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Investigating a Saponification Reaction Using the Diamaxatr™
No. 21161 INVESTIGATING A SAPONIFICATION REACTION USING THE DIAMAXATR™ INTRODUCTION sunflower oil film was placed on the diamond. The film was Diamond ATR is a useful pressed against the diamond tool in analyzing reactions with ATR crystal using the pressure certain types of corrosive applicator. After a spectrum was samples, such as harsh cleaning taken of the burned sunflower agents. Manufacturers in this oil film, the pressure applicator industry can study potential was raised, and two drops of unwanted by-products as well as oven cleaner was deposited on the effectiveness of the cleaning the film. The pressure applicator agent. was used to keep the film firmly In this note, a saponification pressed against the crystal. reaction was examined using Spectra were collected every 30 oven cleaner and burned seconds for a total of 45 minutes sunflower by diamond ATR using Harrick’s TempLink spectroscopy. software. Figure 1. The DiaMax ATR. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Although the active Infrared spectra were 90 collected on an FT-IR ingredient in oven cleaner is spectrometer equipped with the sodium hydroxide, which 70 Harrick DiaMaxATR™ single- contains an –OH functional 50 reflection high throughput group, it is clear from the Transmittance [%] characteristic broad band at 30 diamond ATR accessory. -1 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Spectra were collected at an 8 3333 cm and the band at 1638 -1 -1 Wavenumber cm-1 cm resolution, a gain of 1, and cm (Figure 2) that the active signal averaged over 32 scans. ingredient in the oven cleaner is Figure 2. ATR spectrum of The aperture was set to 100%. -
162 Part 175—Indirect Food Addi
§ 174.6 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–19 Edition) (c) The existence in this subchapter B Subpart B—Substances for Use Only as of a regulation prescribing safe condi- Components of Adhesives tions for the use of a substance as an Sec. article or component of articles that 175.105 Adhesives. contact food shall not be construed as 175.125 Pressure-sensitive adhesives. implying that such substance may be safely used as a direct additive in food. Subpart C—Substances for Use as (d) Substances that under conditions Components of Coatings of good manufacturing practice may be 175.210 Acrylate ester copolymer coating. safely used as components of articles 175.230 Hot-melt strippable food coatings. that contact food include the fol- 175.250 Paraffin (synthetic). lowing, subject to any prescribed limi- 175.260 Partial phosphoric acid esters of pol- yester resins. tations: 175.270 Poly(vinyl fluoride) resins. (1) Substances generally recognized 175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings. as safe in or on food. 175.320 Resinous and polymeric coatings for (2) Substances generally recognized polyolefin films. as safe for their intended use in food 175.350 Vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copoly- mer. packaging. 175.360 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (3) Substances used in accordance ings for nylon film. with a prior sanction or approval. 175.365 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (4) Substances permitted for use by ings for polycarbonate film. 175.380 Xylene-formaldehyde resins con- regulations in this part and parts 175, densed with 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol- 176, 177, 178 and § 179.45 of this chapter. -
Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations
molecules Review Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations Deepak Gupta 1, Deepak Bhatia 2 ID , Vivek Dave 3 ID , Vijaykumar Sutariya 4 and Sheeba Varghese Gupta 4,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; [email protected] 2 ICPH Fairfax Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA; [email protected] 3 Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY 14618, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +01-813-974-2635 Academic Editor: Peter Wipf Received: 7 June 2018; Accepted: 13 July 2018; Published: 14 July 2018 Abstract: The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes. Keywords: chemistry; salt; water solubility; routes of administration; physicochemical; stability; degradation 1. -
SALTS of FATTY ACIDS
SALTS of FATTY ACIDS Prepared at the 33rd JECFA (1988), published in FNP 38 (1988) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55th JECFA (2000). An ADI 'not specified' was established at the 33rd JECFA (1988) SYNONYMS INS No. 470 DEFINITION These products consist of calcium, potassium or sodium salts of commercial myristic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, acids or mixtures of these acids from edible fats and oils. The article of commerce can be further specified by: - saponification value, - solidification point for the fatty acids obtained from the salts, - iodine value, - residue on ignition including assay of the cation, and - moisture content Assay Not less than 95% total fatty acid salts, dry weight basis DESCRIPTION Hard, white or faintly yellowish, somewhat glossy and crystalline solids or semi-solids or white or yellowish-white powder FUNCTIONAL USES Anticaking agent, emulsifier CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Potassium and sodium salts are soluble in water and ethanol; calcium salts are insoluble in water, ethanol and ether Test for cations Heat 1 g of the sample with a mixture of 25 ml of water and 5 ml of hydrochloric acid. Fatty acids are liberated, floating as a solid or oil layer on the surface which is soluble in hexane. After cooling, aqueous layer is decanted and evaporated to dryness. Dissolve the residue in water and test for the appropriate cation. Fatty acid composition Using the Method of Assay, identify the individual fatty sample. The fatty acid(s) in primary abundance should conform to those declared on the label of the product PURITY Free fatty acids Not more than 3% Measure free fatty acids as directed in the method Free Fatty Acids. -
The Synthesis of Magnesium Soaps As Feed for Biohydrocarbon Production
MATEC Web of Conferences 156, 03001 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603001 RSCE 2017 The Synthesis of Magnesium Soaps as Feed for Biohydrocarbon Production Meiti Pratiwi1,*, Godlief F. Neonufa1,2, Tirto Prakoso1, and Tatang H. Soerawidjaja1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia 2Department of Agriculture Product Technology, Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang 85000, Indonesia Abstract. In previous study, by heating magnesium basic soaps from palm stearine will decarboxylated and produced biohydrocarbon. The frequent method to produced metal soaps from triglyceride in laboratory scale is metathesis. This process is less favored because this method would produced large amounts of salt waste and hard to develop into bigger scale. This study investigated the process and characterization of magnesium soaps from coconut oil and magnesium hydroxide via direct reaction method at 185 oC for 3 and 6 hours. The resulting soaps were washed with water and methanol, then dried. This process yield more than 80%-w metal soaps, acid values lower than 6 mg KOH/g and pH 9.2. Based on Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) and SEM results, the initial decomposition temperature of these metal soaps were at 300 oC and have amorphous surface morphology. From decarboxylation test of magnesium basic soaps indicate great potency as feed for biohydrocarbon production. 1 Introduction (w/w) solution, become aqueous sodium soaps. This sodium soap is then added the metal aqueous solution Metal soaps, or metal long-chain carboxylates, are (example metal nitrate, acetate, chloride, and sulfate) and alkaline-earth or heavy-metal salts of carboxylic acids yield metal soaps. -
D Fried-ABLE-Present
Understanding Saponification and Lipase Mechanisms Using Physical and Computer Modeling Daniel Fried, Ph.D. Advances in biology laboratory education. Volume 41 Build these structures. + Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids 1 6 7 8 H C N O Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen 1.00794 12.011 14.007 15.999 Build these structures. + Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids 1 6 7 8 H C N O Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen 1.00794 12.011 14.007 15.999 Build these structures. + Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids If models are in short supply, build shorter chain fatty acids. + Glycerol 3 hexanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids Triglycerides (fats and oils) contain glycerol and fatty acids. + Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules Trilaurin 3 free fatty acids Triglyceride of lauric acid If models are in short supply, build shorter chain fatty acids. + Glycerol 3 hexanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids Triglycerides (fats and oils) contain glycerol and fatty acids. + Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules Trilaurin 3 free fatty acids Triglyceride of lauric acid If models are in short supply, build shorter chain fatty acids. + Glycerol 3 hexanoic acid molecules Tricaproin 3 free fatty acids Triglyceride of caproic acid Build these structures. Glycerol 3 pentanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids Build these structures. Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids Build a triglyceride. Glycerol 3 dodecanoic acid molecules 3 free fatty acids Build a triglyceride. Synthesizing trilaurin results in a dehydration reaction. 3 water molecules are created as a result of the esterification. -
Managing Soil Salinity Tony Provin and J.L
E-60 3-12 Managing Soil Salinity Tony Provin and J.L. Pitt* f your soil has a high salinity content, the plants ing may cause salts to accumulate in both surface growing there will not be as vigorous as they would and underground waters. The surface runoff of these Ibe in normal soils. Seeds will germinate poorly, dissolved salts is what gives the salt content to our if at all, and the plants will grow slowly or become oceans and lakes. Fertilizers and organic amendments stunted. If the salinity concentration is high enough, also add salts to the soil. the plants will wilt and die, no matter how much you water them. Effects of salts on plants Routine soil testing can identify your soil’s salinity As soils become more saline, plants become unable levels and suggest measures you can take to correct to draw as much water from the soil. This is because the specific salinity problem in your soil. the plant roots contain varying concentrations of ions (salts) that create a natural flow of water from the soil Salinity and salt into the plant roots. The terms salt and salinity are often used inter- As the level of salinity in the soil nears that of the changeably, and sometimes incorrectly. A salt is sim- roots, however, water becomes less and less likely to ply an inorganic mineral that can dissolve in water. enter the root. In fact, when the soil salinity levels are Many people associate salt with sodium chloride— high enough, the water in the roots is pulled back into common table salt. -
Fats and Oils Isolation and Hydrolysis of Nutmeg Oil (Trimyristin)
Fats and Oils Isolation and Hydrolysis of Nutmeg Oil (Trimyristin) Pre-Lab: Draw the mechanism for the saponification of the trimyristin by sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and sodium myristate, C13H27COONa. (You need only show the process for one of the esters, you may use the symbol R for simplification.) Assume that trimyristin is RCOOR’ and the products are RCOO- Na+ (myristic acid) and R’OH (glycerol). This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Answer the following questions: 1) Describe what you will do for the recrystallization of Trimytristin. 2) Why should the acid solution be chilled? 3) What is the concentration of the acid solution you are making? Procedure: A) Isolation of Nutmeg Oil (Trimytrisin) 1. Place 0.8 grams of ground nutmeg in a small round–bottom flask and add 4 mL of methylene chloride. (Note: both CH2Cl2 and oil are nonpolar, so CH2Cl2 removes oil from the nutmeg.) 2. Attach a condenser with the water line attached and heat the mixture to a gentle reflux for 20 minutes. 3. Allow it to cool and carefully decant the solution from the ground nutmeg into a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Keep the solution in the flask on the side. 4. Repeat the extraction on the leftover ground nutmeg with another 4 mL portion of methylene chloride. Start the 20-minute reflux again and do the decanting. Combine the solutions from both extractions 5. Do a hot filtration if you get solids in your flask. (Hot filtration: Pre-heat the solution gently in a water bath before filtering it through a filter paper. -
Mechanism of Cleansing Soaps
Soap In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants. (Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.) Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye (although the term "lye soap" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form crude soap, an amalgam of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). The glycerin is a useful by-product, which can be left in the soap product as a softening agent, or isolated for other uses. Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soaps and mineral oil. These calcium- and lithium-based greases are widely used. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil. -
Use of Catalysts Comprising N-Substituted Cyclic Imides
(19) & (11) EP 1 338 336 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: B01J 31/02 (2006.01) C07C 27/12 (2006.01) 04.04.2012 Bulletin 2012/14 C07C 33/20 (2006.01) C07C 49/78 (2006.01) C07C 51/21 (2006.01) C07C 51/265 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 01996429.5 C07C 55/14 C07C 63/04 C07C 63/06 (2006.01) C07C 63/26 (2006.01) C07C 63/313 (2006.01) C07D 213/80 (2006.01) (22) Date of filing: 08.11.2001 C07D 215/54 (2006.01) (86) International application number: PCT/JP2001/009767 (87) International publication number: WO 2002/040154 (23.05.2002 Gazette 2002/21) (54) USE OF CATALYSTS COMPRISING N-SUBSTITUTED CYCLIC IMIDES FOR PREPARING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VERWENDUNG N-SUBSTITUIERTERRINGFÖRMIGER IMID ENTHALTENDER KATALYSATOREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG ORGANISCHER VERBINDUNGEN UTILISATION DE CATALYSEURS CYCLIQUES COMPRENANT DES IMIDES POUR LA PREPARATION DE COMPOSES ORGANIQUES (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Grünecker, Kinkeldey, DE FR GB Stockmair & Schwanhäusser Anwaltssozietät (30) Priority: 15.11.2000 JP 2000348787 Leopoldstrasse 4 22.02.2001 JP 2001046986 80802 München (DE) (43) Date of publication of application: (56) References cited: 27.08.2003 Bulletin 2003/35 EP-A- 0 879 812 EP-A- 1 331 215 DD-A- 112 431 DE-C- 135 836 (73) Proprietor: Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. JP-A- 9 087 215 JP-A- 10 057 814 Kita-ku, JP-A- 11 226 416 Osaka-shi Osaka 530-0001 (JP) • TASHIRO, YASUTAKA ET AL: "A new strategy for thepreparation of terephthalic -
The Effects of Cold Saponification on the Unsaponified Fatty Acid
molecules Article The Effects of Cold Saponification on the Unsaponified Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Perception of Commercial Natural Herbal Soaps Natalia Prieto Vidal * , Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun, Thu Huong Pham , Abira Mumtaz, Charles Manful, Grace Callahan, Peter Stewart, Dwayne Keough and Raymond Horatio Thomas * School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; [email protected] (O.A.A.); [email protected] (T.H.P.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (D.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.P.V.); [email protected] (R.H.T.); Tel.: +1-709-639 4676 (N.P.V.); +1-709-637-7161 (R.H.T.) Received: 21 August 2018; Accepted: 12 September 2018; Published: 14 September 2018 Abstract: Saponification is the process in which triglycerides are combined with a strong base to form fatty acid metal salts during the soap-making process. The distribution of unsaturated and saturated fatty acid determines the hardness, aroma, cleansing, lather, and moisturizing abilities of soaps. Plant extracts, such as rosemary, vegetable, and essential oils are frequently added to soaps to enhance quality and sensory appeal. Three natural soaps were formulated using cold saponification to produce a base or control bar (BB), hibiscus rosehip bar (H), and a forest grove bar (FG). Rosemary extract (R) or essential oil (A) blends were added as additives to each formulation prior to curing to evaluate the effects of natural plant additives on the lipid composition and sensory characteristics of these natural herbal soaps. -
2016 National Algal Biofuels Technology Review
National Algal Biofuels Technology Review Bioenergy Technologies Office June 2016 National Algal Biofuels Technology Review U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office June 2016 Review Editors: Amanda Barry,1,5 Alexis Wolfe,2 Christine English,3,5 Colleen Ruddick,4 and Devinn Lambert5 2010 National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap: eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/algal_biofuels_roadmap.pdf A complete list of roadmap and review contributors is available in the appendix. Suggested Citation for this Review: DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2016. National Algal Biofuels Technology Review. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office. Visit bioenergy.energy.gov for more information. 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education 3 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 4 BCS, Incorporated 5 Bioenergy Technologies Office This report is being disseminated by the U.S. Department of Energy. As such, the document was prepared in compliance with Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law No. 106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by the Department of Energy. Further, this report could be “influential scientific information” as that term is defined in the Office of Management and Budget’s Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (Bulletin). This report has been peer reviewed pursuant to section II.2 of the Bulletin. Cover photo courtesy of Qualitas Health, Inc. BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE Preface Thank you for your interest in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office’s (BETO’s) National Algal Biofuels Technology Review.