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Den Vite Generalen Den vite generalen Baptistpastorn Albert Wickmans kamp för fred The white general Baptistpastor Albert Wickmans struggle for peace Pascal Andréasson Magisteruppsats, 15 hp Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier Magisterkurs i idéhistoria, 30 hp Handledare: Christer Nordlund Vårterminen 2021 Abstract This thesis set out to analyse early baptistic peace-activities in Sweden in the 1900s, through a micro-historical analysis of Albert Wickman (1884-1942) who was a Swedish Baptist pastor and peace-agitator. In nonconformist-churches we find the earliest pacifists and Wickman started out as a theological trained Baptist, but he founded an independent organisation with ideas based on teachings by Leo Tolstoy. His Anti-war organisation was organised much like the Salvation Army and had as key-concept to gather members who claimed they would not kill another human being. Another idea was to create an army of volunteers who would be willing to put themselves between fighting nations. The organisation had many thousands member but existed only between 1912-1918 and it never practiced it go-in-between ideas. In the 1920s Wickman was involved with the oldest Swedish peace-society, “Svenska Freds och Skiljedomsföreningen”, and raised their membership from 4 000 in 1922 to 49 000 in 1930, but he also led this organisation to almost bankruptcy. This thesis gives an account of who Albert Wickman was and through him offers contexts and world-views on his pacifistic thinking in the first decades of the 1900s and how peace was promoted at the time in Sweden. Nyckelord: Albert Wickman, vite generalen, pacifism, frikyrka, baptism, fredsrörelse 2 (56) Innehåll Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Inledning ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Introduktion och bakgrund............................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Syfte och frågeställningar .............................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Källmaterial ................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Forskningsläge .................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Teori och metod .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Teoretiska perspektiv .................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Metod, avgränsningar och disposition ........................................................................................ 11 3.3 Modern fredskontext och begrepp ............................................................................................. 11 4. Berättelsen om en agitator .............................................................................................................. 13 Från födsel till tonår 1884-1905 ........................................................................................................ 13 Tiden på Betelseminariet 1906-1910 ................................................................................................ 16 Vänskapen med Strindberg ............................................................................................................... 18 Pastorstjänsten i Lund 1910-1913 ..................................................................................................... 20 Antikrigsrörelsens begynnelse .......................................................................................................... 21 I skuggan av världskriget ................................................................................................................... 28 I fängelse 1915 .................................................................................................................................. 30 Silva Wickman som ledare................................................................................................................. 31 Antikrigsrörelsens nedgång ............................................................................................................... 34 Tiden med Svenska Freds 1919-1930 ................................................................................................ 35 Ny karriär och ny fru, tiden 1930-1942 ............................................................................................. 38 5. En fredsagitators tänkande .............................................................................................................. 40 Kristen förnuftsapologet ................................................................................................................... 40 Influerad av Tolstoy ........................................................................................................................... 41 Unitarismen ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Kristen eskatologi .............................................................................................................................. 44 Wickman och socialismen ................................................................................................................. 45 En andlig kamp .................................................................................................................................. 46 Generalens organisation ................................................................................................................... 47 6. Avslutande diskussion ...................................................................................................................... 48 6. Källförteckning .................................................................................................................................. 51 3 (56) Otryckta källor ................................................................................................................................... 51 Tryckta källor ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Andra typer av källor ......................................................................................................................... 52 Antikrigsorder ................................................................................................................................ 52 Dagens Nyheter ............................................................................................................................. 52 Svenska Dagbladet ........................................................................................................................ 52 Hemsidor ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Bloggar ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Litteratur............................................................................................................................................ 53 4 (56) 1. Inledning 1.1 Introduktion och bakgrund Baptiströrelsen bröt mark 1848 som den första frikyrkan i Sverige. Baptisterna i internationell kontext fanns redan tidigare och amerikanska baptistsamfund sponsrade missionsverksamhet i Sverige på 1800-talet.1 Baptismen som helhet är en efterföljare till det som kallas den tredje reformationen och anabaptisterna. Luthers uppspikande av 95 teser på kyrkporten i Wittenberg 1517 innebar starten på reformationen som i verkligheten var flera reformationer. I januari 1525 samlades omkring femton män och kvinnor på kvällen hemma hos Felix Mantz, i Zürich till bön och samtal. De hade i flera år studerat och diskuterat reformationen och Bibeln. Denna kvällen begärde George Blaurock att Conrad Grebel skulle döpa honom med det ”rätta kristna dopet”, ett dop baserat på egen tro och bekännelse. Därefter döpte Blaurock de övriga 14 närvarande personerna. Karl Kilsmo skriver: ”Detta var den nutida frikyrkans födelsestund. Och det finns inte en enda frikyrka i hela världen, som icke vuxit ut från det träd som planterades i Zürich den 21 januari 1525.”2 Den tredje reformationens ivrare drev ett antal teser som var mycket kontroversiella, bland annat idén om ett medvetet dop som resultat av en medveten tro och egenvilja till bekännelse.3 Följden av detta var också idén om att kyrkan måste stå fri från staten. En annan övertygelse var att en kristen skulle avstå från att bruka vapen och därmed uppstod den moderna (även om det sker i den förmoderna eran) kristna pacifismen. Anabaptisterna sågs på med avsky av andra kyrkliga ledare i sin samtid och mötte omfattande förföljelse. De studeras än idag oftast genom lutherska eller katolska linser, vilket medför en skev förståelse av dem. Baptiströrelsen omfattar idag över 100 miljoner medlemmar vilket kan jämföras med den lutherska kyrkan som omfattar ca 80 miljoner.4 Lägger man därtill att de flesta pingstkyrkor i världen är baptistiska blir jämförelsetalet
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