Franz Mehring 1 Literary Review of Hermann Schlüter’ s Die Anfänge der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung in Amerika

Comrade Schlüter , the founder of our party archive, who under [Bismarck’s] law against the socialists fought in the front line, and who, for a number of years already , has been editing our party organ in New Y ork, has in this work made a very valuable contribution to the history of the modern working- class movement, which he knows more intimately than most.2 With amazing diligence, and with an

1 Franz Mehring, ‘Literarische Rundschau: Hermann Schlüter, Die Anfänge der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung in Amerika ’, Die Neue Zeit , Volume 26, No. 1 (1907–8), pp. 347–9. 2 [Translator’s note: Hermann Schlüter (1851–1919) was a member of the editorial staff of the Sozialdemokrat in Zurich and London and organized the archives of the German Social-Democratic Party. In 1889 he was forced by Bismarck’s Anti-Socialist Laws to migrate to the United States. He became the editor of the main German organ of the Debsian Socialist Party, the New Yorker Volkszeitung . (On Schlüter’ s early biography see pp. 21 to 29 of Paul Mayer, ‘Die Geschichte des sozialdemokratischen Parteiarchivs und das Schicksal des Marx-Engels-Nachlasses’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte , Vols. VI/VII, (1966/67), pp. 5–198.) Schlüter was a frequent correspondent of Engels and an intimate friend of the leader of the First International in the US, Friedrich Sorge. In the chapter of his autobiography dealing with his exile in New York, Trotsky states: ‘In the German federation old Schlüter , the editor-in-chief of the Volkszeitung , and a comrade in arms of Hillquit’s, was more and more yielding his inuence to the young editor Ludwig Lore, who shared our views.’ (Trotsky, My Life, Ch. 22, ‘New York’). The year before his death, we Žnd him writing for the organ of the Socialist Party left wing, The Class Struggle, edited by the future leaders of early American Communism (Hermann Schlüter , ‘Marx and the International,’ The Class Struggle , Vol. 2, No. 3, (May-June 1918), pp. 271– 88). Schlü ter retained his post as editor of the Volkszeitung until his

Historical Materialism , volume 11:4 (295–299) ©Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2003 Also available online – www.brill.nl 296• Franz Mehring even more amazing good fortune, he has been able to gather the literary remains of the German working-class movement in the United States, and especially in New York, up to the Civil War, and in that way has been able to preserve a wealth of primary sources that, without his painstaking care, would otherwise have been lost forever. That would have been all the more regrettable because, as Schlüter rightly puts it, it is doubtful whether there is another city in the world offering such a classical context for the observation of the different stages that the proletarian struggle for emancipation had to go through as the city of New York. It is like the physicist, who looks at the natural phenomena where they appear in their most precise form and untouched by disturbing influences. Those disturbing influences have incessantly stood in the way of the normal development of the modern working-class movement in Germany. Thus, for instance, during the 1850s, the weight of reaction deprived the proletariat even of the memory of its independent movement; during the 1860s and 1870s,the bourgeoisstruggles for freedom toreapart the young working-class party for more than a decade; during the 1880s, the law against the socialists forced the irresistibly growing stream into a underground course; and right to the present, a very significant part of the forces of the proletariat has to be employed in fighting for demands that the bourgeois classes should have accomplished a long time ago, but which they have ignominiously betrayed.

death in January 1919, when he was replaced by Lore (see his obituary in the New York Call, January 31, 1919; Lore later had the honour of being the Žrst person expelled for Trotskyism in the American CP). Schlü ter ’s 1907 book Die Anfä nge der deuischen arbeiterbewegung in Amerika was reprinted in 1984 with a preface by Carol Poore (New York: P. Lang). As Mehring hoped, he did succeed in completing two other volumes on the later history of the American working class movement: Lincoln, Labor and Slavery: AChapter from the Social History of America , New York, Socialist Literature Co., 1913 (reprint: New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), and Die Internationale in Amerika: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Arbeiter-Bewegung in den Vereinigten Saaten [The First International in America: A Contribution to the History of the Working Class Movement in the United States], Chicago: Deutsche Sprachsgruppe der Sozialistsiche Partei der Vereinigten Staaten, 1918. The latter work has unfortunately not yet been translated to English. Schlüter is also the author of a study on The Brewing Industry and the Brewery Worker’s Movement in America , Cincinnati, Ohio: International Union of United Brewery Workmen of America, 1910, as well as of a history of the Chartist movement: Die Chartisten- Bewegung:Ein Beitrag zur Sozialpolitischen geschichte Englands , New York: Socialist Literature Company, 1916, 368 pp. The early version of this book was reviewed by Engels and is now included in the German edition of the Marx-Engels Collected Works (Renate Merkel-Melis, ‘Engels’ Mitarbeit an Hermann Schlüters Broschüre Die Chartistenbewegung in England’, MEGA-Studien , 1995/1, pp. 5–32.). Schlüter’ s archives are located at the library of the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (http://www .iisg.nl/).]