many thanks for your thorough review – we have attempted to build all of your suggestions into our revised manuscript. I think my primary and over-riding is that the title refers to the scientific potential of missions to the ice giants, and it really should indicate the scientific potential of remote sensing missions to the ice giants. The manuscript does point out that this paper really is primarily limited to remote sensing since other papers have addressed the science value of probes. However, probe missions and remote sensing missions are not orthogonal, and are in fact so dependent on each other in a synergistic, complementary way that it is something of a dis-service to try to treat them entirely independently. Whilst we quite agree that probes are an essential element of any future mission to these destinations, we felt that the probe science had been fully covered by Mousis et al. Furthermore, it is not fair to characterise this article as purely remote sensing, as there is a substantial quantity of in situ sensing of the magnetosphere (and the heliosphere during the cruise). Nevertheless, we have renamed this as “…Potential of ORBITAL Missions…” to make the distinction clear. One of the keywords listed is “Probes”, and yet the paper focuses almost entirely on remote sensing studies of the ice giants with very little discussion of probes. We assumed the keyword to refer to “spaceprobes” rather than the more specific “atmospheric entry probes”, and thus have chosen to leave this keyword in place. Page 6, line 142: "We focus on the science achievable from orbit..." (Mousis, 2018). However, the title doesn't indicate "The Scientific Potential of Remote Sensing Missions....". I think there either needs to be some discussion of probes as a separate but essential element of an Ice Giant mission, or the title should be changed to indicate this covers one element of an Ice Giant mission. The authors of this white paper consider the orbital component as the key need-to-have element of any future mission. We prefer not to emphasise “remote sensing” in the title, for the reasons outlined above. Nevertheless, we have added additional mentions of atmospheric probe science to the appropriate points in the manuscript (as you suggested below), referring back to Mousis et al. (2018) and to a more recent article by Simon et al. (2020). Line 306: “A combination of global multi-wavelength remote sensing from an orbiter and in situ measurements from an entry probe would provide a transformative understanding…” Again, I think this paper would significantly benefit from at least a brief discussion of the synergistic value of a probe + orbiter mission, and that either by itself would significantly compromise a future ice giant mission. We strongly support the addition of a probe to a future Ice Giant orbital mission, as we have emphasised in the article. However, we do not support a probe *by itself* as suggested in this comment, so prefer not to shift the emphasis in this way. Other comments: Line 49: Add mention of Europa Clipper? Added. Line 53: Suggest changing “world” to “system” Changed Line 85: “planet’s” “planets’ “ Changed, Line 159: I may be unfamiliar with the nomenclature here, but I think of low-mass as terrestrial -type, and Uranus and Neptune as intermediate-mass. We have changed it to “intermediate-mass exoplanet ”. Line 199: “heat flux” “internal heat flux” (this may be obvious, but for me this reads slightly better if “internal” is added. OK. Page 9, Figure 2: “Sketches of the possible internal structures of the ice giants. It is unclear whether the planets are differentiated and whether the transition between the different layers are distinct or gradual:”. Since “are distinct or gradual” is plural, I think that “transition” should be “transitions”. OK. Line 206: It is not clear how orbital migration would lead to Uranus's large obliquity. I glanced at Boue's and Laskar's paper, but this is so non-intuitive that I wonder if it deserves a few more words, something along the lines of "Boue and Laskar (2010) showed that under special circumstances, the high obliquity could arise from orbital migration and therefore not require a collision to explain….” We have added this suggestion. Line 247: “Figure 2 presents sketches of four possible internal structures of the ice giants where the transitions between layers is distinct (via phase/thermal boundary) and/or gradual.” Missing word “is”. We changed to “are.” Line 272: “Finally, the different intrinsic heat fluxes of Uranus and Neptune, together with their similar mass and radius values suggest that the planets formed in a similar way, but then followed different evolutionary histories.” There seems to be an assumption built in here that similar size and mass = similar formation. I would think that similar J2 and J4, similar magnetic field structure, etc. would be a better indication of similar formation. It seems like entirely different
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