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GGAT 130: the Sinews of War: South East Wales Industry and the First World War

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GGAT 130: the Sinews of War: South East Wales Industry and the First World War GGAT 130: The Sinews of War: South East Wales Industry and The First World War March 2015 GGAT report no. 2015/020 A report for Cadw Project no. GGAT 130 by Johnny Crawford BSc MA PIfA Year 2 The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd Heathfield House Heathfield Swansea SA1 6EL GGAT 130 Year 2: The Sinews of War: South East Wales Industry and the First World War Contents SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 8 Aim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Methodology and theoretical framework ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Sources and data ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10 3. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 The Ministry of Munitions ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 14 4.1 The iron, steel and metals industry ....................................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 The munitions industry ............................................................................................................................................................. 53 4.3 Tube works ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 4.4 Great Western Railway and the Welsh Railways ............................................................................................................ 99 4.5 Docks ...............................................................................................................................................................................................102 4.6 The Coal industry .......................................................................................................................................................................103 4.7 Gas and Coke manufacturing (extraction of chemicals) .............................................................................................112 4.8 Shipping and ship repair ........................................................................................................................................................132 4.9 Aircraft production ....................................................................................................................................................................155 4.10 Miscellaneous industries ......................................................................................................................................................162 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 169 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ......................................................................... 174 1 GGAT 130 Year 2: The Sinews of War: South East Wales Industry and the First World War Plates Page Plate 1. Re-building of the Dowlais Cardiff iron and steel works in 1934 (07486m). Remodelling on this scale destroyed the First World War era works. ......................................................................................................... 23 Plate 2. View to the north of Dowlais iron and steel works in 1929. This is the form the works had during the First World War. .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Plate 3. General view to the south of the east elevation of the Neptune Engineering works, Newport. The glass and concrete building to the upper left sits on the footprint of the former Cork Wharf, whilst the extensive timber framing is the remains of the former fuel wharf. The red brick buildings date to the major expansion of the Neptune Works undertaken in the 1920s and visible on cartographic sources (GGAT/Cadw). ...................... 37 Plate 4. The expanded Albion Steelworks, Briton Ferry in 1934, view to the north ................................................. 39 Plate 5. GKN’s Patent Nut and Bolt Plant (10778g) in 1930. .................................................................................... 43 Plate 6. Swansea Vale Spelter Works (07932w), known at the time as the National Spelter Works as seen in an aerial photograph of 1933. The redundant British Metals Extraction Company plant (07483w) can be seen at the centre bottom of the image. ......................................................................................................................... 52 Plate 7. Aerial view of the National Cartridge and Box Repair Factory, Newport (10612g) in 1930. The building, located on the South Dock to the east of the sea lock, was used as a general warehouse at this time. ........... 58 Plate 8. Contemporary view inside one of the warehouse spaces (Newport Library qM000 380.5) ........................ 58 Plate 9. Contemporary view of the north east elevation of the National Cartridge and Box Repair Factory (Newport Library qM000 380.5) ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Plate 10. West elevation of a surviving building from the National Cartridge and Box Repair Factory, Newport (10612g). The gable end has been re-modelled from its original appearance and the ventilation chimneys are a later feature. ..................................................................................................................................................... 59 Plate 11. The Munitions Crèche (10274g), Alexandra Road Newport on the day of its opening on 3rd December 1917 .................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Plate 12. The Munitions Crèche (10274g) building in 2014 ...................................................................................... 61 Plate 13. South elevation of the former Uskside National Works, view to the north west. ....................................... 65 Plate 14. Photogaph dated 1917 and believed to have been taken at the Newport National Shell Factory (10613g), of the forging on No.1 Forge of steel billets used in the production of 60lbr shells. One billet is chalked with the slogan “For Willie 1917” and the press, similar to a Watson Stillman hydraulic press, is chalked with the slogan “Presents for Fritz” (National Waterfront Museum). ............................................................................ 70 Plate 15. North west corner of the historic Lovells works, at the junction of Albany and Alderney Streets, view looking down Alderney Street. (GGAT/Cadw) ................................................................................................. 73 Plate 16. West range of the historic Lovells works showing the blocked entrance to a rear courtyard and the adjoining later extension (red brick). View to the north east. (GGAT/Cadw) .................................................. 74 Plate 17. The west range, fronting onto Albany Street, was extended after the First World War, the new buildings being more ornate in nature. View to north east. (GGAT) ............................................................................... 75 Plate 18. Frontage of the former Tyne Engine Works (10779g) on Mill Parade, Newport taken before the First World War (Johns Newport Directory 1911). Note the brick and stone keying just visible on the extreme left of the photograph (Newport Past photo 106). ................................................................................................... 79 Plate 19. Surviving portion of the south west curtilage wall of the former Tyne Engine Works on Mill Parade, Newport (10779g). Note the comparison with the distinctive stone and brick keying just visible on Plate 17 (GGAT/Cadw). ................................................................................................................................................... 80 Plate 20. South west curtilage
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