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This reproduction is the best copy available Secession and Partition in YunoslaMa, CzechosIovakia, Ireland and the Uniteci States of America: Lessons for Canada If Quebec Attemipts Secession. by Laurie Nicholson, B.A. A thesis sumitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial klfùlment of the requirements for the degree of (Master of Arts) Department of Political Science Carleton Universiw Ottawa, Ontario June lst, 1398 copyright O 1998, Laurie Nîcholson National Library Bibliothèque nationale I*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibiiographic Services sewices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your Ein Voire referma Our Ne Wrerderence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/lfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in thîs thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts &om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Mer an examination of various states which have experienced political or temtorial rupture due to secession, we will have some guides to what lies ahead for Canada XQuebec chooses to separate. For each nation we regard the roots of conflict, the cultural context, how the secession occwed and what the results of the secession were. Looking at the nations of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, lreland and the United States of Amenca, we cm see that Quebec cm expect to have some form of political violence ifit does not settle important issues with Canada before attempting to secede. This may resuIt in the form of ethnic codicts and/or border disputes. I would Iike to thank my advisor Professor François Rocher of the Political Science Depment for all of his guidance and my husband Peter Kerridge for al1 his support and patience. List of Ma~s (1) Yugoslavia Pre- 192 8.. ................................................................................................... -29 (From Fred Singleton, Twentieth-Century Yu oslavia. London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1976, p. 44) (2) Yugoslavia 19 1 S.. ......................................................................................................... -29 (From Fred Singleton, A Short Histov of the Yugoslav People$. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 132) (From Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. London: Penguin Books, 1992, p. i, ii) (From John F. N. Bradley, Czechoslovakia: A Short Estory Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1971, p. 140) (5) Czechoslovakia 19 18 ..................................................................................................... -45 (From Stanislav J. Kirschbaurn. A History of Slovakia: The Stniqgle for SuMval. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, p. xv) (6) Czech Republic and Slovakia 1993.. ............................................................................... -56 (From Oskar KrejE. Czechoslovak National Interests: A Historicd Survey of Czechoslovak National rnterests and Reflections on the Demise of Czechoslovak Cornmunism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, p. 4. and Kirschbaum. Opt Cit., p. xii) (7) Ireland-Protestants.. ....................................................................................................... -62 (From R F. Foster Ed. The Odord Tïlustrated Hktory of Ireland. Odord and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 263 .) (8) ireland-Mer Partition. .................................................................................................. -08C (From J. C. Beckett, A Short Histov of Ireland. London: The Cresset Library, 1986, p. 87) (9) United States of Arnerica-Pre-Secession-........................................................................ 77 vii (From Wmston S. Churchill, The American Civil War. London: Corgi Books, 1958, p. 43) (1 0) United States of America-Secession.-........................................................................... -86 (From J. G. Randail and David Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction. 2nded. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1961, p. 184) (1 1) United States of America-Reconstruction Era................................................................ -89 (From Man NeWis and Henry Steele Commager. A Short Histoy ofthe United States. 6& ed. Revised and enlarged. New York: MedA KnopS 1976, p.277) (From Rand Dyck. Provincial Politics in Canada. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 199 1, p. 204) (2 3) Quebec- 1 995 Referendum Results.. .............................................................................. 149 (From Ian Durragh, "Québec's Quandary", in National Geoga~hi~Vol. 192, No. 5, Washington D.C.: November, 1997, p. 54) (14) Quebec- 1 774- 1927.................................. ... ............................................................ -175 (Frorn William F. Shaw and Lionel Albert. Mebec'sIndependence. Montreal: Thomhill Publishing, 1980, p.63) (1 5) Quebec- Partition............................ ... ......................................................................... -191 (From William F. Shaw and Lionel Albert. Opt Cit. p. 24) (1) Introduction. Thesis and Methodologe This paper seeks to examine the political phenornenon laiown as secession. Secession is a word that brings to rnind ail sorts of mental images. Some images are positive like the secession and subsequent independence of a country which has been under colonial or repressive control. There are many examples of this occurring such as the Estonian and Latvian countries declaring their independence f?om the former Soviet Union. As weil, many Anican states also have attained independence in the last thirty years from their colonial overlords of Great Britain and France. When countries in similar circumstances as these achieve independence fkom their oppressor nation, it is generally seen as beneficial to the inhabitants. It is thought that they can claim a place that they themselves rule and generally seems to imply a more democratic state. However, this is not always the case. Some countries do in fact end up much worse off than they were initially. Secession also brings to mind many negative images of peacefbl states being tom apart and thst into civil unrest and economic uncertainty. The recent civil war in the former nation of Yugoslavia is one such example of secession being a very negative political consequence as the entire nation was at war and a campaign of genocide ensued. As well, the United States of America, considered one of the most democratic and least oppressed states in the world, aiso experienced a political rupture which led to a bloody civil war that claimed thousands of lives. Secession as a form of political negotiation is not always a beneficial or positive goal of a state. In fact, nore often than not, secession puts the state in a more problematic situation then they were before the act occurred. In our examination of the various countries that have undergone a political rupture, we will attempt to understand why these splits have occurred. Was the secession an inevitable consequence or are people simply refûsing to compromise and tolerate one another? We wilI look 2 to see ifthere are cornmon characteristics that these States have that may lead to secessionist movements. Are there similar traits such as ethnicity or language that seem to play significant roles in the creation of new countries? We will also seek to understand how these secessions actually take place. What occurs, how does it happen and who tends to lead these changes are questions îhat WUbe examineci. And we wiil also explore the actual politicai, economic and social consequences of the secession on the new nation and see how the country has either benefitted or lost through the process. In the next chapter of this paper there is a discussion of the moraby of secession. Some arguments are presented as to why secession can be seen as a morally bad or good alternative to remainllig in a state. Then the paper will be presented in two separate parts. The fist part, entitled, "Secession in Four Nations7', will take a very general look at the dynamic of secession as it has occurred in four different countries. The nations of Ireland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the United States of America wïil be used for the analysis. For each country there is a focus on the history of the confiicts, cultural context, how the secession occurred and what were the results of the political secession. After an examination of these four very Merent examples, we will be able to draw conclusions about secession and know what areas to concentrate on in our examination of Quebec. Part Two, "Canada in Conflict7', concentrates on the secessionist movement in the Canadian province of Quebec. It is set up in a