America vs Itself at Antietam: How Northern Newspapers Empowered Lincoln’s Greatest Political Feat

Dylan Siwicki History 319 Professor Cara Shelly November, 22 2016 Abstract

The was the major turning point of the . The

Confederacy had so much to gain from a successive invasion into the North, such as possibly turning over to the Confederacy and possibly gaining foreign recognition by very powerful European nations, namely Great Britain and France, who were getting desperate for cotton to feed their textile industry. Their recognition would have put the European powers head- to-head with the Union blockade along the US eastern and southern coastline, in attempt to supply the Confederacy. Any Union interference would have certainly brought widen the war, and force peace negotiations. In addition, a Confederate victory at Antietam would have put other major Union held cities, such as Washington, DC and Philadelphia in danger. This serious threat could have possibly turned the Northern public against the war and further enhance peace negotiations. While the battle was tactically won by the Union, many Northern newspapers went on to publish articles glorifying McClellan as the general who won the greatest battle ever fought in the western hemisphere. However, the battle was more of a struggle between two armies and the Union’s superiority in men and ammunition that ultimately led to Lee’s retreat. Nevertheless, the politicization of northern newspapers enabled President Lincoln to shift the war toward slavery with the announcement of the Emancipation of Proclamation. That announcement forever barred any foreign recognition of the Confederacy and any hope they had in breaking the

Union blockade.

America vs Itself at Antietam: How Northern Newspapers Empowered Lincoln’s Greatest Political Feat

September 17, 1862, remains the single bloodiest day in American history. On that day,

Union General George B. McClellan’s of 64,000 men met Confederate General

Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army of 40,000 men near a small town of Sharpsburg, Maryland, and that saw some of the most savage fighting of the American Civil War resulting in more than

22,000 casualties.1 The fighting began in the early morning north of Sharpsburg in wooded areas around a cornfield where powerful Union attacks led by Major General Joseph Hooker were met with equally strong counterattacks by Confederate forces led by Major General Thomas

“Stonewall” Jackson. Despite the Union’s numerical superiority, the two sides swept back and forth across the battlefield until Jackson’s forces ultimately prevailed in holding a line near

Hooker’s main objective, the Dunker Church. As the fighting died down north of Sharpsburg, the center of the battlefield directly east of Sharpsburg saw the fighting intensify very rapidly, especially around a sunken road where Union soldiers pierced the Confederate center but were unable to capitalize on the gained success. Later in the day, Ambrose Burnside led a march across Antietam creek south of Sharpsburg, but was soon met by A.P Hill’s Division who had just marched up from Harpers Ferry. Generally, the Battle of Antietam was really just three separate bloody battles fought on the outskirts of Sharpsburg. Although their wasn’t a clear and decisive winner on the battlefield, Lee’s retreat back into northern was a significant turning point of the war and many of the newspapers in the North described the battle as a glorious victory and the definite blow to the rebel army.

1 Shelby Foote, The Civil War, a Narrative: Fort Sumter to Perryville. (New York: First vintage books edition, 1986), 685, 702.

1 Following the Confederate victory at the Battle of the Second Manassas, Lee decided that it was time to take the war to the North. With the simultaneous Confederate advance in

Kentucky, Union forces were now weakened and on their heels in the East, and the time was now to put an end to the war. The first call for the northern advance into Maryland was to influence

Northern voters for the upcoming off-year elections to elect a new House of Representatives to recognize independence of the Confederacy. “The proposal of peace would enable the people of the to determine at their coming elections whether they will support those who favor a prolongation of war, or those who wish to bring it to a termination.”2

The House at the time was controlled by the Republicans, the party of Abraham Lincoln and the ones in favor of the war. In the opposition, the ones who were more likely to call for peace were the so called Peace Democrats. The Peace Democrats maintained the ideal that

“Northern Armies could never conquer the South and that the administration should seek an armistice and peace negotiations” immediately.3 Lee and Davis both knew that as long as the

Republicans were in control of congress, they would continue to maintain their views of fighting to preserve the Union and freeman’s rights.

Due to the numerical and resource superiority of the Union, the Confederates were in desperate need of help if they were going to achieve their goal of peace negotiations. The help the Confederates were looking for was in Europe. The South had the majority of the world’s cotton at the time, but with the Union blockade, foreign consumers couldn’t reach them. Ever

2 Lee to Jefferson Davis, Sept. 8, 1862, in Lee Family Digital Archive in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol.19, Part 2, p. 600. http:// leefamilyarchive.org/9-family-papers/720-robert-e-lee-to-jefferson-davis-1862-september-8

3 James M. McPherson, “The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War,” The Gilder Lehrman: Institute of American History. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-civil-war/essays/battle- antietam-turning-point-civil-war (accessed November 8, 2016).

2 since the war broke out, the Confederates believed it was only a matter of time before countries, such as Great Britain and France who needed cotton for their textile factories, would intervene on their behalf. Along with the recent Union defeats, a great victory on Union soil is what Lee had to split infinitive foreign recognition. On the day of the battle, Lord Russell replied to British

Prime Minister Palmerston’s letter on September, 14th with “I agree with you that the time is come for offering mediation to the United States Government, with a view to the recognition of the Independence of the Confederates.”4 Jefferson Davis nor any member of the Confederate

Congress was aware of this transaction between Lord Russell and Palmerston, but nevertheless, they believed Lee was right for the decision to try to force the issue.

As Lee’s invasion of Maryland was put forth to put a solution to these various issues,

McClellan caught a break in Lee’s invasion plans at Frederick, Maryland. “One of his soldiers found a copy of Robert E. Lee’s Special Orders No. 191 wrapped around three cigars, apparently lost by a careless Confederate courier.”5 McClellan’s first response was that it was a rebel trick because it’s too good to be true that Lee had divided his army. But nevertheless, a Union staff officer was able to recognize Lee’s handwriting, so McClellan took his word for it.6 Too late stop

Lee’s attack on Harpers Ferry, McClellan ordered an evacuation of the fort and began to move very quickly towards the gaps in South Mountain. On September 14, the two armies commenced battle that saw the Union fight off the rebels, but Lee’s retreat allowed him to consolidate his army at a spot of his choosing.

4 Russell to Palmerston, Sept. 17, 1862, in The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaigned, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004.) 397.

5 McPherson, “The Battle of Antietam.”

6 Foote, The Civil War, 670-671.

3 This is when Lee chose the city of Sharpsburg, near Antietam Creek, where the great battle was fought. Despite outnumbering Lee two-to-one, McClellan still only used about three- quarters of his army because he believed he was significantly outnumbered, when in fact Lee committed his entire force. “The greater part of four divisions-two under [Gen.] Franklin, two under [Gen.] Porter: no less than 20,000 men, a solid fourth of his effective force-had stood idle while the battle raged through climax after climax,” each giving McClellan a chance to decimate

Lee, but McClellan firmly believed that “Lee was massing enormous reserves for a knockout blow.”7 As the battles commenced, McClellan’s reluctance to commit his forces to the battle allowed Lee to shift forces from threat to threat. Even in the late afternoon when the Union seemed poised for a breakthrough and potentially cut Lees’s retreat, McClellan still failed to commit. After A.P Hill’s counterattack to the Union left, the sun began to set and the conflict ended along all three fronts. By the next morning, the Confederates still stood in their place, but

McClellan did not renew the attack, despite telling , “The battle will probably be renewed today. Send all the troops you can by the most expeditious route.”8 Despite McClellan’s reinforcements, the battle was never renewed as the immediate aftermath saw both armies tend to their wounded, and Lee ordered a retreat that night. McClellan chose not to pursue Lee, a decision that would have later consequences, but also with the apparent statement on the battlefield, Lee’s retreat in failure gave the Union a chance to rejoice a victory. The Northern press pushed across not just any victory, but a momentous victory that struck a decisive blow at the heart of the rebellion.

7 Foote, The Civil War, 700.

8 Foote, The Civil War, 701.

4 “Highly Exciting News! A Severe Battle And A Glorious Victory!” exclaimed the

Philadelphia Inquirer the day after the battle.9 Good news for the Union Army in the eastern theater of the American Civil War was hard to come by before Antietam. With repeated losses near Manassas and McClellan’s failure to take Richmond, the Northern people were desperate for good news. Furthermore, the article proclaimed that more than 40,000 Rebels were killed and wounded, along with one of General Lee’s most trustworthy Generals in . The news struck enthusiastically among the Northern people who sure believed the articles indicated suggestion of a death blow to the rebellion. However, it was the article that tipped balance of events in favor toward the Union to publicly rejuvenate the Northern people. While the article was correct of Gen. Lee’s retreat, the article overemphasized the number of Confederate casualties sustained on the field of battle. The actual number of Confederate casualties at

Antietam were nearly 11,000, including around 1,500 dead. Moreover, Confederate Gen.

Longstreet was not among them. As a matter of fact, Longstreet was able to hold his line of defense against Union Gen. Ambrose Burnside, despite being heavily outnumbered.10 Even though Longstreet lost a significant portion of his corps, he was able to retreat without being captured, along with Confederate Generals A.P. Hill and Jackson, whose also loss large portions of their corps. While the Union Army was able to inflict such a large number of Confederate casualties, it was most certain not a death blow as the article proclaimed.

In like manner, the Boston Post was also very enthusiastically pushing across a glorious

Union victory. An article from the Boston Post on the morning of September 18, 1862, titled “A

9 “Highly Exciting News!. A Severe Battle and a Glorious Victory.” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 18, 1862.

10 Foote, The Civil War, 694-696, 702.

5 Great Battle Fought Yesterday” also had some of the same false characteristics as the

Philadelphia Inquirer, such as Confederate Generals Longstreet and Hill were captured, but it also gave a very chilling accurate detail of the battle itself with tremendous cannonading and continuos roar of heavy guns.11 The article did explain some detail of the battle and even crediting the Confederate Army of putting up a steady fight, but it over exaggerated how long the battle lasted. “It commenced early in the morning and continued until late at night” proclaimed the article, when in fact “as night came down, the two armies disengaged, and when the torches of the haystack pyres went out, darkness filled the valley of the Antietam.”12 While Antietam was essentially a great battle, the article pushed it across as a tremendous engagement where even the darkness of night couldn’t stop the two armies from fighting. While this may have been encouraging news for the Northern public who was concerned with Gen. Lee and his troops marching to “Maryland, My Maryland” as the invaded Northern soil, it wasn’t, however as the battle ended roughly late afternoon well before nightfall. Even more so, the article also pushed across more exciting news for Northerns that “It is evident that Gen. McClellan is pressing Gen.

Lee to the river in such a manner that his army cannot much longer sustain itself, unless received by the other side” when in fact Gen. McClellan held his ground and kept his reserves sidelined.13

Despite the Union soldiers love for Gen. McClellan, many within the Union legislation and the

Northern public were growing concerned about McClellan due to his repeated procrastination to

11 “A Great Battle Fought Yesterday. Our Troops Victorious. Terrible Slaughter. Generals Longstreet And Hill Prisoners.” Boston Post, September 18, 1862.

12 Boston Post, “Great Battle Fought Yesterday” and Foote, The Civil War, 701.

13 Boston Post. “Great Battle Fought Yesterday.”

6 go after the enemy. By assuring the Northern public that McClellan was in hot pursuit of a retreating Lee, the Northern public could restore faith the general again.

Besides pushing across a Union victory at Antietam, the Baltimore Sun published an article about the Battle of Harpers Ferry. Lost with all the news surrounding the battlefield near

Antietam creek was the situation at Harpers Ferry. As Gen. Lee was marching into Maryland, he decided to split his army and send generals Jackson and Hill to occupy the Union held garrison and gain possession of the large amounts of arms and ammunition stored their. As the article acknowledges a Confederate victory, it does not state how many Union soldiers were surrendered by Gen. Miles to Gen. Jackson in defeat. However, it was remarkably correct on insisting that around twenty-five of Gen. Miles’s cavalry made a clean escape. As the white flag went up, the

Union garrison surrendered 12,520 men, but “two regiments of calvary [made] their escape under the cover of darkness-across the Potomac, then northward up the same road old John

Brown had come south on.”14 Despite Gen. Jackson’s capture of the Union garrison and his gains in several pieces of small arms and cannons, the article relieves a little stress for Union supporters as the escaped Union Calvary managed to captured Confederate Gen. Longstreet’s ammunition train. “As the wagon train passed the Union cavalrymen each section of wagons was taken in tow and Confederate infantry who road in them along with the members of the 1st

Virginia Cavalry were taken prisoners without so mush as a shot being firing” was reiterated by historian Samuel Blackwell.15 Despite Maryland being a slave state, they were still many

14 “The Situation at Harper’s Ferry. Jackson’s Forment Yesterday from There.” Baltimore Sun, September 18, 1862 and Foote, The Civil War, 680.

15 Blackwell, Samuel M. “Cavalry Escape from Harpers Ferry.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 105, no. 2 (Summer, 2012): 183-201, 130, http://0-search.proquest.com.wizard.umd.umich.edu/docview/ 1138907333?accountid=14578 (accessed November 11, 2016).

7 supporters who held a strong allegiance to the Union and this article helped exemplified that with its serious matter in the situation of Harpers Ferry.

To further feature Maryland’s loyalty to the Union cause was another article published by the Baltimore Sun on the same day that read headlines of “Another Great Battle! SUCCESS OF

THE UNION ARMY.”16 Like many of the other Northern newspapers on the day, it commonly misrepresented the actual time of the battle, as well as the recurring theme of Confederate Gen.

Longstreet being wounded and that McClellan was in pursuit of Gen. Lee. However, besides its in accurateness in the battle itself, the article portrays a very pro Union feeling to the war which many may not have been foreseen by many just a year and a half earlier. In February 1861, just before Abraham Lincoln’s inauguration a month later, he set out on a trip around many major northern cities to feature himself to the public. With all the hostility of the Southern States toward his election, it is no surprise that assassination grumblings started to emerge and many listed Baltimore, Maryland as a potential hostile place. “Lincoln’s ominous mention of assassination may have been prompted by the previous day’s report of a plot to kill him during his scheduled stop in Baltimore, a city rampant with Southern sympathizers.”17 Baltimore is a major city in Maryland and to think of its major newspaper publishing articles in favor of the

Union with clauses as “our divisions” is mesmerizing to think of after the Southern hostilities just a year earlier. Maryland was arguably the most important border state to the Union and with its newspaper pushing the Confederates as the enemy is a win for the Union.

16 “Highly Important. Another Great Battle!” Baltimore Sun, September 18, 1862.

17 Doris Goodwin, Team of Rivals; The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. (New York: Simon &Schuster, 2006), 310.

8 In the immediate aftermath of the battle near Antietam creek, there was much question of whether the Union had recaptured Harper’s Ferry. With many of the Northern newspapers proclaiming a glorious victory and sudden death blow to the Confederacy, many of the Northerns were still concerned over the loss at Harper’s Ferry. The Philadelphia Inquirer was one of the

North’s major newspaper, so it’s no coincidence it will be one of the first proclaim major headlines. “More Victories” was the headline of an article in the Inquire, in which tells of Gen.

Lee’s retreat and “complete annihilation” of his army by the Union Army.18 However, what is interesting about this article was it proclamation that Harper’s Ferry was retaken. “Cut off in their retreat by the reoccupation of Harper’s Ferry by our troops” was exclaimed in the article, but it wasn’t until September 22, five days after the Battle of Antietam when Gen. McClellan’s forces retook Harper’s Ferry. “After completing the grisly and unaccustomed work of cleaning up the battlefield, he reoccupied Harpers Ferry with Sumner’s corps.”19 While the article stated a

Confederate retreat, it presentation to the Northern public as a death blow to the rebellion was greatly overemphasized with its proclamation of the retaking of Harper’s Ferry and cutting Gen.

Lee’s retreat for prime Union picking.

Even a few days after the battle was fought, many Northern newspapers were still publishing articles of the battle, presumedly to feature its significance. On September 20, 1862, the Philadelphia Inquirer pushed across headlines such as “GREAT BATTLE OF

WEDNESDAY” not only to represent the battles significance, but to illustrate the military engagement as something the world has never seen. A “fierce and desperate battle between

18 “More Victories.” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 18, 1862.

19 “More Victories.” and Foote, The Civil War, 703-704.

9 200,000 men has raged since daylight; it is the greatest fight since Waterloo.”20 The Battle of

Waterloo may be most remembered for marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, but it also featured two very largest armies, as well as two very prominent military generals in Napoleon

Bonaparte and the Duke of Wellington. While there was not 200,000 men engaged in battle at

Antietam, the comparison of the battle to Waterloo was to demonstrate to the Northern public of the Unions brilliancy over the Confederates.

The glorification of Gen. McClellan began to spread rapidly throughout the North following the Battle of Antietam. An article in the Boston Post pushed across the glorious victory at Antietam with full recognition of Gen. McClellan. Even though the battle saw the cooperation of McClellan and his staff, “It is mainly to his clearness of perception, his skill in disposing, arranging and handling large bodies of men, that the rapid progress-without confusion, and in admirable order-was effected.” Crowds gathered to see this great general, including women who were eager to touch his hand.21 McClellan had become the man that saved Washington,

Philadelphia, and even Maryland form the Confederacy. Moreover, the victory would replenish any lost hope for Gen. McClellan by the Northerns.

Confirmation news of the Confederate retreat also began to gain awareness a few days following the battle. However, with all the exhilaration surrounding the news of victory at

Antietam, the Philadelphia Inquirer went on to publish an article with information of the

Confederate retreat directly from the army. Lost in all the excitement of Gen. McClellan’s great victory was his failure to pursue the battered enemy. In retreating toward the Potomac the

20 “The Contest in Maryland. Great Battle of Wednesday.” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 20, 1862.

21 “The Fruits of Victory.” Boston Post, September 22, 1862.

10 Confederates “movements seem to have been conducted very leisurely, and without anything like panic [and] do not appear to have had any fear of being pursued.”22 Despite forcing Gen. Lee to retreat from the battlefield, McClellan did not complete the victory by dismantling Lee’s army.

Even though the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia made a full retreat across the

Potomac River, several thousand Confederate soldiers laid dead and wounded on the battlefield.

“Where is your division? Someone asked [Confederate general] Hood at the close of the battle, and Hood replied, dead on the field.”23 With so many casualties from the battle, many believed that the great battle could be the last of the war. “Fearful Slaughter of the Rebels” the Baltimore

Sun reported on the September 22, with accounts of a full “2,500 dead” and total casualties not far from 18,000-20,000.24 Although these numbers were greatly overemphasized, the press had to ensure a Northern victory by all means because several thousand Union soldiers also laid dead and wounded on the same field.

As more details of the battle began to emerge, it became clear that many of the Northern generals were not exactly superb. While the rebel retreat from Antietam led to the glorification of

Gen. McClellan, the Confederate Army was able to inflict severe casualties on the Union Army as well. The battle was a “stupendous struggle” exclaimed the Boston Globe. Furthermore,

Union Gen. John Sedgwick threw his army into confusion from a failed flank attempt. “The maneuver was attempted under a fire of the greatest intensity, and the regiment broke. At the same moment the enemy, perceiving their advantage, came around that flank.” Moreover, Gen.

22 “Direct From The Army.” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 22, 1862.

23 Foote, The Civil War, 702.

24 “The Telegraph for the Baltimore Sun.” Baltimore Sun, September 22, 1862.

11 Burnside had struggled all day to cross a bridge on the Union left.25 These few blunders gave the

Confederates a chance to redeem themselves and level the battlefield. The Union Army emerged victorious in holding the battlefield at Antietam, but not without paying a severe cost in men.

25 “The Battle of Antietam Creek. The most Stupendous Struggle of Modern Times. The Battle Won.” Boston Globe, September 22, 1862.

12 Bibliography

Blackwell, Samuel M. “Cavalry Escape from Harpers Ferry.” Journal of the Illinois State Histor- ical Society 105, no. 2 (Summer, 2012): 183-201, 130, http://0- search.proquest.com.wizard.umd.umich.edu/docview/1138907333?accountid=14578 (accessed November 11, 2016).

Foote, Shelby. The Civil War, a narrative: Fort Sumter to Perryville. New York: First vintage books edition, 1986.

Goodwin, Doris. Team of Rivals; The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon &Schuster, 2006.

Guelzo, Allen. Fateful Lightning; A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Lee, Robert E. Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, 8 September 1862. In The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol.19, Part 2, p. 600. Transcribed by Colin Woodward. Stratford, Va: Lee Family Digital Archive, 2016. http://leefamilyarchive.org/9-family-papers/720-robert-e-lee-to-jefferson- davis-1862-september-8. (access on November 8, 2016).

McPherson, James M. “The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War.” The Gilder Lehrman: Institute of American History. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by- era/american-civil-war/essays/battle- antietam-turning-point-civil-war (accessed November 8, 2016).

Perman, Michael and Taylor, Amy Murrell. Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction. 3rd ed. Edited by Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor. General editor Thomas G. Paterson. Boston, Ma: Wadsworth, 2011.

Russell, Lord. Russell to Palmerston, September 17, 1862. In The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaigned. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books? (accessed on November 7, 2016).

“A Great Battle Fought Yesterday. Our Troops Victorious. Terrible Slaughter. Generals Longstreet And Hill Prisoners,” Boston Post, September 18, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/13D493F55A06D18A/ 0D1A2AB84F2D3D40. (accessed November 6, 2016).

“Direct From The Army,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 22, 1862,

13 http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/ EANX1128002428411978/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 12, 2016).

“Highly Exciting News!. A Severe Battle and a Glorious Victory,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Sep tember 18, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/ 1128000FB35F4A78/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 7, 2016).

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“The Battle of Antietam Creek. The most Stupendous Struggle of Modern Times. The Battle Won,” Boston Globe, September 22, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ ahnpdoc/EANX/13D3FBACE644D0F3/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 12, 2016).

“The Contest in Maryland. Great Battle of Wednesday,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 20, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/ 1128001F6363EBD8/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 10, 2016).

“The Fruits of Victory,” Boston Post, September 22, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/ HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/13D3FBACB6EF6D7A/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 10, 2016).

“The Situation at Harper’s Ferry. Jackson’s Forment Yesterday from There,” Baltimore Sun, September 18, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/ 1169B875EDF3D310/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 6, 2016).

“The Telegraph for the Baltimore Sun,” Baltimore Sun, September 22, 1862, http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/ 1169B88DB8015F30/0D1A2AB84F2D3D40 (accessed November 12, 2016)

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