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Geomorphological Mapping As a Tool to Characterize and Manage Quarry Dump Deposits: the Case Study of Carrara Marble Basins

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Geomorphological Mapping As a Tool to Characterize and Manage Quarry Dump Deposits: the Case Study of Carrara Marble Basins Geomorphological mapping as a tool to characterize and manage quarry dump deposits: the case study of Carrara marble basins Linda Alderighi1, Carlo Baroni 1,2, Maria Cristina Salvatore 1,2 1 Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra; 2 Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa | 4–8 May 2020 © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. | 4–8 May 2020 Study area: Carrara marble basins Apuan Alps retain many naturalistic, geomorphological and geological elements including many geosites and are renowned in all over the world for the white marble of Carrara. Glacial and cryonival landforms Karst Coastal plain landforms High density of quarry © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. Marble has been exploited since pre-Roman time determining nowadays a high density of quarries, among the highest in the world | 4–8 May 2020 High dynamicity and Cultural heritage of ravaneti Quarry dump deposits accumulated Pluri-millennial during centuries, locally called quarrying activity ravaneti, retain typical textural composes a dynamic characteristics closely linked to the and outstanding different techniques adopted over anthropic landscape. time for marble extraction. Therefore, During the last quarry dumps represent a key access decades widespread for reconstructing the evolution of debris flows the Apuan marble exploitation. For 2007 frequently affected this reason, ancient ravaneti assume the area representing an inestimable value within the serious hazardous historical and cultural heritage of Italy events for quarrying activity, infrastructures as well as urban centres 2016 © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. | 4–8 May 2020 Methods • Interpretation of aerial photographs (1954-2017) paying particular attention to landforms strictly related to quarrying areas Anthropic landforms Natural landforms -Ravaneti -Erosional landforms and deposits due to interaction -Quarry exploitation areas, quarry yards between natural processes and quarrying activity -Access road to quarries (debris flow tracks and lobes, gullies, landslides, …) • Data management in GIS environment: Database: -manually digitization of landforms in vector domain (3 geometries: point, line, polygon ) operating at a scale between 1:500 and 1: 1000 directly on the Vector domain (*.shp) more recent high resolution orthophotographs + -Data collection into a properly created database (joined with .shp) Attribute table (*.dbf) • Criteria adopted for the geomorphological characterization : Natural landforms: guidelines proposed by Italian researchers for identifying landforms according to morphogenesis, morphodynamic, morphochronology (guidelines proposed by the Gruppo Nazionale Geografia Fisica e Geomorfologia (1993) and guidelines proposed for the fieldwork and preparation of the Geomorphological Map of Italy at a scale of 1: 50.000 (Gruppo di lavoro per la Cartografia Geomorfologica, 1994)) Anthropic landforms: guidelines of the Geomorphological Map of the Carrara Marble Basins (Baroni et alii, 2010) © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. | 4–8 May 2020 Methods • Criteria adopted for the d > 1 m geomorphological characterization of ravaneti : TEXTURE, WEATHERING AND VEGETAL COVER OF DEBRIS 30 cm < d < 1 m d < 30 cm © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. | 4–8 May 2020 Results:Geomorphological characterization and maps of quarry dumps at 2017 © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. Debris-flows channels and lobes, and gullies are widely developed on ravaneti with fine matrix | 4–8 May 2020 Results: geomorphological characterization of quarry dumps 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 Area km Area Area km Area Area km Area 1 1 1 0 0 0 Surface weathering Vegetated Texture Weathered clasts surface Coarse texture No cover Grass cover Medium texture Unweathered clasts Shrubs cover Trees cover Fine texture 100% 2.0 Coarse texture clast 1.8 supported Coarse texture matrix 80% 1.6 supported 1.4 Medium texture clast supported 60% 1.2 Medium texture matrix 1.0 supported Fine texture clast supported 40% 0.8 2 0.6 km Fine texture matrix 20% 0.4 supported Unweathered clasts 0.2 0% 0.0 Weathered clasts Unvegetated quarry dump deposits Quarry dump deposits with Vegetal cover Vegetal cover Vegetal cover Vegetal cover Vegetal cover Vegetal cover Vegetal cover grass cover Quarry dump deposits with Texture and matrix Texture and matrix Texture and matrix Texture and matrix Texture and matrix Texture and matrix Texture and matrix shrubs cover Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Weathering of clasts Quarry dump deposits with Area outside Torano extractive Colonnata Miseglia Pescina- Piscinicchi Combratta trees cover extractive basin basin extractive basin extractive basin Boccanaglia extractive basin extractive basin Total extent of quarry dump © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. extractive basin | 4–8 May 2020 Results: slope instabilities on quarry dumps Total length of linear erosional features Quarry dump Gully Quarry dump interested by areal Debris flow channel erosion Other landforms 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 Km Distribution of slope instabilities on quarry dump deposits Areal erosion Gully Debris flow channel 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Quarry dump deposits: Fine texture matrix supported Medium texture matrix supported Coarse texture matrix supported Fine texture clast supported Medium texture clast supported Coarse texture clast supported © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. | 4–8 May 2020 Conclusion Geomorphological mapping allow to © Authors 2020. All rights reserved. characterize landscape features of this peculiar region concerning anthropic landforms originated by millennial quarrying activity. The geomorphological characterization represents a relevant tool for the monitoring and management of ravaneti suggesting both potentially removable and potentially worthy of geo-conservation quarry dumps on the bases of ì) their historical heritage, ìì) their role in slope instabilities, and ììì) their role in preventing hazardous flooding events, being this sector among the rainiest regions of Europe. References Baroni, C., Pieruccini, P., Bini, M., Coltorti, M., Fantozzi, P. L., Guidobaldi, G., ... & Salvatore, M. C. (2015). Geomorphological and neotectonic map of the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 38(2), 201-207. Baroni, C., Bini, M., Coltorti, M., Fantozzi, P., Guidobaldi, G., Nannini, D., ... & Salvatore, M. C. (2013). Geomorphological maps as a key approach for enhancing the natural and cultural heritage of the Apuan Alps Regional Park area and surroundings (Tuscany, Italy). Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, 28, 10-14. Baroni, C., Ribolini, A., Bruschi, G., & Mannucci, P. (2010). Geomorphological map and raised-relief model of the Carrara marble basins, Tuscany, Italy. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 33(2), 233-243. Baroni, C., Bruschi, G., Criscuolo, A., Mandrone, G., & Ribolini, A. (2003). Complete grain-size analyses on debris-flows source area in the Carrara Marble Basins, Apuane Alps, Italy. In Proceedings of Third International Conference on “Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment”, Davos, Switzerland, Rickenmann, Chen (Eds), Millpress, Rotterdam (Vol. 203, pp. 809-820). Baroni, C., Bruschi, G., & Ribolini, A. (2000). Human-induced hazardous debris flows in Carrara marble basins (Tuscany, Italy). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 25(1), 93-103. Bruschi, G., Criscuolo, A., & Zanchetta, G. (2003). Stratigrafia delle discariche di detrito dei bacini marmiferi di Carrara. I ravaneti antichi di Carbonera, Strinato, Gioia e Scalocchiella. Acta apuana, 2, 26-32. Gentili, R., Sgorbati, S., & Baroni, C. (2011). Plant species patterns and restoration perspectives in the highly disturbed environment of the Carrara marble quarries (Apuan Alps, Italy). Restoration Ecology, 19(101), 32-42. Gruppo di Lavoro per la Cartografia Geomorfologica (1994) – Carta Geomorfologica d’Italia – 1:50.000. Guida al Rilevamento. Quaderni Servizio Geologico Nazionale, 4, III, 42 pp. Gruppo Nazionale Geografia Fisica e Geomorfologia (1993). Proposta di legenda geomorfologica ad indirizzo applicativo-A proposal of a legend for applied geomorpholy. Geografia Fisisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 16, 129-152..
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